Journal articles on the topic '1858-1878'

The first museum to be set up in India in 1814 by the British Orientalists underwent a significant change when the Government of India took it over in 1858. The change was shaped by the experience of the great Indian uprising of 1857 to which, most importantly, the ordinary people (artisans, peasants, the unemployed etc.) rallied. Though the Raj succeeded eventually in suppressing the Revolt, its officials were deeply disturbed by the popular uprising and its effects. Policies were designed thereafter with these anxieties in mind—notably the one for running the museum in Calcutta. The authorities designed the museum as a ‘public’ space rather than as an ‘imperial’ edifice, and they hoped to get over their prolonged alienation from the masses by opening its doors to the ordinary people. This article examines the background and intent of the establishment of the Museum in Calcutta and its administration in the nineteenth century, with particular attention to the conception of the ‘public’ that underpinned it. It also outlines how the public in question responded to the museum.

Eleven species of geometrid moths from the subfamily Ennominae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) are reported for the first time from Amurskaya Oblast at the extreme northwestern limit of the distribution of mixed broadleaved – Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) forests, at a great distance from their closest habitats in Khabarovsky Krai and Primorsky Krai, Russian Far East: Eilicrinia nuptaria Bremer, 1864, Eudjakonovia emundata (Christoph, 1881), Menophra senilis (Butler, 1878), Ectropis excellens (Butler, 1884), Ectropis aigneri Prout, 1930, Mesastrape fulguraria (Walker, 1860), Arichanna tetrica (Butler, 1878), Agriopis dira (Butler, 1878), Larerannis orthogrammaria (Wehrli, 1927), Phigalia verecundaria (Leech, 1897), and Phanerothyris sinearia (Guenée, 1858).

Este trabalho pretende avaliar os fundamentos da reforma do pensamento brasileiro, tomando como referência conexões e divergências entre o espiritualismo de Domingos J. Gonçalves de Magalhães e o cientificismo de Sílvio Romero. Apoiados nos princípios apresentados principalmente em Fatos do espírito humano (1858) e na obra A filosofia no Brasil (1878), analisa-se a modernização da filosofia em nosso país empreendida no século XIX.

Southern AfricanChoeradesWalker, 1851 are reviewed. Six species are recognised (C.analogossp. n.described from South Africa: KwaZulu-Natal,C.bella(Loew, 1858),C.flavipes(Wiedemann, 1821),C.multipunctata(Oldroyd, 1974),C.nigrapex(Bigot, 1878),C.nigrescens(Ricardo, 1925)) and a key for their separation is provided. Distributional information demonstrates that species are found primarily in moderate to higher rainfall regions. The little that is known of their biology is discussed. Species are usually associated with indigenous forest habitats where larval development takes place in decomposing wood.

Abstract This study was carried out at pistachio orchards of Siirt province (Merkez and Aydınlar) between 2008-2009. The insect species obtained with this study in pistachio orchards were; Palomena mursili Linnavuori, 1984, Stagonomus bipunctatus Linnaeus, 1758, Macroscytus brunneus Fabricius, 1803, Lethaeus cribratissimus Stål, 1858, Stenodema turanica Reuter, 1904, Pseudoloxops sangrudanus Linnavuori, 2006, Psallus perrisi Mulsant and Rey, 1852 Macrolophus glaucescens Fieber, 1858, Acrorrhinium atricorne Linnavuori, 2006, Campylomma diversicornis Reuter, 1878, Nanopsallus carduellus Horváth, 1888, Camptocera glaberrima Walker, 1872, Anthocoris minki Dohrn, 1860, Yotvata nergal, Alloeotomus cyprius Wagner, 1953, Calocoris roseomaculatus angularis De Geer, 1773, Horistus orientalis Gmelin, 1790, Deraeocoris serenus Douglas and Scott, 1868, Beosus quadripunctatus Müller, 1766, Megalonotus maximus Puton, 1895, Nysius cymoides Spinola, 1837, Cantacader quadricornis Lepeletier and Serville, 1828, Lethaeus picipes Herrich-Schäffer, 1853, Acrorrhinium conspersus Noualhier, 1895, Trigonotylus pulchellus Hahn, 1834 and Alloeomimus kurdus Hoberlandt, 1953. Yotvata nergal Linnavuori, 1993 is a new record for entomo-fauna of Turkey.

Roberto de Visiani (1800–1878) was a Dalmatian botanist of Italian ancestry. During the 1850s he started a long lasting collaboration with a Serbian professor - botanist Josif Pančić (1814–1888), who worked in Belgrade. During this period, from 1858 to 1871, they described thirty-five new species and one new variety, in four articles (Visiani 1860, Visiani & Pančić 1862, Visiani & Pančić 1865, Visiani & Pančić 1870). Many of their names are still in general use or are basionyms of the names in use (Euro+Med 2014), but, with few exceptions, they have not yet been typified.

A correspondência recebida por Augusto Goltz de Carvalho [1858-1913], que se conhece, encontra-se dispersa por três proprietários distintos e abarca o período compreendido entre 1878 e 1914. O catálogo que aqui se apresenta constitui a reunião intelectual das cartas recebidas, de onde se destacam as relações com botânicos e zoólogos da Universidade de Coimbra. Através da disponibilização dos conteúdos de cada missiva pretende-se dar a conhecer um epistolário que se encontra, na sua maioria, inédito, e mostrar como uma colecção privada pode contribuir para um conhecimento mais detalhado da história de instituições e colecções públicas.

The Reverend Charles Grenfell Nicolay (1815-1897) made an important contribution to early geological work in Western Australia as a scientific adviser to the Colonial government and founder of the Colony's first public collection of rocks, minerals and fossils. During his early career he taught geography at King's and Queen's Colleges in London, before leaving London in 1858 to serve as the Anglican Church Chaplain to the British residents in the city of Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. We describe here some of his geological activities in Brazil over the period 1858-1869. He assisted Charles Frederick Hartt (1840-1878) and Louis Agassiz (1807-1873) on the Thayer Expedition of 1865-1866 in their geological investigations of the province of Bahia, most notably providing geological descriptions of the diamond deposits of the Chapada Diamantina, then a diamond province of world importance. After returning to England, he presented his findings on the Chapada Diamantina to the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting in Norwich in 1868. From May to August 1869, he made a brief return visit to Brazil acting as a geological advisor to the Brazilian Turba Company, who were hoping to exploit bituminous sedimentary deposits adjacent to the Bahia de Camamu, Bahia, in the production of oil and gas. Following his arrival in Western Australia, he corresponded with the Reverend William B. Clarke (1798-1878), in 1871-1872, on the subject of Brazilian diamonds, as Clarke sought to understand the diamond occurrences in eastern Australia. Through Clarke, Nicolay's description of the geology of the Chapada Diamantina was circulated to the Australian scientific community.

From 8-12 August 1914, the British Association for the Advancement of Science, meeting in Australia, descended on Adelaide. The meeting included delegates from a dozen overseas countries, including many from the United Kingdom. Amongst the visiting geologists were Arthur Philemon Coleman (1852-1939) and William Morris Davis (1850-1934), Rollin Thomas Chamberlin (1881-1948) and John Walter Gregory (1864-1932), Albrecht Penck (1858-1945) and Johannes Walther (1860-1937), Alexander du Toit (1878-1948) and Hartley Travers Ferrar (1879-1932), George William Lamplugh (1859-1926) and Sydney Hugh Reynolds (1867-1949), as well as the home-based T. W. Edgeworth David (1858-1934) and Ernest Willington Skeats (1875-1953). The proceedings created immense public interest and brought science to the people in a way never before achieved in Australia. That the meeting proceeded at all is a tribute to the Australian Government, the Association, and the conference organisers, as well as the participants, for the First World War had been declared only a few days before the meeting. The interactions between the home population and the delegates, and between delegates, provide an enlightening commentary on the values and standards of our world almost a century ago.

The Oriental and eastern Palaearctic planthopper genus Saigona Matsumura, 1910 is revised to include nine species including five new species: S. capitata (Distant, 1914) (Indo-China, S.W. China: Yunnan), S. fulgoroides (Walker, 1858) (S. China, Sumatra, Borneo), S. fuscoclypeata sp. nov. (C. China: Shaanxi, Hubei and Gansu), S. henanensis sp. nov. (C. China: Henan), S. latifasciata sp. nov. (S.W. China: Yunnan), S. robusta sp. nov. (C. China: Hubei), S. sinicola sp. nov. (C. China: Shaanxi), S. taiwanella Matsumura, 1941 (China: Taiwan), and S. ussuriensis (Lethierry, 1878) (Russian: Far Eastern Region, Japan, Korea, N.E. China: Jilin, Heilongjiang). Two new generic and one new specific synonyms are recognized: Saigona Matsumura, 1910 = Leprota Melichar, 1912 syn. nov. = Piela Lallemand, 1942 syn. nov.; S. fulgoroides (Walker, 1858) = Piela singularis Lallemand, 1942 syn. nov. S. capitata (Distant, 1914) is recorded from China for the first time. The genus and its included species are described and illustrated. Photographs of the adults of all known species except S. taiwanella are presented. Descriptions of the genus and its included species are provided together with structural illustrations. A key to the known species of Saigona is provided.

En 1858 el francés Antoine de Tounens (1825-1878) desembarca en Coquimbo, al sur de Santiago, y se dirige hacia la Patagonia. En menos de dos años logra concretar alianzas con los caciques Puelches y Tehuelches y, en noviembre de 1860, promulga en Perquenco la Constitución del Reino de Araucanía y de la Patagonia. En la actualidad, la Corte del Reino de Araucanía es una asociación sin fines de lucro que congrega a una treintena de miembros en Périgord, Francia. Mi intención aquí, etnográfica y contemporánea, es analizar más allá de las tesis orientalistas, colonialistas y del énfasis repetido en el “ridículo” que dominan en los medios nacionales e internacionales, el sentido de la perpetuación de la Corte Real de Araucanía.

In the 1850s, two species of "Spotted" Nightingale-Thrush (Aves: Catharus) were independently described from montane rainforests of Guatemala, C. dryas (Gould, 1855) and Ecuador, C. maculatus (Sclater, 1858). However, due to similarities in plumage color, C. maculatus was reclassified as a subspecies of C. dryas in 1878, a decision that has been upheld for 137 years. We collected multiple lines of evidence including phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences (ND2), discriminant and principal components analysis of morphometric and vocal data, and statistical modeling of ecological niches, that collectively indicate that C. d. dryas and C. d. maculatus are independent species. We recommend restoring species status to C. maculatus of South America and applying the common name Sclater’s Nightingale-Thrush to this species.

O artigo analisa a presença e a importância dos indígenas na Colônia Militar de Caseros, entre 1858-1878. A referida colônia foi instituída no norte da Província do Rio Grande do Sul com a intenção de controlar o território para viabilizar a economia pastoril, a apropriação privada e econômica da terra, o extrativismo da erva mate, abrir estradas que ligassem com a região das missões e o centro do país, bem como garantir passagem dos tropeiros e viabilizar a produção agrícola. Para isso, havia necessidade de controlar, aldear e envolver os indígenas no empreendimento. Nesse sentido, a produção agrícola, a abertura de estradas e a extração de erva mate teriam a presença dos indígenas. Porém, houve resistências e muitos conflitos nessa tentativa. O texto nos auxilia na compreensão histórica das atuais demandas indígenas pela terra na região norte do estado.

We describe seven species of Pilargidae from the coast and deep sea (300–1400 m deep) of southeastern Brazil, belonging to the genera Ancistrosyllis McIntosh, 1878, Cabira Webster, 1879, Glyphohesione Friedrich, 1950, Hermundura Müller, 1858, and Pilargis Saint-Joseph, 1899. Of those, two are new species (Glyphohesione campensis sp. nov. and Pilargis falconae sp. nov.) and two are new records of Ancistrosyllis for Brazil. Glyphohesione campensis sp. nov. is distinguished from its congeners by fewer neurochaetae, the anteriormost appearance of first notopodial spines, and intermediate relative length of dorsal and ventral cirri. Pilargis falconae sp. nov. is diagnosed by the presence of parapodial glands from the first chaetiger on the dorsal surface and from the sixth chaetiger on the ventral surface; and neurochaetae smooth capillaries and limbates with unidentate tips. Keys to pilargid species reported from, or likely to occur in, Brazilian waters are provided.

C.H. Curran’s Dolichopodidae types in the collection of the Natal Museum are reviewed. Campsicnemoides Curran, 1927, is placed here in synonymy to Acropsilus Mik, 1878 (syn. nov.; male holotype of Campsicnemoides vorax Curran, 1927, has been examined in the collection of NMSA, redescribed and illustrated, and a new combination is here proposed, Acropsilus vorax (Curran, 1927), comb. nov.). The following recombinations are also proposed (comb. nov.): Trigonocera munroi (Curran, 1926c) [Diaphorus], Micromorphus aristalis (Curran, 1926a) [Sympycnus], Peloropeodes niger (Curran, 1926a) [Sympycnus]. The following synonyms are proposed in this paper (syn. nov.): Sympycnus discrepans Parent, 1934, S. rusticus Parent, 1935, and S. allotarsis Meuffels & Grootaert, 2007, are placed in synonymy to Sympycnus basilaris (Curran, 1924); Diaphorus inversus Curran, 1924, is placed in synonymy to Diaphorus dasycnemus Loew, 1858; Medetera longitarsis Curran, 1924, and M. afra Curran, 1927, are placed in synonymy with Medetera simplicis Curran, 1924.

The genus Triportheus Cope, 1872 is revised and a total of 16 species (including 3 new species) are recognized from most of the major river drainages of South America. Triportheus magdalenae (Steindachner, 1878) is the sole species occurring west of the Andean Cordilleras. Triportheus paranensis (Günther, 1874) is considered a junior synonym of Triportheus nematurus (Kner, 1858) and a new Triportheus species is described for the río Paraguay basin. Chalcinus rotundatus iquitensis Nakashima, 1941 and Chalcinus elongatus iquitensis Nakashima, 1941 are placed into the synonymy of Triportheus albus Cope, 1872 and T. culter (Cope, 1872) respectively. The name Salmo clupeoides employed by Natterer (in Kner, 1860) is considered a nomen nudum. Neotypes are designated for Chalceus angulatus Spix & Agassiz, 1829, Chalceus rotundatus Jardine in Schomburgk, 1841 and Chalcinus auritus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850. Lectotypes are designated for Chalcinus brachipomus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850 and Chalcinus nematurus. Identification keys are provided for the Triportheus species in the major drainage basins of South America.

Five species of Geostiba Thomson, 1858 from the Kakheti region, Northeast Georgia, are described and illustrated: Geostiba (Tropogastrosipalia) angularis spec. nov. (region to the north of Lechuri); G. (Sibiota) tbatanana spec. nov. (Tbatana Range) and G. (S.) gomborica spec. nov. (Gombori Range) of the G. bituberculata group; G. (Sibiota) bulbosa spec. nov. (Gombori Range) and G. (S.) effeminata spec. nov. (region to the south of Abano pass) of the G. carinicollis group. The distribution of Geostiba (Sipalotricha) cingulata (Eppelsheim, 1878) is revised and illustrated; a previous record from Azerbaijan is regarded as probably incorrect (result of mislabeled material). The distributions of the species of the subgenus Sibiota Casey, 1906 recorded from Georgia east of South Ossetia are mapped. Additional records of nine species are reported. The Geostiba fauna of the Caucasus region sensu lato is now represented by a total of 55 named species, 34 of which belong to the subgenus Sibiota. Twenty-six species have been recorded from Georgia.

Two new species of Phylini, Glaucopterum alborubrum sp. nov. and Compsidolon schrenkianum sp. nov. are described from Xinjiang province of China. Illustrations of the male genitalia, tarsus and pretarsus, photographs of the dorsal habitus, known hosts, and distributional records are provided for each species. The following 13 species of Miridae are recorded for the first time from China: Anonychiella brevicornis (Reuter, 1879), Atomophora mongolica Konstantinov, 2000, Blepharidopterus angulatus (Fallén, 1807), Compsidolon eximium (Reuter, 1879), Dichrooscytus consobrinus Horváth, 1904, Dichrooscytus kerzhneri Josifov, 1974, Hallodapus montandoni Reuter, 1895, Orthotylus nassatus (Fabricius, 1787), Orthotylus (Melanotrichus) schoberiae Reuter, 1876, Phaeochiton ebulum Putshkov, 1977, Pilophorus confusus (Kirschbaum, 1856), Tuponia (Chlorotuponia) prasina (Fieber, 1864), Tuponia (Tuponia) soongorica Drapolyuk, 1980. Also, the following nine species of plant bugs are new records for Xinjiang Province: Atomoscelis onusta (Fieber, 1861), Blepharidopterus diaphanus (Kirschbaum, 1856), Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Dür, 1843), Europiella alpina (Reuter, 1875), Lygocoris rugicollis (Fallén, 1807), Orthops mutans (Stål, 1858), Phaeochiton caraganae (Kerzhner, 1964), Pilophorus clavatus (Linnaeus, 1767), Psallopsis kirgisica (Becker, 1864). Distributional areas and distinctive features of Tuponia roseipennis (Reuter, 1878) and T. soongorica Drapolyuk, 1980 are briefly discussed.

O estudo busca dar visibilidade ao processo de catalogação das cartas sobre instrução pública nos jornais O Araripe (1850-1860), O Cearence (1840-1899), Diário do Maranhão (1855-1858), Publicador Maranhense (1842-1886), Diário de Pernambuco (1825-1888) e Argos Pernambucano (1850-1852), Diário da Bahia (1833-1838) e Correio da Bahia (1871-1878). A escrita dessas cartas é ordinária de sujeitos que compuseram a instrução pública da época, professores, diretores da instrução pública e das escolas e de anônimos. A pesquisa permitiu catalogar esses escritos, servindo de fonte para pesquisas sobre Instrução e Império no Brasil. Neste trabalho, buscamos traçar os caminhos metodológicos utilizados, bem como as técnicas usadas para a execução da investigação. Os discursos apresentados, neste trabalho, demonstram que os signatários escreviam para o jornal para dar parecer, avisar, reclamar, pedir, noticiar, repreender... Com efeito, dar visibilidade a esses discursos sob a escrita epistolar é relevante por serem históricos e de serem de sujeitos que atuaram na instrução pública, já que a imprensa apresenta flagrantes sobre o cotidiano escolar de tempos passados, por meio de uma sociedade de correspondência que havia nesse suporte textual, veículo de comunicação mais comum do período.

Typen und weiteres Material der Arten der Aleochara-Untergattung Ceranota Stephens, 1839 werden revidiert. Nach der Revision umfasst die Untergattung insgesamt 30 Arten, darunter vier Arten von zweifelhaftem Status, deren männliche Geschlechtsmerkmale unbekannt sind oder deren Typenmaterial entweder verschollen oder nicht verfügbar ist. Die Verbreitung von Ceranota ist auf die Westpaläarktis östlich bis Afghanistan beschränkt. Für die Untergattung sowie für die einzelnen Arten werden (Kurz-)Beschreibungen gegeben. Folgende Synonymisierungen werden vorgenommen: Aleochara penicillata Peyerimhoff, 1901 = A. caprae Gridelli, 1922, syn. n. = A. meschniggi Bernhauer, 1943, syn. n.; A. strasseri Bernhauer, 1901 = A. matzenaueri Rambousek, 1907, syn. n. Aleochara conviva Eppelsheim, 1878, bisher Synonym von A. lurida Motschulsky, 1860, und A. consors Eppelsheim, 1890, bisher Synonym von A. adusta Eppelsheim, 1890, werden revalidiert. Aleochara tuberiventris Kraatz, 1859 wird aus der Untergattung ausgeschlossen. Für Aleochara ruficornis Gravenhorst, 1802, A. erythroptera Gravenhorst, 1806, A. major Fairmaire, 1858, A. caprae Gridelli, 1922 sowie A. matzenaueri Rambousek, 1907 werden Neotypen designiert. Für Aleochara diversicollis Fauvel, 1900, A. melichari (Reitter, 1889), A. meschniggi Bernhauer, 1943, A. opacina Fauvel, 1900, A. adusta Eppelsheim, 1890, A. consors Eppelsheim, 1890 und A. libanica Eppelsheim, 1889 werden Lectotypen designiert. Vier Arten werden erstmals beschrieben und abgebildet: Aleochara (Ceranota) virilis sp. n. (Russland: Adygeja), A. (C.) claviculata sp. n. (NO-Türkei), A. (C.) sarica sp. n. (Iran: Mazandaran) und A. (C.) feldmanni sp. n. (Afghanistan). Zoogeographische und bionomische Daten werden zusammengestellt. Weitere Nachweise von Ceranota-Arten werden gemeldet, darunter zahlreiche Erstnachweise. Die Verbreitung von acht Arten wird anhand von Karten illustriert. Eine Bestimmungstabelle und ein Katalog der Arten werden vorgelegt.StichwörterStaphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Aleochara, Ceranota, Palaearctic region, taxonomy, new species, revalidation, new synonymies, descriptions, redescriptions, neotype designations, lectotype designations, distribution, new records.Nomenklatorische Handlungenlurida Motschulsky, 1860 (Aleochara), Lectotype now a synonym of Aleochara (Ceranota) subtumida (Hochhuth, 1849)tuberiventris Kraatz, 1859 (Aleochara), Lectotype; stat. rev. excluded from the subgenus Ceranotaadusta Eppelsheim, 1890 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), Lectotypecaprae Gridelli, 1922 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), Neotype; syn. n. of Aleochara (Ceranota) penicillata Peyerimhoff, 1901claviculata Assing, 2009 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), spec. n.consors Eppelsheim, 1890 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), Lectotype; stat. rev. hitherto ba synonym of Aleochara (Ceranota) adusta Eppelsheim, 1890conviva Eppelsheim, 1878 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), stat. rev. hitherto a synonym of Aleochara (Ceranota) lurida Motschulsky, 1860diversicollis Fauvel, 1900 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), Lectotypeerythroptera Gravenhorst, 1806 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), Neotypefeldmanni Assing, 2009 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), spec. n.libanica Eppelsheim, 1889 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), Lectotypemajor Fairmaire, 1858 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), Neotypematzenaueri Rambousek, 1907 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), Neotype; syn. n. of Aleochara (Ceranota) strasseri Bernhauer, 1901melichari (Reitter, 1889) (Aleochara (Ceranota)), Lectotype described as Ceranota melicharimeschniggi Bernhauer, 1943 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), Lectotype; syn. n. of Aleochara (Ceranota) penicillata Peyerimhoff, 1901opacina Fauvel, 1900 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), Lectotyperuficornis Gravenhorst, 1802 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), Neotypesarica Assing, 2009 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), spec. n.virilis Assing, 2009 (Aleochara (Ceranota)), spec. n.

The taxa of the genus Macrogomphus Selys, 1858 occurring in continental south-east Asia are reconsidered. Macrogomphus rivularis Förster, 1914 (described from Vietnam), M. borikhanensis Fraser, 1933 (described from Laos), and M. guilinensis Chao, 1983 (described from China), are synonymised with M. albardae Selys, 1878. The relationship and conspecificity of the latter with M. parallelogramma Burmeister, 1839 are doubtful, perhaps they are bona species. Males of M. albardae (and seemingly of parallelogramma as well) are approximately trimorphic for the pale pattern of the abdominal S3–S6, being of either a ‘dashed morph’ (with small isolated anteriolateral spots and conspicuous middorsal streaks), or a ‘ringed morph (with broad anterior rings and less conspicuous middorsal streaks), or an ‘intermediate morph’. Validity of the species M. matsukii Asahina, 1986 is doubted; its holotype could be an aberrant male of M. albardae. The main diagnostic character of M. albardae, M. phalantus Lieftinck, 1935 and probably M. parallelogramma, is clarified to be the structure of the cercus inner branch. M. phalantus jayavarman subsp. nov. is described from temporarily inundated forest at the northern bank of the great Lake Tonlé Sap of Cambodia (Siem Reap Province, 1.5 km SSW of Kampong Pluk village, 13.1956° N, 103.9725° E, 3 m a.s.l.), which is ca 1,300 km north and overseas from the presumed range of M. phalantus phalantus.

A mediados del siglo XIX, la prensa en Colombia comenzó a especializarse en un tipo de lector al que antes no estaba dirigida de manera explícita: la mujer. Esta iniciativa requería una actualización en la administración de las publicaciones periódicas, que se evidenciaba en su materialidad, contenido, notas editoriales, temáticas, géneros, entre otros aspectos. De este modo, cada publicación daba cuenta de una orientación ideológica que la guiaba y, en esa medida, expresaba la concepción que tenía sobre la mujer, su papel en la sociedad y, consecuentemente, la figura de la lectora ideal que pretendía forjar.

The Clinterocera jucunda species group of the genus Clinterocera Motschulsky, 1858 is revised. Fourteen species are recognized within this group, including five new species described herein: C. brevifasciata Xu & Qiu, new species from northern Vietnam and China; C. krikkeni Xu & Qiu, new species from southwestern China; C. sinensis Xu & Qiu, new species from southern China; C. velutina Xu & Qiu, new species from Hainan, China; and C. vietnamensis Xu & Qiu, new species from central Vietnam and Laos. Clinterocera nigra (Kano, 1931) is elevated to the species level. Clinterocera donckieri (Bourgoin, 1924) revised status is revalidated from the synonymy with C. davidis (Fairmaire, 1878). Two new synonyms are proposed based on examination of types and additional specimens: C. humeralis (Moser, 1902) new synonym and C. cervenkai Krajčík, 2012 new synonym are placed as junior synonyms of C. jucunda (Westwood, 1873) and C. donckieri, respectively. Lectotypes are designated for C. davidis and C. humeralis. Diagnoses and colored illustrations of most species are provided, including other four rare species, C. bicolor (Nonfried, 1893), C. ishikawai (Kurosawa, 1973), C. raui (Paulian, 1961), and C. yunnana (Moser, 1911). A key and a detailed description for the species group are presented. Male genitalia, intraspecific variations, new distribution records, and natural history are given for most species. The relationship between Clinterocera and ants is discussed.

This catalog lists all 1226 nominal species introduced by Rondani within Diptera (1174 available and 52 unavailable), providing for each available name data on the type locality, type material, current taxonomic status and with remarks on both the collectors and the specialists who have studied this material. The following new synonymies are proposed: Panops aeneus Philippi, 1865 [Acroceridae] under Lasia aenea Rondani, 1863, n. syn.; Panops nigripes Philippi, 1865 [Acroceridae] under Lasia cuprea Rondani, 1863, n. syn.; Tabanus brasiliensis Rondani, 1850 [Tabanidae] under Dichelacera fasciata Walker, 1850, n. syn.; Petagnia subpetiolata Rondani, 1859 [Tachinidae] under Petagnia occlusa Rondani, 1856, n. syn.; Tephritis siderata Rondani, 1868 [Tephritidae] under Hexacinia radiosa (Rondani, 1868), n. syn. Mallophora macquartii Rondani 1851 [Asilidae] is considered as a senior (but invalid) synonym of Mallophora scopipeda Rondani, 1863, n. syn. Paragus mundus Wollaston, 1858 [Syrphidae] is proposed as the valid name for Paragus coadunatus sensu Goeldlin de Tiefenau (1976); Paragus coadunatus Rondani, 1847 [Syrphidae] is reinstated as a junior synonym of Paragus haemorrhous Meigen 1822. Lectotypes are designated herein for the following nominal species: Domomyza anthracipes Rondani, 1875, Domomyza frontella Rondani, 1875 [both in Agromyzidae]; Chorthophila impudica Rondani, 1866 [Anthomyiidae]; Sephanilla sertulata Rondani, 1875 [Aulacigastridae]; Peratochetus lutescens Rondani, 1856 [Clusiidae]; Myopa punctum Rondani, 1857 [Conopidae]; Culex pulcritarsis Rondani, 1872 [Culicidae]; Ephydra ciligena Rondani, 1868 [Ephydridae]; Lonchea scutellaris Rondani, 1875 [Lonchaeidae]; Geomyza pictipennis Rondani, 1875 [Opomyzidae]; Megaglossa vegetationis Rondani, 1869 [Platystomatidae]; Eumerus tuberculatus Rondani, 1857, Merodon varius Rondani, 1845, Paragus mundus Wollaston, 1858, Pipizella neuphritica Rondani, 1868 [all in Syrphidae]; Exorista noctuicida Rondani, 1859, Phoricheta lacrimans Rondani, 1861 [both in Tachinidae]; Tephritis decipiens Rondani, 1871, Tephritis matutina Rondani, 1871, Urophora lejura Rondani, 1870, Urophora venabulata Rondani, 1870, Urophora veruata Rondani, 1870 [all in Tephritidae]. The following nominal species have lectotypes designated according to Article 74.5 of the I.C.Z.N. Code: Chortophila divergens Rondani, 1866, Chortophila incognita Rondani, 1866 [both in Anthomyiidae]; Habropogon doriae Rondani, 1873, Promacus taeniopus Rondani, 1873 [both in Asilidae]; Chelidomyia melbae Rondani, 1879, Myophthiria lygaeoides Rondani, 1878, Ornithomya gestroi Rondani, 1878, Ornithomya hatamensis Rondani, 1878 [all in Hippoboscidae]; Megaglossa corticarum Rondani, 1869 [Platystomatidae]; Elgiva lateritia Rondani, 1868, Tetanocera nigricosta Rondani, 1868, Tetanocera punctifrons Rondani, 1868 [all in Sciomyzidae]; Tabanus justorius Rondani, 1875 [Tabanidae]. The following lectotypes are designated by inference according to Article 74.6 of I.C.Z.N.: Diopsis aethiopica Rondani, 1873, Diopsis latimana Rondani, 1875, Teleopsis breviscopium Rondani, 1875, Teleopsis longiscopium Rondani, 1875 [all in Diopsidae]; Cyclopodia albertisii Rondani, 1878, Myophthiria reduvioides Rondani, 1875 [both in Hippoboscidae]; Myiodella brachialis Rondani, 1873, Senopterina zonalis Rondani, 1875 [all in Platystomatidae]; Stevenia florentina Rondani, 1861 [Rhinophoridae]; Miltogramma punctatella Rondani, 1868 [Sarcophagidae]; Sargus leoninus Rondani, 1875 [Stratiomyidae]; Chrysops alter Rondani, 1875, Chrysops unizonatus Rondani, 1875, Tabanus dives Rondani, 1875, Tabanus fulvissimus Rondani, 1875, Tabanus ignobilis Rondani, 1875 [all in Tabanidae]; Themara hirtipes Rondani, 1875 [Tephritidae]. The following names are new combinations: Diopsis latimana Rondani, 1875 [Diopsidae] is transferred to Teleopsis and kept as a junior synonym of Teleopsis dalmanni (Wiedemann, 1830), comb. nov.; Diopsis lativola Rondani, 1875 [Diopsidae] is transferred to Teleopsis and kept as a junior synonym of Teleopsis dalmanni (Wiedemann, 1830), comb. nov. The following names, previously deemed unavailable, are determined here to be available: Petagnia occlusa Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Tephritis siderata Rondani, 1868 [Tephritidae]. The following names, previous deemed available, are determined here to be unavailable: Porricondyla albitarsis Rondani, 1840 [Cecidomyiidae], Lucilia cyanicolor Rondani, 1850 [Calliphoridae]; Cephenemya stimulatrix Rondani, 1857 [Oestridae]; Cheilosia nigricornis Rondani, 1844, Cheilosia testacicornis Rondani, 1857, Pelecocera ruficornis Rondani, 1865 [all in Syrphidae]; Cylindrogaster sanguinea Rondani, 1861, Deximorpha cristata Rondani, 1862, Myostoma microcera Rondani, 1856 [all in Tachinidae]; Tripeta exacheta Rondani, 1870 [Tephritidae]. We consider Merodon italicus Rondani 1845 as an unnecessary substitute name for Merodon natans Fabricius, 1794 and confirm it as a junior synonym of Merodon natans Fabricius, 1794. Acting as First Revisers, the following are herein selected as correct original spellings: Trichophthalma philippii Rondani, 1863 [Nemestrinidae]; Sphiximorpha garibaldii Rondani, 1860 [Syrphidae]; Agelanius philippii Rondani, 1863 [Tabanidae]; Exorista achanthina Rondani, 1859, Platychyra brevicauda Rondani, 1865 [Tachinidae]. Species not previously treated in any recent Diptera catalog include the following: Chorthophila limbatella Rondani, 1877, Hylephila melitensis Rondani 1877 [both in Anthomyiidae]; Mya jonicroma Rondani, 1851, Mya versicolor Rondani, 1850, Somomya anulipes Rondani, 1863, Somomyia xanthomera Rondani, 1875 [all in Calliphoridae]; Madiza fabae Rondani, 1876 [Chloropidae]; Psilopus ducalis Rondani, 1850 [Dolichopodidae]; Gymnopa opaca Rondani, 1869 [Ephydridae]; Oedalea bracata Rondani, 1856 [Hybotidae]; Sapromyza albifrons Rondani, 1868, Sapromyza rectinervis Rondani, 1868 [both in Lauxaniidae]; Boletina parmensis Rondani, 1856, Bolithobia lateralis Rondani, 1856, Bolithomyza spinulina Rondani, 1856, Mycetomyza sciarina Rondani, 1856, Pachipalpus calceatus Rondani, 1856 [all in Mycetophilidae]; Lyoneura lugubris Rondani, 1856 [Psychodidae]; Volucella trizonata Rondani, 1875 [Syrphidae]; Echinomya apicalis Rondani, 1848, Echinomya ignobilis Rondani, 1863, Gonia ornata var. repudiata Rondani, 1859, Hyalomyia unicolor Rondani, 1868, Platychyra valida Rondani, 1865, Pyragrura uncinatus Rondani, 1861 [all in Tachinidae]. One species, Bertea subaptera Rondani, 1856, is returned to Diptera from Hymenoptera after examination of the type material.

Abstract During the first half of the 19th century, liberal and nationalist uprisings erupted in all corners of Europe. While militant revolutionaries fought against restorative monarchies for more tolerant legislation or even full national independence, their countries slid into turmoil. In this European struggle, which set parts of Germany, Poland, France and Italy aflame, Ludwik Mierosławski (1814–1878) was one of the key insurgents. Besides being a keen partisan of Polish independence, Mierosławski enjoyed thorough military training and proved himself an astute theoretician of military strategy. It might be argued that he was probably one of the most inventive minds of his time, creating among other things an early tank vehicle and a bulletproof knapsack that could be used as a shield. This article brings a hitherto unknown invention of Mierosławski to light: A strategy game depicting military maneuvers on an abstract map. Defying complicated rules and adhering to pure simplicity, the game was both fast-learning and captivating. Moreover, contemporary critics praised its way of introducing players to the fundamentals of strategic thinking and military geography. Several matches were even played at the French military academy at St. Cyr in 1858. The extensive research of this article not only reveals the background of Mierosławski’s invention but also his methods of making the complete game public. The last chapter of this contribution contains a summary of the game rules, enabling the readers to bring this invention to life by themselves. In the end, the study of his game allows us to approach and discover Mierosławski’s ideas and ways of thinking, thereby shedding further light on this complex personality.

The love poem Ara mé noviza (“To my beloved”) was written in the 19th century in the Ladin municipality of Ampezzo. This composition is mostly attributed to the Ampezzo engineer Firmiliano De Gaspari (1828-1877), but it could also be a piece of ancient Ampezzo song literature. The 13-stanza poem was recorded – and thus made accessible to a larger audience – for the first time in Ampezzo illustrato, a publication about the history of Cortina written by De Gaspari (probably around 1860), which is unfortunately lost or missing today. In the following decades, several stanzas from this work were repeatedly copied and disseminated, among others by the Pustertal tourism pioneer Josef Anton Rohracher (1857–1954). At the beginning of the 1890s, the Tyrolean author Josef Calasanz Platter (1858–1905) copied a few stanzas of the poem from a travel guide published by Rohracher in 1878 and used them for his narrative Castell Majon, set in Cortina d’Ampezzo. In 1892, a tourist from the North of Italy who visited Ampezzo, perhaps the irredentist and literary scholar Albino Zenatti, copied five stanzas of the dialectal poem and subsequently published them in the “Gazzetta di Venezia” as an unknown poem by Titian, linking it to an old local Ampezzo tradition according to which the important Renaissance artist was born in Campo di Sotto. In 1909, some stanzas of the same poem were again spread in the daily press, journals and tourist guides as a work of Titian. And even in more recent times, people did not want to completely rule out the authorship of the artist born in Pieve di Cadore. In reality, a more or less skilful forger was at work in 1892, who probably wanted to make capital and profit from the discovery of an alleged poem by Titian and also to defraud the people of Ampezzo.

We recorded the Banded Ground-cuckoo (Neomorphus radiolosus), White-throated Quail-Dove (Geotrygon frenata) and Chestnut Wood-Quail (Odontophorus hyperythrus) in the Pacific Slope of the Western Andes of Colombia. Records of N. radiolosus extend its geographic distribution 130 km north of its known range. The species had probably not been recorded yet because of its rarity and the absence of studies. Records of G. frenata and O. hyperythrus extend their lower altitudinal limit into 430 m and 1140 m, respectively. Camera trapping appears as promising tool for recording data of the distribution of bird species.

Україна має надзвичайно великі водні простори, які представлені водосховищами, ставами, озерами, великими та малими річками, зрошувальними каналами та іншими водними ресурсами. Наразі у межах кожної територіальної громади області можна нарахувати до кількох десятків суб’єктів господарювання різних форм власності, що тим чи тим чином пов’язують свою діяльність із рибним господарством. Саме тому проблеми, пов’язані з хворобами риби, в аквакультурі нині є досить актуальними. Хвороби риби паразитарної етіології виникають як у природних, так і у штучних водоймах, завдаючи значної шкоди рибному господарству. Вивчення захворювань, спричинених моногенетичними сисунами, і фауни моногеней риби у прісноводних водоймах не тільки розширює знання про біорізноманіття гідрофауни, але й має велике значення при проведенні акліматизаційних робіт, введенні нових об’єктів вирощування в аквакультурі та прогнозуванні виникнення епізоотій. Тому метою цього огляду стало визначення стану фауни моногеней окремих видів риб прісноводних водойм України. У роботі як об’єкт огляду обрано дев’ять видів риб (білий амур, білий товстолобик, бичок-пісочник, окунь, карась, щука, краснопірка, короп та плітка), які входять до ядра іхтіоценозу переважної кількості водойм України. Встановлено, що фауна моногеней риб налічує 33 види, які за своїм систематичним положенням відносяться до 4-х родин – Gyrodactylidae Cobbold, 1864, Dactylogyridae Bychowsky, 1933, Diplozoidae Palombi, 1949 та Tetraonchidae Monticelli, 1903 класу Monogenea. За даними науковців найбільш багатою виявилася фауна моногенетичних сисунів у карася, яка налічувала 18 видів паразитів. У фауні білого амура та плітки нараховано 8 та 7 видів моногенетичних сисунів відповідно. Виявлені збудники моногеней карася, білого амура та плітки за систематичним положенням відносяться до 3-х родин: Gyrodactylidae, Dactylogyridae та Diplozoidae. У білого товстолобика, коропа та краснопірки дослідники виявили по 6, 5 та 2 види моногеней відповідно, що відносилися до родини Gyrodactylidae та Dactylogyridae. Бідною виявилася фауна моногеней щуки, окуня та білого пісочника, у цих видів риби науковці виявили по одному виду паразитів. Зокрема, у щуки – Tetraonchus monenteron Dsesing, 1858, у окуня ‒ Dactylogyrus sphyrna Linstow, 1878, у білого пісочника ‒ Gyrodactylus proterorhini Ergens, 1967. З виявлених моногеней види G. elegans von Nordmann, 1832, D. extensus Mueller & Van Cleave, 1932 та D. vastator Nybelin, 1924 виявилися найменше видоспецифічними щодо вибору дефінітивного господаря, їх виявляли на 6-ти, 5-ти та 4-х видах риб відповідно.

The taxonomy and natural history of the ant genus Crematogaster are reviewed for the Costa Rican fauna. Thirtyone species are known, and a key is provided for these and two additional species from adjacent regions of Panama. Species boundaries are evaluated over their entire range when possible. The taxonomic history of the genus is one of unbridled naming of new species and subspecies, with no synthetic works or keys. Major taxonomic changes are proposed, with the recognition of several polytypic species with very broad ranges and the synonymization of the many names associated with them. Crematogaster pygmaea Forel 1904, suturalis Forel 1912, ornatipilis Wheeler 1918, erici Santschi 1929, and chacoana Santschi 1933 are synonymized under abstinens Forel 1899; centralis Santschi 1932 under acuta (Fabricius 1804); aruga Forel 1913 under arcuata Forel 1899; ludio Forel 1912, armandi Forel 1921, inca Wheeler 1925, and cocciphila Borgmeier 1934 under brasiliensis Mayr 1878; parabiotica Forel 1904 under carinata Mayr 1862; brevispinosa Mayr 1870, minutior Forel 1893, schuppi Forel 1901, recurvispina Forel 1912, sampaioi Forel 1912, striatinota Forel 1912, townsendi Wheeler 1925, and chathamensis Wheeler 1933 under crinosa Mayr 1862; barbouri Weber 1934 under cubaensis Mann 1920; antillana Forel 1893, sculpturata Pergande 1896, kemali Santschi 1923, accola Wheeler 1934, phytoeca Wheeler 1934, panamana Wheeler 1942, and obscura Santschi 1929 under curvispinosa Mayr 1870; descolei Kusnezov 1949 under distans Mayr 1870; projecta Santschi 1925 under erecta Mayr 1866; carbonescens Forel 1913 under evallans Forel 1907; palans Forel 1912, ascendens Wheeler 1925, and dextella Santschi 1929 under limata F. Smith 1858; agnita Wheeler 1934 under obscurata Emery 1895; amazonensis Forel 1905, autruni Mann 1916, and guianensis Crawley 1916 under stollii Forel 1885; surdior Forel 1885, atitlanica Wheeler 1936, and maya Wheeler 1936 under sumichrasti Mayr 1870; tumulifera Forel 1899 and arizonensis Wheeler 1908 under torosa Mayr 1870. The following taxa are raised to species: ampla Forel 1912, brevidentata Forel 1912, chodati Forel 1921, crucis Forel 1912, cubaensis Mann 1920, goeldii Forel 1903, malevolens Santschi 1919, mancocapaci Santschi 1911, moelleri Forel 1912, montana Borgmeier 1939, obscurata Emery 1895, rochai Forel 1903, russata Wheeler 1925, sericea Forel 1912, stigmatica Forel 1911, sub-tonsa Santschi 1925, tenuicula Forel 1904, thalia Forel 1911, uruguayensis Santschi 1912, and vicina Andre 1893. The following new species are described: bryophilia, flavomicrops, flavosensitiva, foliocrypta, jardinero, levior, monteverdensis, raptor, snellingi, sotobosque, and wardi.

The previously largely neglected and poorly known staphylinid faunas of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh are addressed. Based on a study of more than 31,000 Staphylinidae recently collected in various habitats and using different methods, and on a critical evaluation of previous literature records, a checklist of the faunas of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh is compiled. The fauna of Armenia currently includes 675, that of Nagorno-Karabakh 198 named species. Nevertheless, it is concluded that the species inventory of both regions, especially that of Nagorno-Karabakh, is still far from complete. As many as 262 and 183 species are reported from Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, respectively, for the first time. A list of 99 species erroneously or doubtfully recorded from the study region is provided. A comparison with the species number and systematic composition of the faunas of other Caucasian countries and regions revealed that (a) their known diversities are significantly lower than should be expected and (b) a remarkably high proportion (nearly 40 %) of Aleocharinae in the faunas of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh, with the genus Atheta Thomson, 1858 alone accounting for approximately 10 % of the total diversity in Armenia. The faunas of Armenia and Nagorno-Karabakh are primarily composed of widespread species, many of them Caspian (Caucasian) and Iranian elements, and remarkably few endemics. Only 23 species, thirteen of the Aleocharinae (most of them belonging to the genus Geostiba Thomson, 1858), four of the Pselaphinae, five of Scydmaeninae, and one of Staphylininae are classified as regional endemics, and one species of Aleocharinae from the peak region of Mount Khustup is classified as a local endemic. The distribution of one addititional species is confined to South Armenia and adjacent parts of North Iran. A number of species is currently known only from Armenia, but of doubtful taxonomic status or unlikely to represent endemics. Records of some species in Armenia and/or Nagorno-Karabakh revealed some remarkably discontinuous distributions with gaps of up to approximately 2,800 km; three of these distributions are mapped. Fourteen species are newly described: Omalium kociani Zanetti spec. nov. (Armenia: Jermuk) of the Omaliinae, Proteinus baculatus Assing spec. nov. (Armenia; Northeast Turkey) of the Proteininae, Bryaxis armeniacus Brachat spec. nov. (Armenia: NW Hrazdan) and B. meghruicus Brachat spec. nov. (South Armenia: Meghru range) of the Pselaphinae, Atheta (Paralpinia) meghruica Assing spec. nov. (South Armenia: Meghru range), Bellatheta khustupica Assing spec. nov. (South Armenia: Mount Khustup), Calodera alticola Assing spec. nov. (Armenia: Mount Karkar), and Tachyusa unguis Assing spec. nov. (South Armenia) of the Aleocharinae, Anotylus hamatoides Schülke spec. nov. (Armenia) of the Oxytelinae, Euconnus (Tetramelus) longilaminatus Meybohm spec. nov. (North Armenia), E. (T.) tavushus Meybohm spec. nov. (North Armenia), E. (T.) karabakhus Meybohm spec. nov. (Nagorno-Karabakh), Neuraphes (Paraphes) gomarantsus Meybohm spec. nov. (South Armenia: Meghru range), and N. (P.) syunikus Meybohm spec. nov. (South Armenia) of the Scydmaeninae. Eight synonymies and one revalidation are established: Dialycera minuta Luze, 1906 = Phyllodrepa armena Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1959, syn. nov.; Mycetoporus silvaticus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1962 = M. dispersus Schülke & Kocian, 2000, syn. nov.; Aleochara subtumida (Hochhuth, 1859) = Aleochara khnzoriani Amiryan, 1999, syn. nov.; Platystethus cephalotes Eppelsheim, 1878, revalidated (previously synonym of P. laevis Markel & Kiesenwetter, 1848) = P. oblongopunctatus Roubal, 1911, syn. nov.; Euconnus lalvarensis Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1964 = Euconnus pseudorobustus Franz, 1986, syn. nov.; Astenus rufopacus Reitter, 1909 = A. baali Coiffait, 1960, syn. nov.; Heterothops dissimilis (Gravenhorst, 1802) = H. armeniacus Coiffait, 1977, syn. nov.; Heterothops praevius Erichson, 1839 = Heterothops montanus Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1966, syn. nov. Taxonomic acts Omalium kociani Zanetti spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:5F24413E-6AB4-4D1C-B567-AB93C38380C9Proteinus baculatus Assing spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3DDB2D69-A000-4FFA-AAC7-48CE4BAB7020Bryaxis armeniacus Brachat spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:01F595CB-9F3B-4DEE-8A4D-C97F39DE26E1Bryaxis meghruicus Brachat spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:AA6E7E2A-4450-48E8-8048-8061C3C6DF5CAtheta (Paralpinia) meghruica Assing spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:4673F1AA-F8C1-4524-AFA3-99E4E7F502FFBellatheta khustupica Assing spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:C342B3DE-9EE5-4950-85BD-817DBEE6FE3ECalodera alticola Assing spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3BF46F7B-FBDB-4F1B-B0D0-89D669B021C2Tachyusa unguis Assing spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A4B4E5C2-EEB2-4146-B6F2-27D5873D5AEBAnotylus hamatoides Schulke, spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:0167E052-EBAB-421A-BB72-39E33C1EDC97Euconnus (Tetramelus) longilaminatus Meybohm spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:96692EB3-A82F-4ADB -A278-EC1B64040C82Euconnus (Tetramelus) tavushus Meybohm spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7F2BBD70-A7F8-4272-8195-02884B90F2DDEuconnus (Tetramelus) karabakhus Meybohm spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:A60B66A1-20EB-4341-9950-B6485B1A3853Neuraphes (Paraphes) gomarantsus Meybohm spec. nov. – urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:102F7EEC-B2A5-458F-B271-E3582970195FNeuraphes (Paraphes) syunikus Meybohm spec. nov.– urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:2972F28B-0968-4810-B9F5-471E93F97F43

AbstractIn the final decades of Ottoman rule, several waves of refugees from the Russian Empire's North Caucasus region immigrated to Transjordan, where they founded Amman and other agricultural villages. This article examines the economy of Amman in its formative years as a Circassian refugee settlement. By exploring connections between North Caucasian refugees, Syrian and Palestinian merchants, and Transjordanian urban and nomadic communities, this study posits refugees as drivers of economic expansion in the late Ottoman period. I argue that the settlement of North Caucasian refugees and their active participation in the real estate market in and around Amman contributed to the entrenchment of the post-1858 property regime in Ottoman Transjordan. Through a study of an upper-class Circassian household and its legal battles, this article also illustrates the rise of refugee elites who benefited from the commodification of land and the construction of state-sponsored infrastructure in the late Ottoman Levant.

Fyodor Inozemtsev was born on February 24, 1802 in the family of a manor manager in the village of Belkino, Kaluga province. In 1814, after the death of his father, F.I. Inozemtsev moved to his older brother, a student of the medical faculty of Kharkiv University, Egor. At the age of 12, Fyodor studied first at a college, then at a gymnasium, and after completing preparatory courses, he entered the verbal faculty of Kharkiv University to study at the state expense, although he initially aspired to the medical faculty. Protesting against studying at the Faculty of Words, he skips classes, becomes the "first hooligan" and for re-education is sent as a history teacher to the Kursk province, where he also teaches arithmetic, geometry and German. In 1826, F.I. Inozemtsev was already studying medicine at the 2nd year of Kharkov, and after that - Dorpat University. A good knowledge of the German language in which the teaching is conducted distinguishes him from other students. The famous surgeon Nikolai Yellinsky, considering that F.I. Inozemtsev has an unconditional "operator talent" already in the 3rd year allows him to perform his first operation - amputation of the lower leg. In 1833, Fyodor Ivanovich defended his doctoral dissertation and went on an internship abroad. Since 1835, F.I. Inozemtsev has been an extraordinary, and in 1937 an ordinary professor of surgery at Moscow University. In 1839-1840 F.I. Inozemtsev studied medicine in Germany, France, Italy, after which he created his own free clinic. He was one of the reformers of the educational system (1840-1860): he prepared a new modern training program for practical surgery (1850), was one of the first in the country to lecture on topographic anatomy; developed a course of eye diseases; created the first faculty surgical clinic in Russia at Moscow University (1846). Fedor Inozemtsev was a very popular doctor, who treated over 6 thousand patients a year. F.I. Inozemtsev performed the operation under general ether anesthesia for the first time in the country; Russian Russian doctor proposed to use a setting for treatment, the recipe of which has been used for more than 100 years; was the organizer of the Congress of Russian doctors, the founder of the Society of Russian Doctors in Moscow (1861); created the Moscow Medical Newspaper (1858-1878). Fyodor Ivanovich advocated that the surgeon should be a therapist at the same time. F.I. Inozemtsev author of 3-x monographs and 33 scientific articles, the founder of the medical school, whose prominent representatives were I.M. Sechenov, S.P. Botkin, G. A. Zakharin, N.V. Sklifosovsky and others. Inozemtsev was awarded the rank of state councilor with seniority, the Orders of St. Anna of the 2nd and 3rd degrees, St. Stanislav of the 2nd degree. In 1859, F.I. Inozemtsev retired due to deteriorating health, but in 1864 he was elected an honorary member of Moscow University. F.I. Inozemtsev died on August 6, 1869 and was buried in the famous cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery. The historian Pyotr Ivanovich Bartenev wrote about Fyodor Ivanovich: "A useful professor, a skilled doctor, a well-meaning citizen, a kind man, an ever-memorable friend of mankind."

Dopo la revisione degli Xantholinini della regione orientale, della nuova Guinea, dell’Australia e della nuova Zelanda, l’autore propone quella delle specie delle isole del Pacifico, con brevi cenni storici e la tabella dicotomica dei generi e delle specie. Di ogni specie vengono forniti descrizione e disegni originali dei caratteri esterni e di quelli sessuali maschili e femminili. Sono citati tutti i dati bionomici, geonemici e corologici disponibili. Sono riconosciuti 13 generi e 37 specie; 2 generi (<em>Adamanthea</em> n. gen., <em>Ahrimania</em> n. gen.) e 12 specie (<em>Adamanthea samoana</em> n. sp., <em>A. koghiana</em> n. sp., <em>Pachycorynus pacificus</em> n. sp., <em>P. fijianus</em> n. sp., <em>P. noumeanus</em> n. sp., <em>P. melanesianus </em>n. sp., <em>P. loyaltyanus</em> n. sp., <em>Spaniolinus hebridanus</em> n. sp., <em>Neoxantholinus caledonicus</em> n. sp., <em>N. melanesianus</em> n. sp., <em>N. giachinoi</em> n. sp., <em>Andelis polinesianus </em>n. sp.) sono descritti come nuovi e nuove combinazioni sono proposte per 10 specie: (<em>Adamanthea insularis</em> (Cameron, 1933) (<em>Pachycorynus</em>), <em>A. platycephala</em> (Lea, 1927) (<em>Metoponcus</em>), <em>Pachycorynus punctatus </em>(Coiffait, 1980) (<em>Metoponcus</em>), <em>Ahrimania longiceps</em> (Cameron, 1927) (<em>Holocorynus</em>), <em>Neoxantholinus tahitiensis</em> (Coiffait, 1980) (<em>Metoponcus</em>), <em>N. pallidus</em> (Cameron, 1927) (<em>Leptacinus</em>), <em>N. erythrocephalus</em> (Lea, 1927) (<em>Metoponcus</em>), <em>N. fijiensis</em> (Cameron, 1945) (<em>Oligolinus</em>), <em>N. semiruber</em> (Fauvel, 1877) (<em>Metoponcus</em>), <em>Walesia kanalensis</em> (Fauvel, 1889) (<em>Xantholinus</em>). <em>Pachycorynus pallidus</em> Lea, 1927 è posto in sinonimia di<em> P. delicatulus</em> Cameron, 1927. Viene designato il neotipo di <em>Neoxantholinus semiruber</em> (Fauvel, 1877), sono designati lectotipi e talora paralectotipi delle seguenti specie: <em>Pachycorynus insularis</em> Cameron, 1933,<em> P. discedens</em> Sharp, 1880, <em>P. caledonicus </em>Fauvel, 1878, <em>P. delicatulus </em>Cameron, 1927, <em>M. pulchellus</em> Perroud &amp; Montrouzier, 1864, <em>M. hoplocephalus</em> Lea, 1927, <em>M. variegatus</em> Fauvel, 1874, <em>Holocorynus subdepressus</em> Sharp, 1908, <em>Leurocorynus cephalotes </em>Sharp, 1908, <em>Xantholinus teitiensis</em> Boheman, 1858, <em>X. holomelas</em> Perroud &amp; Montrouzier, 1864, <em>X. kanalensis </em>Fauvel, 1889, <em>Xanthocorynus deceptor</em> Sharp, 1908.

General review of the taxonomy and composition of the subfamily Cillaeinae with description of Conotelini trib. nov. (type genus: Conotelus Erichson, 1843 with some necessary notes on the position and rank of some recent and fossil taxa are given. The rank of the following supraspecific taxa are changed: former subgenus Paracillaeopsis Kirejtshuk, 2001 is now regarded as a separate genus (stat. nov.) and former genus Grouvellepeplus Kirejtshuk, 2001 is considered to be a subgenus (stat. nov.) of the genus Liparopeplus Murray, 1864. There is completed a revision of all cillaeine genera and species found in Australia and some others from adjacent territories, including the genera Adocimus Murray, 1864 with new subgenus Belonotus subgen. nov. (type species: Adocimus (Belonotus) bartenevi sp. nov.), Allenipeplus Kirejtshuk et Kovalev 2016, Brachypeplus Erichson, 1842, Brittonoma Kirejtshuk et Kovalev, 2016, Caledomus Kirejtshuk et Kovalev, 2017, Cillaeopeplus, Ithyphenes Murray, 1864, Laferollaeus gen. nov. (type species: Laferollaeus angustissimus sp. nov.), Matthewsianus gen. nov. (type species: Brachypeplus olliffi Blackburn, 1902), Onicotis Murray, 1864 and Oniphenes gen. nov. (type species: Oniphenes lobanovi sp. nov.). The following new species are described: Adocimus (Belonotus) bartenevi sp. nov., Brachypeplus instriatus sp. nov. B. makarovi sp. nov., B. nypicola sp. nov., Cillaeopeplus rectinotus sp. nov., C. temporalibus sp. nov., Ithyphenes australiaensis sp. nov., I. marinae sp. nov., I. rectifrons sp. nov., Matthewsianus polinae sp. nov., Oniphenes bicoloratus sp. nov., O, lobanovi sp. nov. and O. subunicolor sp. nov. The systematic placement is re-defined for the following species: Adocimus (Belonotus) modiglianii (Grouvelle, 1897), comb. nov. (former Cillaeus Laporte, 1835), A. (B.) nitidulus (Grouvelle, 1897), comb. nov. (former Brachypeplus), Brachypeplus cascus Powell et Cline, 2021, comb. nov. (former Palaeopeplus Powell et Cline, 2021), Brittonoma mandibulare (Kirejtshuk, 2011), comb. nov. and B. pygidiatum (Kirejtshuk, 2011), comb. nov. (former Brittonema Kirejtshuk, 2011), Campsopyga xanthura (Murray, 1864), comb. nov. (former Hypodetus Murray, 1864), Cillaeopeplus rastrus (Gillogly, 1962), comb. nov. (former Cillaeus), Ithyphenes angustus (Grouvelle, 1917), comb. nov. (former Platynema Ritsema, 1885), I. breviceps (Murray, 1864), comb. nov. (former Orthogramma Murray, 1864), I. dentipes (Murray, 1864), comb. nov. (former Orthogramma), I. fissiceps (Murray, 1864), comb. nov. (former Orthogramma), I. fuscipennis (Murray, 1864), comb. nov. (former Orthogramma), I. japonicus (Hisamatsu, 1985), comb. nov. (former Platynema), I. longiceps (Murray, 1864), comb. nov. (former Orthogramma), I. olliffi (Ritsema, 1885), comb. nov. (former Platynema), I. planiceps (Murray, 1864), comb. nov. (former Orthogramma), I. puncticeps (Murray, 1864), comb. nov. (former Orthogramma), I. ritsemai (Grouvelle, 1897), comb. nov. (former Orthogramma), I. saundersii (Murray, 1864), comb. nov. (former Orthogramma) and Matthewsianus olliffi (Blackburn, 1902), comb. nov., (former Brachypeplus). The following generic and species names are considered to be junior synonyms (senior synonym listed first): Brachypeplus Erichson, 1842 = Palaeopeplus Powell et Cline, 2021, syn. nov.; Ithyphenes Murray, 1864 = Platynema Ritsema, 1885, syn. nov.; Adocimus bellus Murray, 1864 = A. nigripennis Reitter, 1880, syn. nov. and A. dimidiatus Reitter, 1877, syn. nov.; Nitidulopsis aequalis Walker, 1858 = Brachypeplus (Selis) pallidus Dasgupta et Pal, 2019, syn. nov. and B. (S.) riang Dasgupta, Pal et Hodge, 2015, syn. nov.; Brachypeplus (Brachypeplus) obesus Grouvelle, 1895 = B. (B.) arengae Kirejtshuk, 1994, syn. nov. and very probably B. (B.) registernus Dasgupta et Pal, 2019; Brachypeplus (Selis) apicalis Murray, 1864 = B. (S.) fimbriatus Reitter, 1880, syn. nov.; B. (S.) dorsalis Grouvelle, 1897 = B. (S.) decoratus Grouvelle, 1917, syn. nov. and very probably B. (S.) ornatus Grouvelle, 1914; Brachypeplus (Tasmus) basalis: Murray, 1864 = B. (T.) brevicornis Sharp, 1878, syn. nov.; Brachypeplus (Tasmus) binotatus Murray, 1864 = B. cowleyi Blackburn, 1902, syn. nov. = B. koebelei Blackburn, 1902 and B. murrayi Macleay, 1873, syn. nov.; Brachypeplus kemblensis Blackburn, 1902 = Brachypeplus mauli Gardner et Clasey, 1962, syn. nov.; Brachypeplus (Brachypeplus) macLeayi Murray, 1864 = B. inquilinus Lea 1912, syn. nov.; Brachypeplus olliffi Blackburn, 1902 = B. insignis Lea, 1925, syn. nov. Because of insufficiency of available material the synonymy of Brachypeplus (Brachypeplus) nitidulus Grouvelle, 1897 and Cillaeus modiglianii Grouvelle, 1897 (currently both in Adocimus (Belanotus subgen. nov.)) is considered preliminary. The recent studies of additional specimens make it possible to consider Brachypeplus apicalis Murray, 1864 and B. dorsalis Grouvelle, 1897 (previously synonymized by Kirejtshuk, 2005) as separate species. The lectotypes of the following species are designated: Adocimus nigripennis Reitter, 1880, Brachypeplus barronensis Blackburn, 1902, B. basalis Erichson, 1842, B. Cowleyi Blackburn, 1902, B. inquilinus Lea, 1912, B. insignis Lea, 1925, B. kemblensis Blackburn, 1902, B. Koebelei Blackburn, 1902, B. Murrayi Macleay, 1873, B. Olliffi Blackburn, 1902, B. planus Erichson, 1842, B. wattsensis Blackburn, 1902, B. xanthorrhoeae Lea, 1925, Brachypeplus (Brachypeplus) nitidulus Grouvelle, 1897, B. (B.) obesus Grouvelle, 1895, B. (Selis) apicalis Murray, 1864, B. (S.) caudalis Murray, 1864, B. (S.) dorsalis Grouvelle, 1897, B. (S.) fimbriatus Reitter, 1880, B. (Tasmus) binotatus Murray, 1864, B. (T.) blandus Murray, 1864, B. (T.) brevicornis Sharp, 1878, Cillaeus Modiglianii Grouvelle, 1897, Ithyphenes Bouchardi Grouvelle, 1907, I. Gestroi Reitter, 1880, Brachypeplus (Onicotis) auritus Murray, 1864, Orthogramma breviceps Murray, 1864, O. dentipes Murray, 1864. O. fuscipennis Murray, 1864 and Platynema Olliffi Ritsema, 1885 are designated. The composition of the genus Ithyphenes and synonymy of the names proposed for it (Orthogramma Murray, 1864, nec R.L., 1817 et Guenée, 1852 and Platynema) are discussed and substantiated. The erroneous identification of Brachypeplus macleayi invasive pest of bees in U.S.A. is corrected (Sagili et al. 2016 published these data with the wrong name “Brachypeplus basalis”). The mature larvae of Brachypeplus aff. instriatus sp. nov. and Onicotis auritus are described. The key to genera of the cillaeine genera from Australia and adjacent territories, and also keys to Australian and Tasmanian species of the genera Brachypeplus, Ithyphenes and Oniphenes gen. nov. are presented.

A checklist of the coelidine leafhoppers of Reserva Nacional Tambopata, Madre de Dios, Peru, is provided, increasing the known diversity from 19 species and 9 genera, to 38 and 18, respectively. In addition, four species have their distributions expanded and recorded for the first time for Peru: Boliviela caverna Nielson, 2011, Carinoscapula sarcula (Nielson, 1992), Dicodia recurvata Nielson, 2011 (Coelidiini), and Plapigella elegans (Spångberg, 1878) (Teruliini). A new species of Coelidiini is also described: Daridna nielsoni sp. nov. from this reserve. A new junior synonym is also recognized: Vernobia johnsoni Nielson, 1979 equals Stalolidia amazonensis Barbosa & Takiya, 2017 syn. nov.

The Diptera genus-group names of Camillo Rondani are reviewed and annotated. A total of 601 nomenclaturally available genus-group names in 82 families of Diptera are listed alphabetically. For each name the following are given: author, year and page of original publication, originally included species [and first included species if none were originally included], type species and method of fixation, current status of the name, family placement, and a list of any emendations of it that have been found in the literature. Remarks are given to clarify nomenclatural or taxonomic information. In addition, an index is provided to all the species-group names of Diptera proposed by Rondani (1,236, of which 1,183 are available) with bibliographic reference to each original citation. Appended to this study is a full bibliography of Rondani’s works and a list with explanations for all new synonymies arising from revised emendations. Corrected or clarified type-species and/or corrected or clarified type-species designations are given for the following genus-group names: Anoplomerus Rondani, 1856 [Dolichopodidae]; Biomya Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Bremia Rondani, 1861 [Cecidomyiidae]; Deximorpha Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Elasmocera Rondani, 1845 [Asilidae]; Enteromyza Rondani, 1857 [Oestridae]; Exogaster Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Istocheta Rondani, 1859 [Tachinidae]; Istoglossa Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Lejogaster Rondani, 1857 [Syrphidae]; Lignodesia Rondani, 1868 [Phaeomyiidae]; Medorilla Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Meroplius Rondani, 1874 [Sepsidae]; Nodicornis Rondani, 1843 [Dolichopodidae]; Omalostoma Rondani, 1862 [Tachinidae]; Opegiocera Rondani, 1845 [Asilidae]; Petagnia Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Phaniosoma Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Proboscina Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Pyragrura Rondani, 1861 [Tachinidae]; Stemonocera Rondani, 1870 [Tephritidae]; Telejoneura Rondani, 1863 [Asilidae]; Tricoliga Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]. The following genus-group names previously treated as available were found to be unavailable: Bombyliosoma Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Bombyliidae]; Bombylosoma Marschall, 1873, n. stat. [Bombyliidae]; Brachynevra Agassiz, 1846, n. stat. [Cecidomyiidae]; Calliprobola Rondani, 1856, n. stat. [Syrphidae]; Camponeura Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Syrphidae]; Chlorosoma Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Stratiomyidae]; Engyzops Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Calliphoridae]; Exodonta Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Stratiomyidae]; Histochaeta Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Tachinidae]; Histoglossa Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Tachinidae]; Homalostoma Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Tachinidae]; Hoplacantha Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Stratiomyidae]; Hoplodonta Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Stratiomyidae]; Liota Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Syrphidae]; Lomatacantha Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Tachinidae]; Machaera Mik, 1890, n. stat. [Tachinidae]; Machaira Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889, n. stat. [Tachinidae]; Myiatropa Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Syrphidae]; Oplacantha Verrall, 1882, n. stat. [Stratiomyidae]. Previous First Reviser actions for multiple original spellings missed by previous authors include: Genus-group names—Achanthipodus Rondani, 1856 [Dolichopodidae]; Argyrospila Rondani, 1856 [Bombyliidae]; Botria Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Chetoliga Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Chrysoclamys Rondani, 1856 [Syrphidae]; Cyrtophloeba Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Istocheta Rondani, 1859 [Tachinidae]; Macherea Rondani, 1859 [Tachinidae]; Macronychia Rondani, 1859 [Sarcophagidae]; Pachylomera Rondani, 1856 [Psilidae]; Peratochetus Rondani, 1856 [Clusiidae]; Phytophaga Rondani, 1840 [Cecidomyiidae]; Spylosia Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Thlipsogaster Rondani, 1863 [Bombyliidae]; Tricogena Rondani, 1856 [Rhinophoridae]; Tricoliga Rondani, 1856 [Tachinidae]; Viviania Rondani, 1861 [Tachinidae]. Species-group name—Sphixapata albifrons Rondani, 1859 [Sarcophagidae]. Acting as First Reviser, the following correct original spellings for multiple original spellings are selected by us: Bellardia Rondani, 1863 [Tabanidae]; Chetoptilia Rondani, 1862 [Tachinidae]; Chetylia Rondani, 1861 [Tachinidae]; Clytiomyia Rondani, 1862 [Tachinidae]; Cryptopalpus Rondani, 1850 [Tachinidae]; Diatomineura Rondani, 1863 [Tabanidae]; Enteromyza Rondani, 1857 [Oestridae]; Esenbeckia Rondani, 1863 [Tabanidae]; Hammomyia Rondani, 1877 [Anthomyiidae]; Hydrothaea Rondani, 1856 [Muscidae]; Hyrmophlaeba Rondani, 1863 [Nemestrinidae]; Limnomya Rondani, 1861 [Limoniidae]; Lyoneura Rondani, 1856 [Psychodidae]; Micetoica Rondani, 1861 [Anisopodidae]; Miennis Rondani, 1869 [Ulidiidae]; Mycetomiza Rondani, 1861 [Mycetophilidae]; Mycosia Rondani, 1861 [Mycetophilidae]; Mycozetaea Rondani, 1861 [Mycetophilidae]; Piotepalpus Rondani, 1856 [Mycetophilidae]; Prothechus Rondani, 1856 [Pipunculidae]; Spyloptera Rondani, 1856 [Limoniidae]; Teremya Rondani, 1875 [Lonchaeidae]; Thricogena Rondani, 1859 [Tachinidae]; Trichopalpus Rondani, 1856 [Scathophagidae]; Trichopeza Rondani, 1856 [Brachystomatidae]; Tricophthicus Rondani, 1861 [Muscidae]; Triphleba Rondani, 1856 [Phoridae]; Xiloteja Rondani, 1863 [Syrphidae]. The following names are new synonymies of their respective senior synonyms: Genus-group names—Acanthipodus Bigot, 1890 of Poecilobothrus Mik, 1878, n. syn. [Dolichopodidae]; Acanthiptera Rondani, 1877 of Achanthiptera Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Achantiptera Schiner, 1864 of Achanthiptera Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Acydia Rondani, 1870 of Acidia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Acyura Rondani, 1863 of Aciura Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Agaromyia Marschall, 1873 of Agaromya Rondani, 1861, n. syn. [Mycetophilidae]; Ammomyia Mik, 1883 of Leucophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Anthomyiidae]; Anomoja Rondani, 1871 of Anomoia Walker, 1835, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Anthracomyia Rondani, 1868 of Morinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Calliphoridae]; Antracomya Lioy, 1864 of Morinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Calliphoridae]; Anthoeca Bezzi, 1906 of Solieria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1849, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Antomyza Rondani, 1866 of Anthomyza Fallén, 1810, n. syn. [Anthomyzidae]; Antracia Rondani, 1862 of Nyctia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Sarcophagidae]; Aporomyia Schiner, 1861 of Lypha Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Asphondilia Rondani, 1861 of Asphondylia Loew, 1850, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Asteja Rondani, 1856 of Asteia Meigen, 1830, n. syn. [Asteiidae]; Astenia Rondani, 1856 of Blepharicera Macquart, 1843, n. syn. [Blephariceridae]; Astilium Costa, 1866 of Senobasis Macquart, 1838, n. syn. [Asilidae]; Ateleneura Agassiz, 1846 of Atelenevra Macquart, 1834, n. syn. [Pipunculidae]; Athomogaster Rondani, 1866 of Azelia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Axista Rondani, 1856 of Axysta Haliday, 1839, n. syn. [Ephydridae]; Bigonichaeta Schiner, 1864 of Triarthria Stephens, 1829, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Billea Rondani, 1862 of Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Biomyia Schiner, 1868 of Biomya Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Bombilius Dufour, 1833 of Bombylius Linnaeus, 1758, n. syn. [Bombyliidae]; Bombylosoma Loew, 1862 of Bombylisoma Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Bombyliidae]; Brachipalpus Rondani, 1845 of Brachypalpus Macquart, 1834, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Brachipalpus Rondani, 1863 of Palpibracus Rondani, 1863, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Brachistoma Rondani, 1856 of Brachystoma Meigen, 1822, n. syn. [Brachystomatidae]; Brachychaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 of Brachicheta Rondani, 1861, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Brachyglossum Bigot, 1858 of Leopoldius Rondani, 1843, n. syn. [Conopidae]; Brachyneura Oken, 1844 of Brachineura Rondani, 1840, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Caelomya Rondani, 1866 of Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Fanniidae]; Caelomyia Rondani, 1877 of Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Fanniidae]; Caenosia Westwood, 1840 of Coenosia Meigen, 1826, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Campilomiza Rondani, 1840 of Campylomyza Meigen, 1818, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Campylochaeta Bezzi & Stein, 1907 of Campylocheta Rondani, 1859, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Caricoea Rondani, 1856 of Coenosia Meigen, 1826, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Carpomyia Loew, 1862 of Carpomya Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Cassidemya Rondani, 1861 of Cassidaemyia Macquart, 1835, n. syn. [Rhinophoridae]; Ceratoxia Costa, 1866 of Otites Latreille, 1804, n. syn. [Ulidiidae]; Ceratoxys Rondani, 1861 of Otites Latreille, 1804, n. syn. [Ulidiidae]; Chaetogena Bezzi & Stein, 1907 of Chetogena Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Chamemyia Rondani, 1875 of Chamaemyia Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Chamaemyiidae]; Chaetoptilia Bezzi & Stein, 1907 of Chetoptilia Rondani, 1862, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Chatolyga Bigot, 1892 of Carcelia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Chersodromya Rondani, 1856 of Chersodromia Haliday, 1851, n. syn. [Hybotidae]; Chetilya Rondani, 1861 of Chetina Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Chilopogon Bezzi, 1902 of Dasypogon Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Asilidae]; Chiromya Agassiz, 1846 of Chyromya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Chyromyidae]; Chlorisoma Rondani, 1861 of Microchrysa Loew, 1855, n. syn. [Stratiomyidae]; Chorthophila Rondani, 1856 of Phorbia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Anthomyiidae]; Chortofila Rondani, 1843 of Phorbia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Anthomyiidae]; Chriorhyna Rondani, 1845 of Criorhina Meigen, 1822, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Chrisogaster Rondani, 1868 of Chrysogaster Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Chryorhina Rondani, 1856 of Criorhina Meigen, 1822, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Chryorhyna Rondani, 1857 of Criorhina Meigen, 1822, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Chrysoclamys Rondani, 1856 of Ferdinandea Rondani, 1844, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Chrysomya Rondani, 1856 of Microchrysa Loew, 1855, n. syn. [Stratiomyidae]; Chrysopila Rondani, 1844 of Chrysopilus Macquart, 1826, n. syn. [Rhagionidae]; Chyrosia Rondani, 1866 of Chirosia Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Anthomyiidae]; Clytiomyia Rondani, 1862 of Clytiomya Rondani, 1861, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Conopoejus Bigot, 1892 of Conops Linnaeus, 1758, n. syn. [Conopidae]; Criorhyna Rondani, 1865 of Criorhina Meigen, 1822, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Criptopalpus Rondani, 1863 of Cryptopalpus Rondani, 1850, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Crysogaster Rondani, 1865 of Chrysogaster Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Crysops Rondani, 1844 of Chrysops Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tabanidae]; Cyrthoneura Rondani, 1863 of Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Cyrthoplaeba Rondani, 1857 of Cyrtophloeba Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Cyrthosia Rondani, 1863 of Cyrtosia Perris, 1839, n. syn. [Mythicomyiidae]; Cystogaster Walker, 1856 of Cistogaster Latreille, 1829, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Cyterea Rondani, 1856 of Cytherea Fabricius, 1794, n. syn. [Bombyliidae]; Dactyliscus Bigot, 1857 of Habropogon Loew, 1847, n. syn. [Asilidae]; Dasiphora Rondani, 1856 of Dasyphora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Dasipogon Dufour, 1833 of Dasypogon Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Asilidae]; Dasyneura Oken, 1844 of Dasineura Rondani, 1840, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Dexiomorpha Mik, 1887 of Estheria Robineau-Desvoidy, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Dichaetophora Becker, 1905 of Dichetophora Rondani, 1868, n. syn. [Sciomyzidae]; Dicheta Rondani, 1856 of Dichaeta Meigen, 1830, n. syn. [Ephydridae]; Dictia Rondani, 1856 of Dictya Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Sciomyzidae]; Dionea Rondani, 1861 of Dionaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Ditricha Rondani, 1871 of Dithryca Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Dolicopeza Rondani, 1856 of Dolichopeza Meigen, 1830, n. syn. [Tipulidae]; Doricera Rondani, 1856 of Dorycera Meigen, 1830, n. syn. [Ulidiidae]; Drimeia Rondani, 1877 of Drymeia Meigen, 1826, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Drimeja Rondani, 1856 of Drymeia Meigen, 1826, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Driomyza Rondani, 1844 of Dryomyza Fallén, 1820, n. syn. [Dryomyzidae]; Driope Rondani, 1868 of Dryope Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Dryomyzidae]; Dryomiza Rondani, 1869 of Dryomyza Fallén, 1820, n. syn. [Dryomyzidae]; Dynera Rondani, 1861 of Dinera Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Dytricha Rondani, 1870 of Dithryca Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Elachysoma Rye, 1881 of Elachisoma Rondani, 1880, n. syn. [Sphaeroceridae]; Elaeophila Marschall, 1873 of Eloeophila Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Limoniidae]; Emerodromya Rondani, 1856 of Hemerodromia Meigen, 1822, n. syn. [Empididae]; Engyzops Bezzi & Stein, 1907 of Eggisops Rondani, 1862, n. syn. [Calliphoridae]; Entomybia Rondani, 1879 of Braula Nitzsch, 1818, n. syn. [Braulidae]; Epidesmya Rondani, 1861 of Acidia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Erinnia Rondani, 1856 of Erynnia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Eristalomyia Kittel & Kreichbaumer, 1872 of Eristalomya Rondani, 1857, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Esteria Rondani, 1862 of Estheria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Exatoma Rondani, 1856 of Hexatoma Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tabanidae]; Exochila Mik, 1885 of Hammerschmidtia Schummel, 1834, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Fisceria Rondani, 1856 of Fischeria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Gedia Rondani, 1856 of Gaedia Meigen, 1838, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Gimnocheta Rondani, 1859 of Gymnocheta Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Gimnosoma Rondani, 1862 of Gymnosoma Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Gonirhinchus Lioy, 1864 of Myopa Fabricius, 1775, n. syn. [Conopidae]; Gonirhynchus Marschall, 1873 of Myopa Fabricius, 1775, n. syn. [Conopidae]; Gononeura Oldenberg, 1904 of Gonioneura Rondani, 1880, n. syn. [Sphaeroceridae]; Graphomia Rondani, 1862 of Graphomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Gymnopha Rondani, 1856 of Mosillus Latreille, 1804, n. syn. [Ephydridae]; Hammobates Rondani, 1857 of Tachytrechus Haliday, 1851, n. syn. [Dolichopodidae]; Harrysia Rondani, 1865 of Lydina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Hemathobia Rondani, 1862 of Haematobia Le Peletier & Serville, 1828, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Hemerodromya Rondani, 1856 of Hemerodromia Meigen, 1822, n. syn. [Empididae]; Heryngia Rondani, 1857 of Heringia Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Hidropota Lioy, 1864 of Hydrellia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Ephydridae]; Hipostena Rondani, 1861 of Phyllomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Hirmophloeba Marschall, 1873 of Hyrmophlaeba Rondani, 1863, n. syn. [Nemestrinidae]; Histricia Rondani, 1863 of Hystricia Macquart, 1843, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Hoemotobia Rondani, 1856 of Haematobia Le Peletier & Serville, 1828, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Homalomya Rondani, 1866 of Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Fanniidae]; Homalostoma Bezzi & Stein, 1907 of Billaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Hoplisa Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 of Oplisa Rondani, 1862, n. syn. [Rhinophoridae]; Hydrothaea Rondani, 1856 of Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Hylara Rondani, 1856 of Hilara Meigen, 1822, n. syn. [Empididae]; Hyrmoneura Rondani, 1863 of Hirmoneura Meigen, 1820, n. syn. [Nemestrinidae]; Ilisomyia Osten Sacken, 1869 of Ormosia Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Limoniidae]; Istochaeta Marschall, 1873 of Istocheta Rondani, 1859, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Lamnea Rondani, 1861 of Erioptera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Limoniidae]; Lasiophthicus Rondani, 1856 of Scaeva Fabricius, 1805, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Lestremya Rondani, 1856 of Lestremia Macquart, 1826, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Lidella De Galdo, 1856 of Lydella Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Lomacantha Lioy, 1864 of Lomachantha Rondani, 1859, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Lomachanta Schiner, 1864 of Lomachantha Rondani, 1859, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Loncoptera Rondani, 1856 of Lonchoptera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Lonchopteridae]; Lymnophora Blanchard, 1845 of Limnophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Macherium Rondani, 1856 of Machaerium Haliday, 1832, n. syn. [Dolichopodidae]; Macrochaetum Bezzi, 1894 of Elachiptera Macquart, 1825, n. syn. [Chloropidae]; Macrochoetum Bezzi, 1892 of Elachiptera Macquart, 1825, n. syn. [Chloropidae]; Macroneura Rondani, 1856 of Diadocidia Ruthe, 1831, n. syn. [Diadocidiidae]; Marshamya Rondani, 1850 of Linnaemya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Marsilia Bezzi & Stein, 1907 of Tricoliga Rondani, 1859, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Megachetum Rondani, 1856 of Dasyna Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Psilidae]; Megaloglossa Bezzi, 1907 of Platystoma Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Platystomatidae]; Megera Rondani, 1859 of Senotainia Macquart, 1846, n. syn. [Sarcophagidae]; Melanomyia Rondani, 1868 of Melanomya Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Calliphoridae]; Melizoneura Bezzi & Stein, 1907 of Melisoneura Rondani, 1861, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Mesomelaena Bezzi & Stein, 1907 of Mesomelena Rondani, 1859, n. syn. [Sarcophagidae]; Micetina Rondani, 1861 of Mycetophila Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Mycetophilidae]; Micetobia Rondani, 1861 of Mycetobia Meigen, 1818, n. syn. [Anisopodidae]; Micromyia Oken, 1844 of Micromya Rondani, 1840, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Miennis Rondani, 1869 of Myennis Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Ulidiidae]; Miopina Rondani, 1866 of Myopina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Anthomyiidae]; Morjnia Rondani, 1862 of Morinia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Calliphoridae]; Morphomyia Rondani, 1862 of Stomina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Myatropa Rondani, 1857 of Myathropa Rondani, 1845, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Mycetomiza Rondani, 1861 of Mycosia Rondani, 1861, n. syn. [Mycetophilidae]; Myiantha Rondani, 1877 of Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Fanniidae]; Myiathropa Rondani, 1868 of Myathropa Rondani, 1845, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Myiocera Rondani, 1868 of Dinera Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Myiolepta Rondani, 1868 of Myolepta Newman, 1838, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Myiospila Rondani, 1868 of Myospila Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Myltogramma Rondani, 1868 of Miltogramma Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Sarcophagidae]; Myntho Rondani, 1845 of Mintho Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Myospyla Rondani, 1862 of Myospila Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Napoea Rondani, 1856 of Parydra Stenhammar, 1844, n. syn. [Ephydridae]; Neera Rondani, 1861 of Neaera Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Nemestrina Blanchard, 1845 of Nemestrinus Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Nemestrinidae]; Nemorea Macquart, 1834 of Nemoraea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Nevrolyga Agassiz, 1846 of Neurolyga Rondani, 1840, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Nictia Rondani, 1862 of Nyctia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Sarcophagidae]; Noteromyia Marschall, 1873 of Camilla Haliday, 1838, n. syn. [Camillidae]; Ociptera Rondani, 1862 of Cylindromyia Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Onodonta Rondani, 1866 of Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Opegiocera Rondani, 1845 of Ancylorhynchus Berthold, 1827, n. syn. [Asilidae]; Ophira Rondani, 1844 of Hydrotaea Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Ornithoeca Kirby, 1880 of Ornithoica Rondani, 1878, n. syn. [Hippoboscidae]; Ornithomyia Macquart, 1835 of Ornithomya Latreille, 1804, n. syn. [Hippoboscidae]; Orthochile Blanchard, 1845 of Ortochile Latreille, 1809, n. syn. [Dolichopodidae]; Oxicera Rondani, 1856 of Oxycera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Stratiomyidae]; Oxina Rondani, 1856 of Oxyna Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Ozyrhinchus Rondani, 1861 of Ozirhincus Rondani, 1840, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Oxyrhyncus Rondani, 1856 of Ozirhincus Rondani, 1840, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Pachigaster Rondani, 1856 of Pachygaster Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Stratiomyidae]; Pachimeria Rondani, 1856 of Pachymeria Stephens, 1829, n. syn. [Empididae]; Pachipalpus Rondani, 1856 of Cordyla Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Mycetophilidae]; Pachirhyna Rondani, 1845 of Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tipulidae]; Pachirina Rondani, 1840 of Nephrotoma Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tipulidae]; Pachistomus Rondani, 1856 of Xylophagus Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Xylophagidae]; Pangonia Macquart, 1834 of Pangonius Latreille, 1802, n. syn. [Tabanidae]; Pentetria Rondani, 1856 of Penthetria Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Bibionidae]; Perichaeta Herting, 1984 of Policheta Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Perichoeta Bezzi, 1894 of Policheta Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Phalacromyia Costa, 1866 of Copestylum Macquart, 1846, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Phicodromia Rondani, 1866 of Malacomyia Westwood, 1840, n. syn. [Coelopidae]; Phillophaga Lioy, 1864 of Asphondylia Loew, 1850, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Phito Rondani, 1861 of Phyto Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Rhinophoridae]; Phitomyptera Lioy, 1864 of Phytomyptera Rondani, 1845, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Phitophaga Lioy, 1864 of Cecidomyia Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Phloebotomus Rondani, 1856 of Phlebotomus Rondani & Berté, 1840, n. syn. [Psychodidae]; Phorichaeta Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 of Periscepsia Gistel, 1848, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Phrino Rondani, 1861 of Phryno Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Phrixe Rondani, 1862 of Phryxe Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Phthyria Rondani, 1856 of Phthiria Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Bombyliidae]; Phtyria Rondani, 1863 of Phthiria Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Bombyliidae]; Phyllodromya Rondani, 1856 of Phyllodromia Zetterstedt, 1837, n. syn. [Empididae]; Phytofaga Rondani, 1843 of Cecidomyia Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Phytomyzoptera Bezzi, 1906 of Phytomyptera Rondani, 1845, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Platiparea Rondani, 1870 of Platyparea Loew, 1862, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Platistoma Lioy, 1864 of Platystoma Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Platystomatidae]; Platychyra Rondani, 1859 of Panzeria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Platynochetus Rondani, 1845 of Platynochaetus Wiedemann, 1830, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Polychaeta Schiner, 1868 of Policheta Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Polycheta Schiner, 1861 of Policheta Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Porrhocondyla Agassiz, 1846 of Porricondyla Rondani, 1840, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Porrycondyla Walker, 1874 of Porricondyla Rondani, 1840, n. syn. [Cecidomyiidae]; Prosopaea Brauer & Bergenstamm, 1889 of Prosopea Rondani, 1861, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Psicoda Rondani, 1840 of Psychoda Latreille, 1797, n. syn. [Psychodidae]; Psylopus Rondani, 1850 of Sciapus Zeller, 1842, n. syn. [Dolichopodidae]; Pteropectria Rondani, 1869 of Herina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Ulidiidae]; Pterospylus Bigot, 1857 of Syneches Walker, 1852, n. syn. [Hybotidae]; Pticoptera Rondani, 1856 of Ptychoptera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Ptychopteridae]; Ptilocheta Rondani, 1857 of Zeuxia Meigen, 1826, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Ptilochoeta Bezzi, 1894 of Zeuxia Meigen, 1826, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Ptylocera Rondani, 1861 of Zeuxia Meigen, 1826, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Ptylops Rondani, 1859 of Macquartia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Pyragrura Rondani, 1861 of Labigastera Macquart, 1834, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Pyrrhosia Bezzi & Stein, 1907 of Leskia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Ragio Scopoli, 1777 of Rhagio Fabricius, 1775, n. syn. [Rhagionidae]; Raimondia Rondani, 1879 of Raymondia Frauenfeld, 1855, n. syn. [Hippoboscidae]; Ramphina Rondani, 1856 of Rhamphina Macquart, 1835, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Ramphomya Rondani, 1845 of Rhamphomyia Meigen, 1822, n. syn. [Empididae]; Raphium Latreille, 1829 of Rhaphium Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Dolichopodidae]; Rhynchomyia Macquart, 1835 of Rhyncomya Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Rhiniidae]; Rhyncosia Rondani, 1861 of Aphria Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Rhynophora Rondani, 1861 of Rhinophora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Rhinophoridae]; Riphus Rondani, 1845 of Rhyphus Latreille, 1804, n. syn. [Anisopodidae]; Ripidia Rondani, 1856 of Rhipidia Meigen, 1818, n. syn. [Limoniidae]; Sarcopaga Rondani, 1856 of Sarcophaga Meigen, 1826, n. syn. [Sarcophagidae]; Scatomiza Rondani, 1866 of Scathophaga Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Scathophagidae]; Schaenomyza Rondani, 1866 of Schoenomyza Haliday, 1833, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Sciomiza Rondani, 1856 of Sciomyza Fallén, 1820, n. syn. [Sciomyzidae]; Sciopila Rondani, 1856 of Sciophila Meigen, 1818, n. syn. [Mycetophilidae]; Serromya Rondani, 1856 of Serromyia Meigen, 1818, n. syn. [Ceratopogonidae]; Seseromyia Costa, 1866 of Cosmina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Rhiniidae]; Sibistroma Rondani, 1856 of Sybistroma Meigen, 1824, n. syn. [Dolichopodidae]; Simplecta Rondani, 1856 of Symplecta Meigen, 1830, n. syn. [Limoniidae]; Sinapha Rondani, 1856 of Synapha Meigen, 1818, n. syn. [Mycetophilidae]; Siritta Rondani, 1844 of Syritta Le Peletier & Serville, 1828, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Somatolia Bezzi & Stein, 1907 of Lydina Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Somomia Rondani, 1862 of Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Calliphoridae]; Somomyia Rondani, 1868 of Calliphora Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Calliphoridae]; Sphixaea Rondani, 1856 of Milesia Latreille, 1804, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Sphyxaea Rondani, 1856 of Milesia Latreille, 1804, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Sphyxapata Bigot, 1881 of Senotainia Macquart, 1846, n. syn. [Sarcophagidae]; Sphyximorpha Rondani, 1856 of Sphiximorpha Rondani, 1850, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Spilomya Rondani, 1857 of Spilomyia Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Spiximorpha Rondani, 1857 of Sphiximorpha Rondani, 1850, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Spixosoma Rondani, 1857 of Conops Linnaeus, 1758, n. syn. [Conopidae]; Spylographa Rondani, 1871 of Trypeta Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Stenopterix Millet de la Turtaudière, 1849 of Craterina Olfers, 1816, n. syn. [Hippoboscidae]; Stomorhyna Rondani, 1862 of Stomorhina Rondani, 1861, n. syn. [Rhiniidae]; Stomoxis Latreille, 1797 of Stomoxys Geoffroy, 1762, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Syphona Rondani, 1844 of Siphona Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Tachidromya Rondani, 1856 of Tachydromia Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Hybotidae]; Tachipeza Rondani, 1856 of Tachypeza Meigen, 1830, n. syn. [Hybotidae]; Tanipeza Rondani, 1850 of Tanypeza Fallén, 1820, n. syn. [Tanypezidae]; Teicomyza Rondani, 1856 of Teichomyza Macquart, 1835, n. syn. [Ephydridae]; Telaira Rondani, 1862 of Thelaira Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Teremya Rondani, 1875 of Lonchaea Fallén, 1820, n. syn. [Lonchaeidae]; Thecomya Rondani, 1848 of Thecomyia Perty, 1833, n. syn. [Sciomyzidae]; Thlypsigaster Marschall, 1873 of Amictus Wiedemann, 1817, n. syn. [Bombyliidae]; Thlypsomyza Rondani, 1863 of Amictus Wiedemann, 1817, n. syn. [Bombyliidae]; Thrichogena Bezzi, 1894 of Loewia Egger, 1856, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Thricogena Rondani, 1859 of Loewia Egger, 1856, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Thricophticus Rondani, 1866 of Thricops Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Thriptocheta Lioy, 1864 of Campichoeta Macquart, 1835, n. syn. [Diastatidae]; Thryptochoeta Bezzi, 1891 of Campichoeta Macquart, 1835, n. syn. [Diastatidae]; Thyreodonta Marschall, 1873 of Stratiomys Geoffroy, 1762, n. syn. [Stratiomyidae]; Toxopora Rondani, 1856 of Toxophora Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Bombyliidae]; Tricholiga Rondani, 1873 of Tricoliga Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Trichophticus Rondani, 1871 of Thricops Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Muscidae]; Tricocera Rondani, 1856 of Trichocera Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Trichoceridae]; Tricolyga Schiner, 1861 of Tricoliga Rondani, 1856, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Trigliphus Rondani, 1856 of Triglyphus Loew, 1840, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Tripeta Rondani, 1856 of Trypeta Meigen, 1803, n. syn. [Tephritidae]; Triphera Rondani, 1861 of Tryphera Meigen, 1838, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Triptocera Lioy, 1864 of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Tryptocera Macquart, 1844 of Actia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Uromya Rondani, 1856 of Phania Meigen, 1824, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Winthemya Rondani, 1859 of Winthemia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, n. syn. [Tachinidae]; Xiloteja Rondani, 1863 of Myolepta Newman, 1838, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Xylomyia Marschall, 1873 of Xylomya Rondani, 1861, n. syn. [Xylomyidae]; Xyloteja Rondani, 1856 of Myolepta Newman, 1838, n. syn. [Syrphidae]; Xyphidicera Rondani, 1845 of Xiphidicera Macquart, 1834, n. syn. [Hybotidae]; Xyphocera Rondani, 1845 of Ancylorhynchus Berthold, 1827, n. syn. [Asilidae]; Zigoneura Rondani, 1840 of Zygoneura Meigen, 1830, n. syn. [Sciaridae]; Zophomya Rondani, 1859 of Zophomyia Macquart, 1835, n. syn. [Tachinidae]. Species-group name—Psalida leucostoma Rondani, 1856 of Ocyptera simplex Fallén, 1815, n. syn. [Tachinidae]. Mycosia Rondani, 1861 is treated here as nomen dubium [Mycetophilidae]; Habropogon heteroneurus Timon-David, 1951 is resurrected from junior synonymy with Asilus striatus Fabricius, 1794, new stat. [Asilidae]. Reversal of precedence is invoked for three cases of subjective synonymy to promote stability in nomenclature: Macquartia monticola Egger, 1856, nomen protectum and Proboscina longipes Rondani, 1856, nomen oblitum [in Tachinidae]; Loewia Egger, 1856, nomen protectum and Thrychogena Rondani, 1856, nomen oblitum [in Tachinidae]; Zygomyia Winnertz, 1863, nomen protectum and Bolithomyza Rondani, 1856, nomen oblitum [in Mycetophilidae].

Настоящая работа является первым общим описанием на русском языке двух некрополей Кампокиаро (Кампобассо, Италия) – Виченне и Морионе, датируемых последней третью VII в. – началом VIII в. Культурное содержание некрополей показывает прочные связи с населением центральноазиатского происхождения. Важнейшим признаком некрополей являются захоронения с конем, соответствующие евразийскому кочевому погребальному обряду. Автор поддержал выводы европейских исследователей о том, что с большой долей вероятности некрополи оставлены булгарами дукса–гаштальда Алзеко, зафиксированными Павлом Диаконом в VIII в. на территориях Бояно, Сепино и Изернии. Аналогии некрополей Кампокиаро с погребениями Аварского каганата показывают присутствие в аварском обществе булгар со схожим погребальным обрядом. Из тысяч погребений с конем, оставленных аварским населением, булгарам могла принадлежать большая часть. Авары и булгары составляли основу и правящую верхушку каганата. Народ Алзеко являлся той частью булгар, которая в 631 г. боролась за каганский престол, что указывает на высокое положение булгар и их большое количество. После поражения эта группа булгар мигрировала последовательно в Баварию, Карантанию и Италию. Несколько десятков лет проживания в венедской, а затем в лангобардской и романской среде привели к гетерогенности погребального инвентаря, но не изменили сам обряд. Булгары лангобардского королевства составляли новый военный слой, который представлял из себя профессиональную кавалерию, получивший землю. Эта конная дружина является ранним примером европейского феодального воинского и социального сословия, которое станет называться рыцарством. Библиографические ссылки Акимова М.С. Материалы к антропологии ранних болгар // Генинг В.Ф., Халиков А.Х. Ранние болгары на Волге (Больше–Тарханский могильник). М.: Наука, 1964. С. 177–191. Амброз А.К. Кинжалы VI – VIII вв, с двумя выступами на ножнах // СА. 1986. № 4. С. 53–73. 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»My name is Boye, I dig carins and old mounds«The archaeologist Vilhelm Christian BoyeThe story of Vilhelm Boye is the history of one man’s passionate and insightful involvement in archaeology, which from the first was directed solely towards the Bronze Age. His involvement led to an academic disaster in his youth, but left behind it a developed skill in field archaeology. Despite his problems he persisted with what most obsessed him, namely the preservation of Denmark’s oak coffin graves. His multi-facetted personality and his more popular approach to archaeology may have challenged his contemporaries, and certainly contributed to his more or less deliberate exclusion from a permanent appointment at the Museum of Northern Antiquities in Copenhagen. Even though he was opposed by powerful people within the Copenhagen museum establishment for nearly twenty years, he had the natural facility of easily winning the trust of others. This enabled him to cope with the situation and turn it to his advantage wherever he found himself. His marriage to Mimi Drachmann brought a welcome stability to his life, but his lack of professional recognition and his exclusion from a place at the top of archaeology continued. Time was running out for Boye, but he managed to leave an impressive body of published work behind him.Vilhelm Christian Boye was the son of the Norwegian-born priest and writer of hymns Caspar Johannes Boye. In 1848 his father was moved to the garrison church in Copenhagen, where the family lived at 29 Bredgade until his father’s death from cholera in 1853. This was a fashionable part of town, its residents including both the composer Niels W. Gade and Professor Adam Oehlenschläger, and even more notably J.J.A. Worsaae lived in the same property as the Boye family from 1850 to 1852. It was probably through his neighbour Worsaae that Boye later became a member of the circle around C.J. Thomsen. We may therefore assume that Boye visited and spent many after-school hours at the Museum of Northern Antiquities, and soon became an assistant during the public tours.Early in the 1840s tension arose between Worsaae and Thomsen, because Thomsen did not want to make Worsaae a junior museum inspector. Worsaae had not hitherto received any stipend or official position, and with some justice felt himself hard done by. Thomsen however did not respond to his request, so he left the Museum, later to be made Director for the Preservation of Ancient monuments. At the same time he taught at Copenhagen University, where Boye from time to time came to his lectures. There is no doubt that Boye wanted an academic career, and presumably hoped that his involvement with the Museum of Northern Antiquities would allow him to complete a study of Scandinavian archaeology. In the meantime Boye studied at the Museum under the direction of both Thomsen and Herbst.In early October 1857 Boye undertook one of his first excavations of a Bronze Age mound, the so-called Loholm barrow at Snørumnedre Mark (fig. 1). The dating of the grave however caused problems for him, but through a comparative study of Bronze Age burial rituals he concluded that the grave had close parallels within this period.The following year three funerary urns and some bronze objects were found in Hullehøj barrow, near Kjeldbymagle on the island of Møn. The barrow was going to be blown up, but the local judge had the work stopped and sent Boye to lead the excavation in May 1859. As the excavation progressed, Boye was able to ascertain that there were both cremations and inhumations in one and the same barrow. The inhumations were surrounded by fist-sized stones and placed at the bottom of the barrow, the cremations higher up within the mound. In comparison with his earlier barrow excavations it is worth noting Boye’s stratigraphic observations, which for the first time supported the division of the Bronze Age into an earlier and a later section. This hypothesis had been suggested earlier, but not hitherto adequately demonstrated. In 1859 Boye published the results of his excavations of 1857-8, as well as those of his recently completed excavation of Aasehøj barrow at Raklev, in the periodical Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie for 1858. This article is his first independent scientific publication, and should have attracted greater attention than it in fact did. In modern perspective the article is a perfectly competent archaeological publication, in which Boye solely through field observations reaches the conclusion that the Bronze Age could be divided into two periods, each with its own burial ritual. Even though Boye had been close to understanding why both cremations and inhumations occurred in the same barrow as early as 1857, he did not reach his final understanding this early. In November 1857 Worsaae had in fact given lectures at the university in which he suggested a division of the Bronze Age, but it is noteworthy that he had not earlier published any or all of his conclusions. His work on the subdivision of the Stone Age was probably more important to Worsaae, while the subdivision of the Bronze Age was more of a footnote, a natural outgrowth of the idea that there was continuous development from one stage to the next. Boye’s article in Annaler thus inevitably supported Worsaae’s hypothesis, although this was presumably not the intention. On the contrary, Boye merely intended to publish his own conclusions. Boye cannot therefore be said to be the sole originator of the subdivision of the Bronze Age, but apart his barrow investigations there was nobody else who reached the same conclusion at the time independently of Worsaae.In 1860 Boye took part in the first major bog excavations, at Vimose and then at Thorsbjerg with Engelhardt. Despite adverse circumstances and appalling weather, the Thorsbjerg excavations produced several important finds including Roman coins, a gilt breastplate, and also a very unusual face mask of silver with gilt (fig. 2). Although Engelhardt did not publish the full excavation report until 1863-69, Boye presented his observations in Annaler as early as 1860, where he discussed earlier interpretations of the many weapons found in bogs. Boye observed that the universal destruction of these weapons did not happen by chance, but was deliberate. Furthermore, the weapons lay in groups of one type, and the shields were pierced by spear points to pin them to the bottom of the bog. Boye’s interpretation of the finds was thus remarkably accurate, because he regarded them as votive offerings of the spoils of war.When Prussian and Austrian troops crossed the Ejder River on 1st February 1864, Boye volunteered within the month and was promoted to lance corporal (fig. 3). In May he was landed to take part in the defence of the island of Als along with the other Danish forces. On his return home in August Boye continued his work at the Museum of Northern Antiquities, but Thomsen’s health was failing, and after a long illness he died on 21st May 1865. The question of who was to succeed Thomsen had long been discussed, and it was indeed Worsaae who was appointed. Although Herbst had been groomed for the job by Thomsen, he found himself outmanouevred. Boye probably already knew by then that he would not be given a position at the Museum. Herbst, his confidant, could no longer help him, and Thomsen’s awareness of his archaeological skills was of no use either. Circumstances thus forced Boye to leave the Museum.Boye’s relationship with the family friend and poet H.C. Andersen resulted in the latter recommending Boye in December 1867 as a Danish tutor to the Brandt family in Amsterdam (fig. 4). On Wednesday 22nd January 1868 Boye departed for Amsterdam via Kiel. During his stay Boye wrote regularly to Andersen, who also travelled to Amsterdam to visit him. His stay in Amsterdam was evidently good for Boye, and contributed to the fact that he never lost his love for archaeology. As early as late August of the same year, Boye travelled to southern Halland in Sweden at the request of Ritmester Peter von Möller, to examine and excavate a large group of barrows known as the Ätterhögar on the Drömmestrup estate, the excavation of which was concluded in early July 1869. Boye thus returned home just in time to take part as a member of the Danish Committee in the International Congress of Archaeology and Anthropology that was held in Copenhagen from 25th August to 5th September. But his love of Schleswig and the old borderland called him, and soon Boye moved permanently to Haderslev to work as a freelance writer on the daily paper Dannevirke under the editorship of H.R. Hiort-Lorenzen.His coverage of the International Congress of Archaeology and Anthropology meeting in Copenhagen is the most extensive of Boye’s writings in Dannevirke. He also wrote a series of articles with a marked archaeological-ethnographic content, for example on the antiquities of Brazil, and the discovery of ­Australia.Although Boye supported himself as a writer for Dannevirke, his main occupation seems rather to have been the investigation of the burial mounds of Schleswig, which before 1864 had only been intermittently examined by amateurs. Boye began an extensive programme, and without his efforts and initiative, knowledge of many Schleswig barrows would have been lost. Although the information he recorded was not particularly satisfactory, in that it was mostly based on the memory of local people, his efforts should be seen as a precursor, because the work of protection went slowly at the time. In his search for lost information, in 1875 Boye considered the barrow at Dybvadgård north of Åbenrå, which had been partially excavated by Prince Carl of Prussia in 1864. During the excavations the Prince’s soldiers found an oak coffin, which was despatched to the Museum für Völkerkunde in Berlin. Boye therefore wrote direct to the Prince, who in reply sent a photograph and description of the coffin. During the next eight years Boye managed to accumulate a great deal of information about the barrows of Schleswig, but his work was not without risk, because several of his “missions” involved evading the Prussian authorities and their power to confiscate the antiquities which Boye from time to time illegally sent to the Museum in Copenhagen.In 1874 the Principal of Herlufsholm School, C. Hall, engaged Vilhelm Boye to organise the school’s collection of antiquities, which had been in store for nearly twenty years. In addition to this reorganisation, funds were also made available for the systematic excavation of a nearby barrow at Grimstrup (fig. 5). The barrow however contained very little, mainly urns full of cremated bone, but the excavation was thoroughly recorded and a series of drawings was produced by R. Bertelsen, the school’s teacher of drawing. After this Boye set to work to display the collection in the six cases that were made available. The greater part of the collection came from the Stone Age, filling no fewer than five cases, giving an impression both of coastal finds from shell middens, and grave finds. The Bronze Age display contained only a few bronzes, but rather more pots. Iron Age artifacts were hardly represented at all, and consisted mostly of whetstones, a bowl-shaped buckle, and a pot burnt black.In November of the same year Boye was working at Herlufsholm, he produced his remarkable work Vejledning til Udgravning af Oldsager og deres foreløbige Behandling [Guide to the Excavation of Antiquities and their Initial Study], published under the auspices of the Society for the Historical-Antiquarian Collection in Århus. Boye’s Guide is the first of its type, and one can clearly detect his close association with Herbst, who had contributed to the scientific content of the work.Boye’s link with the antiquarian collection in Århus had not come about by chance. During his time at the Museum of Northern Antiquities he had early on made contact with the person mainly responsible for the establishment of the Århus collection, Edvard Erslev. Boye joined the museum in 1871, re-arranged the collection, and produced a guide for visitors. For the first time the museum acquired a new and professional look. Boye thus functioned as part of the leadership until 1876, when he gave up his museum post in favour of the schoolteacher Emmerik Høegh-Guldberg. The continued problems facing Dannevirke and Hiort-Lorenzen’s mounting confrontation with the judicial authorities in Flensborg probably caused Boye to consider his position with the newspaper. This culminated with the expulsion of Hiort-Lorenzen, who then took up the post of chief editor of Nationaltidende in Copenhagen. Boye also travelled to Copenhagen in early 1878, and on 15th November the year after he married Mimi Drachmann, sister of the poet Holger Drachmann (fig. 6 ). Not suprisingly, Boye got a job at the Nationaltidende, where he edited the newspaper’s Archaeological and Ethnographic Communications until 1885. In the seven years Boye worked at the paper, no fewer than 150 numbers of the Communications appeared, Boye writing more than 400 pages of them himself. The articles include a multiplicity of archaeological and ethnographic topics such as “Egypt’s Ancient Cultures” and “A Copper Age in Scandinavia”.In 1882 Count Emil Frijs of Frijsenborg commissioned Boye to catalogue and organise his estate’s collection of prehistoric and medieval objects, which came from the area round the lake and castle ruin at Søborg in northern Zealand. Attempts had been made to drain the lake since 1793, and several antiquities had been found at various times during the work. The recording project culminated in the publication of a small book, Fund af Gjenstande fra Oldtiden og Middelalderen i og ved Søborg Sø [Finds of Objects from the Prehistoric and Medieval Periods in and around Søborg Lake], which among other things contains some of the first photographic illustrations of Danish antiquities (fig. 7).Worsaae’s death in 1885 inaugurated a new era, and Herbst was finally able to take over the post of head of the Museum (fig. 8). Boye’s long friendship with Herbst had in the previous years resulted in him becoming a regional inspector for the Museum. Herbst was probably even then considering Boye for a future post in the Museum, and was indicating that he himself could not be overlooked when it became time to nominate a successor to Worsaae. After his appointment to the Museum of Northern Antiquities in 1885, Boye continued his activities as inspector in northern Zealand, and was frequently called when new finds were recovered from Bronze Age barrows.In contrast to Herbst, Boye rapidly fell in with the group of younger workers, particularly Henry Petersen (fig. 9). Over the years they became close friends with a common interest in new finds, as during the excavation of Guldhøj in 1891. Boye had no draftsman at the excavation, but he did have a local photographer who recorded some aspects of the opening of the first oak coffin. These are the first photographs ever to be taken during an excavation, even though photography by then was nothing new (fig. 10).With the reorganising of the National Museum, Boye was made senior assistant of the historical section on 1st April 1892, under Henry Petersen. He was responsible for the Museum’s archive and library, but fieldwork and travels are what particularly characterise his work in these years. When the small Bronze Age barrow on which the Glavendrup rune stone had been erected in 1864 was nearly completely destroyed by ploughing, Boye undertook a restoration of the barrow itself and the associated ship-shaped arrangement of stones in 1892 (fig. 11). The restoration’s outcome was the construction of a new barrow on which was placed the rune stone, and the re-erection of the stones in the ship arrangement.At the same time, chamberlain A. Oxholm undertook a small excavation of the Bronze Age barrow at Tårnholm, and recovered an oak coffin containing the remains of a woman, a fine necklace, a belt plate, and a small bronze dagger. Boye was immediately informed, and in connection with his investigations at Tårnborg was able to go to Tårnholm and lead a new excavation of the barrow, in which A.P. Madsen was also involved, and recover two more oak coffins (fig. 12).If we now consider Boye’s last major work, the publication of the major volume Fund af Egekister fra Bronzealderen i Danmark [Finds of Oak Coffins from the Danish Bronze Age], there are several indications that suggest that Boye began the work with the early intention that its coverage should be wide, and contain his long-term investigations into and knowledge of the country’s oak coffin graves. It is particularly noteworthy that his work as an archaeological journalist and with the Archaeological and Ethnographic Communications seems to have been a kind of precursor to this, as the last chapters contain sections that are clearly derived from his contributions to the Communications. The manuscript was completed in April 1896, and A.P. Madsen prepared for it no fewer than 27 full-page folio sized copperplates. The work was dedicated to “the veterans of Danish archaeology”, C.F. Herbst the museum director, and Japetus Steenstrup, with whom Boye had first collaborated more recently.His many years of a wandering existence and work-related disruptions had however told on him, and soon after the book was published Boye became ill. From his private correspondence from 1896 it emerges that Boye often had insufficient time to be with his nearest and dearest. Despite his illness he travelled one last time to visit relatives at Viken, but his illness worsened and he had to travel rapidly to Lund and on to Copenhagen. Boye died on 22nd September apparently as the result of a stroke, and was buried in Søllerød churchyard north of Copenhagen.Boye’s potential as a researcher was noticed early on by Thomsen, but just as quickly suppressed by Worsaae, who may more or less deliberately have sought to out-manoeuvre his colleague. Boye’s character and energy may have seemed a threat, and although he never finished an academic education he nevertheless displayed a remarkable archaeological acuity, but was unable to bolster his own reputation. Some of the blame for this must rest with the Museum’s aged leaders, who never supported or developed Boye’s evident skills to any great extent. It must also be stressed that some of Boye’s earlier career problems are closely connected to the lack of vision and jealousy of these same leaders. When he departed for Amsterdam Boye had no expectation of a Museum post, but despite this he intelligently kept up his contacts with Copenhagen, particularly with Herbst, knowing full well that Worsaae’s leadership would one day end. This somewhat bold presumption turned out to be correct, and helped his archaeological career.There is no doubt that Boye in his later years tried hard to recover his lost reputation and save his career from the disaster it suffered when he was younger, but the price was high and it also affected his health. We must today recognise that his reputation was restored to the highest level, and we must thank him for the fact that, through him, a uniquely detailed knowledge of the Bronze Age people themselves was preserved for Danish archaeology, as well as of their most prominent contribution to the Danish landscape: the barrows.Anders Otte StensagerInstitut for forhistorisk arkæologiKøbenhavns UniversitetTranslated by Peter Rowley-Conwy

The documentary information of the parishes of the bolivian littoral, specially in the 19th century, lamentably they have not had a deep study from the historical ecclesiastic point of view. Of equal way, to this information it is possible to indicate the scanty bibliography, and specially on the ecclesiastic folletería related to this area. The city of sucre, it possesses a valuable primary documentation that preserves in the file - library arquidiocesanos ' monsignor michael de los santos taborga ', which information collection is guarded in the unique repository of ecclesiastic speciality of chuquisaca. las's department parishes of reference they are the following ones: Antofagasta (1858-1903); Calama (1836-1878); Caracoles (1870-1879); Chiu Chiu (1756-1885); Cobija (1844-1878); San pedro of Atacama (1756-1887) and Tocopilla (1879).

Nace el 21 de enero de 1858 en la Habana, Cuba. A los 9 años de edad fue enviado a un colegio en el norte de Francia, donde hizo la escuela primaria. La educación secundaria la realizó en Madrid, España, donde luego entró a estudiar Medicina. En 1882 obtiene graduación de honor como Médico Cirujano en la Universidad de Madrid. Como estudiante de medicina fundó, en 1878, y dirigió por varios años la revista “Anales de la Sociedad Fisiológica de Madrid”.

Abstract Research focusing on Anglo-European languages indicates that children’s acquisition of the subordinate structure of complement-clause constructions and the semantics of mental verbs facilitates their understanding of false belief, and that the two linguistic factors interact. Complement-clause constructions support false-belief development, but only when used with realis mental verbs like ‘think’ in the matrix clause (de Villiers, Jill. 2007. The interface of language and Theory of Mind. Lingua 117(11). 1858–1878). In Chinese, however, only the semantics of mental verbs seems to play a facilitative role in false-belief development (Cheung, Him, Hsuan-Chih Chen & William Yeung. 2009. Relations between mental verb and false belief understanding in Cantonese-speaking children. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 104(2). 141–155). We argue that these cross-linguistic differences can be explained by variations in availability and usage patterns of mental verbs and complement-clause constructions across languages. Unlike English, Mandarin-Chinese has a verb that indicates that a belief might be false: yi3wei2 ‘(falsely) think’. Our corpus analysis suggests that, unlike English caregivers, Mandarin-Chinese caregivers do not produce frequent, potentially unanalyzed, chunks with mental verbs and first-person subjects, such as ‘I think’. In an experiment, we found that the comprehension of complement-clause constructions used with yi3wei2 ‘(falsely) think’, but not with jue2de2 ‘think’, predicted Mandarin children’s false-belief understanding between the ages of 4 and 5. In contrast to English, whether mental verbs were used with first- or third-person subjects did not affect their correlation with false-belief understanding.

Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen (1816-1878), o visconde de Santarém (1791-1856) e Marie-Armand d’Avezac de Castera-Macaya (1799-1875) foram três historiadores e geógrafos que, no século XIX, escreveram acerca de Américo Vespúcio e suas viagens, sobre as quais hoje ainda imperam mais dúvidas que certezas (quais as que narrou e em quais participou). Com base nos escritos e alguma correspondência daqueles autores, bem como de interpretações posteriores das suas intervenções, procurarei contribuir para um maior conhecimento da polêmica vespuciana, a qual pode ser caracterizada pela teoria do eterno retorno.

IntroductionBallarat’s Theatre Royal was the first permanent theatre built in inland Australia. Upon opening in 1858, it was acclaimed as having “the handsomest theatrical exterior in the colony” (Star, “Editorial” 7 Dec. 1889) and later acknowledged as “the grandest playhouse in all Australia” (Spielvogel, Papers Vol. 1 160). Born of Gold Rush optimism, the Royal was loved by many, yet the over-arching story of its ill-fated existence has failed to surface, in any coherent fashion, in official history. This article takes some first steps toward retrieving lost knowledge from fragmented archival records, and piecing together the story of why this purpose-built theatre ceased operation within a twenty-year period. A short history of the venue will be provided, to develop context. It will be argued that while a combination of factors, most of which were symptomatic of unfortunate timing, destroyed the longevity of the Royal, the principal problem was one of stigmatisation. This was an era in which the societal pressure to visibly conform to conservative values was intense and competition in the pursuit of profits was fierce.The cultural silence that befell the story of the Royal, after its demise, is explicable in relation to history being written by the victors and a loss of spokespeople since that time. As theatre arts historiographer McConachie (131) highlights, “Theatres, like places for worship and spectator sports, hold memories of the past in addition to providing a practical and cognitive framework for performance events in the present.” When that place, “a bounded area denoted by human agency and memory” (131), is lost in time, so too may be the socio-cultural lessons from the period, if not actively recalled and reconsidered. The purpose of this article is to present the beginning of an investigation into the disjointed narrative of Ballarat’s Theatre Royal. Its ultimate failure demonstrates how dominant community based entertainment became in Ballarat from the 1860s onwards, effectively crushing prospects for mid-range professional theatre. There is value in considering the evolution of the theatre’s lifespan and its possible legacy effects. The connection between historical consciousness and the performing arts culture of by-gone days offers potential to reveal specks of cross-relevance for regional Australian theatrical offerings today.In the BeginningThe proliferation of entertainment venues in Ballarat East during the 1850s was a consequence of the initial discovery of surface alluvial gold and the ongoing success of deep-lead mining activities in the immediate area. This attracted extraordinary numbers of people from all over the world who hoped to strike it rich. Given the tough nature of life on the early gold diggings, most disposable income was spent on evening entertainment. As a result, numerous venues sprang into operation to cater for demand. All were either canvas tents or makeshift wooden structures: vibrant in socio-cultural activity, however humble the presentation values. It is widely agreed (Withers, Bate and Brereton) that noteworthy improvements occurred from 1856 onwards in the artistry of the performers, audience tastes, the quality of theatrical structures and living standards in general. Residents began to make their exit from flood and fire prone Ballarat East, moving to Ballarat West. The Royal was the first substantial entertainment venture to be established in this new, affluent, government surveyed township area. Although the initial idea was to draw in some of the patronage which had flourished in Ballarat East, Brereton (14) believed “There can be no doubt that it was [primarily] intended to attract those with good taste and culture”. This article will contend that how society defined ‘good taste’ turned out to be problematic for the Royal.The tumultuous mid-1850s have attracted extensive academic and popular attention, primarily because they were colourful and politically significant times. The period thereafter has attracted little scholarly interest, unless tied to the history of surviving organisations. Four significant structures designed to incorporate theatrical entertainment were erected and opened in Ballarat from 1858 onwards: The Royal was swiftly followed by the Mechanics Institute 1859, Alfred Hall 1867 and Academy of Music 1874-75. As philosopher Albert Borgmann (41) highlighted, the erection of “magnificent settings in which the public could gather and enjoy itself” was the dominant urban aspiration for cultural consumption in the nineteenth century. Men of influence in Victorian cities believed strongly in progress and grand investments as a conscious demonstration of power, combined with Puritan vales, teetotalism and aggressive self-assertiveness (Briggs 287-88). At the ceremonial laying of the foundation stone for the Royal on 20 January 1858, eminent tragedian, Gustavos Brooke, announced “… may there be raised a superstructure perfect in all its parts, and honourable to the builder.” He proclaimed the memorial bottle to be “a lasting memento of the greatness of Ballarat in erecting such a theatre” and philosophised that “the stage not only refines the manners, but it is the best teacher of morals, for it is the truest and most intelligible picture of life. It stamps the image of virtue on the mind …” (Star, “Laying” 21 Jan. 1858). These initial aspirations seem somewhat ambitious when viewed with the benefit of hindsight. Ballarat’s Theatre Royal opened in December 1858, ironically with Jerrold’s comedy ‘Time Works Wonders’. The large auditorium holding around 1500 people “was crowded to overflowing and was considered altogether brilliant in its newness and beauty” by all in attendance (Star, “Local and General” 30 Dec. 1858). Generous descriptions abound of how splendid it was, in architectural terms, but also in relation to scenery, decorations and all appointments. Underneath the theatre were two shops, four bars, elegant dining rooms, a kitchen and 24 bedrooms. A large saloon was planned to be attached soon-after. The overall cost of the build was estimated at a substantial 10,000 pounds.The First Act: 1858-1864In the early years, the Royal was deemed a success. The pleasure-seeking public of Ballarat came en masse and the glory days seemed like they might continue unabated. By the early 1860s, Ballarat was known as a great theatrical centre for performing arts, its population was famous both nationally and internationally for an appreciation of good acting, and the Royal was considered the home of the best dramatic art in Ballarat (Withers 260). Like other theatres of the 1850s diggings, it had its own resident company of actors, musicians, scenic artists and backstage crew. Numerous acclaimed performers came to visit and these were prosperous and happy times for the Royal’s lively theatrical community. As early as 1859, however, there was evident rivalry between the Royal and the Mechanics Institute, as suggested on numerous occasions in the Ballarat Star. As a multi-purpose venue for education and the betterment of the working classes, the latter venue had the distinct advantage of holding the moral high ground. Over time this competition increased as audiences decreased. As people shifted to family-focussed entertainments, these absorbed their time and attention. The transformation of a transient population into a township of families ultimately suffocated prospects for professional entertainment in Ballarat. Consumer interest turned to the growth of strong amateur societies with the establishment of the Welsh Eisteddfod 1863; Harmonic Society 1864; Bell Ringers’ Club 1866 and Glee and Madrigal Union 1867 (Brereton 38). By 1863, the Royal was reported to have “scanty patronage” and Proprietor Symonds was in financial trouble (Star, “News and Notes” 15 Sep. 1864). It was announced that the theatre would open for the last time on Saturday, 29 October 1864 (Australasian). On that same date, the Royal was purchased by Rowlands & Lewis, the cordial makers. They promptly on-sold it to the Ballarat Temperance League, who soon discovered that there was a contract in place with Bouchier, the previous owner, who still held the hotel next door, stating that “all proprietors … were bound to keep it open as a theatre” (Withers 260-61). Having invested immense energy into the quest to purchase it, the Temperance League backed out of the deal. Prominent Hotelier Walter Craig bought it for less than 3,000 pounds. It is possible that this stymied effort to quell the distribution of liquor in the heart of the city evoked the ire of the Protestant community, who were on a dedicated mission “to attack widespread drunkenness, profligacy, licentiousness and agnosticism,” and forming an interdenominational Bible and Tract Society in 1866 (Bate 176). This caused a segment of the population to consider the Royal a ‘lost cause’ and steer clear of it, advising ‘respectable’ families to do the same, and so the stigma grew. Social solidarity of this type had significant impact in an era in which people openly demonstrated their morality by way of unified public actions.The Second Act: 1865-1868The Royal closed for renovations until May 1865. Of the various alterations made to the interior and its fittings, the most telling was the effort to separate the ladies from the ‘town women’, presumably to reassure ‘respectable’ female patrons. To this end, a ladies’ retiring room was added, in a position convenient to the dress circle. The architectural rejuvenation of the Royal was cited as an illustration of great progress in Sturt Street (Ballarat Star, “News and Notes” 27 May 1865). Soon after, the Royal hosted the Italian Opera Company.However, by 1866 there was speculation that the Royal may be converted into a dry goods store. References to what sort of impression the failing of theatre would convey to the “old folks at home” in relation to “progress in civilisation'' and "social habits" indicated the distress of loyal theatre-goers. Impassioned pleas were written to the press to help preserve the “Temple of Thespus” for the legitimate use for which it was intended (Ballarat Star, “Messenger” and “Letters to the Editor” 30 Aug. 1866). By late 1867, a third venue materialised. The Alfred Hall was built for the reception of Ballarat’s first Royal visitor, the Duke of Edinburgh. On the night prior to the grand day at the Alfred, following a private dinner at Craig’s Hotel, Prince Alfred was led by an escorted torchlight procession to a gala performance at Craig’s very own Theatre Royal. The Prince’s arrival caused a sensation that completely disrupted the show (Spielvogel, Papers Vol. 1 165). While visiting Ballarat, the Prince laid the stone for the new Temperance Hall (Bate 159). This would not have been required had the League secured the Royal for their use three years earlier.Thereafter, the Royal was unable to reach the heights of what Brereton (15) calls the “Golden Age of Ballarat Theatre” from 1855 to 1865. Notably, the Mechanics Institute also experienced financial constraints during the 1860s and these challenges were magnified during the 1870s (Hazelwood 89). The late sixties saw the Royal reduced to the ‘ordinary’ in terms of the calibre of productions (Brereton 15). Having done his best to improve the physical attributes and prestige of the venue, Craig may have realised he was up against a growing stigma and considerable competition. He sold the Royal to R.S. Mitchell for 5,500 pounds in 1868.Another New Owner: 1869-1873For the Saturday performance of Richard III in 1869, under the new Proprietor, it was reported that “From pit to gallery every seat was full” and for many it was standing room only (Ballarat Star, “Theatre Royal” 1 Feb. 1869). Later that year, Othello attracted people with “a critical appreciation of histrionic matters” (Ballarat Star, “News and Notes” 19 July 1869). The situation appeared briefly promising. Unfortunately, larger economic factors were soon at play. During 1869, Ballarat went ‘mad’ with mine share gambling. In 1870 the economic bubble burst, and hundreds of people in Ballarat were financially ruined. Over the next ten years the population fell from 60,000 to less than 40,000 (Spielvogel, Papers Vol. 3 39). The last surviving theatre in Ballarat East, the much-loved Charles Napier, put on its final show in September 1869 (Brereton 15). By 1870 the Royal was referred to as a “second-class theatre” and was said to be such bad repute that “it would be most difficult to draw respectable classes” (Ballarat Star, “News and Notes” 17 Jan. 1870). It seems the remaining theatre patrons from the East swung over to support the Royal, which wasn’t necessarily in the best interests of its reputation. During this same period, family-oriented crowds of “the pleasure-seeking public of Ballarat” were attending events at the newly fashionable Alfred Hall (Ballarat Courier, “Theatre Royal” June 1870). There were occasional high points still to come for the Royal. In 1872, opera drew a crowded house “even to the last night of the season” which according to the press, “gave proof, if proof were wanting, that the people of Ballarat not only appreciate, but are willing to patronise to the full any high-class entertainment” (Ballarat Courier, “Theatre Royal” 26 Aug. 1872). The difficulty, however, lay in the deterioration of the Royal’s reputation. It had developed negative connotations among local temperance and morality movements, along with their extensive family, friendship and business networks. Regarding collective consumption, sociologist John Urry wrote “for those engaged in the collective tourist gaze … congregation is paramount” (140). Applying this socio-cultural principle to the behaviour of Victorian theatre-going audiences of the 1870s, it was compelling for audiences to move with the masses and support popular events at the fresh Alfred Hall rather than the fading Royal. Large crowds jostling for elbow room was perceived as the hallmark of a successful event back then, as is most often the case now.The Third Act: 1874-1878An additional complication faced by the Royal was the long-term effect of the application of straw across the ceiling. Acoustics were initially poor, and straw was intended to rectify the problem. This caused the venue to develop a reputation for being stuffy and led to the further indignity of the Royal suffering an infestation of fleas (Jenkins 22); a misfortune which caused some to label it “The Royal Bug House” (Reid 117). Considering how much food was thrown at the stage in this era, it is not surprising that rotten debris attracted insects. In 1873, the Royal closed for another round of renovations. The interior was redesigned, and the front demolished and rebuilt. This was primarily to create retail store frontage to supplement income (Reid 117). It was reported that the best theatrical frontage in Australasia was lost, and in its place was “a modestly handsome elevation” for which all play-goers of Ballarat should be thankful, as the miracle required of the rebuild was that of “exorcising the foul smells from the old theatre and making it bright and pretty and sweet” (Ballarat Star, “News and Notes” 26 Jan. 1874). The effort at rejuvenation seemed effective for a period. A “large and respectable audience” turned out to see the Fakir of Oolu, master of the weird, mystical, and strange. The magician’s show “was received with cheers from all parts of the house, and is certainly a very attractive novelty” (Ballarat Courier, “Theatre Royal” 29 Mar. 1875). That same day, the Combination Star Company gave a concert at the Mechanics Institute. Indicating the competitive tussle, the press stated: “The attendance, however, doubtless owing to attractions elsewhere, was only moderately large” (Courier, “Concert at the Mechanics’” 29 Mar. 1875). In the early 1870s, there had been calls from sectors of society for a new venue to be built in Ballarat, consistent with its status. The developer and proprietor, Sir William Clarke, intended to offer a “higher class” of entertainment for up to 1700 people, superior to the “broad farces” at the Royal (Freund n.p.) In 1875, the Academy of Music opened, at a cost of twelve thousand pounds, just one block away from the Royal.As the decade of decreasing population wore on, it is intriguing to consider an unprecedented “riotous” incident in 1877. Levity's Original Royal Marionettes opened at the Royal with ‘Beauty and the Beast’ to calamitous response. The Company Managers, Wittington & Lovell made clear that the performance had scarcely commenced when the “storm” arose and they believed “the assault to be premeditated” (Wittington and Lovell in Argus, “The Riot” 6 Apr. 1877). Paid thuggery, with the intent of spooking regular patrons, was the implication. They pointed out that “It is evident that the ringleaders of the riot came into the theatre ready armed with every variety of missiles calculated to get a good hit at the figures and scenery, and thereby create a disturbance.” The mob assaulted the stage with “head-breaking” lemonade bottles, causing costly damage, then chased the frightened puppeteers down Sturt Street (Mount Alexander Mail, “Items of News” 4 Apr. 1877). The following night’s performance, by contrast, was perfectly calm (Ballarat Star, “News and Notes” 7 Apr. 1877). Just three months later, Webb’s Royal Marionette pantomimes appeared at the Mechanics’ Institute. The press wrote “this is not to be confounded, with the exhibition which created something like a riot at the Theatre Royal last Easter” (Ballarat Star, “News and Notes” 5 July 1877).The final performance at the Royal was the American Rockerfellers’ Minstrel Company. The last newspaper references to the Royal were placed in the context of other “treats in store” at The Academy of Music, and forthcoming offerings at the Mechanics Institute (Star, “Advertising” 3 July 1878). The Royal had experienced three re-openings and a series of short-term managements, often ending in loss or even bankruptcy. When it wound up, investors were left to cover the losses, while the owner was forced to find more profitable uses for the building (Freund n.p.). At face value, it seemed that four performing arts venues was one too many for Ballarat audiences to support. By August 1878 the Royal’s two shop fronts were up for lease. Thereafter, the building was given over entirely to retail drapery sales (Withers 260). ReflectionsThe Royal was erected, at enormous expense, in a moment of unbridled optimism, after several popular theatres in Ballarat East had burned to the ground. Ultimately the timing for such a lavish investment was poor. It suffered an inflexible old-fashioned structure, high overheads, ongoing staffing costs, changing demographics, economic crisis, increased competition, decreased population, the growth of local community-based theatre, temperance agitation and the impact of negative rumour and hear-say.The struggles endured by the various owners and managers of, and investors in, the Royal reflected broader changes within the larger community. The tension between the fixed nature of the place and the fluid needs of the public was problematic. Shifting demographics meant the Royal was negatively affected by conservative values, altered tastes and competing entertainment options. Built in the 1850s, it was sound, but structurally rigid, dated and polluted with the bacterial irritations of the times. “Resident professional companies could not compete with those touring from Melbourne” by whom it was considered “… hard to use and did not satisfy the needs of touring companies who required facilities equivalent to those in the metropolitan theatres” (Freund n.p.). Meanwhile, the prevalence of fund-raising concerts, created by charitable groups and member based community organisations, detracted from people’s interest in supporting professional performances. After-all, amateur concerts enabled families to “embrace the values of British middle class morality” (Doggett 295) at a safe distance from grog shops and saloons. Children aged 5-14 constituted only ten percent of the Ballarat population in 1857, but by 1871 settler families had created a population in which school aged children comprised twenty-five of the whole (Bate 146). This had significant ramifications for the type of theatrical entertainments required. By the late sixties, as many as 2000 children would perform at a time, and therefore entrance fees were able to be kept at affordable levels for extended family members. Just one year after the demise of the Royal, a new secular improvement society became active, holding amateur events and expanding over time to become what we now know as the Royal South Street Society. This showed that the appetite for home-grown entertainment was indeed sizeable. It was a function that the Royal was unable to service, despite several ardent attempts. Conclusion The greatest misfortune of the Royal was that it became stigmatised, from the mid 1860s onwards. In an era when people were either attempting to be pure of manners or were considered socially undesirable, it was hard for a cultural venue to survive which occupied the commercial middle ground, as the Royal did. It is also conceivable that the Royal was ‘framed’, by one or two of its competitor venues, or their allies, just one year before its closure. The Theatre Royal’s negative stigma as a venue for rough and intemperate human remnants of early Ballarat East had proven insurmountable. The Royal’s awkward position between high-class entrepreneurial culture and wholesome family-based community values, both of which were considered tasteful, left it out-of-step with the times and vulnerable to the judgement of those with either vested interests or social commitments elsewhere. This had long-term resonance for the subsequent development of entertainment options within Ballarat, placing the pendulum of favour either on elite theatre or accessible community based entertainments. The cultural middle-ground was sparse. The eventual loss of the building, the physical place of so much dramatic energy and emotion, as fondly recalled by Withers (260), inevitably contributed to the Royal fading from intergenerational memory. The telling of the ‘real story’ behind the rise and fall of the Ballarat Theatre Royal requires further exploration. If contemporary cultural industries are genuinely concerned “with the re-presentation of the supposed history and culture of a place”, as Urry believed (154), then untold stories such as that of Ballarat’s Theatre Royal require scholarly attention. This article represents the first attempt to examine its troubled history in a holistic fashion and locate it within a context ripe for cultural analysis.ReferencesBate, Weston. Lucky City: The First Generation at Ballarat 1851–1901. Carlton South: Melbourne UP, 1978.Brereton, Roslyn. Entertainment and Recreation on the Victorian Goldfields in the 1850s. BA (Honours) Thesis. 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