Journal articles on the topic '1865-1924'

AbstractIn soil, moss and freshwater habitats of tropical forests in Costa Rica, 20 mononch species were found. Two are described as new species. Mononchus laminatus n. sp. (L = 1.5-1.9 mm, buccal capsule 29-31 × 11-14 μm, c′ = 3.6-4.9, similar to M. aquaticus but with a subventral lamina present in anterior part of buccal cavity, and amphid aperture posterior to the dorsal tooth) and Miconchus gomezi n. sp. (similar to M. digiturus, but with slender body, vulva cuticularised and with a reduced posterior genital branch). The known species are redescribed, the well-known ones briefly, the less known more extensively. Brazilian and Costa Rican specimens of Paracrassibucca paucidentata Lordello, 1970 were studied and a lectotype has been designated. The other species found are: Mononchus truncatus Bastian, 1865; M. aquaticus Coetzee, 1968; M. tunbridgensis Bastian, 1865; Coomansus parvus (de Man, 1880); Coomansus sp. (C. zschokkei-group); Prionchulus muscorum (Dujardin, 1845); P.punctatus Cobb, 1917; Cobbonchus coetzeeae Andrássy, 1970; Mylonchulus contractus Jairajpuri, 1970; M. hawaiiensis (Cassidy, 1931); M. obtusicaudatus (von Daday, 1899); M. parabrachyuris (Thorne, 1924); M. sigmaturus Cobb, 1917; Mulveyellus monhystera (Cobb, 1917); Iotonchus tenuidentatus (Kreis, 1924); I. trichurus Cobb, 1917 and Miconchus digiturus (Cobb, 1893).

We review and update species of Coenagrion recorded from China, including distributional information. A key to the males is provided including figures of the genital ligula and caudal appendages. A distributional record of Coenagrion armatum is excluded from China. Coenagrion bifurcatum Zhu & Ou-yan, 2000, is assigned as a junior synonym of Coenagrion johanssoni (Wallengren, 1894). Coenagrion chusanicum Navás, 1933 is assigned as a junior synonym of Paracercion hieroglyphicum (Brauer, 1865). Coenagrion dorothea Fraser, 1924 is newly combined as Paracercion dorothea (Fraser, 1924) comb. nov. Coenagrion impar Needham, 1930 and Cercion yunnanensis Zhu & Han, 2000 are both treated as junior synonyms of Paracercion dorothea. Coenagrion holdereri (Förster, 1900) is redescribed here based on fresh specimens.

Впервые в России академик Николай Павлович Кравков (1865 – 1924) – основоположник отечественной фармакологии — стал разрабатывать проблему зависимости действия лекарственных средств от их химической структуры. С помощью метода изолированных органов животных Н. П. Кравков установил ряд закономерностей в изменении фармакологических эффектов (силы и характера действия, токсичности) в ряду снотворных средств, наркотических анальгетиков, сердечных гликозидов, алкоголей при усложнении их химической структуры введением в нее различных радикалов или увеличением числа углеродных атомов. В настоящее время работы ученого в этом направлении стали теоретической основой поиска новых лекарственных средств.

The article reviews the life and work of an outstanding Russian pharmacologist Professor Nikolai Kravkov (1865–1924). Among his many scientific achievements, he worked on an extract from the pancreas of animals in the early 1920s and was successful in isolating the internal secretion, which he named “pancreotoxine.” This reduced blood glucose levels in animals and diabetic humans. Kravkov’s work on the isolation of pancreotoxine was going on coincidentally with F. Banting’s and C. Best’s research of insulin, but their methods of isolation of the hormone were quite different.

Ochralea was described by Clark in 1865 for a very large Oriental galerucine with elongate basal metatarsomeres. Subsequently, nigh more species were described in this genus. It was synonymised with Monolepta by Weise in the Catalogue to the Galerucinae in 1924, and accepted as such by most subsequent authors. Whilst revising the type species of Monolepta, M. bioculata (Fabricius, 1781), it became clear that Ochralea was a distinct genus. The revalidation and redescription of this genus, containing two valid species, is here proposed. Ochralea nigripes (Olivier, 1808) has one recognised junior synonym and Ochralea nigricornis Clark, 1865, and two new synonyms Ochralea pectoralis Harold, 1880 syn. nov. and Monolepta erythromelas Weise, 1922 syn. nov. This species is abundant and widely distributed in south-east Asia from Bengalia and Bangladesh to southern China, the Philippines and Sulawesi. Ochralea wangkliana (Mohamedsaid, 2005) comb. nov., is only known from a few specimens collected around Wang Kelian Perlis, Malaysia. Redescriptions of the genus and the two species are given, including illustrations of external and genital characters, and a distribution map.

The Monniot collection of copepods associated with ascidian hosts was built up over several decades of field collecting and taxonomic research on ascidians by Drs Claude & Françoise Monniot (MNHN, Paris). This paper describes a total of 84 new species of copepods collected from ascidian hosts and five new genera are established. Prior to this study the family Ascidicolidae comprised two genera accommodating five valid species; here we add two new genera, Hamistyelicola gen. nov. and Bathycopola gen. nov., and eight new species in total. The family Buproridae comprised a single genus consisting of three species; here we add a new monotypic genus, Buprorides gen. nov. The family Botryllophilidae comprised 68 valid species in seven genera and here we add 45 new species; 13 of Botryllophilus Hesse, 1864, nine of Schizoproctus Aurivillius, 1885, three of Haplostomides Chatton & Harant, 1924, 12 of Haplostoma Chatton & Harant, 1924, seven of Haplostomella Chatton & Harant, 1924 and a single new species of Haplosaccus Chatton & Harant, 1924. The Enteropsidae comprised 42 species in five genera and here we add two new genera, Monnioticopa gen. nov. and Periboia gen. nov., plus a total of 30 new species; 15 of Enterocola van Beneden, 1860, two of Enterocolides Chatton & Harant, 1922, five of Enteropsis C.W.S. Aurivillius, 1885, five of Monnioticopa gen. nov., two of Mychophilus Hesse, 1865, plus the type species of Periboia gen. nov. Generic diagnoses are provided for all genera represented in the collection. A further 13 known species are also reported and brief supplementary descriptive notes or full redescriptions are provided, as appropriate.

To date, 13 amphipod species [Dikerogammarus haemobaphes(Eichwald, 1841); D. istanbulensis Özbek & Özkan, 2011; D. gruberi Mateus & Mateus, 1990; Echinogammarus ischnusStebbing, 1899; Pontogammarus robustoides (Sars, 1894); P. maeoticus(Sowinsky, 1894); P. aestuarius(Derzhavin, 1924); Obesogammarus turcarum Stock, 1974; Amathillina cristata Sars, 1894; Chelicorophium curvispinum Sars, 1895; C. maeoticum(Sowinsky, 1898); C. robustum Sars, 1895 and Orchestia cavimana Heller, 1865] were reported from Turkey as the representatives of Ponto-Caspian amphipod fauna. Previous records and current distributional patterns of Ponto-Caspian amphipod crustaceans in Turkish inland waters were investigated. Three new localities were revealed as one of the southernmost points in distributional area of Pontogammarus robustoides (Sars, 1894).

An annotated checklist of the superfamily Bombycoidea (Lepidoptera) of Bhutan is given, including three taxa of the family Bombycidae, two of Brahmaeidae, four of Endromidae, 12 of Eupterotidae, 37 of Saturniidae, and 93 of Sphingidae. Among these, 14 taxa are new records for the country: two Bombycidae (Penicillifera apicalis (Walker, 1862) and Trilocha varians (Moore, 1855)), two Endromidae (Mustilizans hepatica (Moore, 1879) and Comparmustilia sphingiformis (Moore, 1879)), three Saturniidae (Saturnia cidosa Moore, 1865, Loepa sikkima (Moore, [1866]), and Salassa thespis (Leech, 1890)), and seven Sphingidae (Rhodoprasina floralis (Butler, 1876), Amplypterus mansoni mansoni (Clark, 1924), Acosmerycoides harterti (Rothschild, 1895), Hippotion celerio (Linnaeus, 1758), Theretra tibetiana Vaglia & Haxaire, 2010, T. silhetensis silhetensis (Walker, 1856), and Cechenena helops helops (Walker, 1856)).

Quimsacocha National Recreation Area is located on the western slope of the Andes in Azuay Province, southern Ecuador. All sampling locations were in the high paramo and high Andean forests (3,572 to 3,865 m). The habitats include paramo, bogs, riparian, patches of elfin forests, and secondary cloud forest. We set Sherman, pitfall, and camera traps (3,600 trap nights), and mist nets to collect 117 specimens. Eight species were collected, including Caenolestes caniventer Anthony 1921; Didelphis pernigra J.A. Allen, 1900; Cryptotis montivagus (Anthony, 1921); Akodon mollis Thomas, 1894; Microryzomys altissimus (Osgood, 1933), Phyllotis haggardi Thomas, 1908; Sigmodon inopinatus Anthony, 1924; and Sylvilagus andinus (Thomas, 1897). Two additional species Coendou rufescens (Gray, 1865) and Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780) were documented photographically. This is the first survey that saved voucher specimens for mammals of Quimsacocha.

In preparation for a general account of the Notodontidae of Trinidad and Tobago, the following taxonomic acts are required. Apella [sic] ovalis Rothschild, 1917 (Notodontidae) is transferred to the combination Lephana ovalis (Rothschild) comb. nov. (Erebidae, Anobinae). Crinodes insularis Rothschild, 1917 stat. nov. is removed from synonymy with C. fuscipennis Rothschild, 1917. Oligocentria brunnipennis Kaye, 1923 stat rev. is reinstated as a valid species. The following are new synonyms: Anoba suffusa Hampson, 1924 syn. nov. of Lephana muffula Guenée, 1852 (Erebidae, Anobinae); Farigia xenopithia Druce, 1911 syn. nov. of F. magniplaga Schaus, 1905; Oligocentria guianensis Thiaucourt, 2015 syn. nov. of Oligocentria brunnipennis Kaye, 1923; Skaphita aroensis (Schaus, 1901) and S. sexnotata (Kaye, 1925) syn. nov. of S. cubana (Grote, 1865). The holotype of S. kalodonta (Kaye, 1923) is recognised. Skaphita indirae sp. nov. is described from Trinidad.

Visa este trabalho a analisar a teoria marxista do Direito de Evgeni B. Pachukanis (1891-1937). Em sua principal obra “teoria geral do direito e marxismo” de 1924, o autor soviético busca estender a análise de Marx da forma mercantil à forma jurídica, fornecendo uma explicação materialista e historicamente determinada do ordenamento jurídico. O mérito de sua teoria, assim, foi aprofundar o marxismo jurídico, cujo principal expoente até então era Piotr Stutchka (1865-1932), ao relacionar o direito não somente à luta de classes, mas ao funcionamento de toda a engrenagem capitalista. Examinam-se, assim, descritivamente, as contribuições do autor à teoria do Direito, em especial no campo epistemológico, e a incompatibilidade de seu pensamento, que negava a possibilidade de um direito proletário, com o pragmatismo stalinista, sustentado ideologicamente no campo jurídico pela teoria de Andrei Vychinsky (1883-1954), que fortaleceu as instituições jurídicas, apesar de extintos os elementos sociais burgueses.

In the paper, the life and scientific achievements of Nikolai Pavlovich Kravkov (1865-1924), a founder of the Russian pharmacology, head of the Department of Pharmacology, Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, were described. N. P. Kravkov carried out significant investigations in pharmacology of gas metabolism, drug toxicology, aged and evolutionary pharmacology, clinical pharmacology (discovery of intravenous and combined narcosis). The main achievement of N. P. Kravkov became the cycle of investigations on isolated organs (ear, heart, lung, spleen, pancreatic gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, uterus of the mammalians, head and gills of pike, human fingers, heart and spleen). In these investigations, the rhythmic oscillation of the vascular tonus was proved, the theory of phasic action of pharmacological drugs on tissues, presentations on sensitiveness limits of living protoplasma, possibilities of animation of mummified tissues were postulated. N. P. Kravkov created a large scientific school (S. V. Anichkov, M. I. Gramenitskii, G. L. Shkavera, M. N. Nikolaev, A. I. Kuznetsov, B. S. Sentyurin, V. V. Zakusov, V. A. Valdman). For 25 years (1899-1924) N. P. Kravkov headed the Department of Pharmacology of Military Medical Academy. Commission for awarding the prize V. I. Lenin for scientific work which included the most prominent scientists of our country (O. J. Schmidt was Chairman), A. N. Bach, P. P. Lazarev, S. G. Navashin and M. N. Pokrovsky decided to award the prize to N. P. Kravkov for proceedings in 1926 year.

Hydroclimatic conditions and related water resources change in the Tibetan Plateau is one of the main concerns for future sustainable development in China. This study presents a 254-year precipitation reconstruction from August of the previous year to June of the current year for the northeastern Tibetan Plateau based on tree-ring width data of tree-ring cores of Picea crassifolia from three sampling sites. The precipitation reconstruction explained 51.4% of the variance in instrumental precipitation during the calibration period 1958–2013. Dry periods with precipitation below the 254-year average value occurred during 1848–1865, 1873–1887, 1898–1923, and 1989–2003, and wet periods (precipitation above the mean) occurred during 1769–1785, 1798–1833, 1924–1938, 1957–1968, and 2004–2013. Spatial correlation analyses with the precipitation gridded dataset showed that our reconstruction contains some strong regional-scale precipitation signals for the upper Yellow River Basin. Our precipitation reconstruction also agreed in general with other dendroclimatic precipitation reconstructions from surrounding regions. In addition, reconstructed precipitation changes were consistent with the streamflow variation of the Yellow River.

In every field of science there are the proper prominent scientists. In Russia, there was Nikolai Pavlovich Kravkov (1865-1924), a founder of the Russian pharmacology. In the paper, the life and scientific achievements of Professor N.P. Kravkov, headed the Department of Pharmacology, Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg, were described. N. P. Kravkov carried out significant investigations in pharmacology of gas metabolism, drug toxicology, aged and evolutionary pharmacology, clinical pharmacology (discovery of intravenous and combined narcosis). The main achievement of N. P. Kravkov became the cycle of investigations on isolated organs (ear, heart, lung, spleen, pancreatic gland, thyroid gland, adrenal gland, uterus of the mammalians, head and gills of pike, human fingers, heart and spleen). In these investigations, the rhythmic oscillation of the vascular tonus was proved, the theory of phasic action of pharmacological drugs on tissues, presentations on sensitiveness limits of living protoplasma, possibilities of animation of mummified tissues were postulated. N. P. Kravkov created a large scientific school (S. V. Anichkov, M. I. Gramenitskii, G. L. Shkavera, M. N. Nikolaev, A. I. Kuznetsov, B. S. Sentyurin, V. V. Zakusov, V. A. Valdman).

Nous étudierons ici le système d'éducation du Québec à travers la doctrine idéologique dont s'est servi l'organisation scolaire pour fonder son action depuis le milieu du XIXe siècle. Le contenu idéologique des manuels de pédagogie officiellement en usage dans les écoles normales a servi à justifier périodiquement l'action du système d'enseignement en fonction des valeurs dominantes et en fonction de représentations particulières de la société québécoise. Le matériel soumis à l'analyse est constitué de cinq manuels, depuis celui de 1853 jusqu'à celui de 1948 encore en usage au moment de la rédaction de la thèse. Si l'on ne considère que le seul contenu proprement idéologique de ces manuels, notre matériel se présente comme une série de reformulations successives (1853, 1865, 1901, 1924 et 1948) de l'idéologie scolaire autorisée concernant l'enseignement public du niveau primaire et du niveau secondaire, et transmise institutionnellement aux futurs enseignants durant leur formation dans les écoles normales. Les deux premiers manuels (ceux de Valade et de Langevin) sont inclus dans la période d'existence politique du Bas-Canada d'avant la Confédération; les trois autres (celui de Rouleau, Ahern et Magnan, celui de Mgr Ross et celui de Vinette) ont été publiés sous le régime constitutionnel de la province de Québec.

The new Australian wolf spider genus Tuberculosa is revised, with T. harveyi, sp. nov. from the Northern Territory as type species. The genus includes a further three species from northern Queensland: T. austini, sp. nov., T. hoggi (Framenau & Vink, 2001), comb. nov. and T. monteithi, sp. nov. The genus is defined by a unique sexual dimorphism: males carry modified tubercular setae on the ventral side of the third coxae, which are here compared to the knobbed setae that can be found on the ventral surface of the abdomen in Hygrolycosa rubrofasciata Ohlert, 1865 and Passiena torbjoerni Lehtinen, 2005 from two different lycosid subfamilies. Based on the structure of the male pedipalp, Tuberculosa belongs to the subfamily Lycosinae sensu Dondale (1986) with close affinities to Venatrix Roewer, 1960, because males of both genera have a tubercle on the outer edges of their fangs and the cymbium tip carries claw-like macrosetae. A cladistic analysis of all four Tuberculosa species, based on 12 morphological characters and with Venatrix konei (Berland, 1924) as outgroup, revealed a topology with T. austini and T. harveyi as sister-species in the most derived clade (V. konei (T. monteithi (T. hoggi (T. harveyi, T. austini))). The distribution of Tuberculosa in the tropical north of Australia supports an origin of the genus, as well as its putative sister-genus Venatrix, in the Palaearctic region, in contrast to all other Australian Lycosinae, which appear to be of Gondwanan origin.

The purpose of the article is to remind about the problem of studying the natural life expectancy of patients with untreated cancer. Knowledge of the clinical prognosis of untreated cancer of any localization is useful in patients with advanced disease or in an underdeveloped healthcare system. Historical data on untreated breast cancer patients in some cases demonstrate the possibility of long-term survival. Some cancers are invariably fatal, others are latent and do not affect the patient's life expectancy. For the first time, the research results of the English professor, oncologist and radiologist U.S. Lazarus-Barlow (1865-1950) about natural life expectancy of 2556 untreated patients with cancerous tumors of 29 localizations based on the materials of the 1924 article, were introduced in domestic oncology. The results of a study of the natural life expectancy of patients with untreated breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, adenocarcinoma of the colon and prostate for the period 1964-2018 are presented. The problem of overdiagnosis is considered. This term is used to refer to a side effect of technological progress. Medical imaging technology can detect cancers which have no clinical manifestations and are not fetal. The concept of «non-progressive» tumors (histologically verified tumors that do not grow or even regress) have something in common with overdiagnosis. Biological mechanisms for arresting the progression of cancer are mentioned. Key words: life expectancy, untreated patients, overdiagnosis, breast cancer, prostate cancer.

AbstractAll species-group names of Trachypachidae, Rhysodidae, and Carabidae (including cicindelincs) correctly recorded from America north of Mexico are catalogued with state and province records. Valid names are listed with the author(s), date of publication, and page citation in their current and original combinations while all synonyms are provided in their original combinations. Genus-group names are recorded with the author(s), date of publication, page citation, type species, and kind of type species fixation. Species groups were preferred to subgenera but subscneric names are also listed.The following nomenclatural changes are proposed and discussed: Bembidion neocoerulescens Bousquet, new replacement name for B. coerulescens Van Dyke, 1925; Chlaenius circumcinctus Say, 1830 for C. perplexus Dejean, 1831; Cyclotrachelus dejeanellus (Csiki, 1930) for C. morio (Dejean, 1828); Cyclotrachelus freitagi Bousquet, new replacement name for C. obsoletus (Say, 1830); Dyschirius aeneolus LeConte, 1850 for D. frigidus Mannerheim, 1853; Harpalus laevipes Zetterstedt, 1828 for H. quadripunctatus Dejean, 1829; Harpalus providens Casey, 1914 for H. viduus LeConte, 1865; Harpalus reversus Casey, 1924 for H. funerarius Csiki, 1932; Notiophilus sierranus Casey, 1920 for N. obscurus Fall, 1901; Pseudamara Lindroth, 1968 for Disamara Lindroth, 1976; Pterostichus trinarius (Casey, 1918) for P. ohionis Csiki, 1930; Stenolophus carbo Bousquet, new replacement name for S. carbonarius (Dejean, 1829).Thirty-six new synonyms are established and seven, considered as questionable, are confirmed. They are (with the valid names in parentheses): Agonothorax planipennis Motschulsky, 1850 (= ? Agonum affine Kirby, 1837); Platynus variolatus LeConte, 1851 (= Agonum limbatum Motschulsky, 1845); Agonum nitidum Harris, 1869 (= ? Agonum melanarium Dejean, 1828); Amerinus fuscicornis Casey, 1914 and A. longipennis Casey, 1914 (= Amerinus linearis (LeConte, 1863)); Apristus fuscipennis Motschulsky, 1864 (= Apristus latens LeConte, 1848); Batenus aeneolus Motschulsky, 1865 (= Agonum exaratum (Mannerheim, 1853)); Brachystylus curtipennis Motschulsky, 1859 (= Pterostichus congestus (Ménétriés, 1843)); Brachystylus parallelus Motschulsky, 1859 (= ? Pterostichus californicus (Dejean, 1828)); Cratacanthus cephalotes Casey, 1914, C. subovalis Casey, 1914, and C. texanus Casey, 1884 (= Cratacanthus dubius (Palisot de Beauvois, 1811)); Cymindis comma T.W. Harris, 1869 (= ? Cymindis limbatus Dejean, 1831); Feronia praetermissa Chaudoir, 1868 (= Pterostichus commutabilis (Motschulsky, 1866)); Galerita angusticeps Casey, 1920 (= Galerita janus (Fabricius, 1792)); Gonoderus cordicollis Motschulsky 1859 (= Pterostichus tristis (Dejean, 1828)); Anisodactylus alternans LeConte, 1851 (= Anisodactylus alternans (Motschulsky, 1845)); Hypherpes spissitarsis Casey, 1918 (= Pterostichus tarsalis LeConte, 1873); Lebia brunnicollis Motschulsky, 1864 (= Lebia lobulata LeConte, 1863); Lebia subfigurata Motschulsky, 1864 and L. sublimbata Motschulsky, 1864 (= Lebia analis Dejean, 1825); Lophoglossus bispiculatus Casey, 1913 and L. illini Casey, 1913 (= Lophoglossus scrutator (LeConte, 1848)); Platysma leconteianum Lutshnik, 1922 (= Pterostichus commutabilis (Motschulsky, 1866)); Loxandrus iris Motschulsky, 1866(= Loxandrus rectus (Say, 1823)); Masoreus americanus Motschulsky, 1864 (= Stenolophus rotundicollis (Haldeman, 1843)); Notaphus laterimaculatus Motschulsky, 1859 (= Bembidion approximatum (LeConte, 1852)); Notiophilus cribrilaterus Motschulsky, 1864 (= Notiophilus novemstriatus LeConte, 1848); Omaseus brevibasis Casey, 1924 (= Pterostichus luctuosus (Dejean, 1828)); Notaphus incertus Motschulsky, 1845 (= Bembidion breve (Motschulsky, 1845)); Peryphus concolor Motschulsky, 1850 (= Bembidion platynoides Hayward, 1897); Peryphus erosus Motschulsky, 1850 (= Bembidion transversale Dejean, 1831); Peryphus subinflatus Motschulsky, 1859 (= Bembidion petrosum petrosum Gebler, 1833); Planesus fuscicollis Motschulsky, 1865 and P. laevigatas Motschulsky, 1865 (= Cymindis platicollis (Say, 1823)); Poecilus pimalis Casey, 1913 (= Poecilus diplophryus Chaudoir, 1876); Pterostichus arizonicus Schaeffer, 1910 (= Ophryogaster flohri Bates, 1882); Pterostichus sequoiarum Casey, 1913 (= Pterostichus tarsalis LeConte, 1873); Scaphinotus grandis Gistel, 1857 (= ? Scaphinotus unicolor unicolor (Fabricius, 1787)); Stenocrepis chalcas Bates, 1882 and S. chalcochrous Chaudoir, 1883 (= Stenocrepis texana (LeConte, 1863)); Stenolophus humeralis Motschulsky, 1864 (= Stenolophus plebejus Dejean, 1829); and Stenolophus laticollis Motschulsky, 1864 (= Stenolophus ochropezus (Say, 1823)).Olisthopus iterans Casey, 1913 and Pterostichus illustris LeConte, 1851, listed as junior synonyms of O. parmatus (Say, 1823) and P. congestus (Ménétriés, 1843), respectively, are considered in the present work as valid species.The type species (listed in parentheses) of the following 14 genus-group taxa are designated for the first time: Circinalidia Casey, 1920 (Agonum aeruginosum Dejean, 1828); Evolenes LeConte, 1853 (Oodes exaratus Dejean, 1831); Leucagonum Casey, 1920 (Agonum maculicolle Dejean, 1828); Megaliridia Casey, 1920 (Cychrus viduus Dejean, 1826); Megalostylus Chaudoir, 1843 (Feronia lucidula Dejean, 1828 = Feronia recta Say, 1823); Micragra Chaudoir, 1872 (Micragra lissonota Chaudoir, 1872); Onota Chaudoir, 1872 (Onota bicolor Chaudoir, 1872); Oodiellus Chaudoir, 1882 (Oodiellus mexicanus Chaudoir, 1882 = Anatrichis alutacea Bates, 1882); Oxydrepanus Putzeys, 1866 (Dyschirius rufus Putzeys, 1846); Paranchomenus Casey, 1920 (Platynus stygicus LeConte, 1854 = Anchomenus mannerheimii Dejean, 1828); Pemphus Motschulsky, 1866 (Cychrus velutinus Ménétriés, 1843); Peronoscelis Chaudoir, 1872 (Tetragonoderus figuratus Dejean, 1831); Rhombodera Reiche, 1842 (Rhombodera virgata Reiche, 1842 = Lebia trivittata Dejean, 1831); and Stenous Chaudoir, 1857 (Oodes cupreus Chaudoir, 1843).Two new family-group names are proposed, Cnemalobini (= Cnemacanthini of authors) based on Cnemalobus Guérin-Méneville, 1839 and Loxandrini based on Loxandrus LeConte, 1852.The work also includes a synopsis of all extant world carabid tribes, a bibliography of all original descriptions, a full taxonomic index, and, as appendices, lists of nomina nuda and unjustified emendations, and annotated lists of species incorrectly or doubtfully recorded from America north of Mexico and of new North American records.

This article describes the academic works of the N.P. Kravkov (1865–1924), a prominent Russian pharmacologist, on the study of the endocrine glands.In N.P. Kravkov’s laboratory, via experiments on rabbits and dogs, a method of isolating the pancreas and extracting its perfusate was developed based on passing Ringer-Locke’s solution through the vessels of the isolated gland. It was discovered that the perfusate contains a substance that reduces the level of glucose in the blood of healthy animals and, in large doses, causes hypoglycaemic coma. N.P. Kravkov called this substance pancreotoxin.The experiments of N.P. Kravkov’s followers on the isolated hearts of animals showed that, for a heart in the normal condition, pancreotoxin decelerates the heartbeat and reduces the amplitude of contractions, whereas for the heart tired above a certain threshold, the opposite effect is observed.The study of the blood vessels in isolated ears of rabbits and the eyes of frogs revealed antagonism between pancreotoxin and adrenalin: pancreotoxin weakens the vasoconstrictive effect of adrenalin and reduces its influence on the size of the pupil in frogs. It was also shown that passing the perfusate containing pancreotoxin through the adrenal gland increases the secretion of adrenalin.Later, pancreotoxin was obtained in the dried form and used to prepare a drug prescribed to patients with diabetes in hospitals.From its properties, pancreotoxin turned out to be insulin. It should be noted that the news that insulin had been isolated from the pancreas by the Canadian researchers F. Banting and C. Best reached Russia only after the researchers in N.P. Kravkov’s laboratory had extracted and studied pancreotoxin from isolated pancreases. Thus, N.P. Kravkov and foreign researchers discovered this hormone independently.In experiments on the isolated adrenal glands of cattle, N.P. Kravkov and his collaborators obtained the perfusate containing an adrenalin-like substance produced in the medulla of the adrenal gland and a muscarine-like substance produced by the suprarenal cortex.The research by N.P. Kravkov and his followers on the physiology, pathology and pharmacology of the glands of internal secretion at the beginning of the 20th century has proved to be of great importance for the development of endocrinology in Russia.

A list of available taxonomic names in Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae in familyand genus-groups is given, together with some remarks on unavailable nominal taxa. Comments are provided on their status and nomenclature, and additions and corrections to extant catalogues given, as a first step for their inclusion in the electronic catalogue ‘WTaxa’. Available names, not recognised as such in current published catalogues, are: Mecopelminae Thompson, 1992; Trypodendrina Nunberg, 1954; Archaeoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Camptocerus Dejean, 1821; Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Coptogaster Illiger, 1804; Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Cryptoxyleborus Wood & Bright, 1992; Cylindra Illiger, 1802; Dendrochilus Schedl, 1963; Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1938; Doliopygus Browne, 1962; Doliopygus Schedl, 1972; Erioschidias Wood, 1960; Ernopocerus Wood, 1954; Idophelus Rye, 1877; Lepicerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Lepidocerus Rye, 1880; Miocryphalus Schedl, 1963; Ozopemon Hagedorn, 1910; Phloeoditica Schedl, 1963; Pinetoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Pygmaeoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Spinuloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Stephanopodius Schedl, 1963; Stylotentus Schedl, 1963; Thamnophthorus Blackman, 1942; Trachyostus Browne, 1962; Treptoplatypus Schedl, 1972; Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Trypodendrum Agassiz, 1846; Tubuloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Xelyborus Schedl, 1939. Unavailable names, not recognised as such in the current published catalogues, are: Chaetophloeini Schedl, 1966; Eidophelinae Murayama, 1954; Mecopelmini Wood, 1966; Strombophorini Schedl, 1960; Tomicidae Shuckard, 1840; Trypodendrinae Trédl, 1907; Acryphalus Tsai & Li, 1963; Adryocoetes Schedl, 1952; Asetus Nunberg, 1958; Carphoborites Schedl, 1947; Charphoborites Schedl, 1947; Cryptoxyleborus Schedl, 1937; Cylindrotomicus Eggers, 1936; Damicerus Dejean, 1835; Damicerus Dejean, 1836; Dendrochilus Schedl, 1957; Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1937; Doliopygus Schedl, 1939; Erioschidias Schedl, 1938; Ernopocerus Balachowsky, 1949; Gnathotrichoides Blackman, 1931; Ipites Karpiński, 1962; Isophthorus Schedl, 1938; Jugocryphalus Tsai & Li, 1963; Landolphianus Schedl, 1950; Mesopygus Nunberg, 1966; Micraciops Schedl, 1953; Miocryphalus Schedl, 1939; Mixopygus Nunberg, 1966; Neohyorrhynchus Schedl, 1962; Neophloeotribus Eggers, 1943; Neopityophthorus Schedl, 1938; Neoxyleborus Wood, 1982; Phloeoditica Schedl, 1962; Platypinus Schedl, 1939; Platyscapulus Schedl, 1957; Platyscapus Schedl, 1939; Pygodolius Nunberg, 1966; Scutopygus Nunberg, 1966; Stephanopodius Schedl, 1941; Stylotentus Schedl, 1939; Taphrostenoxis Schedl, 1965; Tesseroplatypus Schedl, 1935; Thamnophthorus Schedl, 1938; Thylurcos Schedl, 1939; Trachyostus Schedl, 1939; Treptoplatus Schedl, 1939. The name Tesseroceri Blandford, 1896, incorrectly given as “Tesserocerini genuini” in current catalogues, is unavailable as basionym for the family-group name, since it was proposed as a genusgroup name. Resurrected names from synonymy are: Hexacolini Eichhoff, 1878 from synonymy under Ctenophorini Chapuis, 1869 (invalid name because its type genus is a homonym) and given precedence over Problechilidae Eichhoff, 1878 under Art. 24.2; Hylurgini Gistel, 1848 from virtual synonymy under Tomicini C.G. Thomson, 1859 (unavailable name); Afromicracis Schedl, 1959 from synonymy under Miocryphalus Schedl, 1939 (an unavailable name) to valid genus; Costaroplatus Nunberg, 1963 from synonymy under Platyscapulus Schedl, 1957 (an unavailable name) to valid genus; Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867 from synonymy under Ips DeGeer, 1775 to valid subgenus of the same; Hapalogenius Hagedorn, 1912 from synonymy under Rhopalopselion Hagedorn, 1909 to valid genus; Pseudips Cognato, 2000, from synonymy under Orthotomicus Ferrari, 1867 to valid genus. New synonyms are: Hexacolini Eichhoff, 1878 (= Erineophilides Hopkins, 1920, syn. nov.); Hypoborini Nuesslin, 1911 (= Chaetophloeini Schedl, 1966, unavailable name, syn. nov.); Scolytini Latreille, 1804 (= Minulini Reitter, 1913, syn. nov.); Afromicracis Schedl, 1959 (= Miocryphalus Schedl, 1963, syn. nov.); Aphanarthrum Wollaston, 1854 (= Coleobothrus Enderlein, 1929, syn. nov.); Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867 (=Emarips Cognato, 2001, syn. nov.); Doliopygus Browne, 1962 (=Doliopygus Schedl, 1972, syn. nov.); Eidophelus Eichhoff, 1875 (= Idophelus Rye, 1877, syn. nov.); Hapalogenius Hagedorn, 1912 (= Hylesinopsis Eggers, 1920, syn. nov.); Phloeoborus Erichson, 1836 (= Phloeotrypes Agassiz, 1846, syn. nov.); Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (December) = Lepicerus Eichhoff, 1878 (December) = Lepidocerus Rye, 1880, synn. nov.); Trypodendron Stephens, 1830 (=Xylotrophus Gistel, 1848 = Trypodendrum Gistel, 1856, synn. nov.); Xylechinus Chapuis, 1869 (= Chilodendron Schedl, 1953, syn. nov.); Cosmoderes monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Cosmoderes monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Hylastes pumilus Mannerheim, 1843 (= Dolurgus pumilus Eichhoff, 1868, syn. nov.); Hypoborus hispidus Ferrari, 1867 (= Pycnarthrum gracile Eichhoff, 1878 (April) syn. nov.); Miocryphalus agnatus Schedl, 1939 (= Miocryphalus agnatus Schedl, 1942, syn. nov.); Miocryphalus congonus Schedl, 1939 (= Miocryphalus congonus Eggers, 1940, syn. nov.); Lepicerus aspericollis Eichhoff, 1878 (April) = Lepicerus aspericollis Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Spathicranuloides moikui Schedl, 1972 (June) (= Spathicranuloides moikui Schedl, 1972 (December), syn. nov.); Triarmocerus cryphalo-ides Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Scolytogenes darvini Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Scolytogenes darwinii Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.). New type species designations are: Bostrichus dactyliperda Fabricius, 1801 for Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878 (April) for Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Ozopemon regius Hagedorn, 1908 for Ozopemon Hagedorn, 1910 (non 1908); Dermestes typographus Linnaeus, 1758 for Bostrichus Fabricius, 1775 (non Geoffroy, 1762). New combinations are: Afromicracis agnata (Schedl, 1939), A. attenuata (Eggers, 1935), A. ciliatipennis (Schedl, 1979), A. congona (Schedl, 1939), A. dubia (Schedl, 1950), A. elongata (Schedl, 1965), A. grobleri (Schedl, 1961), A. klainedoxae (Schedl, 1957), A. longa (Nunberg, 1964), A. natalensis (Eggers, 1936), A. nigrina (Schedl, 1957), A. nitida (Schedl, 1965), A. pennata (Schedl, 1953) and A. punctipennis (Schedl, 1965) all from Miocryphalus; Costaroplatus abditulus (Wood, 1966), C. abditus (Schedl, 1936), C. carinulatus (Chapuis, 1865), C. clunalis (Wood, 1966), C. cluniculus (Wood, 1966), C. clunis (Wood, 1966), C. costellatus (Schedl, 1933), C. frontalis (Blandford, 1896), C. imitatrix (Schedl, 1972), C. manus (Schedl, 1936), C. occipitis (Wood, 1966), C. pulchellus (Chapuis, 1865), C. pulcher (Chapuis, 1865), C. pusillimus (Chapuis, 1865), C. subabditus (Schedl, 1935), C. turgifrons (Schedl, 1935) and C. umbrosus (Schedl, 1936) all from Platyscapulus; Hapalogenius africanus (Eggers, 1933), H. alluaudi (Lepesme, 1942), H. angolanus (Wood, 1988), H. angolensis (Schedl, 1959), H. arabiae (Schedl, 1975), H. atakorae (Schedl, 1951), H. ater (Nunberg, 1967), H. baphiae (Schedl, 1954), H. brincki (Schedl, 1957), H. confusus (Eggers, 1935), H. decellei (Nunberg, 1969), H. dimorphus (Schedl, 1937), H. dubius (Eggers, 1920), H. emarginatus (Nunberg, 1973), H. endroedyi (Schedl, 1967), H. fasciatus (Hagedorn, 1909), H. ficus (Schedl, 1954), H. fuscipennis (Chapuis, 1869), H. granulatus (Lepesme, 1942), H. hirsutus (Schedl, 1957), H. hispidus (Eggers, 1924), H. horridus (Eggers, 1924), H. joveri (Schedl, 1950), H. kenyae (Wood, 1986), H. oblongus (Eggers, 1935), H. orientalis (Eggers, 1943), H. pauliani (Lepesme, 1942), H. punctatus (Eggers, 1932), H. quadrituberculatus (Schedl, 1957), H. rhodesianus (Eggers, 1933), H. saudiarabiae (Schedl, 1971), H. seriatus (Eggers, 1940), H. squamosus (Eggers, 1936), H. striatus (Schedl, 1957), H. sulcatus Eggers, 1944), H. togonus (Eggers, 1919), H. ugandae (Wood, 1986) and H. variegatus (Eggers, 1936), all from Hylesinopsis. New ranks are: Diapodina Strohmeyer, 1914, downgraded from tribe of Tesserocerinae to subtribe of Tesserocerini; Tesserocerina Strohmeyer, 1914, downgraded from tribe of Tesserocerinae to subtribe of Tesserocerini. New placements are: Coptonotini Chapuis, 1869 from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Scolytinae; Mecopelmini Thompson, 1992, from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Platypodinae; Schedlariini Wood & Bright, 1992, from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Platypodinae; Spathicranuloides Schedl, 1972, from Platypodinae s.l. to Tesserocerina; Toxophthorus Wood, 1962 from Scolytinae incertae sedis to Dryocoetini. Confirmed placements are: Onychiini Chapuis, 1869 to tribe of Cossoninae (including single genus Onychius Chapuis, 1869); Sciatrophus Sampson, 1914 in Cossoninae incertae sedis; Cryphalites Cockerell, 1917 in Zopheridae Colydiinae. Corrected spellings are: Micracidini LeConte, 1876 for Micracini; Phrixosomatini Wood, 1978 for Phrixosomini. Gender agreements are corrected for species of several genera.

The genus Olios Walckenaer, 1837 is revised, a generic diagnosis is given and an identification key to eight species groups is provided. Olios in its revised sense includes 87 species and is distributed in Africa, southern Europe and Asia. Three species groups are revised in this first part, an identification key to species for each group is provided, five new species are described and all included species are illustrated. The Olios argelasius-group includes O. argelasius Walckenaer, 1806, O. canariensis (Lucas, 1838), O. pictus (Simon, 1885), O. fasciculatus Simon, 1880 and O. kunzi spec. nov. (male, female; Namibia, Zambia, South Africa); it is distributed in the Mediterranean region, northern Africa including Canary Islands, in the Middle East, South Sudan, East Africa, and southern Africa. The Olios coenobitus-group includes O. angolensis spec. nov. (male; Angola), O. coenobitus Fage, 1926, O. denticulus spec. nov. (male; Java), O. erraticus Fage, 1926, O. gambiensis spec. nov. (male, female; Gambia), O. milleti (Pocock, 1901b), O. mordax (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899) and O. pusillus Simon, 1880; it is distributed in Africa (Gambia, Angola, Tanzania, Madagascar) and Asia (India, Sri Lanka, Indonesia: Java). The Olios auricomis-group includes only O. auricomis (Simon, 1880), distributed in Africa south of 10°N. Other species groups are introduced briefly and will be revised in forthcoming revisions. The Olios correvoni-group includes currently O. claviger (Pocock, 1901a), O. correvoni Lessert, 1921, O. correvoni choupangensis Lessert, 1936, O. darlingi (Pocock, 1901a), O. faesi Lessert, 1933, O. freyi Lessert, 1929, O. kassenjicola Strand, 1916b, O. kruegeri (Simon, 1897a), O. quadrispilotus (Simon, 1880) comb. nov., O. lucieni comb. nov. nom. nov., O. sjostedti Lessert, 1921 and O. triarmatus Lessert, 1936; it is distributed in Africa (Zimbabwe, Tanzania incl. Zanzibar, Angola, Congo, Central Africa, South Africa, Botswana; O. darlingi was recorded from Zimbabwe and Botswana and not from South Africa). The Olios rossettii-group includes: O. baulnyi (Simon, 1874), O. bhattacharjeei (Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2007), O. brachycephalus Lawrence, 1938, O. floweri Lessert, 1921, O. jaldaparaensis Saha & Raychaudhuri, 2007, O. japonicus Jäger & Ono, 2000, O. kolosvaryi (Caporiacco, 1947b) comb. nov., O. longipes (Simon, 1884b), O. lutescens (Thorell, 1894), O. mahabangkawitus Barrion & Litsinger, 1995, O. obesulus (Pocock, 1901b), O. rossettii (Leardi, 1901), O. rotundiceps (Pocock, 1901b), O. sericeus (Kroneberg, 1875), O. sherwoodi Lessert, 1929, O. suavis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876), O. tarandus (Simon, 1897d), O. tener (Thorell, 1891) and O. tiantongensis (Zhang & Kim, 1996); it is distributed in the Mediterranean region, in Africa (especially eastern half) and Asia (Middle East and Central Asia to Japan, Philippines and Java). The Olios nentwigi-group includes O. diao Jäger, 2012, O. digitatus Sun, Li & Zhang, 2011, O. jaenicke Jäger, 2012, O. muang Jäger, 2012, O. nanningensis (Hu & Ru, 1988), O. nentwigi spec. nov. (male, female; Indonesia: Krakatau), O. perezi Barrion & Litsinger, 1995, O. scalptor Jäger & Ono, 2001 and O. suung Jäger, 2012; it is distributed in Asia (Thailand, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, China, Taiwan, Indonesia, Philippines), Papua New Guinea and Mariana Islands. Olios diao is newly recorded from Cambodia and Champasak Province in Laos. The Olios stimulator-group includes O. admiratus (Pocock, 1901b), O. hampsoni (Pocock, 1901b), O. lamarcki (Latreille, 1806) and O. stimulator Simon, 1897c; it is distributed in Africa (Madagascar, Seychelles), Middle East and South Asia (United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Maldives, Sri Lanka). The Olios hirtus-group includes O. bungarensis Strand, 1913b, O. debalae (Biswas & Roy, 2005), O. ferox (Thorell, 1892), O. hirtus (Karsch, 1879a), O. igraya (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov., O. menghaiensis (Wang & Zhang, 1990), O. nigrifrons (Simon, 1897b), O. punctipes Simon, 1884a, O. punctipes sordidatus (Thorell, 1895), O. pyrozonis (Pocock, 1901b), O. sungaya (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov., O. taprobanicus Strand, 1913b and O. tikaderi Kundu et al., 1999; it is distributed in South, East and Southeast Asia (Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Laos, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines). Nineteen synonyms are recognised: Nisueta Simon, 1880, Nonianus Simon, 1885, both = Olios syn. nov.; O. spenceri Pocock, 1896, O. werneri (Simon, 1906a), O. albertius Strand, 1913a, O. banananus Strand, 1916a, O. aristophanei Lessert, 1936, all = O. fasciculatus; O. subpusillus Strand, 1907c = O. pusillus; O. schonlandi (Pocock, 1900b), O. rufilatus Pocock, 1900c, O. chiracanthiformis Strand, 1906, O. ituricus Strand, 1913a, O. isongonis Strand, 1915, O. flavescens Caporiacco, 1941 comb. nov., O. pacifer Lessert, 1921, all = O. auricomis; Olios sanguinifrons (Simon, 1906b) = O. rossettii Leardi, 1901; O. phipsoni (Pocock, 1899), Sparassus iranii (Pocock, 1901b), both = O. stimulator; O. fuligineus (Pocock, 1901b) = O. hampsoni. Nine species are transferred to Olios: O. gaujoni (Simon, 1897b) comb. nov., O. pictus comb. nov., O. unilateralis (Strand, 1908b) comb. nov. (all three from Nonianus), O. affinis (Strand, 1906) comb. nov., O. flavescens Caporiacco, 1941 comb. nov., O. quadrispilotus comb. nov., O. similis (Berland, 1922) comb. nov. (all four from Nisueta), O. sungaya (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov., O. igraya (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov. (both from Isopeda L. Koch 1875). Olios lucieni nom. nov. comb. nov. is proposed for Nisueta similis Berland, 1922, which becomes a secondary homonym. The male of O. quadrispilotus comb. nov. is described for the first time. Sixteen species are currently without affiliation to one of the eight species groups: O. acolastus (Thorell, 1890), O. alluaudi Simon, 1887a, O. batesi (Pocock, 1900c), O. bhavnagarensis Sethi & Tikader, 1988, O. croseiceps (Pocock, 1898b), O. durlaviae Biswas & Raychaudhuri, 2005, O. gentilis (Karsch, 1879b), O. gravelyi Sethi & Tikader, 1988, O. greeni (Pocock, 1901b), O. inaequipes (Simon 1890), O. punjabensis Dyal, 1935, O. ruwenzoricus Strand, 1913a, O. senilis Simon, 1880, O. somalicus Caporiacco, 1940, O. wroughtoni (Simon, 1897c) and O. zulu Simon, 1880. Five of these species are illustrated in order to allow identification of the opposite (male) sex and to settle their systematic placement. Thirty-seven species are considered nomina dubia, mostly because they were described from immatures, three of them are illustrated: O. abnormis (Blackwall, 1866), O. affinis (Strand, 1906) comb. nov., O. africanus (Karsch, 1878), O. amanensis Strand, 1907a, O. annandalei (Simon, 1901), O. bivittatus Roewer, 1951, O. ceylonicus (Leardi, 1902), O. conspersipes (Thorell, 1899), Palystes derasus (C.L. Koch, 1845) comb. nov., O. detritus (C.L. Koch, 1845), O. digitalis Eydoux & Souleyet, 1842, O. exterritorialis Strand, 1907b, O. flavovittatus (Caporiacco, 1935), O. fugax (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885), O. guineibius Strand, 1911c, O. guttipes (Simon, 1897a), O. kiranae Sethi & Tikader, 1988, O. longespinus Caporiacco, 1947b, O. maculinotatus Strand, 1909, O. morbillosus (MacLeay, 1827), O. occidentalis (Karsch, 1879b), O. ornatus (Thorell, 1877), O. pagurus Walckenaer, 1837, O. patagiatus (Simon, 1897b), O. praecinctus (L. Koch, 1865), O. provocator Walckenaer, 1837, O. quesitio Moradmand, 2013, O. quinquelineatus Taczanowski, 1872, O. sexpunctatus Caporiacco, 1947a, Heteropoda similaris (Rainbow, 1898) comb. rev., O. socotranus (Pocock, 1903), O. striatus (Blackwall, 1867), O. timidus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885), Remmius variatus (Thorell, 1899) comb. nov., O. vittifemur Strand, 1916b, O. wolfi Strand, 1911a and O. zebra (Thorell, 1881). Eighty-nine species are misplaced in Olios but cannot be affiliated to any of the known genera. They belong to the subfamilies Deleninae Hogg, 1903, Sparassinae Bertkau, 1872 and Palystinae Simon, 1897a, nineteen of them are illustrated: O. acostae Schenkel, 1953, O. actaeon (Pocock, 1898c), O. artemis Hogg, 1915, O. atomarius Simon, 1880, O. attractus Petrunkevitch, 1911, O. auranticus Mello-Leitão, 1918, O. benitensis (Pocock, 1900c), O. berlandi Roewer, 1951, O. biarmatus Lessert, 1925, O. canalae Berland, 1924, O. caprinus Mello-Leitão, 1918, O. chelifer Lawrence, 1937, O. chubbi Lessert, 1923, O. clarus (Keyserling, 1880), O. coccineiventris (Simon, 1880), O. corallinus Schmidt, 1971, O. crassus Banks, 1909, O. debilipes Mello-Leitão, 1945, O. discolorichelis Caporiacco, 1947a, O. erroneus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890, O. extensus Berland, 1924, O. fasciiventris Simon, 1880 , O. feldmanni Strand, 1915, O. fimbriatus Chrysanthus, 1965, O. flavens Nicolet, 1849, O. fonticola (Pocock, 1902), O. formosus Banks, 1929, O. francoisi (Simon, 1898a), O. fulvithorax Berland, 1924, O. galapagoensis Banks, 1902, O. gaujoni (Simon, 1897b) comb. nov., O. giganteus Keyserling, 1884, O. hoplites Caporiacco, 1941, O. humboldtianus Berland, 1924, O. insignifer Chrysanthus, 1965, O. insulanus (Thorell, 1881), O. keyserlingi (Simon, 1880), O. lacticolor Lawrence, 1952, O. lepidus Vellard, 1924, O. longipedatus Roewer, 1951, O. machadoi Lawrence, 1952, O. macroepigynus Soares, 1944, O. maculatus Blackwall, 1862, O. marshalli (Pocock, 1898a), O. mathani (Simon, 1880), O. minensis Mello-Leitão, 1917, O. monticola Berland, 1924, O. mutabilis Mello-Leitão, 1917, O. mygalinus Doleschall, 1857, O. mygalinus cinctipes Merian, 1911, O. mygalinus nirgripalpis Merian, 1911, O. neocaledonicus Berland, 1924, O. nigristernis (Simon, 1880), O. nigriventris Taczanowski, 1872, O. oberzelleri Kritscher, 1966, O. obscurus (Keyserling, 1880), O. obtusus F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900, O. orchiticus Mello-Leitão, 1930, O. oubatchensis Berland, 1924, O. paraensis (Keyserling, 1880), O. pellucidus (Keyserling, 1880), O. peruvianus Roewer, 1951, O. pictitarsis Simon, 1880, O. plumipes Mello-Leitão, 1937, O. princeps Hogg, 1914, O. pulchripes (Thorell, 1899), O. puniceus (Simon, 1880), O. roeweri Caporiacco, 1955a, O. rubripes Taczanowski, 1872, O. rubriventris (Thorell, 1881), O. rufus Keyserling, 1880, O. sanctivincenti (Simon, 1898b), O. similis (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890), O. simoni (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1890), O. skwarrae Roewer, 1933, O. spinipalpis (Pocock, 1901a), O. stictopus (Pocock, 1898a), O. strandi Kolosváry, 1934, O. subadultus Mello-Leitão, 1930, O. sulphuratus (Thorell, 1899), O. sylvaticus (Blackwall, 1862), O. tamerlani Roewer, 1951, O. tigrinus (Keyserling, 1880), O. trifurcatus (Pocock, 1900c), O. trinitatis Strand, 1916a, O. velox (Simon, 1880), O. ventrosus Nicolet, 1849, O. vitiosus Vellard, 1924 and O. yucatanus Chamberlin, 1925. Seventeen taxa are transferred from Olios to other genera within Sparassidae, eight of them are illustrated: Adcatomus luteus (Keyserling, 1880) comb. nov., Eusparassus flavidus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1885) comb. nov., Palystes derasus (C.L. Koch, 1845) comb. nov., Heteropoda similaris (Rainbow, 1898) comb. rev., Remmius variatus (Thorell, 1899) comb. nov., Nolavia audax (Banks, 1909) comb. nov., Nolavia antiguensis (Keyserling, 1880) comb. nov., Nolavia antiguensis columbiensis (Schmidt, 1971) comb. nov., Nolavia fuhrmanni (Strand, 1914) comb. nov., Nolavia helva (Keyserling, 1880) comb. nov., Nolavia stylifer (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1900) comb. nov., Nolavia valenciae (Strand, 1916a) comb. nov., Nungara cayana (Taczanowski, 1872) comb. nov., Polybetes bombilius (F.O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1899) comb. nov., Polybetes fasciatus (Keyserling, 1880) comb. nov., Polybetes hyeroglyphicus (Mello-Leitão, 1918) comb. nov. and Prychia paalonga (Barrion & Litsinger, 1995) comb. nov. One species is transferred from Olios to the family Clubionidae Wagner, 1887: Clubiona paenuliformis (Strand, 1916a) comb. nov.

Lithosiini genera of the Asura / Miltochrista generic complex related to Barsine Walker, 1854 sensu lato and Asura Walker, 1854 are overviewed. Barsine is considered to be a group having such an autapomorphic feature as a basal saccular process of valva only. Many species without this process are separated to the diverse and species-rich genus Ammatho stat. nov., which is subdivided here into eight subgenera including Idopterum Hampson, 1894 downgraded here to a subgenus level, and six new subgenera: Ammathella Volynkin, subgen. nov., Composine Volynkin, subgen. nov., Striatella Volynkin & Huang, subgen. nov., Conicornuta Volynkin, subgen. nov., Delineatia Volynkin & Huang, subgen. nov. and Rugosine Volynkin, subgen. nov. A number of groups of species considered previously by various authors as members of Barsine are erected here to 20 new genera and four subgenera: Ovipennis (Barsipennis) Volynkin, subgen. nov., Ovipennis (Coccinigripennis) Volynkin & Huang, subgen. nov., Barsura (Tenebrasura) Volynkin, subgen. nov., Argentosine Volynkin, gen. nov., Esmasura Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov., Matsumursine Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov., Floridasura Volynkin, gen. nov., Fossia Volynkin, Ivanova & Huang, gen. nov., Wittasura Volynkin, gen. nov., Disparsine Volynkin, gen. nov., Moorasura Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov., Sarbine Volynkin, gen. nov., Sarbine (Processine) Volynkin, subgen. nov., Hampsonascia Volynkin, gen. nov., Cernysura Volynkin, gen. nov., Barsilene Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov., Nanarsine Volynkin, gen. nov., Amphisine Volynkin, gen. nov., Karolia Volynkin, gen. nov., Niveutane Volynkin, gen. nov., Rubrindiania Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov., Barsaurea Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov., Integrivalvia Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov. and Aberrasine Volynkin & Huang, gen. nov. The genus Nebulene Volynkin & Černý is downgraded to a subspecies of Ovipennis. The genus Eutane Walker, 1854 is downgraded to a subspecies of Asura. The genera Miltasura Roepke, 1946 and Gymnasura Hampson, 1900 are synonymised here with Cyme Felder, 1861 and Asura respectively. The genera Asuropsis Matsumura, 1927, Neasuroides Matsumura, 1927 and Asuridoides Daniel, 1951 are synonymised with Miltochrista Hübner, [1819]. The genus Allochrista Roepke, 1946 is synonymised with the subgenus Thyrgorina Walker, [1865] of the genus Lemyra Walker, 1856 (tribe Arctiini) with establishing a new combination Lemyra (Thyrgorina) toxopei (Roepke, 1946), comb. nov. Other six new synonyms are established: Barsine pardalis (Mell, 1922) = Barsine miranda Kishida & Wang, 2017, syn. nov., Barsine striata striata (Bremer & Grey, 1852) = Miltochrista quelparta Okamota, 1924, syn. nov., Floridasura tricolor (Wileman, 1910) = Barsine coccinea Moore, 1886, syn. nov., Disasuridia metaphaea (Hampson, 1900) = Disasuridia flava Fang, 1991, syn. nov., Aberrasine aberrans aberrans (Butler, 1877) = Miltochrista decussata (Moore, 1877), syn. nov. and Cabarda nigripuncta (Wileman & South, 1919) = Asura lunilinea Schaus, 1922, syn. nov. In addition, it is stated that Miltochrista quadrifasciata Rothschild, 1913 described from New Guinea and currently belonging to the genus Cyme (a junior synonym of Cyme sexualis (Felder, 1864)) is an invalid name, being a secondary junior homonym (homonym nov.) of Cyme quadrifasciata (Rothschild, 1913), comb. nov. described from Sulawesi. A full check-list of members of the Asura / Miltochrista generic complex with 370 new combinations is present.

We obtained and phylogenetically analyzed whole genome shotgun sequences of nearly all species from the tribe Emesidini Seraphim, Freitas & Kaminski, 2018 (Riodinidae) and representatives from other Riodinidae tribes. We see that the recently proposed genera Neoapodemia Trujano, 2018 and Plesioarida Trujano & García, 2018 are closely allied with Apodemia C. & R. Felder, [1865] and are better viewed as its subgenera, new status. Overall, Emesis Fabricius, 1807 and Apodemia (even after inclusion of the two subgenera) are so phylogenetically close that several species have been previously swapped between these two genera. New combinations are: Apodemia (Neoapodemia) zela (Butler, 1870), Apodemia (Neoapodemia) ares (Edwards, 1882), and Apodemia (Neoapodemia) arnacis (Stichel, 1928) (not Emesis); and Emesis phyciodoides (Barnes & Benjamin, 1924) (not Apodemia), assigned to each genus by their monophyly in genomic trees with the type species (TS) of the genus. Surprisingly, we find that Emesis emesia Hewitson, 1867 is not grouped with Emesis, but in addition to Apodemia forms a third lineage of similar rank, here named Curvie Grishin, gen. n. (TS: Symmachia emesia Hewitson, 1867). Furthermore, we partition Emesis into 6 subgenera (4 new): Emesis (TS: Hesperia ovidius Fabricius, 1793, a subjective junior synonym of Papilio cereus Linnaeus, 1767), Aphacitis Hübner, [1819] (TS: Papilio dyndima Cramer, [1780], a subjective junior synonym of Papilio lucinda Cramer, [1775]), Poeasia Grishin, subgen. n. (TS: Emesis poeas Godman, [1901]), Mandania Grishin, subgen. n. (TS: Papilio mandana Cramer, [1780]), Brimia Grishin, subgen. n. (TS: Emesis brimo Godman & Salvin, 1889), and Tenedia Grishin, subgen. n. (TS: Emesis tenedia C. & R. Felder, 1861). Next, genomic comparison of primary type specimens suggests new status for Emesis vimena Schaus, 1928 as a subspecies of Emesis brimo Godman & Salvin, 1889, Emesis adelpha Le Cerf, 1958 with E. a. vicaria Le Cerf, 1958 are subspecies of Emesis heteroclita Stichel, 1929, and Emesis tristis Stichel, 1929 is not a synonym of E. brimo vimena but of Emesis lupina Godman & Salvin, 1886. A new status of a species is given to the following taxa: Emesis furor A. Butler & H. Druce, 1872 (not a subspecies of E. mandana (Cramer, 1780)), Emesis melancholica Stichel, 1916 (not a subspecies of E. lupina Godman & Salvin, 1886), Emesis progne (Godman, 1903) (not a subspecies of E. brimo Godman & Salvin, 1889), and Emesis opaca Stichel, 1910 (not a synonym of E. lucinda (Cramer, 1775)). Emesis castigata diringeri Gallard 2008 is a subjective junior synonym of E. opaca, new status. Finally, Xanthosa Grishin, gen. n. (TS: Charmona xanthosa Stichel, 1910) is proposed for a sister lineage of Sertania Callaghan & Kaminski, 2017 and Befrostia Grishin, gen. n. (TS: Emesis elegia Stichel, 1929) is proposed for a clade without apparent phylogenetic affinities that we place in Befrostiini Grishin, trib. n. In conclusion, genomic data reveal a number of errors in the current classification of Emesidini and allow us to confidently reclassify the tribe partitioning it in three genera: Apodemia, Curvie gen. n. and Emesis.

Turkestānas reģions pēc Krievijas impērijas okupācijas tika izveidots 1865. gadā, tajā dzīvojuši ne tikai turki, bet arī daudzas citas tautības. Sākotnēji dažādu Eiropas tautu pārstāvji ieradās Turkestānā kā Krievijas impērijas militāristi. 19. gadsimta 60. gadu vidū arī Baltijas tautu pārstāvji pirmo reizi Vidusāzijā nonāca Krievijas karaspēka sastāvā. Tā pamazām aizsākās arī Baltijas tautu migrācija uz Vidusāziju. 1897. gada tautskaites dati liecina, ka Turkestānas iedzīvotāju reģistrā baltiešu skaits bija neliels. Tur reģistrēti 287 Baltijas iedzīvotāji: 168 vīrieši un 119 sievietes (Горнухова 2004, 46). Vēlāk Turkestānā no Baltijas valstu teritorijām ieradās un apmetās uz dzīvi kvalificēti strādnieki, ierēdņi, skolotāji, ārsti un kalpi. Līdz 1915. gada beigām Turkestānā bija ap 1,5 tūkstošiem bēgļu no visiem Latvijas kultūrvēsturiskajiem reģioniem. Te ieradās arī apmēram 1000–1200 lietuviešu izcelsmes civiliedzīvotāji ar Krievijas pilsonību. 20. gadsimta sākumā lietuvieši veidoja ievērojamu daļu Taškentas, Samarkandas un Fergānas ielejas pilsētu sīko buržuāzijas slāni. 19. un 20. gadsimta mijā te nelielā skaitā ieradās arī igauņi. Pēc Pirmā pasaules kara Vidusāzijā bija reģistrēti apmēram 200 igauņu. Lielākā daļa migrantu dzīvoja Turkestānas teritorijā, arī Buhāras un Horezmas apmetnēs, kas iekļāvās Krievijas impērijā. Galvenais krievu apmetņu mērķis šajos apgabalos bija atbalstīt Krievijas armiju cīņā pret vietējiem iedzīvotājiem ar bruņotiem konfliktiem. Laika posmā no 1903. gada līdz 1913. gadam Turkestānā tika izveidotas 116 krievu apmetnes. Krievu apmetnēs dzīvoja ne tikai krievu izcelsmes iedzīvotāji, bet arī citas Eiropas etniskās grupas, tostarp latvieši, lietuvieši un igauņi (Choriev 2019, 19–25). Uzbekistānas Nacionālajā arhīvā, kur tiek glabāti Krievijas impērijas 1897. gada tautskaites dati, var noskaidrot Turkestānas baltu tautu etnokultūras vēsturi. Tautas skaitīšanas dati sniedz informāciju par Turkestānā dzīvojošo baltu tautu reliģisko piederību. Galvenokārt reģistrēti pareizticīgie, katoļi un luterāņi, tomēr reģistrēti arī reformatori un islāmticīgie. Tautas skaitīšanas statistika sniedz arī svarīgu informāciju par Turkestānā dzīvojošo baltu tautu ģimenes stāvokli, kā arī nodarbošanos un saimniecisko darbību. Latvieši, lietuvieši, igauņi Taškentā strādāja militārajā, medicīnas, sanitārajā un sabiedriskajā sektorā, Samarkandas reģionā – tiesu pārvaldē, privātajā uzņēmējdarbībā, pastā, telegrāfā un celtniecībā, bet citos reģionos – militārajā jomā, literatūras un mākslas zinātnē, mežsaimniecībā, lopkopībā, rūpniecībā un tirdzniecībā. Pēc 1917. gada oktobra revolūcijas notikumiem Turkestānā, kur dzīvoja vairāk nekā 20 tautu un tautību pārstāvji, tika īstenota rusifikācija un nacionālo kultūru izskaušana. Latvijas Nacionālajam birojam, kas darbojās Eiropas ebreju departamenta paspārnē, bija tikai viens kultūras nams, tas dibināts 1921. gadā. Saskaņā ar dokumentiem Turkestānā 1921. gadā dzīvoja 2000 latviešu, no kuriem 500 – Taškentā. Lai arī citām etniskām minoritātēm, kas dzīvoja Turkestānā, tika atvērti bērnudārzi, skolas un kultūras nami dzimtajā valodā, baltiešiem bērnudārzi un skolas speciāli netika atvērtas. Var teikt: ja Baltijas tautu pārstāvji Turkestānā 19. gadsimta 60. gados ieradās kā militārpersonas, tad vēlāk, t. i., 19. un 20. gadsimta mijā, viņi jau bija devuši savu ieguldījumu lauksaimniecības, medicīnas, izglītības un tehnoloģiju jomu attīstībā. Pēc 1917. gada lielākā daļa no viņiem ieņēma valdības amatus. Tas nozīmē, ka Baltijas iedzīvotājiem ir bijusi nozīmīga loma Turkestānas sociāli politiskajā dzīvē.

The taxonomy of the genera of Hydropsychinae is revised. The following genera are synonymized: Hydatomanicus Ulmer, 1951 and Hydatopsyche Ulmer, 1926 are synonymized with Hydromanicus Brauer, 1865; Streptopsyche Ross & Unzicker, 1977 is synonymized with Calosopsyche Ross & Unzicker, 1977; Symphitopsyche Ulmer, 1907, Mexipsyche Ross & Unzicker, 1977, Ceratopsyche Ross & Unzicker, 1977 and Herbertorossia Ulmer, 1957 are synonymized with Hydropsyche Pictet, 1834; and Plectropsyche Ross, 1947 is synonymized with Cheumatopsyche Wallengren, 1891. A new genus, Schmidopsyche Oláh & Schefter, new genus is established and the single species in the genus, S. rossi Oláh & Schefter, new species is described and illustrated, based on material collected by Schmid in Sikkim in 1959. The additional 61 new species are described and illustrated: India: Hydromanicus krsamgin Oláh & Barnard, new species; H. sacso Oláh & Johanson, new species; H. naraik Oláh & Barnard, new species; H. palnis Oláh & Barnard, new species; H. topali Oláh & Johanson, new species; Hydropsyche januha Oláh & Barnard, new species; H. kamenga Oláh & Schefter, new species; H. mizora Oláh & Schefter, new species; H. narayana Oláh & Johanson, new species; H. khasigiri Oláh & Barnard, new species; H. igunapali Oláh & Schefter, new species; H. kangra Oláh & Barnard, new species; H. kiogupa Oláh & Schefter, new species; H. minutanga Oláh & Johanson, new species; H. tritiyaha Oláh & Barnard, new species; H. ekaropa Oláh & Schefter, new species; H. yathetima Oláh & Schefter, new species; H. keralana Oláh & Barnard, new species; H. semkala Oláh & Johanson, new species; H. shillonga Oláh & Barnard, new species; Cheumatopsyche barakambra Oláh & Johanson, new species; C. mariannae Oláh & Johanson, new species; C. sandrae Oláh & Johanson, new species; Potamyia assamana Oláh & Schefter, new species. Vietnam: Hydromanicus demden Oláh & Johanson, new species; and Hydropsyche soinha Oláh & Johanson, new species (also from Malaysia); H. tanung Oláh & Johanson, new species; H. lomdom Oláh & Johanson, new species; H. sangbung Oláh & Johanson, new species; H. keoda Oláh & Johanson, new species; H. xenga Oláh & Johanson, new species; and Cheumatopsyche simayorum Oláh & Johanson, new species. Malaysia: Hydropsyche gekilara Oláh & Barnard, new species; H. tanua Oláh & Barnard, new species; and H. namea Oláh & Barnard, new species. Philippines: Hydropsyche meyi Oláh & Johanson, new species; Cheumatopsyche anonima Oláh & Johanson, new species; C. kuranishii Oláh & Johanson, new species; and C. montapo Oláh & Johanson, new species. Papua New Guinea: Hydropsyche flintorum Oláh & Johanson, new species; and H. carolae Oláh & Johanson, new species. Tibet: Hydropsyche gyantsana Oláh & Barnard, new species. Nepal: Hydropsyche nepalarawa Oláh & Johanson, new species; and Cheumatopsyche chitawana Oláh & Johanson, new species. China: Hydropsyche chengdu Oláh & Barnard, new species; and Cheumatopsyche yangmorseorum Oláh & Johanson, new species. Iran: Hydropsyche masula Oláh & Johanson, new species. New Caledonia: Orthopsyche anulmika Oláh & Johanson, new species. Japan: Cheumatopsyche okinawana Oláh & Johanson, new species; and C. tanidai Oláh & Johanson, new species. Taiwan: Cheumatopsyche davisi Oláh & Johanson, new species; and C. tungpa Oláh & Johanson, new species. Sri Lanka: Cheumatopsyche hasalaka Oláh & Johanson, new species. South Africa: Cheumatopsyche krugerana Oláh & Johanson, new species. Madagascar: Cheumatopsyche mafana Oláh & Johanson, new species; C. nondra Oláh & Johanson, new species; C. tiokalamkita Oláh & Johanson, new species; C. fianara Oláh & Johanson, new species; C. masiposa Oláh & Johanson, new species; C. ranoma Oláh & Johanson, new species; and C. rantsoa Oláh & Johanson, new species. The following species are synonymized: Hydropsyche kawamurai Tsuda, 1940 is synonymized with H. kozhantschikovi Martynov, 1924, Hydropsyche belos Malicky & Chantaramongkol, 2000 is synonymized with H. klimai Mey, 1999, Hydropsyche taiwanensis Mey, 1997 is synonymized with H. spinata Kobayashi, 1987, and Cheumatopsyche copiosa Kimmins, 1956 is synonymized with C. columnata Martynov, 1935. Recognized genera are divided into previously established and new species groups, defined by shared diagnostic characters. All Oriental species of Hydropsyche Pictet and Hydromanicus Brauer are grouped into different levels of species groups based on similar morphology in male genitalia.

The article shows that the Czech humanists formed the largest group among the foreign members of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow. It is mainly based on the reports of the activities of the Academy. The Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow was established by transforming the Krakow Learned Society. The Statute of the newly founded Academy was approved by a decision of the Emperor Franz Joseph I on February 16, 1872. The Emperor nominated his brother Archduke Karl Ludwig as the Academy’s Protector. The Academy was assigned to take charge of research matters related to different fields of science: philology (mainly Polish and other Slavic languages); history of literature; history of art; philosophical; political and legal sciences; history and archaeology; mathematical sciences, life sciences, Earth sciences and medical sciences. In order to make it possible for the Academy to manage so many research topics, it was divided into three classes: a philological class, a historico‑philosophical class, and a class for mathematics and natural sciences. Each class was allowed to establish its own commissions dealing with different branches of science. The first members of the Academy were chosen from among the members of the Krakow Learned Society. It was a 12‑person group including only local members, approved by the Emperor. It was also them who elected the first President of the Academy, Józef Majer, and the Secretary General, Józef Szujski, from this group. By the end of 1872, the organization of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow was completed. It had its administration, management and three classes that were managed by the respective directors and secretaries. It also had three commissions, taken over from the Krakow Learned Society, namely: the Physiographic Commission, the Bibliographic Commission and the Linguistic Commission. At that time, the Academy had only a total of 24 active members who had the right to elect non‑ resident and foreign members. Each election had to be approved by the Emperor. The first public plenary session of the Academy was held in May 1873. After the speeches had been delivered, a list of candidates for new members of the Academy was read out. There were five people on the list, three of which were Czech: Josef Jireček, František Palacký and Karl Rokitansky. The second on the list was – since February 18, 1860 – a correspondent member of the Krakow Learned Society, already dissolved at the time. They were approved by the Emperor Franz Joseph in his rescript of July 7, 1873. Josef Jireček (1825–1888) became a member of the Philological Class. He was an expert on Czech literature, an ethnographer and a historian. František Palacký (1798–1876) became a member of the Historico‑Philosophical Class. The third person from this group, Karl Rokitansky (1804–1878), became a member of the Class for Mathematics and Natural Sciences. The mere fact that the first foreigners were elected as members of the Academy was a perfect example of the criteria according to which the Academy selected its active members. From among the humanists, it accepted those researchers whose research had been linked to Polish matters and issues. That is why until the end of World War I, the Czech representatives of social sciences were the biggest group among the foreign members of the Academy. As for the members of the Class for Mathematics and Natural Sciences, the Academy invited scientists enjoying exceptional recognition in the world. These criteria were binding throughout the following years. The Academy elected two other humanists as its members during the session held on October 31, 1877 and these were Václav Svatopluk Štulc (1814–1887) and Antonin Randa (1834–1914). Václav Svatopluk Štulc became a member of the Philological Class and Antonin Randa became a member of the Historico‑Philosophical Class. The next Czech scholar who became a member of the Academy of Arts and Scientists in Krakow was Václav Vladivoj Tomek (1818–1905). It was the Historico‑Philosophical Class that elected him, which happened on May 2, 1881. On May 14, 1888, the Krakow Academy again elected a Czech scholar as its active member. This time it was Jan Gebauer (1838–1907), who was to replace Václav Štulc, who had died a few months earlier. Further Czech members of the Krakow Academy were elected at the session on December 4, 1899. This time it was again humanists who became the new members: Zikmund Winter (1846–1912), Emil Ott (1845–1924) and Jaroslav Goll (1846–1929). Two years later, on November 29, 1901, Jan Kvičala (1834–1908) and Jaromir Čelakovský (1846–1914) were elected as members of the Krakow Academy. Kvičala became a member of the Philological Class and Čelakovský – a corresponding member of the Historical‑Philosophical Class. The next member of the Krakow Academy was František Vejdovský (1849–1939) elected by the Class for Mathematics and Natural Sciences. Six years later, a chemist, Bohuslav Brauner (1855–1935), became a member of the same Class. The last Czech scientists who had been elected as members of the Academy of Arts and Sciences in Krakow before the end of the World War I were two humanists: Karel Kadlec (1865–1928) and Václav Vondrák (1859–1925). The founding of the Czech Royal Academy of Sciences in Prague in 1890 strengthened the cooperation between Czech and Polish scientists and humanists.