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Journal articles on the topic '1866-1914'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 16 February 2022

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1

Morozova, Elena N. "Fiscal Policy of the Saratov Zemstvo (1864–1914)." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: History. International Relations 20, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2020-20-4-542-547.

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The article presents a characteristic of the most important sphere in financial activity of the Saratov Zemstvo – fiscal policy. In particular, it analyses the tax system of zemstvo self-government bodies in the Saratov province, the forms of zemstvo dues, and objects of taxation. Special emphasis is laid on a study of growth trends in the budget revenue, and a simultaneous increase in tax arrears, which significantly reduced the efficiency of the zemstvo work.

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2

Matthews, EG. "Classification, relationships and distribution of the genera of Cyphaleini (Coleoptera : Tenebrionidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 6, no. 2 (1992): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/it9920437.

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Examination of the external and internal adult skeletal morphology of Cyphaleini, an autochthonous Australian tribe, has resulted in a reduction in the number of genera from 33 to 19. Character-state polarity was established by comparison with the related outgroups, Heleini, Tenebrionini and Titaenini. Of the 40 characters considered phylogenetically important, 10 were selected to manually construct a cladogram serving as the basis for proposing hypotheses on relationships between genera, evolutionary trends and historical events leading to the present distribution of the group. Fifteen former generic names are considered to have an insufficient phylogenetic basis at generic level and are synonymised as follows (synonyms first): Timeneca Carter, 1914 = Mitrothorax Carter, 1914; Laonicus Haag-Rutenberg, 1878 = Opigenia Pascoe, 1869 = Platyphanes Westwood, 1849; Aphectus Carter, 1926 = Olisthaena Erichson, 1842; Ononyctus Carter, 1914 = Aethalides Bates, 1873 = Onosterrhus Pascoe, 1866 = Nyctozoilus Guérin-Méneville, 1830; Lygestira Pascoe, 1866 = Prophanes Westwood, 1849; Trisilus Haag-Rutenberg, 1878 = Anausis Bates, 1873 = Altes Pascoe, 1869 = Oremasis Pascoe, 1866 = Chartopteryx Westwood, 1841 = Cyphaleus Westwood, 1841; Pseudobolbophanes Kulzer, 1954 = Bolbophanes Carter, 1913; Cyclophanes Carter, 1913 = Hemicyclus Westwood 1841. One new genus, Chlorophanes, is proposed for the single species Trisilus punctipennis (Carter). The 82 new combinations proposed are listed in an appendix at the end of the paper.

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3

Hamerow, Theodore S. "Geschichte Thüringens, 1866 bis 1914. Ulrich Hess , Volker Wahl." Journal of Modern History 66, no. 1 (March 1994): 199–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/244822.

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4

Spencer, Elaine Glovka, and Jan Palmowski. "Urban Liberalism in Imperial Germany: Frankfurt am Main, 1866-1914." American Historical Review 106, no. 1 (February 2001): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2652395.

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5

Vamplew, Wray, and Joyce Kay. "Captains Courageous: Gentlemen Riders in British Horse Racing, 1866–1914." Sport in History 26, no. 3 (December 2006): 370–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17460260601065961.

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6

Jonson, Jonas. "Faith-related diplomacy." Theology 120, no. 1 (January 2017): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040571x16669279.

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Nathan Söderblom (1866–1931) was the Archbishop of Uppsala, Sweden 1914–31. As one of the great ecumenical pioneers, he founded the Life and Work Movement for practical church cooperation for peace and social justice. His international experience, position, scholarship and personality contributed to his achievement. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1930.

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7

Chickering, Roger, and Nicholas Stargardt. "The German Idea of Militarism: Radical and Socialist Critics, 1866-1914." American Historical Review 100, no. 5 (December 1995): 1610. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2169993.

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8

Echevarria, Antulio J., and Nicholas Stargardt. "The German Idea of Militarism: Radical and Socialist Critics 1866-1914." Journal of Military History 63, no. 1 (January 1999): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/120360.

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9

Chrastil, R. "The French Red Cross, War Readiness, and Civil Society, 1866-1914." French Historical Studies 31, no. 3 (July 1, 2008): 445–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00161071-2008-003.

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10

Hewitson, Mark. "Urban Liberalism in Imperial Germany: Frankfurt am Main, 1866–1914 Pam Palmowski." English Historical Review 115, no. 464 (November 2000): 1343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/enghis/115.464.1343.

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11

Jones, Elizabeth B. "Fixing Prussia's Peripheries: Rural Disasters and Prusso-German State-Building, 1866–1914." Central European History 51, no. 2 (June 2018): 204–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000432.

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AbstractIn the 1860s, rural disasters on Prussia's eastern and western peripheries forced lawmakers to wrestle with the definition of the termemergency(Notstand), as well as with its temporal and spatial boundaries. The article first explores the legislative decision by Berlin politicians to limit state aid to East Prussia in 1868, even as other hunger crises devastated remote regions in the northwestern state of Hanover. The article then turns to the political conflicts over the 1868 law, including the disputes after unification over how to determine eligibility for state funds; the jostling among representatives of poor regions for attention; the creation of permanent relief funds; and politicians’ use of new understandings of moor science to strengthen and link Prussia's eastern and western peripheries. The article also considers the larger political context, emphasizing that the dismay over Prussian “backwardness” and inner-Prussian competition for disaster aid unfolded against the backdrop of the state's successful leadership during German unification.

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12

Hewitson, M. "Urban Liberalism in Imperial Germany: Frankfurt am Main, 1866-1914 Pam Palmowski." English Historical Review 115, no. 464 (November 1, 2000): 1343–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/115.464.1343.

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13

Freeman, Mark. "‘Journeys into Poverty Kingdom’: Complete Participation and the British Vagrant, 1866–1914." History Workshop Journal 52, no. 1 (2001): 99–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/2001.52.99.

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14

Fairbairn, B. "Book Review: Urban Liberalism in Imperial Germany: Frankfurt am Main, 1866-1914." German History 18, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 390–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635540001800316.

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15

Dos Santos, Fernando Simplício. "A perspectiva em questão: Sílvio Romero e Araripe Júnior, intérpretes de Euclides da Cunha." Estudos Linguísticos (São Paulo. 1978) 46, no. 3 (November 21, 2017): 1242. http://dx.doi.org/10.21165/el.v46i3.1508.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é avaliar os discursos críticos de Tristão de Alencar Araripe Júnior (1848-1911) e de Sílvio Romero (1851-1914), em especial, a partir da interpretação que ambos fazem do romance Os sertões (1902), de Euclides da Cunha (1866-1909). Em meio a outras pressuposições, parte-se da hipótese de que, com as suas distintas leituras, tanto Romero como Araripe colaboraram para fundamentar a base de futuras análises da obra mencionada ou suas implicações, contribuindo, portanto, para introduzi-la no cânon literário nacional.

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16

Steinhoff, A. J. "Book Review: Geschichtsdeutung und Geschichtsbilder: Visuelle Erinnerungs- und Geschichtskultur in Kassel 1866-1914." German History 24, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 133–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026635540602400113.

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17

Just, Jean, and George D. F. Wilson. "Revision of the Paramunna complex (Isopoda : Asellota : Paramunnidae)." Invertebrate Systematics 18, no. 4 (2004): 377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/is03027.

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This paper presents a global review of the current unwieldy concept of the genus Paramunna Sars, 1866. The study is based mainly on large new collections of material from Australia and subantarctic islands south of Tasmania and New Zealand. Of the four genera previously synonymised with Paramunna, Austrimunna Richardson, 1906 is revived (type species A. antarctica), Leptaspidia Bate & Westwood, 1867 and Metamunna Tattersall, 1905 are considered indeterminable, while Austronanus Hodgson, 1910 is not considered part of the Paramunna complex. Forty-three species, 27 new, are treated, mostly from Australia and adjacent subantarctic islands. Fifteen species currently in Paramunna do not belong in this complex. The type genus Paramunna Sars, 1866 comprises four known species, P. bilobata Sars, 1866, P. capensis Vanh�ffen, 1914, P. integra Nordenstam, 1933 and P. koreana Malyutina & Ushakova, 2001, and four new species. Nine new genera are created based on a cladistic analysis (type species, original combination): Ascionana (A. darwinia, sp. nov.), Epipedonana (E. profunda, sp. nov.), Harrietonana (Austrimunna subtriangulata Richardson, 1908), Kiklonana (Paramunna arnaudi Amar & Roman, 1974), Omonana (O. brachycephala, sp. nov.), Pagonana (Paramunna rostrata Hodgson, 1910), Palanana (Austrimunna serrata Richardson, 1908), Spiculonana (S. platysoma, sp. nov) and Sporonana (S. robusta, sp. nov.). Six species of Paramunna are transferred to other genera in the complex: P. simplex Menzies, 1962 and P.�parasimplex Winkler, 1994 to Omonana, gen. nov.; P. dilatata Vanh�ffen, 1914 to Pagonana, gen. nov.; P. gaini (Richardson, 1913) to Palanana gen. nov.; P. laevifrons Stebbing, 1910 and P. rhipis Shimomura & Mawatari, 1999 to Ascionana, gen. nov. Paramunna shornikovi Malyutina & Ushakova, 2001, is synonymised with P. rhipis. Keys to genera and species (if more than two in a genus) are given. Terminal males (males with elongated cephalon and massively enlarged pereonite 1) are documented in several genera. The distribution of the complex confirms that this part of the Paramunnidae is a Southern Hemisphere, shallow water group. Species previously thought to be circumpolar prove to be species complexes, with each species having a small distribution.

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18

Faus Prieto, Alfredo. "Al servicio de una ciudad en expansión. Casimiro Meseguer Bonet, Director de Caminos del ayuntamiento de Valencia (1874-1914)." Investigaciones Geográficas, no. 76 (July 15, 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ingeo.17616.

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Casimiro Meseguer Bonet ocupó el cargo de Director de Caminos del ayuntamiento de Valencia entre 1874 y 1914. El ejercicio de este empleo le convirtió en uno de los principales protagonistas de la gran transformación urbanística que experimentó la ciudad a partir de 1865, coincidiendo con el derribo de sus murallas medievales. Como principal responsable de la composición, el mantenimiento y la alineación de los caminos y las sendas extramuros, en su despacho se proyectaron los ejes viarios que permitieron la anexión de los poblados próximos y la materialización de los ensanches aprobados en 1887 y 1912. En este artículo se realiza una síntesis de la carrera profesional de Casimiro Meseguer Bonet, en la que se incluyen su etapa inicial como Ayudante de Obras Públicas (1866-1874) y las principales actuaciones que llevó a cabo desde la Dirección de Caminos de la ciudad de Valencia (1874-1914).

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19

Cortes, Gustavo S., Renato L. Marcondes, and Maria Dolores M. Diaz. "Mortgages for machinery: credit and industrial investment in pre-World War I Brazil." Financial History Review 21, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 191–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565014000110.

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How could a primitive credit market finance the early industrialisation of an underdeveloped economy? To answer this question, we use a hand-collected data set of mortgage loans raised by industrial firms in the city of São Paulo during the period 1866-1914. These mortgages were debt obligations collateralised by land, improvements, machinery and equipment. We argue that the mortgage credit market was a key source of funding for early industrial investments in Brazil. We find that industries were mainly funded by non-banking and domestic agents. The empirical evidence suggests that mortgages were an important proxy for industrial investment.

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20

Dighton, Adam. "Jomini versus Clausewitz: Hamley’s Operations of War and Military Thought in the British Army, 1866–1933." War in History 27, no. 2 (December 7, 2018): 179–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0968344518784775.

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Although Edward Hamley’s Operations of War was first published in 1866, it still occupied a dominant position in the British Army’s military thought in 1914. Despite this, historians have failed to explain why it was influential for so long. By considering how the volume was revised, this article demonstrates that it provided the army with a standard way to conceptualize war between 1870 and 1895, before being amended to reflect subsequent advances in military thought. Therefore, Hamley’s book provides an insight into how British military thought developed, particularly the way it transitioned from a Jominian to a Clausewitzian understanding of war.

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21

McCammon, H. J. "Stirring Up Suffrage Sentiment: The Formation of the State Woman Suffrage Organizations, 1866-1914." Social Forces 80, no. 2 (December 1, 2001): 449–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2001.0105.

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22

GARFITT, J. S. T. "Review. Vers libre: The Emergence of Free Verse in France 1866-1914. Scott, Clive." French Studies 46, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/fs/46.1.98-a.

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23

Müller, Simone M., and Heidi J. S. Tworek. "‘The telegraph and the bank’: on the interdependence of global communications and capitalism, 1866–1914." Journal of Global History 10, no. 2 (June 19, 2015): 259–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1740022815000066.

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AbstractThis article uses the example of submarine telegraphy to trace the interdependence between global communications and modern capitalism. It uncovers how cable entrepreneurs created the global telegraph network based upon particular understandings of cross-border trade, while economists such as John Maynard Keynes and John Hobson saw global communications as the foundation for capitalist exchange. Global telegraphic networks were constructed to support extant capitalist systems until the 1890s, when states and corporations began to lay telegraph cables to open up new markets, particularly in Asia and Latin America, as well as for strategic and military reasons. The article examines how the interaction between telegraphy and capitalism created particular geographical spaces and social orders despite opposition from myriad Western and non-Western groups. It argues that scholars need to account for the role of infrastructure in creating asymmetrical information and access to trade that have continued to the present day.

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24

James, John A., James McAndrews, and David F. Weiman. "Wall Street and Main Street: the macroeconomic consequences of New York bank suspensions, 1866–1914." Cliometrica 7, no. 2 (August 31, 2012): 99–130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11698-012-0083-x.

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25

Bousquet, Y., and A. Larochelle. "CATALOGUE OF THE GEADEPHAGA (COLEOPTERA: TRACHYPACHIDAE, RHYSODIDAE, CARABIDAE INCLUDING CICINDELINI) OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO." Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 125, S167 (1993): 3–397. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/entm125167fv.

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AbstractAll species-group names of Trachypachidae, Rhysodidae, and Carabidae (including cicindelincs) correctly recorded from America north of Mexico are catalogued with state and province records. Valid names are listed with the author(s), date of publication, and page citation in their current and original combinations while all synonyms are provided in their original combinations. Genus-group names are recorded with the author(s), date of publication, page citation, type species, and kind of type species fixation. Species groups were preferred to subgenera but subscneric names are also listed.The following nomenclatural changes are proposed and discussed: Bembidion neocoerulescens Bousquet, new replacement name for B. coerulescens Van Dyke, 1925; Chlaenius circumcinctus Say, 1830 for C. perplexus Dejean, 1831; Cyclotrachelus dejeanellus (Csiki, 1930) for C. morio (Dejean, 1828); Cyclotrachelus freitagi Bousquet, new replacement name for C. obsoletus (Say, 1830); Dyschirius aeneolus LeConte, 1850 for D. frigidus Mannerheim, 1853; Harpalus laevipes Zetterstedt, 1828 for H. quadripunctatus Dejean, 1829; Harpalus providens Casey, 1914 for H. viduus LeConte, 1865; Harpalus reversus Casey, 1924 for H. funerarius Csiki, 1932; Notiophilus sierranus Casey, 1920 for N. obscurus Fall, 1901; Pseudamara Lindroth, 1968 for Disamara Lindroth, 1976; Pterostichus trinarius (Casey, 1918) for P. ohionis Csiki, 1930; Stenolophus carbo Bousquet, new replacement name for S. carbonarius (Dejean, 1829).Thirty-six new synonyms are established and seven, considered as questionable, are confirmed. They are (with the valid names in parentheses): Agonothorax planipennis Motschulsky, 1850 (= ? Agonum affine Kirby, 1837); Platynus variolatus LeConte, 1851 (= Agonum limbatum Motschulsky, 1845); Agonum nitidum Harris, 1869 (= ? Agonum melanarium Dejean, 1828); Amerinus fuscicornis Casey, 1914 and A. longipennis Casey, 1914 (= Amerinus linearis (LeConte, 1863)); Apristus fuscipennis Motschulsky, 1864 (= Apristus latens LeConte, 1848); Batenus aeneolus Motschulsky, 1865 (= Agonum exaratum (Mannerheim, 1853)); Brachystylus curtipennis Motschulsky, 1859 (= Pterostichus congestus (Ménétriés, 1843)); Brachystylus parallelus Motschulsky, 1859 (= ? Pterostichus californicus (Dejean, 1828)); Cratacanthus cephalotes Casey, 1914, C. subovalis Casey, 1914, and C. texanus Casey, 1884 (= Cratacanthus dubius (Palisot de Beauvois, 1811)); Cymindis comma T.W. Harris, 1869 (= ? Cymindis limbatus Dejean, 1831); Feronia praetermissa Chaudoir, 1868 (= Pterostichus commutabilis (Motschulsky, 1866)); Galerita angusticeps Casey, 1920 (= Galerita janus (Fabricius, 1792)); Gonoderus cordicollis Motschulsky 1859 (= Pterostichus tristis (Dejean, 1828)); Anisodactylus alternans LeConte, 1851 (= Anisodactylus alternans (Motschulsky, 1845)); Hypherpes spissitarsis Casey, 1918 (= Pterostichus tarsalis LeConte, 1873); Lebia brunnicollis Motschulsky, 1864 (= Lebia lobulata LeConte, 1863); Lebia subfigurata Motschulsky, 1864 and L. sublimbata Motschulsky, 1864 (= Lebia analis Dejean, 1825); Lophoglossus bispiculatus Casey, 1913 and L. illini Casey, 1913 (= Lophoglossus scrutator (LeConte, 1848)); Platysma leconteianum Lutshnik, 1922 (= Pterostichus commutabilis (Motschulsky, 1866)); Loxandrus iris Motschulsky, 1866(= Loxandrus rectus (Say, 1823)); Masoreus americanus Motschulsky, 1864 (= Stenolophus rotundicollis (Haldeman, 1843)); Notaphus laterimaculatus Motschulsky, 1859 (= Bembidion approximatum (LeConte, 1852)); Notiophilus cribrilaterus Motschulsky, 1864 (= Notiophilus novemstriatus LeConte, 1848); Omaseus brevibasis Casey, 1924 (= Pterostichus luctuosus (Dejean, 1828)); Notaphus incertus Motschulsky, 1845 (= Bembidion breve (Motschulsky, 1845)); Peryphus concolor Motschulsky, 1850 (= Bembidion platynoides Hayward, 1897); Peryphus erosus Motschulsky, 1850 (= Bembidion transversale Dejean, 1831); Peryphus subinflatus Motschulsky, 1859 (= Bembidion petrosum petrosum Gebler, 1833); Planesus fuscicollis Motschulsky, 1865 and P. laevigatas Motschulsky, 1865 (= Cymindis platicollis (Say, 1823)); Poecilus pimalis Casey, 1913 (= Poecilus diplophryus Chaudoir, 1876); Pterostichus arizonicus Schaeffer, 1910 (= Ophryogaster flohri Bates, 1882); Pterostichus sequoiarum Casey, 1913 (= Pterostichus tarsalis LeConte, 1873); Scaphinotus grandis Gistel, 1857 (= ? Scaphinotus unicolor unicolor (Fabricius, 1787)); Stenocrepis chalcas Bates, 1882 and S. chalcochrous Chaudoir, 1883 (= Stenocrepis texana (LeConte, 1863)); Stenolophus humeralis Motschulsky, 1864 (= Stenolophus plebejus Dejean, 1829); and Stenolophus laticollis Motschulsky, 1864 (= Stenolophus ochropezus (Say, 1823)).Olisthopus iterans Casey, 1913 and Pterostichus illustris LeConte, 1851, listed as junior synonyms of O. parmatus (Say, 1823) and P. congestus (Ménétriés, 1843), respectively, are considered in the present work as valid species.The type species (listed in parentheses) of the following 14 genus-group taxa are designated for the first time: Circinalidia Casey, 1920 (Agonum aeruginosum Dejean, 1828); Evolenes LeConte, 1853 (Oodes exaratus Dejean, 1831); Leucagonum Casey, 1920 (Agonum maculicolle Dejean, 1828); Megaliridia Casey, 1920 (Cychrus viduus Dejean, 1826); Megalostylus Chaudoir, 1843 (Feronia lucidula Dejean, 1828 = Feronia recta Say, 1823); Micragra Chaudoir, 1872 (Micragra lissonota Chaudoir, 1872); Onota Chaudoir, 1872 (Onota bicolor Chaudoir, 1872); Oodiellus Chaudoir, 1882 (Oodiellus mexicanus Chaudoir, 1882 = Anatrichis alutacea Bates, 1882); Oxydrepanus Putzeys, 1866 (Dyschirius rufus Putzeys, 1846); Paranchomenus Casey, 1920 (Platynus stygicus LeConte, 1854 = Anchomenus mannerheimii Dejean, 1828); Pemphus Motschulsky, 1866 (Cychrus velutinus Ménétriés, 1843); Peronoscelis Chaudoir, 1872 (Tetragonoderus figuratus Dejean, 1831); Rhombodera Reiche, 1842 (Rhombodera virgata Reiche, 1842 = Lebia trivittata Dejean, 1831); and Stenous Chaudoir, 1857 (Oodes cupreus Chaudoir, 1843).Two new family-group names are proposed, Cnemalobini (= Cnemacanthini of authors) based on Cnemalobus Guérin-Méneville, 1839 and Loxandrini based on Loxandrus LeConte, 1852.The work also includes a synopsis of all extant world carabid tribes, a bibliography of all original descriptions, a full taxonomic index, and, as appendices, lists of nomina nuda and unjustified emendations, and annotated lists of species incorrectly or doubtfully recorded from America north of Mexico and of new North American records.

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26

Tellado, J. M., and J. Molina. "“Un mes en Londres”: Angel Cabrera Latorre at the British Museum (Natural History) and the launch of an international career." Archives of Natural History 37, no. 1 (April 2010): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e0260954109001612.

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Angel Cabrera Latorre (1879–1960) was the authority on mammalian studies in Spain during the early twentieth century. Even though his first professional progress at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales in Madrid were driven by the former naturalists of Comisión Científica al Pacífico (1862–1866), nevertheless Oldfield Thomas (1858–1929) acted as his mentor. Cabrera's mastery was learned at the British Museum (Natural History) in London where he spent a month during 1910. After returning to Madrid, Cabrera introduced in a short time several modifications in the vertebrate collections, museum's display and nomenclature, and in 1914 contributed the volume about mammals to Fauna Ibérica. Cabrera's Mamiferos remains a landmark in Iberian faunal studies.

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27

Retallack, James, and Siegbert Wolf. "Liberalismus in Frankfurt am Main: Vom Ende der Freien Stadt bis zum Ersten Weltkrieg (1866-1914)." American Historical Review 95, no. 1 (February 1990): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2163049.

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28

Holton, Sandra Stanley, and Martin Pugh. "The March of the Women: A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women's Suffrage, 1866-1914." American Historical Review 106, no. 5 (December 2001): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2692893.

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29

Kasbekar, Chirag. "Adaptation of New Organizations to Legitimacy Shocks: Postbellum Firearms Firms in the U.S. South, 1866–1914." Organization Science 31, no. 2 (March 2020): 355–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2019.1305.

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30

Scott, David. "Accord réciproque. Pierce, Kandinsky et le potentiel dynamique du qualisigne." Protée 26, no. 3 (April 12, 2005): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/030522ar.

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Une des conceptions-clefs de la sémiotique peircienne est la structure relationnelle de la représentation – relation triadique entre representamen, objet, et interprétant et entre icône, indice et symbole. Un domaine privilégié pour l’étudier est fourni par l’art abstrait moderne : Wassily Kandinsky (1866- 1944), par exemple, contemporain de Peirce (1839-1914) et sémioticien sans le savoir, comme artiste autant que comme théoricien de l’esthétique, a essayé de cerner les potentialités de la qualité pure. Cet article essayera de montrer comment la sémiotique peircienne, surtout dans le domaine de la théorie de l’iconicité, nous aide à mieux comprendre le potentiel dynamique des formes abstraites dans la peinture de Kandinsky, et de montrer comment sa théorie et sa pratique portent la marque des processus sémiotiques fondamentaux théorisés par Peirce.

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31

Shevchenko, V. L., and T. M. Zhylina. "Taxonomic Structure of Nematode Communities of Epiphytic Mosses in Green Plantations of Chernihiv, Ukraine." Vestnik Zoologii 50, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 477–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/vzoo-2016-0054.

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Abstract In the city of Chernihiv, nematodes of epiphytic mosses were studied for the fi rst time. 40 nematode species belonging to 30 genera, 20 families and 8 orders were revealed. Most of the identifi ed species belonged to the order Rhabditida: 12 species or 30 % of total number. Nematodes of the order Plectida were the most abundant in the studied communities, they composed 61.21 % of total specimens collected. Nine species: Plectus parietinus (Bastian, 1865) Paramonov, 1964, Mesodorylaimus bastiani (Butschli, 1873), Geomonhystera villosa Butschli, 1837, Tylocephalus auriculatus (Butschli, 1873) Anderson, 1966, Aphelenchoides composticola Franklin, 1957, Panagrolaimus rigidus (Schneider, 1866) Thorne, 1937, Eudorylaimus circulifera Loof 1961, Plectus parvus (Bastian, 1865) Paramonov, 1964, Laimaphelenchus penardi (Steiner, 1914) Filipjev et Sch. Stek., 1941 constituted the core of nematode communities in epiphytic mosses.

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Jones, Elizabeth B. "No Smoke Without Fire: Moor Burning, the Environment, and Social Reform in the German Empire, 1866-1914." Agricultural History 88, no. 2 (April 1, 2014): 207–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3098/ah.2014.88.2.207.

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DeVries, Jacqueline R. "The March of the Women: A Revisionist Analysis of the Campaign for Women's Suffrage, 1866-1914 (review)." Victorian Studies 44, no. 2 (2002): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2002.0011.

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Adam, Thomas. "Urban Liberalism in Imperial Germany: Frankfurt am Main, 1866-1914, by Jan PalmowskiUrban Liberalism in Imperial Germany: Frankfurt am Main, 1866-1914, by Jan Palmowski. Oxford Historical Monographs. New York, Oxford University Press, 1999. xiv, 391 pp. $85.00 U.S. (cloth)." Canadian Journal of History 36, no. 3 (December 2001): 559–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.36.3.559.

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Barovic, Vladimir. "Novi Sad newspaper Zastava coverage about the assassination of Franz Ferdinand." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 154 (2016): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1654129b.

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Novi Sad newspaper titled Zastava, founded in 1866 by a great politi?cian Svetozar Miletic, had a great influence on Serbian public in Vojvodina. At the time of Franz Ferdinand?s assassination, June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo, the newspaper was in a very complex political and social situation. At that time, Zastava was the organ of the Serbian National Radical Party, edited by a famous politician and journalist Jasa Tomic. The coverage in Zastava about media discours research of this specific historical event had a big impact on the history of our media. Austro-Hungarian government pressure, psychosis, pursuits and other elements significaly affected journalists? reports at the time. Main goal of this research is to determine in which manner the journalists of the most valuable media of the Serbs from Vojvodina reported about the assassination that led to the outbreak of the World War I.

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Johnson, Andrew J., You Li, Michail Yu Mandelshtam, Sangwook Park, Ching-Shan Lin, Lei Gao, and Jiri Hulcr. "East Asian Cryphalus Erichson (Curculionidae, Scolytinae): new species, new synonymy and redescriptions of species." ZooKeys 995 (November 18, 2020): 15–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.995.55981.

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Cryphalus Erichson, 1836 is a taxonomically challenging genus. It is particularly speciose in Asia. Many species are minor pests of fruit tree crops and forest products. We review collections from East Asia, using external morphology, internal morphology and genetic markers with a focus on sub-tropical species from fruit trees. Four new species are described; Cryphalus gnetivorus Johnson, sp. nov., C. itinerans Johnson, sp. nov., C. morivorus Johnson, sp. nov., and C. paramangiferae Johnson, sp. nov. Ten species are redescribed to enable accurate identification: C. artocarpus (Schedl, 1939), C. dilutus Eichhoff, 1878, C. dorsalis (Motschulsky, 1866), C. exiguus Blandford, 1894, C. kyotoensis Nobuchi, 1966, C. lipingensis Tsai & Li, 1963 (= C. kesiyae Browne, 1975, syn. nov.), C. mangiferae Stebbing, 1914 (= C. artestriatus Browne, 1970, syn. nov.), C. meridionalis (Nobuchi, 1975), C. scopiger Berger, 1917, and C. viburni Stark, 1936. Additional records from new localities and new hosts are also presented.

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Pakhomova, Lidia. "Walter Rauscher: Die fragile Grossmacht. Die Donaumonarchie und die Europäische Staatenwelt 1866–1914. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014." Hungarian Studies 32, no. 2 (December 2018): 337–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/044.2018.32.2.14.

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Pakhomova, L. Yu. "Rev.: Rauscher, Walter. Die fragile Großmacht. Die Donaumonarchie und die europäische Staatenwelt 1866 – 1914. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2014." Historical Expertise 2, no. 19 (July 1, 2019): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31754/2409-6105-2019-2-237-247.

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Nannini, Sofia. "From Reception to Invention: The Arrival of Concrete to Iceland and the Rhetoric of Guðmundur Hannesson." Arts 7, no. 4 (October 22, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts7040068.

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The quick modernisation of Iceland, which took place rapidly from the first decades of the 20th century onwards, brought not only fishing trawlers and cars into the country. Among all the techniques of modernity, steinsteypa [concrete] was to become the key material that changed the built landscape of the island and was soon adopted by the first Icelandic architects, such as Rögnvaldur Ólafsson (1874–1914) and Guðjón Samúelsson (1887–1950). Interestingly, the main supporter of this material was Guðmundur Hannesson (1866–1946), a medical doctor and town planning enthusiast who wrote several articles and even a guidebook published in 1921, Steinsteypa. Leiðarvísir fyrir alþýðu og viðvaninga [Concrete: A Guidebook for Common People and Beginners]. In a country that was seeking an architectural self-representation, he understood the technical and formal possibilities that concrete could offer. By analysing his articles and publications, this essay aims to discuss the rhetoric of Guðmundur Hannesson and his role in writing an Icelandic chapter of the history of concrete, from its early stage of unmodern trial-and-error to the definition of a modern Icelandic architecture.

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BOSMANS, ROBERT, OURIDA KHERBOUCHE-ABROUS, SOUÂD BENHALIMA, and CHRISTOPHE HERVÉ. "The genus Haplodrassus Chamberlin, 1922 in the Mediterranean and the Maghreb in particular (Araneae: Gnaphosidae)." Zootaxa 4451, no. 1 (July 30, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4451.1.1.

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The Haplodrassus species of the the Maghreb are revised. Six new species are described: H. dentifer Bosmans & Abrous, sp. n. (♂♀, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Spain), H. longivulva Bosmans & Hervé, sp. n. (♂♀, Algeria, Morocco), H. lyndae Abrous & Bosmans, sp. n. (♂♀, Algeria, Morocco, Spain), H. ovatus Bosmans & Hervé, sp. n. (Tunisia, Algeria), H. securifer Bosmans & Abrous, sp. n. (♂♀, Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Portugal, Spain, France, Italy, Belgium) and H. triangularis Bosmans, sp. n. (♂♀, Morocco, Tunisia). The following new synonyms are proposed. Drassus corticalis Lucas, 1846, syn. n. and Drassus similis C.L. Koch, 1866, syn. n. were found to be junior synonyms of Drassus rufipes Lucas, 1846. Drassus parvulus L. Koch 1882, Drassodes acrotirius Roewer, 1928, Drassodes seditiosus Caporiacco, 1928, Drassodes parvicorpus Roewer, 1951 and Haplodrassus maroccanus Denis, 1956 are junior synonyms of Drassus omissus O.P.-Cambridge, 1872 syn. n. and this species is transferred to Haplodrassus comb. n. (taken out of the synonymy with H. morosus (O.P.-Cambridge, 1872, contra Levy, 2004). Drassodes nigroscriptus deminutus Simon, 1909 and Drassodes nigroscriptus Simon, 1909 are synonyms and the species is transferred to Haplodrassus comb. n. Haplodrassus isaevi Ponomarev & Tsvetkov, 2006 is a junior synonym of Haplodrassus orientalis (L. Koch), 1866 syn. n. comb. n. H. macellinus hebes (O.P.- Cambridge, 1874) is a synonym of Haplodrassus macellinus (Thorell, 1871) syn. n. Haplodrassus vignai Di Franco, 1996 is a synonym of H. macellinus (Thorell, 1871) (taken out of the synonymy of H. invalidus O.P.-Cambridge, 1872, contra Levy, 2004). H. gridellii Caporiacco, 1949 is taken out of the synonymy with H. pugnans (Simon, 1880) and synonymized with H. rufipes (Lucas, 1846) syn. n. (contra Levy, 2004). The following new combinations are proposed. Drassodes rhodanicus Simon, 1914 = Haplodrassus rhodanicus (Simon, 1914), comb. n. Drassus crassipes Lucas, 1846 = Haplodrassus crassipes (Lucas, 1846) comb. n. The following new status is proposed: Haplodrassus typhon (Simon, 1878) is removed from the synonymy of H. macellinus Thorel, 1871, is declared a valid species, a female lectotype is designated and the unknown male is described. Drassodes severus L. Koch, 1839 and Drassodes spinicrus Caporiacco, 1928 are declared nomina dubia. The female of H. rhodanicus is described for the first time, and the male illustrated for the first time. All Haplodrassus species occurring in the Maghreb are redescribed as well as Haplodrassus macellinus (Thorell, 1871), only occurring in S.W. Europe and deleted from the North African list. New distribution data and photos of other European Haplodrassus species are presented.

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Sked, Alan. "Walter Rauscher. Die Fragile Groβmacht. Die Donaumonarchie und die europäische Staatenwelt 1866–1914. 2 vols. Vienna: Peter Lang, 2014. Pp. 1,012." Austrian History Yearbook 48 (April 2017): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237817000224.

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Ramli, Ahmad Faizuddin, Jaffary Awang, and Zaizul Ab Rahman. "Buddhism according to Modern Muslim Exegetes." International Journal of Islam in Asia 1, no. 1 (December 17, 2020): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25899996-01010004.

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Abstract This paper offers preliminary notes on Buddhism in modern Muslim exegesis with an emphasis on Tafsir al-Qasimi by Muhammad Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi (1866–1914) and al-Mizan fi Tafsir al-Qurʾan by Muhammad Husayn Tabatabaʾi (1892–1981). The research adopts a qualitative design using content analysis to collect the data. In this paper two main questions regarding both exegetes will be explored. The first question concerns the sources of both scholars for their information about Buddhism by including the discussion in their exegesis. The second question concerns the methodology they used to discuss Buddhism in the Qurʾan since this has not been done by any classical exegetes nor among the most modern exegetes. Studies have found that the approach of the two exegetes is different from both the classical and modern exegetes because their work also contains resources from the fields of comparative religion and the history of religion to make their work relevant in the current context and reliable to be referred to by any parties. The author concludes that both al-Qasimi and Tabatabaʾi used analysis (taḥlil) in discussing verses related to the position of the Buddha.

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Košulič, Ondřej, Lucie Nováková, and Pavla Šťastná. "Epigeic spiders (Araneae) from the Malá Dohoda Quarry (Moravian Karst Protected Landscape Area, Czech Republic)." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 61, no. 3 (2013): 651–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201361030651.

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This publication makes a faunistic contribution to knowledge of the epigeic spider species composition in the limestone quarry Malá Dohoda which is located in Moravian Karst PLA. The spiders were collected by pitfall trapping between catching period 19. 3.–1. 11. 2012. We chose 6 plots all around the quarry – in the inner part, edges of quarry and outside part of quarry. A total of 1 474 adult specimens were collected and determined as 78 species of 21 families. The most significant finding is vulnerable species (VU) Parapelecopsis nemoralis (Blackwall, 1841) which is the second record for Moravia. Among the other significant findings, both in term of rarity and bioindication, were Ceratinella major Kulczynski, 1894, Micaria formicaria (Sundevall, 1831), Ozyptila claveata (Walckenaer, 1837), Pelecopsis parallela (Wider, 1834), Zelotes longipes (L. Koch, 1866) and Zodarion rubidum Simon, 1914. Also, we present finding of an invasive species Mermessus trilobatus (Emerton, 1882) which is spreading in the Czech Republic since 2007. Together, we found 13 species as a novelty for studied faunistic square 6666 and we extended knowledge about new recorded species for the area of the Moravian Karst.

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Framenau, Volker W. "Generic and family transfers, and numina dubia for orb-weaving spiders (Araneae, Araneidae) in the Australasian, Oriental and Pacific regions." Evolutionary Systematics 3 (April 16, 2019): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.3.33454.

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As part of a current revision of the Australasian and Pacific orb-weaving spider fauna (family Araneidae Clerck, 1757), a number new combinations are proposed in the generaAcroaspisKarsch, 1878 (3 species),CarepalxisL. Koch, 1872 (1 species),CyclosaMenge, 1866 (5 species), andNeosconaSimon, 1864 (7 species):Acroaspislancearia(Keyserling, 1887),comb. n.,A.mamillana(Keyserling, 1887),comb. n.,A.scutifer(Keyserling, 1886),comb. n.,Carepalxisfurcifera(Keyserling, 1886),comb. n.;Cyclosaanatipes(Keyserling, 1887),comb. n.;Cyclosaapoblepta(Rainbow, 1916),comb. n.;Cyclosaargentaria(Rainbow, 1916),comb. n.;Cyclosalichensis(Rainbow, 1916),comb. n.;Cyclosapoweri(Rainbow, 1916),comb. n.;Neosconadecolor(L. Koch, 1871),comb. n.;Neosconaenucleata(Karsch, 1879),comb. n.;Neosconaflavopunctata(L. Koch, 1871),comb. n.;Neosconafloriata(Hogg, 1914),comb. n.;Neosconagranti(Hogg, 1914),comb. n.;Neosconainusta(L. Koch, 1871),comb. n.; andNeosconanotanda(Rainbow, 1912),comb. n.The following two Australian species, currently placed inAraneus, are not Araneidae but comb-footed spiders (family Theridiidae Sundevall, 1833):Anelosimusdianiphus(Rainbow, 1916),comb. n.andTheridionxanthostichus(Rainbow, 1916),stat. and comb. n.The following six species are considerednumina dubiaas their type material is immature or otherwise unidentifiable (e.g. partly destroyed):AraneusacachmenusRainbow, 1916;AraneusagastusRainbow, 1916;AraneusexsertusRainbow, 1904;AraneussuavisRainbow, 1899;Carepalxiscoronata(Rainbow, 1896); andHeurodesturritusKeyserling, 1886.Heurodesfratellus(Chamberlin, 1924) is considered anomen dubiumandHeurodesporcula(Simon, 1877) is returned toEriovixiaArcher, 1951,Eriovixiaporcula(Simon, 1877).Type material of predominantly Australian species described by E. v. Keyserling (1 species), W. J. Rainbow (10 species), A. T. Urquhart (8 species), and C. A. Walckenaer (2 species) is here considered destroyed or otherwise lost. As it is impossible to identify these species from their original descriptions and considering the known spider fauna from their respective type localities, they are all considerednumina dubia:AnepsiacrinitaRainbow, 1893;Epeiradiabrosis(Walckenaer, 1841);EpeiradiversicolorRainbow, 1893;EpeirafictaRainbow, 1896;EpeirahamiltoniRainbow, 1893;Epeiralacrymosa(Walckenaer, 1841);EpeiraleaiRainbow, 1894;EpeiramortoniUrquhart, 1891;EpeiranotacephalaUrquhart, 1891;EpeiraobscurtaUrquhart, 1893;EpeiraphalerataUrquhart, 1893;EpeirapronubaRainbow, 1894;EpeirararaKeyserling, 1887;EpeirasingularaUrquhart, 1891;Epeirasub-flavidaUrquhart, 1893;EpeirasimilarisRainbow, 1896 (=AraneusurquhartiRoewer, 1942 replacement name);EpeiraventriosaUrquhart, 1891; andEpeiraviridulaUrquhart, 1891.

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CHAKRABARTY, TAPAS, and GOPAL KRISHNA. "Lectotypification of the name Macaranga kurzii (Euphorbiaceae)." Phytotaxa 411, no. 2 (July 22, 2019): 125–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.411.2.6.

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Pax & Hoffmann (1914) published a new combination, Macaranga kurzii (Kuntze 1891: 620) Pax & Hoffmann (1914: 360) because Tanarius kurzii Kuntze was found to be the earliest replacement name to provide an epithet for the illegitimate name, Macaranga membranacea Kurz (1874: 246) which was described from “Ava, Martaban” in Myanmar. The original material of M. membranacea from the type locality is missing. There is a specimen, collected by Kurz from Myanmar (Pegu, Tookee ridges, Kurz 1549 (CAL0000014004!, K000247051: image!), devoid of flowers and fruits but this sterile collection does not appear to be the type as it was collected from Pegu. It may be mentioned that there is a fruiting specimen of M. kurzii from Yunnan in China collected by D.J. Anderson in 1868 in the Kew herbarium (K001079406) which is identified by Kurz as “Macaranga membranacea Kz” in his own handwriting. There is a duplicate of this collection both at CAL and K. This duplicate was cut vertically into two pieces and the left hand side half was remounted and retained at CAL bearing Kurz’s identification and annotation (“near M. minutiflora Müll., but distinguished at once by large bracts”), while the other right hand side half was sent to Kew by George King for study by J.D. Hooker (J.D. Hooker 1887: 454) and was preserved there. According to Craib (1911: 466), “The specimen collected by Anderson, although not quoted by Kurz in his original description, probably were used by him in his description at least so far as the simple leaves are concerned.” The collection of Anderson agrees well with the protologue of M. membranacea, described on the basis of female plants and bearing identification and annotation by Kurz. We also consider it to be an uncited original material. Hence, this collection is used here to designate lectotype of the name M. membranacea Kurz (1874), non Müller (1866: 996).

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PAQUIN, PIERRE, and NADINE DUPÉRRÉ. "The spiders of Québec: update, additions and corrections." Zootaxa 1133, no. 1 (February 23, 2006): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1133.1.1.

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The taxonomic knowledge of the spider fauna of Québec (Canada) is updated with new records, corrections, recent taxonomic changes, and additions to the species list. Illustrations are provided for species not previously reported for the province. The following species are reported for the first time: Araneidae: Araneus iviei (Archer 1951), Araneus juniperi (Emerton 1884), Araneus thaddeus (Hentz 1847), Araneus washingtoni Levi 1971; Clubionidae: Elaver excepta (L. Koch 1866); Dictynidae: Emblyna chitina (Chamberlin & Gertsch 1958); Gnaphosidae: Zelotes exiguoides Platnick & Shadab 1983, Haplodrassus eunis Chamberlin 1922; Linyphiidae: Centromerus cornupalpis O. Pickard-Cambridge 1875, Ceratinopsis nigripalpis Emerton 1882, Eridantes utibilis Crosby & Bishop 1933, Pocadicnemis pumila (Blackwall 1841), Sciastes extremus Holm 1967, Scotinotylus vernalis (Emerton 1882), Thyreosthenius parasiticus (Westring 1851); Nesticidae: Nesticus cellulanus (Clerck 1757); Philodromidae: Philodromus histrio (Latreille 1819), Philodromus oneida Levi 1951; Salticidae: Pellenes montanus (Emerton 1894), Synageles canadensis Cutler 1988; Tetragnathidae: Tetragnatha guatemalensis O. Pickard-Cambridge 1889; Theridiidae: Achaearanea conjuncta (Gertsch & Mulaik 1936), Enoplognatha intrepida (Sørensen 1898), Euryopis gertschi Levi 1951, Pholcomma hirsutum Thorell 1869, Theridion impressum L. Koch 1881; Thomisidae: Xysticus fraternus Banks 1895, and Zodariidae: Zodarion rubidum Simon 1914. Collecting data, overview of distribution, and a diagnosis are provided for each added species. The spider fauna of Québec is discussed in light of these new records, and the value of such faunistic/taxonomic work is stressed.

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Smaldone, William. "Marxist Intellectuals and the Working-Class Mentality in Germany, 1887-1912.Stanley PiersonThe German Idea of Militarism: Radical and Socialist Critics, 1866-1914.Nicholas Stargardt." Journal of Modern History 69, no. 3 (September 1997): 627–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/245575.

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Ambler, Richard P., and Kenneth Murray. "Martin Rivers Pollock. 10 December 1914 – 21 December 1999." Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society 48 (January 2002): 357–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbm.2002.0021.

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Martin Rivers Pollock was born in Liverpool on 10 December 1914. He came from an old legal family, being the great-great-grandson of Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock, Bt. (1783–1870), a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, barrister, MP for Huntingdon, Attorney General in Peel's first administration and Chief Baron of the Exchequer from 1844 to 1866. His father, Hamilton Rivers Pollock, also went to Trinity College, qualified as a barrister but never practised, and in 1914 was with the Cunard Steam Ship Company, before spending World War I with the Liverpool Regiment and the Royal Air Force. His mother was Eveline Morton Bell, daughter of Thomas Bell, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. After the war his father inherited a fortune from an uncle, and the family moved to Wessex, where they lived first at splendid Anderson Manor, Dorset, and then Urchfont Manor, Wiltshire, his father living as a country squire and JP. Pollock had a conventional upper-class education, beginning with a nanny, followed by West Downs School (1923–28) and then Winchester College (1928–33). His first scientific enthusiasm was for astronomy, but he decided he was insufficiently mathematical to pursue it further (his mathematics master was Clement Durrell, author of some famous texts including Advanced algebra), so he then decided to study medicine. His Wessex schooldays were influenced by the nearby Powys brothers, the youngest (Llewelyn1) having been a Cambridge friend and contemporary of his father. Through Sylvia Townsend Warner2 he met her cousin Janet, daughter of Arthur Llewelyn Machen3, who eventually, in 1979, became his second wife. He went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1933, having done his first MB and the first part of his second MB while still at school, and opting to do the two new half-subjects (Pathology and Biochemistry) that had just been instituted—he remembered thinking at the time that biochemistry was going to be the key subject for medicine in the future. Already while at school he had become a theoretical Communist, and as an undergraduate worked very hard, both at his medical studies and in political activity (such as selling the Daily Worker) for the Party—and knew most of the soon-to-be notorious Cambridge Communists of the time, including Guy Burgess4 and Donald Maclean5. He was now a Senior Scholar, and graduated BA first class in 1936; he started to spend a fourth year reading Part II Biochemistry. He decided in April 1937 that he had spent too long at Cambridge, so moved on to his clinical studies at University College Hospital. He also felt he should try to become qualified before what he saw as the inevitable war started, although he was nearly distracted into joining the International Brigade and going off to Spain—he had been a friend of John Cornford6, who did go to Spain and wrote and died there, and of Norman John (but widely known as James) Klugmann.

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Berger, Stefan. "Reviews : Nicholas Stargardt, The German Idea of Militarism. Radical and Socialist Critics 1866-1914, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0521 46692X; 1994; xiv + 232 pp.; £16.95." European History Quarterly 26, no. 3 (July 1996): 473–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026569149602600313.

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50

Seligmann, Matthew S. "Jan Palmowski, Urban Liberalism in Imperial Germany: Frankfurt am Main, 1866–1914. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999. xiv + 391pp. 6 figures. 9 tables. 2 appendices. Bibliography. £50.00." Urban History 28, no. 3 (December 2001): 435–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926801360364.

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