Academic literature on the topic '1864-1965'

Taxonomic notes are provided in some Acanthoderini genera. Three new species are described: Scythropopsis intricata Santos-Silva, Botero and Wappes from Mexico, Aegomorphus robustus Santos-Silva, Botero and Wappes and Eupromerella boliviana Santos-Silva, Botero and Wappes from Bolivia. The following synonymies are proposed: Psapharochrus Thomson, 1864 as synonym of Aegomorphus Haldeman, 1847; Acanthoderes (Psapharochrus) albomaculatus Fuchs, 1963 and Acanthoderes griseomaculata Zajciw, 1971 as synonyms of Symperasmus alboniger (Bates, 1861); Pteridotelus contaminatus Thomson, 1865 as synonym of Scythropopsis melanostictica (White, 1855); Psapharochrus jameswappesi Tavakilian, 2018 as synonym of Aegomorphus wappesi (Galileo, Martins & Santos-Silva, 2015); and Psapharochrus histrio Casey, 1913 and Psapharochrus guatemalensis Casey, 1913 as synonyms of Aegomorphus circumflexus (Jacquelin du Val, 1857). Acanthoderus circumflexus Jacquelin DuVal, 1857 is proposed as nomen protectum and Acanthocinus rusticus Klug, 1829 as nomen oblitum. Aegomorphus contaminatus (Thomson, 1965) is revalidated. Scythropopsis Thomson, 1864 and Symperasmus Thomson, 1864 are herein elevated to genus rank. The geographical distribution of ten species is expanded and a key to differentiate Acanthoderes, Aegomorphus, Scythropopsis, and Symperasmus is provided.

The following new taxonomic and nomenclatural acts are provided: New revalidated name: the name nagaoiNakane 1983 is resurrected from the synonymy of A. maculifer Saunders 1873 as a valid specific name of Agrilusnagaoi. New synonyms: 47 new synonyms are proposed in the genus Agrilus: annoi Baudon, 1968 (synonym ofnavarrei Baudon, 1965); biasoni Baudon, 1968 (synonym of shaumaae Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963);brigitteae Baudon, 1968 (synonym of cochinchinae Obenberger, 1924); canidius Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963(synonym of coloratus Kerremans, 1894); champasak Jendek, 2000 (synonym of ardoini Descarpentries &Villiers, 1963); chounramanyi Baudon, 1965 (synonym of auripilis Deyrolle, 1864); cuneatus Jendek, 2009(synonym of palii Baudon, 1968); damoiselli Baudon, 1968 (synonym of sikkimensis Obenberger, 1928); deuveiBaudon, 1965 (synonym of perlisensis Fisher, 1936); emeritus Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963 (synonym ofperlisensis Fisher, 1936); favieri Baudon, 1961 (synonym of cochinchinae Obenberger, 1924); forquerayi Baudon,1968 (synonym of inops Kerremans, 1892); gagneuxi Baudon, 1968 (synonym of beatissimus Descarpentries &Villiers, 1963); gardneri Théry, 1928 (synonym of mixtus Kerremans, 1892); giraudi Baudon, 1965 (synonym ofbirmanicus Kerremans, 1892); goichetae Baudon, 1965 (synonym of rivalieri Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963);gouyei Baudon, 1965 (synonym of inops Kerremans, 1892); haniquei Baudon, 1965 (synonym of weyersiKerremans, 1900); jarrensis Baudon, 1968 (synonym of coloratus Kerremans, 1894); kandyanus Théry, 1904(synonym of repercussus Kerremans, 1893); korbi Abeille de Perrin, 1897 (synonym of auricollis Kiesenwetter,1857); laurenconi Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963 (synonym of auroapicalis Kurosawa, 1957); lebisiDescarpentries & Villiers, 1963 (synonym of ardoini Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963); legrosi Descarpentries &Villiers, 1963 (synonym of tsacasi Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963); leguayi Baudon, 1965 (synonym of simplexKerremans, 1894); lessei Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963 (synonym of colasi Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963);lindryi Baudon, 1968 (synonym of loupyi Baudon, 1968); lloydae Baudon, 1968 (synonym of miwai Obenberger,1936); lukesi Obenberger, 1936 (synonym of modicus Kerremans, 1892); minusculus Marseul, 1866 (synonym ofotiosus Say, 1833); morelae Baudon, 1968 (synonym of milo Obenberger, 1936); moreli Baudon, 1968 (synonymof coomani Bourgoin, 1925); mouricouae Baudon, 1965 (synonym of inops Kerremans, 1892); nginni Baudon,1968 (synonym of cochinchinae Obenberger, 1924); parizotae Baudon, 1968 (synonym of syrphus Descarpentries& Villiers, 1963); roscidulus Abeille de Perrin, 1897 (synonym of elegans Mulsant & Rey, 1863); rousselataeBaudon, 1968 (synonym of lacroixi Obenberger, 1936); ruteri Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963 (synonym ofjarrigei Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963); samyi Baudon, 1968 (synonym of suturaalba Deyrolle, 1864);sedonensis Baudon, 1968 (synonym of sommailae Baudon, 1965); siva Obenberger, 1916 (synonym of repercussusKerremans, 1893); souvannavongsi Baudon, 1968 (synonym of perlisensis Fisher, 1936); syrdarjensis Obenberger,1928 (synonym of vaginalis Abeille de Perrin, 1897); theodasi Baudon, 1968 (synonym of simoninaeDescarpentries & Villiers, 1963); thevadensis Baudon, 1968 (synonym of truncatipennis Descarpentries & Villiers,1967); tokatensis Obenberger, 1924 (synonym of auricollis Kiesenwetter, 1857); ukrainensis Obenberger, 1936(synonym of croaticus Abeille de Perrin, 1897).Lectotype designations: 43 lectotype designations are proposed (types are cited in the original combination and rank):Agrilus ambiguus Kerremans, 1895; A. amphion Obenberger, 1935; A. ampliatus Kerremans, 1900; A. anachlorusObenberger, 1924; A. angustulus variety bicoloratus Abeille de Perrin, 1893; A. atomus Kerremans, 1914; A. atratulus Obenberger, 1924; A. balnearis Kerremans, 1914; A. belides Obenberger, 1936; A. brahma Obenberger, 1916; A.

The Alycaeinae Blanford, 1864 (Gastropoda: Cyclophoridae) is a species-rich group of caenogastropod land snails distributed mainly in Southeast Asia (Kobelt 1902). The Madagascan endemic Boucardicus Fischer-Piette & Bedoucha, 1965 has also been classified in the Alycaeinae (Emberton 2002). The Asian species of Alycaeinae are characterized by a sutural tube on the last whorl that is closed at its posterior end, but is connected to the outside by radial microtunnels opening near the umbilicus. This device is hypothesized to allow gas exchange when the animal is retracted and the operculum seals the shell aperture (Páll-Gergely et al. 2016).

A study of the species of the tribe Acanthoderini (Coleoptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae) described by Ernst Fuchs and deposited in the Herbert Schmid private collection is presented. Four new synonyms are established: Acanthoderes (Psapharochrus) curvistriatus Tippmann, 1960 = Acanthoderes (Psapharochrus) griseofasciata Fuchs, 1958; Acanthoderes (Psapharochrus) minuta Fuchs, 1958 = Idiomerus difficilis Melzer, 1934; Acanthoderes (Psapharochrus) sexmaculatus Fuchs, 1961 = Acanthoderes schmithi Melzer, 1935; and Sorelia cervina Lane, 1965 = Oreodera ferruginea Fuchs, 1964. Two new combinations are proposed: Oreodera hassenteufeli (Fuchs, 1958) from Acanthoderes (Pasapharochrus) and Sorelia ferruginea (Fuchs, 1964) from Oreodera. Acanthoderes (Psapharochrus) virescens Fuchs, 1962 is transferred to the subgenus Scythropopsis Thomson, 1864. Notes on the type-material and the geographical distribution are added for each species.

The newly defined Agrilus adonis species-group comprising thirty taxa from Southeast Asia is revised based on the examination of type specimens. The taxonomic concept and distribution of all known taxa is reexamined for the first time since they were described. The complete commented bibliographic data are given for each name. The key to species is provided and complemented with illustration of habitus and genitalia. Images of all primary types are also included. The distribution of selected species is shown on maps. The following sixteen new species are described: Agrilus acrobeles sp. nov.; A. bunsu sp. nov.; A. cechovskyi sp. nov.; A. curiosus sp. nov.; A. garo sp. nov.; A. iban sp. nov.; A. jakli sp. nov.; A. kuchingi sp. nov.; A. lembik sp. nov.; A. meratus sp. nov.; A. orangulu sp. nov.; A. serratus sp. nov.; A. strbai sp. nov.; A. upsilon sp. nov.; A. vir sp. nov. and A. xiphos sp. nov.. The name emeritus Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963 is removed from the synonymy of Agrilus perlisensis Fisher 1936 and revalidated as the name for species A. emeritus Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963. Nine new synonyms are proposed: Agrilus adonis Deyrolle, 1864 (= A. perlisensis Fisher, 1936 syn. nov. = A. testor Kerremnas, 1900 syn. nov.); A. emeritus Descarpentries & Villiers, 1963 (= A. deuvei Baudon, 1965 syn. nov. = A. souvannavongsi Baudon, 1968 syn. nov.); A. famulus Kerremans, 1900 (= A. convergens Fisher, 1930 syn. nov. = A. japanensis Obenberger, 1935 syn. nov.); A. insularis Deyrolle, 1864 (= A. nigrocyaneus Deyrolle, 1864 syn. nov. = A. falsulus Obenberger, 1924 syn. nov.); A. malasicus Fisher, 1930 (=A. bettotanus Fisher, 1930 syn. nov.). Some of those names were already treated as invalid ones but in the synonymy of different species. Their taxonomic history is recognizable from commented references cited at each name.

The external morphology and internal oral features of Physalaemus fuscomaculatus (Steindachner, 1864) tadpoles are described and compared with other species in the Physalalemus biligonigerus group (Lynch, 1970). Tadpoles of P. fuscomaculatus have a morphology similar to other species within this group and closely resemble those of P. santafecinus Barrio, 1965 and P. biligonigerus (Cope, 1861). The tadpole of P. fuscomaculatus differs from those of the biligonigerus group by the following characters: i) proportionally shorter tail compared to total length, ii) presence of two narrow ventral gaps on marginal papillae of the oral disc; iii) upper jaw sheath Mshaped; iv) presence of two lingual papillae; v) two to three prepocket papillae, and vi) three to five pustulations anterior to each buccal pocket. This is the first record of Physalaemus fuscomaculatus in southeastern Brazil.

The results of an extensive examination of northeast Pacific muricid gastropods ranging from Aleutian Islands, Alaska, to mid-Baja California, is presented. Two new genera and 26 new species are described: In Pagodulinae: Abyssotrophon fusiformis n. sp., A. newmani n. sp., Boreotrophon cascadiensis n. sp., B. cordellensis n. sp., B. cortesianus n. sp., B. obesus n. sp., B. subapolyonis n. sp., B. vancouverensis n. sp., B. aleuticus n. sp., B. pseudotripherus n. sp., B. santarosensis n. sp., B. tannerensis n. sp. In Trophoninae: Warenia, n. gen., Scabrotrophon buldirensis n. sp, S. kantori n. sp., S. lima n. sp., S. macleani n. sp., S. moresbyensis n. sp., S. norafosterae n. sp., S. trifidus n. sp., Nipponotrophon exquisitus n. sp. In Ocenebrinae: Paciocinebrina n. gen., Nucella angustior n. sp., Paciocinebrina benitoensis n. sp., P. macleani n. sp., P. neobarbarensis n. sp., P. pseudomunda n. sp., P. thelmacrowae n. sp. New synonymy: Boreotrophon kamchatkanus Dall, 1902 (+ Trophonopsis nanus Ergorov, 1994); Paciocinebrina atropurpurea (Carpenter, 1865) (+ Tritonalia interfossa var. clathrata Dall, 1919, Ocinebra rubra Baker, 1891, Tritonalia tracheia Dall, 1919); P. barbarensis (Gabb, 1865) (+ Tritonalia interfossa var. beta Dall, 1919, Ocenebra keenae Bormann, 1946); P. circumtexta (Stearns, 1871) (+ Ocinebra circumtexta var. aurantia Stearns, 1895, Tritonalia circumtexta var. citrica Dall, 1919, Tritonalia lurida var. rotunda Dall, 1919); P. foveolata (Hinds, 1844) (+Tritonalia epiphanea Dall, 1919, Tritonalia fusconotata Dall, 1919); P. gracillima (Stearns, 1871) (+ Tritonalia gracillima var. obesa Dall, 1919, Ocinebra stearnsi Hemphill, 1911); P. interfossa (Carpenter, 1864) (+ Tritonalia interfossa alpha Dall, 1921); P. lurida (Middendorff, 1848) (+ Vitularia aspera Baird, 1863), P. sclera (Dall, 1919) (+ Coralliophila (Pseudomurex) kincaidi Dall, 1919). Generic assignments are changed for the following taxa: Boreotrophon kamchatkanus Dall, 1902; Warenia elegantula (Dall, 1907); Scabrotrophon stuarti (E.A. Smith, 1880); Paciocinebrina atropurpurea (Carpenter, 1865), P. barbarensis (Gabb, 1865), P. circumtexta (Stearns, 1871), P. crispatissima (Berry, 1953), P. foveolata (Hinds, 1844), P. fraseri (Oldroyd, 1920), P. gracillima (Stearns, 1871), P. grippi (Dall, 1911), P. interfossa (Carpenter, 1864), P. lurida (Middendorff, 1848), P. minor (Dall, 1919), P. munda (Carpenter, 1864), P. seftoni (Chace, 1958), P. sclera (Dall, 1919). Boreotrophon alborostratus Taki, 1938, is reinstated. Abyssotrophon Egorov, 1993 and Nodulotrophon Habe & Ito, 1965 are here assigned to Pagodulinae Barco et al., 2012, based on radula morphology.

From the consolidation of the Queensland Police in 1864 until 1931 there were no women in the force, despite the appointment of policewomen in all other Australian states during World War One. The election of a woman MP gave leverage to the action taken by women's groups, and two policewomen were eventually appointed in the face of union opposition and a resistant police administration. Social upheaval in Brisbane during World War Two allowed for an increase in numbers and formal organisation into a Police Women Section. Full powers were achieved in 1965, although women remained in an extremely restricted role. In terms of the aspirations of the women police movement, the establishment of women in the Queensland Police was a pyrrhic victory. Their limited numbers and separate establishment confirmed their marginal and inferior status. This study highlights the contradictory effects of the employment of women police, including the problematic nature of the use of women to police their own gender. At the policy level, the study demonstrates the need for strong anti-discrimination legislation to curb the destructive effects of discretionary decision making in employment, particularly in male dominated fields such as policing. It also confirms dominant themes identified in the development of women police in other countries. Dogged resistance forced women to resort to a variety of adaptive strategies, and made for a slow and complex process of infiltration of police ranks.

The list of all known locality and host records from the literature on louse flies from Slovakia are summarized, with the addition of new collection data. New locality data are provided for five species. Three species are added to the Slovakian list: Icostaminor (Bigot in Thomson, 1858), which was erroneously cited for Moravia instead of Slovakia in the previous checklist, and Ornithophilametallica (Schiner, 1864) and Ornithomyachloropus (Bergroth, 1901), which were overlooked from the last checklist. As a result, the louse fly fauna of Slovakia increases to 19 species: 12 autochtonous species and seven rare, non-native species only occasionally imported to Slovakia or migrating to the country with their hosts. This is by far the largest regional fauna of Hippoboscidae in Central Europe, and matches the richest southern European faunas. In total, 78 host-parasite associations concerning 46 bird-host species from eight orders and nine species of mammals, including humans, have been found from a literature review in Slovakia. Two host-parasite associations are reported from Slovakia for the first time: Ornithomyaavicularia (Linnaeus, 1758) on Prunellamodularis (Linnaeus, 1758) (Aves: Prunellidae) and Lipoptenafortisetosa Maa, 1965 on Homosapiens Linnaeus, 1758 (Mammalia: Hominidae).

The ArgumentErnst Cassirer's fundamental conception of symbolism (symbolic pregnance) derives from what may be called a bio-medical model of semiotics, not a linguistic one. He employs both models in his philosophy of symbolic forms, but his notion of the “prototype and model of symbolism” was not derived from linguistics. The sources for his conception of symbolism include the ethnographic and anthropological literature he discovered in Aby Warburg's (1866–1929) Hamburg research library, findings of medical research on aphasia and related conditions, particularly the work of Kurt Goldstein (1878–1965) and the theoretical biology of Jacob von Uexküll (1864–1944). The linguistic model of semiotics regards the bond between the signifier and the signified as purely arbitrary and conventional, but Cassirer traced meaning back to a “natural symbolism” of image-like configurations in bodily feeling and perception. In this way, his doctrine of symbolism assumed a form that undercut the distinction between philosophical Naturalism and Idealism. This helps to explain why in later years Cassirer developed his theory of Basic Phenomena. Cassirer's notion of the “prototype and model of symbolism” illustrates his method of thought, which eschews pure argument in favor of interaction with empirical research.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronegócios, 2013.
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O presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender como se deu o conflito entre duas diferentes lógicas econômicas sobre o crédito rural no período que vai de 1965 a 1990 e quais pressupostos sustentavam a busca de legitimidade dessas lógicas e o consequente controle sobre as diretrizes da política do crédito rural. Adotou-se como referencial teórico elementos da Teoria Geral dos Campos de Pierre Bourdieu conjugado com proposições de Max Weber sobre racionalidade da gestão econômica. Este procedimento foi possível pela ênfase que os autores dão a questão dos conflitos entre interesses antagônicos dos agentes sociais. Isto permitiu propor a explicação do SNCR como uma proposta política de modernização do setor agrícola brasileiro que tem a origem de seus conflitos e disputas em um antagonismo de interesses construídos sobre diferentes percepções econômicas. Este estudo adota a pesquisa documental e bibliográfica e entrevistas presenciais semiestruturadas como procedimento analítico. Tratamos basicamente das duas principais “crenças econômicas” no crédito rural como sendo derivadas de diferentes padrões de racionalidade econômica. Estas geram lógicas de atuação, ou estratégias, de disputa sobre a forma e finalidade do financiamento que seguiu a trajetória prescrita por Max Weber, no sentido do desenrolar histórico ser na direção de uma gradual racionalização formal em detrimento das expectativas dos agentes valorativos, submetidos as forças mais amplas da política econômica nacional, situação típica de sociedades modernas. A análise ressalta uma oposição previsível entre, de um lado, os agentes portadores de uma racionalidade formal ligados às autoridades monetárias controladoras das fontes de recursos da política de crédito. Por isso conseguiam submeter o SNCR as diretrizes da política macroeconômica tornando o crédito rural um subcampo extremamente susceptível as conjunturas macroeconômicas. A força e legitimidade dos “formalistas” derivavam dos argumentos técnicos de cunho fiscal e monetário. São os indivíduos ligados a esse grupo que conseguiram predominância dentro do BB e transitaram com maior facilidade entre governo e banco, tornando os funcionários “valorativos” quadros anacrônicos da instituição. De outro lado, os agentes mais valorativos orbitavam em torno da política agrícola, principalmente, as organizações ruralistas que formavam grupos de pressão junto aos parlamentares ligados ao setor, que se utilizavam de maneira geral a noção de serviço público para manter as características econômicas do crédito rural. Nesse mercado representavam o papel de demandantes. ______________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
This study aims to understand how was the conflict between two different economic logics of rural credit in the period from 1965 to 1990 and assumptions which supported the search for legitimacy of logical and consequent control over policy guidelines for rural credit. It was adopted as theoretical elements of the General Theory of Fields of Pierre Bourdieu conjunction with Max Weber's propositions about rationality of economic management. This procedure was made possible by the emphasis that the authors give the issue of conflicts between antagonistic interests of social agents. This allowed propose the explanation of SNCR as a policy proposal to modernize the Brazilian agricultural sector which has the origin of conflicts and disputes in an antagonism of interests built on different economic perceptions. This study adopts the bibliographic and documentary research and semi-structured face to face interviews as analytical procedure. We deal basically the two main "economic beliefs" in rural credit as being derived from different patterns of economic rationality. These generate logics of action or strategies of dispute over the shape and purpose of the funding that followed the path prescribed by Max Weber, in the sense of unfolding history is toward a gradual rationalization rather formal agents' expectations evaluative, submitted the broader forces of national economic policy, a situation typical of modern societies. The analysis highlights a predictable opposition between; on the one hand, agents bearing a formal rationality linked monetary authorities controlling the sources of funds of the credit policy. So could submit the SNCR guidelines macroeconomic policy making rural credit a subfield extremely susceptible to macroeconomic conjunctures. The strength and legitimacy of the "formalist" derived from technical arguments of fiscal and monetary nature. Individuals are connected to this group who managed predominance within the BB and moved with ease between government and bank officials making "evaluative" frames anachronistic institution. On the other hand, the agents more evaluative orbited agricultural policy, especially ruralists organizations that formed pressure groups together parliamentarians linked to the sector, which used to be the general notion of public service to keep the economic characteristics of rural credit. In this market accounted for the role of plaintiff.

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Weber, como perceberemos mais tarde, assumiu como desafio a tentativa de apontar um resgate para a possível corrosão da política na modernidade, pois em uma época histórica marcada pela percepção de empreendimento, constitui-se uma dificuldade fazer com que a política assuma a característica de vocação. Buber assumirá a importância para a compreensão de um viés para o agir oriundo de uma outra vertente interpretativa da política, distinta dos traços clássicos da modernidade ocidental, contribuindo decisivamente para a elaboração da decisão ética firmada em uma transcendência alicerçada na mística judaica e no humanismo hebraico. Quais seriam então as condições para a política assumir uma relação digna com a ética, em uma era marcada pela desvalorização de todos os valores? Ou em uma concepção Iluminista, como doar à política a possibilidade de retomar o princípio da emancipação dentro da própria eficácia, incorporando a necessidade do “responder ético” em relação à face do outro? Questões como as apontadas acima são os alicerces que motivaram esta pesquisa.
Weber, as we will perceive later, assumed as challenge the attempt to point a rescue with respect to the possible corrosion of the politics in modernity, therefore at a historical time marked by the enterprise perception, a difficulty consists to make with that the politics assumes the vocation characteristic. Buber will assume the importance for the understanding of a bias it to act deriving of one another interpretative source of the politics, distinct of the classic traces of modernity occidental person, contributing decisively for the elaboration of the firmed ethical decision in a valor religious in the Jewish mistic and the Hebrew humanism. Which would be then the conditions it politics to assume a worthy relation with the ethics, in an age marked for the depreciation of all the values? Or in an enlightenment of conception, as to donate to the politics the possibility to inside retake the principle of the emancipation of the proper effectiveness, incorporating the necessity of “answering ethical” in relation to the face of the other? Questions as the pointed ones above are the foundations that had motivated this research.

Cette thèse retrace la façon dont l’opposition légitimité/légalité s’est articulée dans les débats constitutionnels de la république de Weimar. Elle prend comme point de départ les thèses de Max Weber exposées dans « Économie et société ». Elle examine ensuite la déformation du vocabulaire wébérien par le juriste Carl Schmitt. Alors que Weber envisage la légitimité comme un critère taxinomique, Carl Schmitt veut expliquer l’échec de Weimar comme une disjonction de la légitimité et de la légalité. À une légalité vide et fonctionnalisée s’oppose une légitimité substantielle et supra-légale. En 1932, alors que le régime de Weimar paraît paralysé, la dichotomie légalité/légitimité se change, aux yeux de Schmitt, en une alternative impérieuse : autodestruction ou sauvegarde de l’État? Réexaminant la relation légalité/légitimité, le jeune Otto Kirchheimer va refuser cette alternative, en montrant comment elle participe d’un projet de démantèlement de l’ordre républicain
This dissertation examines how the antinomy between legality and legitimacy evolved within the constitutional controversies of the Weimar Republic. The investigation starts with Max Weber’s concept of legitimacy as it is conveyed in « Economy and society ». It then analyses how Carl Schmitt deformed Weber’s sociological theses. While Weber only conceived legitimacy as a classificatory landmark, Schmitt explained Weimar’s constitutional failure in regards to a divorce between legality and legitimacy. He opposed a substantial and supra-legal legitimacy to a strictly functional legality. In 1932, as the regime ran into a deadlock, the dichotomy of legality and legitimacy, according to Schmitt, became an inescapable alternative: either self-destruction or protection of the State. Revisiting the link between legality and legitimacy, the young Otto Kirchheimer later rejected this false alternative by pointing out how it actually works in authoritarian projects