Academic literature on the topic '1851-1887'

Résumé Le linguiste polonais Mikołaj Kruszewski (1851–1887) est la plupart du temps présenté comme un Néo-grammairien, tout comme du reste son maître et compatriote Jan Baudouin de Courtenay (1845–1929). Mais peut-on faire confiance à ce lieu commun? Pour répondre à cette question, on esquissera dans un premier temps les principales étapes de la vie et de l’œuvre de Kruszewski, ce qui nous permettra de mieux le situer par rapport aux Néo-grammairiens; et on découvre une relation complexe, entre emprunt, imitation, refondation et créativité pure. L’examen des œuvres initiales de Kruszewski, à cheval entre linguistique et ethnographie, et composées avant même la découverte du mouvement néo-grammairien (il s’agit surtout des Formules magiques comme genre de la poésie populaire de 1876), montre en effet que Kruszewski a été bien davantage inspiré par l’ethnologie et la psychologie empiriste anglo-saxonnes qu’il avait découvertes lors de ses années d’étude à Varsovie. Sa pensée s’inscrit donc au confluent de deux héritages scientifiques, l’un anglo-saxon, l’autre germanique, ce qui illustre une fois de plus la fécondité des échanges interculturels.

This Year 2021 Marks The Centenary Of The Death Of The Theologian Benjamin B.Warfield. He Was A Son Of The Southern Presbyterian Church. John Meeter Summarizes Warfield’s Life As Follows: Benjamin Breckinridge Warfield Was Born Into A Godly Presbyterian Home At “Grasmere,” Near Lexington, Kentucky, November 5th, 1851. When Only Nineteen Years Of Age He Was Graduated From What Is Now Princeton University, With The Highest Honor Of His Class. After Two Years Of Further Study And Travel Abroad He Entered Princeton Seminary, Graduating In The Class Of 1876. In 1878 He Was Appointed Instructor, And In 1879 Installed As Professor Of New Testament Exegesis And Literature At Western Theological Seminary, Allegheny. In 1887 He Received And Accepted, The Appointment To The Charles Hodge Chair Of Didactic And Polemic Theology At Princeton Seminary; And For Thirty-three Years, From 1887 To The Time Of His Death In 1921, He Served Princeton Seminary And The Presbyterian Church U. S. A. In The Chair Made Famous By The Alexander-Hodge Succession. KEYWORDS:

The Neotropical members formerly included in Earinus Wesmael, 1837 are transferred to a new genus, Chilearinus Sharkey gen. nov. Presently three Nearctic species of Earinus are recognized, i.e., Earinus erythropoda Cameron, 1887, Earinus limitaris Say,1835, and Earinus zeirapherae Walley, 1935, and these are retained in Earinus. Earinus chubuquensis Berta, 2000 and Earinus scitus Enderlein, 1920 are transferred to Chilearinus, i.e., C. chubuquensis, and C. scitus, comb. nov. One other species is transferred to Chilearinus, i.e., Microgaster rubricollis Spinola, 1851, Chilearinus rubricollis, comb. nov. Two other Neotropical species, Earinus hubrechtae Braet, 2002 and Earinus bourguignoni Braet, 2002 were described under the genus Earinus but are here transferred to Lytopylus, L. hubrechtae, and L. bourguignonicomb. nov. Two new species of Chilearinus are described, C. covidchronos and C. janbertspp. nov. The status of Agathis laevithorax Spinola,1851, Agathis rubricata Spinola,1851, and Agathis areolata Spinola, 1851 is discussed. A neotype is designated for Earinus limitaris (Say, 1835) and diagnosed with a COI barcode. Earinus austinbakeri and Earinus walleyispp. nov. are described. The status of both Earinus and Chilearinus in the Americas is discussed. A revised key to the genera of Agathidinae of the Americas is presented.

This study was conducted to investigate parasitism of naturally occurring pentatomid eggs in rice crops in a Cerrado-Caatinga ecosystem during the rainy and dry seasons in Teresina, Piauí, Brazil. Also, it provides information on the incidence and seasonality of parasitoid species. Parasitism was registered only during the rainy season, where Telenomus podisi (Ashmead, 1893) parasitized Oebalus poecilus (Dallas, 1851), Tibraca limbativentris (Stal, 1860) and Euschistus heros (Fabricius, 1798) eggs. Additionally, Trissolcus urichi (Crawford, 1913) was collected from O. poecilus and T. limbativentris eggs. Ooencyrtus anasae (Ashmead, 1887) was found in O. poecilus eggs. Such findings provide information that can be used to supplement the management of pentatomid pests in the rice agroecosystems, in Piauí, Brazil.

The Odontiinae species of Iran are reviewed. Tegostoma pseudosarobiella Alipanah & Nazari sp. n. and T. tremewani Alipanah & Nazari sp. n. are newly described. Tegostoma moeschleri (Christoph, 1862) is considered as a senior synonym of T. uniforma Amsel, 1951 syn. n., T. lepidalis lepidalis (Herrich-Schäffer, 1851) as a senior synonym of T. lepidalis apurpurealis Amsel, 1970 syn. n., and Aeschremon belutschistanalis Amsel, 1959 as a senior synonym of Tegostoma marginalis Amsel, 1961 syn. n. The genus Autocharis Swinhoe, 1894 and five species, namely Aporodes dentifascialis Christoph in Romanoff, 1887, Cynaeda forsteri de Lattin, 1951, Aeschremon ochrealis Asselbergs, 2008, A. desertalis Asselbergs, 2008 and Autocharis fessalis (Swinhoe, 1887) are newly reported for the fauna of Iran. The redescription of female of Tegostoma confluentalis Hampson, 1913, male genitalia of Aeschremon belutschistanalis, and female genitalia of Epimetasia abbasalis Amsel, 1974 are presented. The hitherto unknown female of A. belutschistanalis and the hitherto unknown male of E. abbasalis are described and illustrated. The intraspecific variations of the species if present are discussed and additional new diagnostic characters to separate the closely related species are presented. Data on the geographical distribution of the Iranian species of this subfamily as well as their distribution maps are provided.

Die Lectotypen der folgenden Arten wurden festgelegt: Dodecastichus heydeni Stierlin, 1861; Otiorhynchus (Acunotus) lutosus Stierlin, 1858; O. (Amosilnus) oberti Faust, (1886); O. (Arammichnus) dobrutschae Stierlin, 1882; O. (Aranihus) misellus Stierlin, 1861; O. (Aranihus) riguus Stierlin, 1883; O. (Choilisanus) affinis Hochhuth, 1847; O. (Choilisanus) caroli Stierlin, 1893; O. (Choilisanus) caucasicus Stierlin, 1872; O. (Choilisanus) schoenherri Stierlin, 1877; O. (Choilisanus) viridisetosus Stierlin, 1905; O. (Egydelenus) jaltensis Formanek, 1926; O. (Elechranus) banaticus Stierlin, 1861; O. (Elechranus) chalceus Stierlin, 1861; O. (Elechranus) roubali Penecke, 1931; O. (Ergiferanus) mus Stierlin, 1862; O. (Lolatismus) chaudoiri Hochhuth, 1851; O. (Lolatismus) depressus Stierlin, 1875; O. (Melasemnus) brevipennis Stierlin, 1892; O. (Melasemnus) crucirostris Hochhuth, 1851; O. (Meriplodus) laconicus Kirsch, 1880; O. (Mitomiris) astutus (Faust, 1886); O. (Mitomiris) laniger Faust, 1887; O. (Namertanus) pseudomias Hochhuth, 1847; O. (Nihus) proximus Stierlin, 1861; O. (Nubidanus) punctirostris Stierlin, 1883; O. (Nubidanus) ruminalis Faust, 1894; O. (Osmobodes) rutilipes Hochhuth, 1851; O. (Osmobodes) tenuimanus Faust, 1890; O. (Osmobodes) venalis Faust, 1888; O. (Otiomimus) desbrochersi Stierlin, 1883; O. (Otiorhynchus) amabilis Stierlin, 1861; O. (Otiorhynchus) auropupillatus Stierlin, 1861; O. (Otiorhynchus) delatus Faust, 1899; O. (Otiorhynchus) latissimus Stierlin, 1861; O. (Otiorhynchus) scaberrimus Stierlin, 1861; O. (Otiorhynchus) steppensis Faust, 1888; O. (Otismotilus) auroguttatus Stierlin, 1879; O. (Paracryphiphorus) nuncius Faust, 1890; O. (Petalorrhynchus) crinitarsis Stierlin, 1861; O. (Phalantorrhynchus) patruelis Stierlin, 1861; O. (Phalantorrhynchus) planidorsis Stierlin, 1886; O. (Pliadonus) schneideri Stierlin, 1876; O. (Tournieria) siewersi Faust, 1888; O. (Podonebistus) alaianus Stierlin, 1886; O. (Podonebistus) bleusei Faust, 1899; O. (Podonebistus) cylindricus Stierlin, 1877; O. (Podonebistus) nefandus Faust, 1888; O. (Podonebistus) prostratus Heyden, 1886; O. (Podonebistus) subparallelus Stierlin, 1893; O. (Prototis) popovi Faust, 1888; O. (Provadilus) carbonarius Hochhuth, 1847; O. (Pseudocryphiphorus) argillosus Hochhuth, 1851; O. (Pseudocryphiphorus) irritabilis (Faust, 1886); O. (Pseudocryphiphorus) zebei Stierlin, 1861; O. (Rimenostolus) auripes Stierlin, 1875; O. (Rusnepranus) arenosus Stierlin, 1861; O. (Rusnepranus) heerii Stierlin, 1858; O. (Stupamacus) erroneus (Faust, 1886); O. (Stupamacus) infensus Faust, 1888; O. (Stupamacus) pilosulus Penecke, 1928; O. (Tournieria) cornicinus Stierlin, 1861; O. (Tournieria) emgei Stierlin, 1887; O. (Tournieria) lubriculus Faust, 1890; O. (Udonedus) koenigi Faust, 1888; O. (Urorrhynchus) truncatus Stierlin, 1861; O. (Zariedus) hystericus Faust, 1892; O. (Zariedus) sedulus Faust, 1894. Neotypen von O. (Amosilnus) pityophilus Gistel, 1857 und von O. (Postaremus) gelidus Gistel, 1857 wurden ausgewählt. Die folgenden neuen Synonyme (Synonyme in eckigen Klammern) wurden begründet: O. velutinus Germar, 1824 [= O. desbrochersi Stierlin, 1896 (nicht O. desbrochersi Stierlin, 1883)]; O. laconicus Kirsch, 1880 [= O. oertzeni Stierlin, 1883]; O. nodosus (O. F. Müller, 1754) [= O. gelidus Gistel, 1857]; O. lavandus Germar, 1824 [= O. pityophilus Gistel, 1857]; O. proximus Stierlin, 1861 [= O. depilis Smreczynski, 1959]; O. parvicollis Gyllenhal, 1834 [= O. riguus Stierlin, 1883]; O. caucasicus Stierlin, 1872 [= O. viridisetosus Stierlin, 1905]. Otiorhynchus erroneus (Faust, 1886) erhielt einen neuen Status. Otiorhynchus affinis Hochhuth ist kein Synonym von O. incivilis Faldermann, 1838; O. auroguttatus Stierlin ist kein Synonym von O. heerii Stierlin, 1858 und ist zu übertragen aus O. (Rusnepranus) Reitter, 1912 in O. (Otismotilus) Reitter, 1912. Neue Kombinationen sind: Otiorhynchus (Rimenostolus) auripes Stierlin aus O. (Panorosemus) Reitter, 1913; O. (Rusnepranus) heerii Stierlin aus O. (Otismotilus) Reitter, 1912; O. (Stupamacus) infensus Faust aus O. (Microphalantus) Reitter, 1912; O. (Elechranus) roubali Penecke aus O. (Cryphiphorus) Stierlin, 1883; O. (Pliadonus) siewersi Faust, 1888 aus O. (Melasemnus) Reitter, 1912; O. (Podonebistus) alaianus Stierlin, O. (Cryphiphorus) argillosus Hochhuth, O. (Lolatismus) depressus Stierlin, O. (Ergiferanus) mus Stierlin, O. (Podonebistus) prostratus Heyden, O. (Pliadonus) schneideri Stierlin, und O. (Osmobodes) venalis Faust, alle diese sind als species incertae sedis aufgelisted.Nomenklatorische Handlungenheydeni (Stierlin, 1861) (Dodecastichus), Lectotype described as Otiorhynchus heydenidebilis Smreczynski, 1959 (Otiorhynchus), syn. n. of Otiorhynchus (Nihus) proximus Stierlin, 1861oertzeni Stierlin, 1883 (Otiorhynchus), syn. n. of Otiorhynchus (Meriplodus) laconicus Kirsch, 1880lutosus Siterlin, 1858 (Otiorhynchus (Acunotus)), Lectotypeoberti (Faust, 1886) (Otiorhynchus (Amosilnus)), Lectotype described as Brachyrrhinus obertipityophilus Gistel, 1857 (Otiorhynchus (Amosilnus)), Neotype; syn. n. of Otiorhynchus lavander Germar, 1824dobrutschae Stierlin, 1882 (Otiorhynchus (Arammichnus)), Lectotypemisellus Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Aranihus)), Lectotyperiguus Stierlin, 1883 (Otiorhynchus (Aranihus)), Lectotype; syn. n. of Otiorhynchus parvicollis Gyllenhal, 1834affinis Hochhuth, 1847 (Otiorhynchus (Choilisanus)), Lectotype; stat. rev. now a valid speciescaroli Stierlin, 1893 (Otiorhynchus (Choilisanus)), Lectotypecaucasicus Stierlin, 1872 (Otiorhynchus (Choilisanus)), Lectotypeschoenherri Stierlin, 1877 (Otiorhynchus (Choilisanus)), Lectotype now a synonym of Otiorhynchus caucasicus Stierlin, 1872viridisetosus Stierlin, 1905 (Otiorhynchus (Choilisanus)), Lectotype; syn. n. of Otiorhynchus caucasicus Stierlin, 1872jaltensis Formanek, 1926 (Otiorhynchus (Egydelenus)), Lectotypebanaticus Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Elechranus)), Lectotypechalceus Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Elechranus)), Lectotyperoubali Penecke, 1931 (Otiorhynchus (Elechranus)), Lectotype; comb. n. hitherto Otiorhynchus (Cryphiphorus) roubalimus Stierlin, 1862 (Otiorhynchus (Ergiferanus)), Lectotype; comb. n. hitherto Otiorhynchus muschaudoiri Hochhuth, 1851 (Otiorhynchus (Lolatismus)), Lectotypedepressus Stierlin, 1875 (Otiorhynchus (Lolatismus)), Lectotype; comb. n. hitherto Otiorhynchus depressusbrevipennis Stierlin, 1892 (Otiorhynchus (Melasemnus)), Lectotypecrucirostris Hochhuth, 1851 (Otiorhynchus (Melasemnus)), Lectotype now a synonym of Otiorhynchus ovalipennis Boheman, 1843laconicus Kirsch, 1880 (Otiorhynchus (Meriplodus)), Lectotypeastutus (Faust, 1886) (Otiorhynchus (Mitomiris)), Lectotype described as Brachyrrhinus (Tournieria) astutuslaniger Faust, 1887 (Otiorhynchus (Mitomiris)), Lectotypepseudomias Hochhuth, 1847 (Otiorhynchus (Namertanus)), Lectotypeproximus Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Nihus)), Lectotypepunctirostris Stierlin, 1883 (Otiorhynchus (Nubidanus)), Lectotyperuminalis Faust, 1894 (Otiorhynchus (Nubidanus)), Lectotyperutilipes Hochhuth, 1851 (Otiorhynchus (Osmobodes)), Lectotype now a synonym of Otiorhynchus cribrosicollis Boheman, 1843tenuimanus Faust, 1890 (Otiorhynchus (Osmobodes)), Lectotypevernalis Faust, 1888 (Otiorhynchus (Osmobodes)), Lectotype; comb. n. hitherto Otiorhynchus vernalisdesbrochersi Stierlin, 1883 (Otiorhynchus (Otiomimus)), Lectotypeamabilis Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Otiorhynchus)), Lectotype now a synonym of Otiorhynchus amplipennis Fairmaire, 1859auropupillatus Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Otiorhynchus)), Lectotypedelatus Faust, 1899 (Otiorhynchus (Otiorhynchus)), Lectotypelatissimus Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Otiorhynchus)), Lectotypescaberrimus Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Otiorhynchus)), Lectotypesteppensis Faust, 1888 (Otiorhynchus (Otiorhynchus)), Lectotype now a synonym of Otiorhynchus concinnus Gyllenhal, 1834auroguttatus Stierlin, 1879 (Otiorhynchus (Otismutilus)), Lectotype; stat. n.; comb. n. now a valid species; hitherto Otiorhynchus (Rusnepranus) auroguttatusnuncius Faust, 1890 (Otiorhynchus (Paracryphiphorus)), Lectotypecrinitarsis Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Petalorrhynchus)), Lectotype now a synonym of Otiorhynchus cupreosparsus (Fairmaire, 1859)patruelis Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Phalantorrhynchus)), Lectotypeplanidorsis Stierlin, 1886 (Otiorhynchus (Phalantorrhynchus)), Lectotype now a synonym of Otiorhynchus moestus Gyllenhal, 1834schneideri Stierlin, 1876 (Otiorhynchus (Pliadonus)), Lectotype; comb. n. hitherto Otiorhynchus schneiderisiewersi Faust, 1888 (Otiorhynchus (Pliadonus)), Lectotype, comb. n. hitrherto Otiorhynchus (Melasemnus) siewersialaianus Stierlin, 1886 (Otiorhynchus (Podonebistus)), Lectotype; comb. n. hitherto Otiorhynchus alaianusbleusei Faust, 1899 (Otiorhynchus (Podonebistus)), Lectotypecylindricus Stierlin, 1877 (Otiorhynchus (Podonebistus)), Lectotypenefandus Faust, 1888 (Otiorhynchus (Podonebistus)), Lectotypeprostratus Heyden, 1886 (Otiorhynchus (Podonebistus)), Lectotype; comb. n. hitherto Otiorhynchus prostratussubparallelus Stierlin, 1893 (Otiorhynchus (Podonebistus)), Lectotype; syn. n. of Otiorhynchus (Podonebistus) cylindricus Stierlin, 1877gelidus Gistel, 1857 (Otiorhynchus (Postaremus)), Neotype; syn. n. of Otiorhyrhynchus nodosus (O. F. Müller, 1754)popovi Faust, 1888 (Otiorhynchus (Prototis)), Lectotypecarbonarius Hochhuth, 1847 (Otiorhynchus (Provadilus)), Lectotypeargillosus Hochhuth, 1851 (Otiorhynchus (Pseudocryphiphorus)), Lectotypeirritabilis (Faust, 1886) (Otiorhynchus (Pseudocryphiphorus)), Lectotype described as Brachyrrhinus irritabiliszebei Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Pseudocryphiphorus)), Lectotypeauripes Stierlin, 1875 (Otiorhynchus (Rimenostolus)), Lectotype; comb. n. hitherto Otiorhynchus (Panorosemus) auripesarenosus Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Rusnepranus)), Lectotypeheerii Stierlin, 1858 (Otiorhynchus (Rusnepranus)), Lectotype; comb. n. hitherto Otiorhynchus (Otismotilus) heeriierroneus (Faust, 1886) (Otiorhynchus (Stupamacus)), Lectotype; stat. n. now a valid speciesinfensus Faust, 1888 (Otiorhynchus (Stupamacus)), Lectotype; comb. n. hitherto Otiorhynchus (Microphalantus) infensuspilosulus Penecke, 1928 (Otiorhynchus (Stupamacus)), Lectotype now a synonym of Otiorhynchus clavalis Apfelbeck, 1922cornicinus Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Tournieria)), Lectotypeemgei Stierlin, 1887 (Otiorhynchus (Tournieria)), Lectotypelubriculus Faust, 1890 (Otiorhynchus (Tournieria)), Lectotypekoenigi Faust, 1888 (Otiorhynchus (Udonedus)), Lectotypetruncatus Stierlin, 1861 (Otiorhynchus (Urorrhynchus)), Lectotypehystericus Faust, 1892 (Otiorhynchus (Zariedus)), Lectotypesedulus Faust, 1894 (Otiorhynchus (Zariedus)), Lectotype

Abstract: Isabel Hapgood (1851–1928) was among the first Americans to create a career as a Russia specialist, a surprising fact given her status as a woman who had not received a university education. Her work on Russia, in particular Russian Rambles , her 1895 account of her 1887–89 travels, offers a fascinating glimpse into a period in which more prominent roles for women were emerging in the US and into the professionalization of American interest in Russia. Her work is particularly compelling for the tensions it displays around ‘authoritativeness’ in terms of both gender and national scholarly expertise. The perceived ambiguity of Russia’s status in relation to Europe, and the newness of study of it as an academic field, presented challenges, but also offered a unique opportunity for a figure like Hapgood to assert an authoritative presence as a woman writer.

Abstract This article examines the role of London's Crystal Palace in the popularization of ““classical music”” in Victorian Britain, and in the creation of the orchestral canon in the nineteenth century. The Crystal Palace was originally built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851 and was reconstructed in the London suburb of Sydenham in 1854. This popular attraction assumed a musical prominence in British culture when the ambitious conductor Augustus Manns established an orchestra there in 1855, and presented a series of Saturday Concerts until 1900. Central to this discussion of the significance of the Crystal Palace concerts are two audience plebiscites that Manns conducted, in 1880 and 1887, which shed much light on Victorian popular taste and musical values. As well, particular attention is given to his involvement in the ““English Musical Renaissance”” in both of its aspects: as a campaign to raise British composers to canonic stature (to construct a ““British Beethoven””); and as an effort to securely embed classical music within British culture.

O presente trabalho dedica-se ao estudo da economia e da demografia da escravidão na cidade de Batatais (SP) no decorrer da segunda metade do século XIX. A pesquisa teve como fonte principal os inventários post-mortem datados de 1851 a 1887 e utilizou, de forma complementar, as escrituras de transações envolvendo escravos, registradas na localidade entre 1861 e 1887, e a Lista de Qualificação de Votantes, de 1874. De início, avançou-se à análise do evolver demográfico e econômico do Sertão do Rio Pardo, e, mais especificamente, de Batatais, durante os séculos XVIII a XX. Em seguida procedeu-se ao exame das formas, distribuição e dinâmica dos recursos possuídos pelos batataenses em uma economia essencialmente pecuarista e agricultora de subsistência, que assistiu, nas últimas décadas do século XIX, ao avanço da cultura cafeeira e à substituição do trabalho compulsório pelo livre. Outrossim, com o auxílio das fontes secundárias, realizou-se uma análise demográfica e de estrutura de posse do contingente escravo ali residente, examinando as principais características dos cativos e dos senhores batataenses, além de acompanhar o impacto exercido pelas modificações ocorridas no sistema escravista brasileiro. Por fim, ocupou-se do exame das relações familiares estabelecidas entre os cativos e ingênuos inventariados e comercializados, delineando seu perfil e investigando sua estabilidade frente à partilha dos bens inventariados
This research analyzes the economy and slave demography of the city of Batatais (SP) during the second half of the 19th century. The study has, as the main source, the post mortem inventories from 1851 to 1887 and, as secondary sources, the transfer of ownership documents related to slaves - registered between 1861 and 1887 - and the Vote Qualifying List (1874). The work begins with the analysis of the economic and demographic characteristics of Sertão do Rio Pardo and, more specifically, Batatais, from the 18th to the 20th centuries, followed by the analysis of the allocation, accumulation and dynamics of the wealth held by the local inhabitants. At that time, economy was dedicated to cattle and subsistence agriculture and, in the late decades of the 19th century, gave place to the advance of coffee plantation and the shift of slavery work to free work. Hence, this study analyzed the local slaves, concerning demographics and possessions, and observed the main characteristics of the slaves and their owners, related to the changes occurred to the Brazilian slavery. Finally, the structure and demographic characteristics of slave families were analyzed through the information obtained in the inventories and ownership documents, with further investigations of their stability during the division of the inventoried assets

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Tem por fim refletir sobre o início do processo de institucionalização da farmácia, através de duas associações de cunho científico-profissional, que se formaram em meados do século XIX na capital do Império: Sociedade Farmacêutica Brasileira (1851) e o Instituto Famacêutico do Rio de Janeiro (1858). O período entre 1851-1887 correspondeu ao tempo de vida das sociedades, preenchido pela circulação de seus periódicos e pela existência de seus respectivos gestores.
The study aims to think about the beginning of the process of institutionalization of pharmacy through the analysis of two professional-scientific societies, that were created in the middle of the XIX century in the capital of the Empire: the Sociedade Farmacêutica Brasileira (1851) and the Instituto Farmacêutico do Rio de Janeiro (1858). These institutions presented some proposals designed to give the status of science to pharmacy: the improvement of pharmacy education, the control of the illegal practice of pharmacy and the creation of a brazilian pharmaceutical code. The 1851-1887 period corresponded to the lifetime of those societies, the circulation of their periodicals and the existence of the respective directors. The relations established between those societies and the Sociedade Farmacêutica Lusitana, created in 1834, in the city of Lisbon, reveal that the history of the two countries remained intertwined, even after the independence of Brazil, allowing some common points to be identified: the inferiority stigma regarding medicine and the nations considered as civilized; the structuring of pharmacy education linked to medical education; the sanitary legislation; the political regime among others. The relation between art, science and politics is shown by the reconstitution of the life of the main pharmacy founders on the two sides of the Atlantic. Drugs stand out as the main object of this science. Tensions between pharmacists and chemists, and/ or homeopaths, and/ or doctors in medicine, the last representing health institutions of the imperial government, are analyzed through drug uses and meanings/ These tensions are characterized by the contrasts between the scientific and commercial natures of its activities, besides the magical and/or sacred meaning of drugs, wich remains latent in the daily life of the imperial society. Actions related to education, expressed by the inclusion of the Sociedade Farmacêutica Brasileira in the Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro, and the creation of a college by the Instituto Farmacêutico do Rio de Janeiro, reveal the search for a scientific nature for its activities, intending to enlarge its scope of action beyond the preparation and conservation of drugs. For developing this study, dialogs have been established between a varied documentary material and the literature available on the subject, or related to it. Among the main documentary material, periodicals of the Brazilian societies and of the Sociedade Farmacêutica Lusitana, reports of the Minister of the Empire and of the Central Board of Public Hygiene, historical memories of the Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro and the sanitary legislation of the period have been used. Consulted bibliography includes works in the areas of History of Pharmacy, Medicine and Drugs; History and History of Science; History of Brazil and History of Portugal, besides some literary and dramaturgic works.

While Countess Emilia Pardo Bazán (1851-1921), a successful novelist, an essayist and a champion of women’s rights in Spain, was not a translator of Russian literature (although she was a very talented linguist and translated from many languages into Spanish), she was the first, and without doubt, the greatest popularizer of Russian literature in Spain and later in Spanish America. Through her three public lectures given in Madrid in 1887, which she later published as a book, she gave, first to her audience and then to Spanish readers in general, an excellent overview of Russian culture and literature––and this in a highly original and creative manner. Wherever possible, Pardo Bazán endeavoured to suggest meaningful and relevant links between the Spanish and Russian literatures; she always provided full and clear biographical materials about the Russian writers she was presenting as well as detailed and lively analyses of their works. Sadly, her valuable contribution to this field has been ignored or, at best, it has been defined as of historical interest only. In 2021, the anniversary of her death, not a single commemorative event in Madrid focussed on her outstanding work as cultural intermediary between Spain and Russia. This essay aims to redress this balance somewhat by showing that Pardo Bazán bequeathed to Spanish readers a well-informed and carefully-researched body of critical studies of Russian literature. Additionally, the influence of certain Russian authors on her own fiction, as I suggest, constitutes an important task for future scholars. Almost entirely due to Pardo Bazán’s pioneering work as the major popularizer of Russian literature in Spain, the first wave of direct translations of Russian writers into Spanish began to appear shortly after the publication of her lectures.

In 1851, Louisiana doctor Samuel Cartwright declared that lethargy was an innate trait among African Americans that could only be managed through the prescription of hard labor. A half century later, Charles Chesnutt penned his “Uncle Julius” tales (1887–1900), which played on the plantation tradition of local color fiction and drew from slave narratives to challenge scientific racism in the US South and beyond. The stories, told by a formerly enslaved and newly indentured Black inhabitant of a North Carolina plantation, illustrate the South’s incessant demands on Black people’s time. Chesnutt’s stories portray Black characters who resist sleep deprivation and exhaustion by ironically feigning drowsy demeanors in an effort to subvert master clock time on southern plantations in the antebellum era and the New South.

In this essay, Anne DeWitt focuses attention on the press reception of novels by Mrs Humphry Ward (1851–1920), whose writing career began at Macmillan’s Magazine (1859–1907) prior to her becoming one of the bestselling novelists of the 1880s. The gendering of the reception of Ward’s two theological novels, John Ward, Preacher (1887) and Robert Elsmere (1888), is bound up with broader concerns about women writers’ engagement with theology. As DeWitt explains, ‘Reviews of theological novels were a crucial site for the articulation of diverse and often opposed positions on the question of whether women could contribute to theology, and the related question of whether theological issues could be examined in fiction, especially fiction by women’ (p.443). Where some reviewers ‘stressed feminine inability to grapple with theology,’ others ‘often challenged female authors’ attempts to engage in theological debate’ (p. 445). Either way, the sheer volume of column inches devoted to the debate over Ward’s contribution to theological discourse accorded her work a ‘significant measure of intellectual respect’ and, ultimately, sales (p. 397).

In France, the period from 1887 to 1904 was decisive for the teaching of calculus in secondary education. Carefully introduced in 1851 into the curriculum of the school grades called classe de mathématiques spéciales which prepared for the entrance examination to the École polytechnique, the principles of calculus were still taught, in 1885, in an essentially intuitive way. The arithmetical foundations of calculus, mainly issued from the German School during the 1870s, were neither taught in secondary education nor in higher education, except at the École normale supérieure which trained teachers for secondary education. This article shows how teachers mainly graduated from this school introduced the teaching of these principles into the classe de mathématiques spéciales as well as into the lower levels of French secondary education outside the official curricula. Indeed, during that period, the first teaching of calculus was introduced into the curriculum of the baccalauréat, the final examination of French secondary education. Despite its rejection by the boards in charge of the curricula at the École polytechnique, a more rigorous teaching of calculus eventually ended up prevailing in the classe de mathématiques spéciales. The interactions between these school grades specific of the French secondary educational system and the lower levels contributed to the acceptance of this teaching.

The late 19th century was a period of significant change in American mathematics education as the country started to open up to the advancements of continental Europe. At this time, mathematics departments at American universities began to look to European universities for inspiration, and American textbook authors began to incorporate European advances in mathematical content and pedagogy. Edgar Joseph Edmunds was a mathematics teacher who studied in France and taught in America at the dawn of this period of awakening and cultural exchange, and a study of his life and career gives new insight into this important period.