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1
Garba, Tijjani. "Taxation in some Hausa emirates, C. 1860-1939." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526111.
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The undertaking of this thesis, to explore the history of taxation in pre-colonial and colonial Hausaland, brings us face to face with the state systems of the two periods and the burdens (or benefits) which they imposed. The central theme of this study has been the interplay of the ideological, economic and political factors which determined taxation practices in our area. It is argued in this study that an understanding of the history of the fiscal and taxation practices of an area may throw as much light on its way of life and historical evolution as an account of its wars and conquests. The pre-colonial and the colonial tax systems have been compared and contrasted in the light of the ideological, historical and technological forces at work in the two periods. The main differences between precolonial and colonial taxation systems resulted mainly from the varying aims of the two state systems. In general, however, both pre-colonial and colonial rulers used taxation to achieve economic, social and political objectives. Both sets of rulers used taxation to impose political and economic control. The manner in which these policies were implemented and their aims achieved depended on the ideological and other orientations of the two systems. In both periods, taxes on agricultural produce constituted the mainstay of the state. In this regard, the emphasis laid on trade, as opposed to, agricultural taxes has been reduced. The burdens of taxation in the two periods have been measured, in a more or less speculative way, in the light of objective criteria and also taking account of what the people thought at the time. In the conclusion, we have made a brief review of the role of taxation in economic development.
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Levan-Lemesle, Lucette. "L'enseignement de l'économie politique en France (1860-1939)." Paris 1, 1995. http://books.openedition.org/igpde/2584.
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1) jusqu'en 1877, l'economie politique en france se confond avec le liberalisme et surtout le libre echange. Les heritiers de j-b say ont constitue un groupe de pression et monopolisent l'enseignement qui est libre et prive. L'academie des sciences morales et politiques selectionne les enseignants. 2) quand l'economie politique devient matiere d'examen dans la licence en droit, les facultes de droit deviennent l'instance dominante, et les autres lieux d'enseignement parisiens se transforment en satellites. En 1896, une agregation specifique favorise la professionalisation des economistes. Ils reexaminent sans prejuges les aspects de la pensee orthodoxe, et dans les annees 1920, apparaissent comme de vrais professionnels. 3) mais la crise de 1930 porte atteinte a leur prestige. Les ingenieurs des grandes ecoles pronent une economie plus mathematique et revendiquent, pour eux, le role d'expertIn france, teaching of political economy is divided in three periods. 1) a free treaching monopolizes liberal say's inheritence. Academie des sciences morales et politiques makes a choice among its graduates to form professors. 2) secund, faculties in law became dominante instance, and some special places, in paris, become sort of satellites. From 1896, professors are formed with a special exam. They reexamine without any conformism all liberal orthodoxy and just became real professionels. 3) but 1930 crisis spoils their prestige. Famous ingeneers ask for more mathematic economics and claim for expert's recognition
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Burke, Peter, and peter burke@rmit edu au. "A social history of Australian workplace football, 1860-1939." RMIT University. Global Studies, Social Science and Planning, 2009. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20100311.144947.
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This thesis is a social history of workplace Australian football between the years 1860 and 1939, charting in detail the evolution of this form of the game as a popular phenomenon, as well as the beginning of its eventual demise with changes in the nature and composition of the workforce. Though it is presented in a largely chronological format, the thesis utilises an approach to history best epitomised in the work of the progenitors of social history, E.P. Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm, and their successors. It embraces and contributes to both labour and sport history-two sub-groups of social history that are not often considered together. A number of themes, such as social control and the links between class and culture, are employed to throw light on this form of football; in turn, the analysis of the game presented here illuminates patterns of development in the culture of working people in Victoria and beyond. The thesis also provides new insights into under-re searched fields such as industrial recreation and the role of sport in shaping employer-employee relations. In enhancing knowledge of the history of grass roots Australian football and demonstrating the workplace game's links with the growth of unionism and expansion of industry, the thesis therefore highlights the complexity and interconnectedness of economic development, class relations and popular culture in constructing social history.
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Juzda, Elise. "The rise and fall of British craniometry, 1860-1939." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609774.
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Cronin, Jenny. "The origins and development of Scottish convalescent homes, 1860-1939." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2003. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2316/.
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Scottish convalescent homes, established between 1860 and 1939, provided short-term care for around two to three weeks for patients recovering from trauma, surgery, or illness either at home or in hospital. In 1870, there were just seven convalescent homes, mainly in the West of Scotland, with an annual admission rate of 4000 patients. By the 1930s this had risen to over sixty convalescent homes that cared for more than 34,000 people annually. Despite the massive growth of Scottish convalescent homes, lack of accurate data about the topic has led to a variety of misunderstandings over their origins, purpose, function and development. This thesis reclaims the hitherto forgotten or misunderstood history of the convalescent homes in Scotland between 1860 and 1939. An extensive survey of the convalescent homes uncovered a wide diversity of individuals and organisations involved in their sponsorship. This ranged from independent promoters, hospitals, religious and temperance organisations, to Co-operative and friendly societies. The survey also revealed considerable geographical and chronological diversity in the extent of overall convalescent home provision. During the nineteenth century, few doubled their purpose was to return the deserving sick poor to health and productive life. Confusion over their definition arose during the twentieth century when various mutual assurance organisations began to sponsor homes. The mutual assurance societies were less willing to associate their convalescent homes with institutions for the poor. They were also more flexible in their admission homes with institution for the poor. They were also more flexible in their admission policies and admitted patients for both rest and recuperation from illness. Sponsors of new children’s convalescent homes during the twentieth century were also reluctant to differentiate between those in convalescence and ailing children needing a country break. An association thus developed between holidays and time spent an convalescent homes. Although there were similarities between the experience of a holiday and the regime of a convalescent home, such as the focus on fresh air, healthy diet, recreation and exercise, in other respects they were quite different. The structured routine provided by most convalescent homes centred on a return to health whereas holidays stressed freedom and recreation.
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Moss, Eloise. "Cracking cribs : representations of burglars and burglary in London, 1860-1939." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:aa6bf0cb-a792-483f-b79b-7fbe864e3582.
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This thesis explores how burglars and burglary in London were understood in cultural, criminological, legal, political, and economic discourse during the period 1860-1939, demonstrating how the ideas about crime and the criminal circulating in these domains were mutually constitutive. Specifically, it identifies how characterisations of burglary in visual and written forms of media — encompassing legal and criminological documents, as well as those produced by the press and commercial advertising, and in fiction, theatre, and film — cultivated a range of attitudes towards the crime to a greater or lesser extent. Encompassing not only fear-mongering and sympathetic representations, but also those designed to be exciting, to challenge preconceptions, and to entertain, I argue that these conflicting attitudes towards burglary and burglars emerged in response to specific changes in the cultural landscape: the advent of mass literacy and corresponding interest in narratives of crime that reflected the social, cultural, and political concerns of an audience diverse of class, age, and gender; the commercial imperatives of the insurance and entertainment industries as the middle classes expanded, including the development of household insurance and the popularity of the ‘true crime’ genre; debates surrounding women’s increasing social and sexual agency and their alignment with particular crimes; and the evolution of new modes of policing and regulation. The thesis thereby uses the topic of burglary to illuminate a broader range of contemporary preoccupations and experiences with gender relations, class structures and stereotypes, and the moral authority of state and society. By approaching burglary as a focus of interactions not only between police, criminal, and victim, but also between the market, consumers, and the state, this thesis uncovers new terrain upon which crime intersected with everyday lives historically.
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Hudson-Richards, Julia Anne. "The Orange Proletariat: Social Relations in the Pais Valenciano, 1860-1939." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196110.
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This dissertation examines the formation of an agro-industrial working class within the citrus industry of Valencia, Spain. In a region that was historically defined by intensive agricultural production for market, the citrus industry in Valencia became the dominant economic sector in the decades prior to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936. Its workers, straddling the agricultural and the industrial, the rural and the urban, entered into a socio-economic relationship with the rural bourgeoisie in charge of the industry. This relationship was administered through the formation of jurados mixtos (mixed commissions), associations, and citrus cooperatives that directed the harvest, worked out export contracts, began irrigation projects, and organized labor. World War I produced a crisis within the industry due to the collapse of export markets and the lack of available shipping. Workers and small farmers suffered the brunt of the effects, and as a result, their relationships with the bourgeoisie began to break down. By the declaration of the Second Republic in 1931, workers and farmers had become far more politicized and dissatisfied. As landowners and commercial agents fled Valencia after the outbreak of war in 1936, workers and smallholders banded together in collectives, based on the established tradition of cooperation, to preserve the harvest and direct orange exports, the profits of which were increasingly important in the face of prolonged conflict.I rely heavily on documentary evidence from local journals and newspapers, political organizations, contemporary photographs, and local associations. Utilizing gender and labor theory and theories from cultural studies, I show the process of proletarianization through an examination of the labor culture within Valencia in order to complicate our categories of agricultural and industrial work and how the people of Valencia created a regional identity based on orange production.
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Dyberg, Simon. "Utomäktenskaplig fruktsamhet i Västbo härad : En studie över sju socknar 1860-1939." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för kulturvetenskaper (KV), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80862.
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During the 19th and 20th century, Sweden saw a dramatic increase of illegitimate children. The phenomenon was not however equally distributed, as the frequency was much lower in the western parts of the country. In several doctoral thesis, the development has been explained with the advancing industrialization of the modern society. The primary aim of this study has been to test this thesis in Västbo district 1860-1939. The district, which is located in the heart of the south western parts of Sweden, had around the turn of the century 1900, several more or less industrialized towns, but was still strongly influenced by the surrounding agrarian parishes. As expected, the parishes with an established industry, tended to have a higher proportion of illegitimate births than those of agrarian character. Therefore, the same thesis that has been accepted on a national scale, can also be applied on a local scale, even within the region that represents a low proportion of illegitimate births. The study has also proven that the majority of the illegitimate children’s fathers were unknown, which often put the mother in a difficult economic and social situation. On the other hand, a bigger proportion of the fathers were identified from 1926, when each municipality was obliged to institute a child welfare committee. The main material of the study has been the birth books and the child welfare committees’ protocols.
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Christensen, Susie. "The modernist anti-mental : literary life-writing, neurology and medical psychology, 1860-1939." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/the-modernist-antimental-literary-lifewriting-neurology-and-medical-psychology-18601939(3305c395-a7c6-4dfd-9af0-6c723bbdcd18).html.
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This thesis examines the selves represented by early-twentieth century modernist writers in the light of neurological developments which occurred during the late-nineteenth century. After the 1860s, the nervous system was understood in newly evolutionary terms. This meant that the lowest and fundamentally non-mental aspects of the nervous system became the basis of the conscious mind and mentality. The central concern of the thesis is with what I call the modernist anti-mental. This manifests itself in three clear ways. Firstly, I use the anti-mental as a term to describe a non- Freudian (or perhaps ambiguously Freudian) and explicitly physical mode of unconsciousness . Secondly, I argue that a certain strand of modernism itself, as a set of stylistic qualities and ideas emerging in both literature and medical science, was concerned with representing and often celebrating mindlessness and the primitive, and therefore debunked the rational mind. Thirdly, I use the term the anti-mental, or anti-mentality, to gather together the ways in which modernist writers, neurologists, and medical psychologists alike were concerned with placing the non-mental at the core and/or foundation of selfhood. The introduction establishes modernist anti-mentality and the anti-mental as an alternative to the idea of the unconscious mind as well as examining the complex relationship between neurology and psychology during the period in question. The first chapter considers the foundational figure of the thesis, the neurologist John Hughlings Jackson, and argues that although he pathologised anti-mentality, his account of the nervous system also meant that it became the bedrock of human selfhood. Hughlings Jackson's neurology is considered in relation to D. H. Lawrence's writings which have the anti-mental at their heart. Chapter two examines the potential for the anti-mental to be spiritual and physical all at once, exploring various oceanic states and metaphors in the works of sexologist Havelock Ellis and writer H.D. Chapter three considers how the anti-mental becomes a key concern for the modernist practices of sensory self-observation carried out in very different contexts by Virginia Woolf and the neurologist Henry Head. Chapter four questions the limits of textual expression of supposedly anti-mental states. It uses the diaries of Anaïs Nin and psychological writings by Otto Rank in order to challenge the modernist attempt to portray anti-mentality in textual forms.
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Monnais, Laurence. "Médecine coloniale, pratiques de santé et sociétés en Indochine française (1860-1939) : une histoire de l'Indochine médicale." Paris 7, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA070006.
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Otero, Navarro Francisco de Paula. "Voluntad (der Wille) y pulsión (der Trieb): A. Schopenhauer (1788-1860) y S. Freud (1856-1939). Semejanzas y diferencias." Master's thesis, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12404/14652.
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Se analizan comparativamente el concepto de voluntad (der Wille) de Arthur
Schopenhauer y el concepto de pulsión (der Trieb) de S. Freud. La relación entre
ambos conceptos ha sido poco estudiada. Hay estudios que señalan
parentescos cercanos entre la voluntad y varios conceptos psicoanalíticos
(sexualidad, inconsciente, ello); sin embargo, son escuetos en el tratamiento de
la voluntad. Este trabajo describe vertical y sistemáticamente tanto la voluntad
como la pulsión antes de señalar similitudes y divergencias. El primer capítulo
desarrolla la voluntad (der Wille) poniendo de relieve sus características: su
escisión fundamental consigo misma, su absoluta nihilidad, su primado sobre la
representación (empero la implicación mutua), y, finalmente, la identificación,
para el hombre, del sujeto del conocimiento con el sujeto del querer. El segundo
capítulo estudia la pulsión, concepto metapsicológico caracterizado por su
ingente voracidad y su arraigo somático: la pulsión activa y mantiene en
movimiento la vida psíquica impulsándola hacia la constante búsqueda de
objetos (contingentes) susceptibles de satisfacerla. Finalmente, señalamos
parentescos y distancias referidas al nivel teórico (metafísica y metapsicología),
alcances y limitaciones (el mundo y la vida psíquica).The present research proposes a comparative analysis between the concept of “Will” (der Wille) by Arthur Schopenhauer and the concept of “Drive” (der Trieb) by Sigmund Freud. The relationship between both concepts has been little studied. There are studies that indicate close relationships between “Will” and several psychoanalytical concepts (sexuality, unconscious, it), but are limited in the discussion of the “Will”. Vertical and systematic descriptions of “Will” and “Drive” are made before pointing out similarities and differences. Each concept is revised in detail in order to identify the key connections and differences. The first chapter develops the Will, highlighting its important features: its fundamental schism with itself, its absolute nihility, its primacy on the representation (however the mutual implication), and finally, the identification, for man, from the subject of knowledge to the subject of love. Then the Drive is examined in terms of the greed and somatic roots: the drive activates and keeps moving toward propelling the mental life, constantly searching for objects that might satisfy it. Finally, relationships and distances are pointed in reference to the theoretical level (metaphysics and metapsychology), scope and limitations (the world and the psychic life.).
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Dias, Carlos Gilberto Pereira. "Costurando vidas : os itinerários de duas professoras : Ana Aurora do Amaral Lisboa (1860-1951) e Júlia Malvina Hailliot Tavares (1866-1939)." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/56506.
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Este trabalho narra as trajetórias de duas professoras que viveram no final do século XIX e início do XX, a partir de uma perspectiva de gênero: Ana Aurora do Amaral Lisboa (1860-1951) e Julia Malvina Hailliot Tavares (1866-1939). Na memória historiográfica houve um reemprego sucessivo de categorias que fixaram no tempo o ‘feminismo’ de Ana Aurora e o ‘anarquismo’ da Malvina cristalizando essas formulações a seus respectivos itinerários. Assim, entre aproximações e distanciamentos com homens e mulheres de sua época, analiso suas trajetórias a partir dos lugares de origem de seus percursos, da configuração de seus laços familiares e das escolhas profissionais que marcaram suas vidas. No campo de possibilidades em que estavam inseridas, as ações destas personagens evidenciam os paradoxos e tensões constitutivas daquele contexto. As vidas de Malvina e Ana Aurora estiveram constantemente atreladas as suas atuações profissionais na complexa arte de ensinar, numa atividade que se estendeu por décadas em ambos os casos.The present work chronicles the trajectories of two teachers who lived in the end of the XIX and the beginning of the XX centuries, through a gender perspective: Ana Aurora do Amaral Lisboa (1860-1951) and Julia Malvina Hailliot Tavares (1866-1939). In historiographic memory there has been a sucessive reuse of categories that fixed in time Ana Aurora's ‘feminism’ and Malvina's ‘anarchism’, cristalyzing those formulations to its respective itineraries. Amongst approximations and detachments to men and women of their time, I analyze their trajectories beginning from the starting places of their journeys, from their family bonds configuration and from the professional choices that shaped their lifes. In the possibility field in which they were inserted, these characters actions demontrate paradoxes and constitutive tensions of that context. Ana Aurora and Malvina's lifes were constantly bonded to their professional actions in the complex art of teaching, a activity that unfolded for decades in both cases.
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Cecchetti, Virginie. "La criminalité italienne devant la Cour d'assises des Alpes-maritimes de l'annexion à la veille de la seconde guerre mondiale (1860-1939)." Nice, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006NICE0044.
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Le 24 mars 1860, le Traité de Turin prévoyait l'annexion du Comté de Nice au territoire français, créant ainsi le département des Alpes-Maritimes. C'est le passage d'un ordre juridique à un autre, le Sénat devenant Cour d'Assises, la législation sarde disparaissant au profit de la législation française. Le formidable essor que connaîtra ce département à partir de 1860 constituera un attrait pour la population transalpine à un moment où l'Italie traverse une période de récession économique. Les immigrants viennent massivement tenter leur chance dans une région voisine de leur pays natal où les us et coutumes ne sont pas si éloignés des leurs et qui offre de larges opportunités d'emploi. Venus pour y accomplir la saison touristique, beaucoup finissent par s'y établir et fondent une famille. Le volume de ces vagues migratoires se répercute dans tous les aspects de la vie sociale des Alpes-Maritimes et naturellement sur la criminalité qui s'y développe et qui revêt un caractère spécifiqueOn March 24th, 1860, the Treaty of Turin foresaw the annexation of the County of Nice in the French territory, so creating the department of Alpes-Maritimes. It is the passage of a legal order to a new one, the Senate becoming Criminal court, and the Sardinian legislation disappearing and being replaced by the french one. From 1860, this new entity will experience a tremendous growth which will be a source of attractivness for the transalpine population at a time when Italy was sinking into a period of economic recession. Immigrants massively come to try their chance in an area close to their native country where customs and habits are not so different and which offers broad employment opportunities. After they come to support the tourist season, many will finally establish and create their family. The volume of these migratory waves is reflected in all the aspects of the social life of the Alpes-Maritimes and naturally, on the local criminality which shows a specific character
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Martins, Eduardo de Carvalho. "Freud e Schopenhauer: os limites de um diálogo sobre a moral." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2006. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4821.
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Previous issue date: 2006-12-01Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos
This dissertation is a result of the verification of an expressive numbers of academic references relating Freud s work with a possible direct Schopenhauer s work influence. By going through the relationship existent between the Dantzig philosopher and the Viennese psychiatrist, this work tried to explain how an approaching can be done between both of them: it consisted of pointing out many approaching mistakes contained in the comment literature indicating, at the same time, a dialog that can be established. The issue morals ended emerging as a central theme resultant of the relationship study between Freud s and Schopenhauer s work where a possible dialog between them was established. The dissertation concerns, first of all, about identifying the historical and theoretical relationship between Freud s psychiatry and the philosophy of the will. After that, it was identified how each one of the authors elaborate, according to their code of speech, the base of the morality phenomenon. At last, the work indicates how the respective bases find some connection. The result, besides the contribution for each theory to understand the morals phenomenon, was the identification of crossing points many times responsible for the interpretative mistakes found in the comment literature.
A presente dissertação é fruto da constatação do número expressivo de referências acadêmicas relacionando a construção da obra de Freud a uma possível influência direta da obra de Schopenhauer. Através da investigação das relações existentes entre o filósofo de Dantzig e o psiquiatra vienense, o trabalho procurou explorar de que modo uma aproximação pode ser feita entre os dois; consistiu em apontar os equívocos decorrentes de muitas aproximações contidas na literatura de comentário, indicando, ao mesmo tempo, um espaço de diálogo que pode ser estabelecido. A temática moral acabou emergindo como tema central, resultante do estudo das relações entre a obra de Freud e de Schopenhauer, no qual foi estabelecido um possível diálogo entre os dois. A dissertação procurou, primeiramente, identificar as relações existentes, no âmbito histórico e teórico, entre a psicanálise freudiana e a filosofia da vontade. Em seguida, identificou-se como cada um dos autores elabora, dentro de seu código de discurso, a fundamentação do fenômeno da moralidade. E, por fim, o trabalho indicou em que medida as respectivas fundamentações encontram alguma interlocução. O resultado, além da contribuição de cada teoria para se entender o fenômeno moral, foi a identificação de pontos de entrecruzamento muitas vezes responsáveis pelos equívocos interpretativos encontrados na literatura de comentário.
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Banvoy, Jean-Charles. "La notion d'inconscient dans la philosophie d'Arthur Schopenhauer : pour une nouvelle interprétation du lien entre Schopenhauer et Freud." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0358.
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Suite aux travaux de François Félix (2007) et de Jean-Philippe Ravoux (2005, 2007) se pose la question de la nature et du rôle de la notion d’inconscient dans la philosophie d’Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). Cette problématique interne se double d’une question historique concernant le rapport de Schopenhauer à la psychanalyse freudienne. En effet, Schopenhauer est bien souvent associé – par des auteurs comme Clément Rosset ou Paul-Laurent Assoun – à cette première théorisation de l’inconscient. Freud lui-même le désignait comme l’un de ses précurseurs. D’où notre problématique : Schopenhauer peut-il véritablement être désigné comme l’un des précurseurs de Sigmund Freud ? Nous répondons à cette question en trois étapes. Dans un premier temps, en nous appuyant sur un relevé exhaustif de l’ensemble des passages dans lesquels cette notion apparaît, nous définissons et analysons de manière systématique le concept d’inconscient au sein de l’œuvre du philosophe. La seconde partie de cette thèse analyse la relation entre Schopenhauer et Freud. Nous cherchons ici à comparer le plus objectivement possible les conceptions schopenhauerienne et freudienne de l’inconscient, ainsi que de la pulsion, du refoulement, du ça, des rêves et de la folie. Enfin, poursuivant notre comparaison entre Schopenhauer et Freud, il s’agit pour nous de déterminer les points communs et les différences pouvant exister entre les conceptions schopenhauerienne et freudienne du sujet humainNot available
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Banvoy, Jean-Charles. "La notion d'inconscient dans la philosophie d'Arthur Schopenhauer : pour une nouvelle interprétation du lien entre Schopenhauer et Freud." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0358/document.
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Suite aux travaux de François Félix (2007) et de Jean-Philippe Ravoux (2005, 2007) se pose la question de la nature et du rôle de la notion d’inconscient dans la philosophie d’Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860). Cette problématique interne se double d’une question historique concernant le rapport de Schopenhauer à la psychanalyse freudienne. En effet, Schopenhauer est bien souvent associé – par des auteurs comme Clément Rosset ou Paul-Laurent Assoun – à cette première théorisation de l’inconscient. Freud lui-même le désignait comme l’un de ses précurseurs. D’où notre problématique : Schopenhauer peut-il véritablement être désigné comme l’un des précurseurs de Sigmund Freud ? Nous répondons à cette question en trois étapes. Dans un premier temps, en nous appuyant sur un relevé exhaustif de l’ensemble des passages dans lesquels cette notion apparaît, nous définissons et analysons de manière systématique le concept d’inconscient au sein de l’œuvre du philosophe. La seconde partie de cette thèse analyse la relation entre Schopenhauer et Freud. Nous cherchons ici à comparer le plus objectivement possible les conceptions schopenhauerienne et freudienne de l’inconscient, ainsi que de la pulsion, du refoulement, du ça, des rêves et de la folie. Enfin, poursuivant notre comparaison entre Schopenhauer et Freud, il s’agit pour nous de déterminer les points communs et les différences pouvant exister entre les conceptions schopenhauerienne et freudienne du sujet humainNot available
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Piza, Adriana Toledo. "A ética e seu lugar na natureza segundo S. Freud." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2010. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/4859.
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Previous issue date: 2010-09-16The Freudian conception of the unconscious is based on the idea that the human beings and the human actions are essentially determined by the instincts. This notion of instinct , taken from modern biology, refers to the idea that the movements or actions of living beings are designed by fixed patterns of behaviour transmitted genetically. Our research is an attempt to find out how, in such a context, the Freudian theories explain the ethical capacity of human beings, considering such a capacity as the ability of choosing between acting out or not acting out those so-called innate patterns of behaviour. Our analysis of the Freudian texts focuses on the principal shifts of the theories developed by him along his career, trying to point out how his conceptions establish the notion of the human action, as well as how this notion is articulated in the context of the natural sciences.
A noção freudiana do inconsciente baseia-se numa visão do homem e de suas ações como sendo inteiramente determinados pelo campo das pulsões, conceito que, por se inspirar na idéia de instinto tirada da biologia moderna, aparece profundamente marcado pela concepção da ação dos seres vivos como sendo determinada por padrões fixos de comportamento herdados geneticamente. Nossa pesquisa procura investigar como, em tal contexto teórico, as articulações freudianas explicam a capacidade ética do ser humano, entendendo esta última justamente como a capacidade de escolha entre atuar ou não atuar certas diretivas de ação supostamente originadas das necessidades vitais. Ao longo de uma análise dos textos de Freud, que se detém nos principais momentos do desenvolvimento de seu pensamento, procuramos circunscrever como sua teoria concebe a ação humana e como a insere no quadro das ciências naturais.
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Gourdon, Marie-Louise. "Contribution à l'histoire de la langue occitane : systèmes graphiques pour l'occitan (niçois - provençal - languedocien) 1881-1919 : itinéraires et travaux de A. L. Sardou, J. B. Calvino, L. Funel, A. Perbosc et P. Estieu." Nice, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997NICE2027.
Full textAbstract:
Nous avons tenté de comprendre selon quels processus et pour quelles motivations linguistiques, idéologiques et politiques, des chercheurs, écrivains, poètes ou grammairiens, dans une situation historique ou sociologique donnée, ont tenté de mettre au point une normalisation graphique de leur langue. La période concernée va de 1881 à 1919 et concerne le niçois, le provençal et le languedocien. Pour comprendre ces mécanismes subtils, nous avons étudié le cheminement de la réflexion et les travaux de cinq auteurs : A. L. Sardou et J. B. Calvino à Nice ; L. Funel, en Provence ; A. Perbosc et P. Estieu, pour le Languedoc. Ces démarches montrent toute l'importance que revêt, dans une dynamique de renaissance littéraire et linguistique, le choix d'un système graphique. Nous avons voulu montrer les enjeux qui accompagnent ces choix et qui expliquent l'ardeur et la combativité de ceux qui les créèrent ou les défendirent. A Nice, Sardou adapta la graphie félibréenne au niçois et Calvino y appliqua la graphie d’Honnorat ; ils soulevèrent une violente polémique avec les partisans de la graphie italienne. Funel mit au point un système graphique pour unifier les dialectes en collaboration avec Perbosc et Estieu. Ces derniers mirent au point, en 1919, un système qui servit de base à la graphie d'Alibert. Il apparait que la quête de la graphie originelle pour redonner une dignité à la langue, fut celle d'une graphie propre à l'occitan, indépendante d'autres systèmes, un choix qui relève chez certains comme Funel, d'une certaine forme de nationalisme. Le choix du code de transcription reflète les choix historiques, culturels, sociaux et politiques. Nous pensons que la graphie est l'image que l'utilisateur se fait de la langue. Son choix est révélateur des attentes et des motivations qui sont les siennes par rapport au statut qu'il veut lui conférerWe tried to understand depending on whether processes and for which linguistic, ideological and political motivations, the researchers, authors, poets or grammarians in a certain historical or sociological situation tempted to focus on a normalisation of their own method of writting their language. The concern period is from 1881 to 1919 and concern the "niçois", the "provencal" and the "languedocien". To understand those subtil mecanisms we hare studied the progress of thought and the work of five authors: A. L. Sardou and J. B. Calvino for Nice, L. Funel for Provence, A. Perbosc and P. Estieu for the Languedoc. These approaches show all the importance that put on the choice of a method of writting system in a dynamic of renaissance literary and linguistic. We wanted to show why they made such choices and that explain the fervour and the pugnacity of those who created them out or defend them. In "Nice" Sardou adaptated the "felibreenne" method of writting to "nicois" and Calvino fit to it the " Honnorat" method of writting. They provokated a drastic polemic with the followers of the italian method of writting. Funel set a system of method of writting to unify the dialects in collaboration with Perbosc and Estieu, who set themselves in 1919 a system that was the base for the Alibert method of writting. It occurs that the search for the primary method of writting to give a new dignity at the language, was the one a proper "occitan" method of writting, that was independant of any other systems. A choice which is, belong certain people as Funel, a kind of nationalism form. The choice of the transcription code is an indication of historical, cultural, social and political choices. We think that the method of writting is the expression that the users have about the language. This choice is the tell-tale of what they want and whatare their motivations regarding the status they want to confer to it
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Vallier, Elise. "Pour la défense des femmes : étude d’écrits d’Africaines-Américaines, de 1860 jusqu’au début des années 1920»." Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC0090/document.
Full textAbstract:
Au XIXème siècle et jusqu’au début du XXème siècle, les Africaines Américaines étaient exclues des codes de féminité américains, qui posaient en modèle la « femme victorienne ». Souvent jugées « immorales », elles étaient la cible de nombreuses critiques, notamment dans la presse. Au tournant du siècle, lorsque le modèle victorien laissa peu à peu la place à celui de la « nouvelle femme », les Africaines Américaines continuèrent à revendiquer leur statut de femmes et redéfinirent ce que signifiait être une femme noire aux États-Unis.Nous avons voulu étudier la façon dont certaines activistes, membres de clubs de femmes et intellectuelles appartenant à la classe moyenne et supérieure, envisageaient leur identité de femmes entre le début des années 1860 et le début des années 1920. Cette étude s’appuie sur leurs récits de vie, tels que leurs autobiographies, journaux intimes, correspondance, ainsi que sur leurs discours, essais, et articles parus dans la presse.Le but de cette thèse est d’analyser les attitudes et les stratégies adoptées par ces femmes pour défendre l’image de la femme noire aux États-Unis, à une période charnière de l’histoire américaine. Cette biographie collective examine tout particulièrement la vie et la pensée de quatre activistes majeures de cette période: Fannie Barrier Williams (1855-1944), Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862-1931), dont la voix s’éleva contre le lynchage, Mary Church Terrell (1863-1954), et Anna Julia Cooper (1858-1964), qui fut l’une des premières féministes noires américainesIn the nineteenth century, African American women’s womanhood was denied and constantly under attack. After emancipation (1865), they crafted their own definition of what it meant to be a woman of color in the United States. At the turn of the century, as Victorianism was gradually yielding ground, the model of the modern, “new woman” emerged. In this context, African American women went on redefining the meaning of black womanhood. This dissertation examines how some African American women activists, clubwomen and intellectuals belonging to the middle and upper-classes reflected upon being a woman and asserted their womanhood between the 1860s and the early 1920s.This study analyzes the attitudes and strategies they adopted, in their life writings, – such as their autobiographies, diaries and letters – their articles, essays and speeches and in their club work, to defend the image of women of color in the rapidly changing society of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This dissertation also explores the importance of the notions of region and nation in the definition of womanhood. This interpretive collective biography particularly examines the lives and thoughts of four major activists of the time period: Fannie Barrier Williams (1855-1944), Ida B. Wells-Barnett (1862-1931), the famous crusader against lynching, Mary Church Terrell (1863-1954), and Anna Julia Cooper (1858-1964), one of the first black feminists in America
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Ferguson, Susanna. "Tracing Tarbiya: Women, Education, and Childrearing in Lebanon and Egypt, 1860-1939." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-f5xq-7w92.
Full textAbstract:
“Tracing Tarbiya” is a feminist conceptual history of education and upbringing as they were articulated by intellectuals writing in Arabic between the last decades of the Ottoman Empire and the outbreak of the second World War. It focuses on women writers raised in the educational crucible of Beirut and Mount Lebanon who moved to Cairo and Alexandria around 1900 to become theorists of tarbiya, an old Arabic word for cultivation and upbringing that came in the nineteenth century to refer to new structures of formal schooling, new pedagogies, and the feminized labor of childrearing, moral cultivation, and subject formation in the home. Through the work of these writers and others, the concept of tarbiya moved across gender, geography, and sect to enable new political imaginaries: upbringing became the way to shape men and women fit for representative politics, to produce an Arab world capable of facing rising European power, and to refashion Muslim, Christian, and European intellectual traditions for a new age.
"Tracing Tarbiya" makes three main arguments. First, while scholars have highlighted the ongoing importance of affective and embodied practices of subject cultivation within the Islamic tradition, this story shows how new pedagogies based around affect and embodiment captivated both Christians and Muslims between 1860 and 1939. Second, this work traces the ongoing power of discourses about motherhood and childrearing to show how writers in Beirut, Cairo, and Alexandria came to identify tarbiya as the foundation of successful reform, making women, children, and the family into a primary site for political argument and action. Finally, “Tracing Tarbiya” puts gendered discourses about upbringing at the center of the history of representative governance in the Arab world, proposing that a non-Western political concept might help us to better understand the disjuncture between the promises of representative democracy and its actual outcomes in Egypt, Lebanon, and beyond. By adopting conceptual history methods, it shows how debates about tarbiya identified women's capabilities as childraisers as a way to bridge two contradictions central to actualizing liberal political ideals: first, the contradiction between legal equality and human difference, and second, the tension between the promises of mass politics and the desires of reformist elites.