Journal articles on the topic '1872-1961'

AbstractA new genus, Atrichadenotecnum, is described in the tribe Psocini of the family Psocidae (Psocoptera). Atrichadenotecnum ryukyuense sp. n., A. tayal sp. n., and A. quadripunctatum sp. n. are described and Atrichadenotecnum nudum (Thornton, 1961) comb. n. and Atrichadenotecnum quinquepunctatum (McLachlan, 1872) comb. n. are transferred from the genus Trichadenotecnum Enderlein. The new genus is regarded as the sister-group of the genus Psocus Latreille.

The systematics of the wide-ranging southeast Asian colubrid snake Dendrelaphis caudolineatus (Gray, 1834) wasinvestigated on the basis of multivariate analyses of morphological and coloration data for 131 museum specimensrepresenting 28 geographically isolated populations. The results demonstrate that the current taxonomy of D.caudolineatus underestimates species diversity in the Philippines. The following revisions are implemented. 1)Populations from the Philippine island Palawan and adjacent islands currently referred to D. c. caudolineatus (Gray, 1834)are described as a new species, D. levitoni sp. nov. 2) Populations from the Philippine islands Negros, Panay, Mindoroand Masbate, currently assigned to D. c. terrificus (Peters, 1872) and D. c. luzonensis Leviton, 1961 are referred to D.fuliginosus Griffin 1909, which is revalidated. 3) Populations from the southern Philippine islands Basilan, Mindanao,Cebu, Bohol, Leyte, Samar, Polillo, Kalotkot, Catanduanes as well as Southeast Luzon currently referred to D. c. terrificus(Peters, 1872) are referred to D. philippinensis Günther, 1879 which is revalidated. 4) The population from Sulawesi isreferred to D. terrificus (Peters, 1872). Currently regarded as a polytypic species composed of five subspecies, D.caudolineatus is here considered to be a monophyletic group comprising eight species. The distributions of these eightspecies correspond largely with aggregate island complexes formed during periods of reduced sea level during the Pleistocene. However, some deviations indicate post-Pleistocene dispersals across sea barriers.

A partir da discussão das relações da escritora feminista portuguesa Ana de Castro Osório (1872-1935) com o Brasil para publicação e divulgação de suas produções, apresenta-se sua participação na revista brasileira dedicada ao público infantil O Tico-Tico (1905-1961) e seu Almanaque d’O Tico-Tico. Relatam-se os problemas relacionados com a autoria de seus textos nessa publicação. Comenta-se sobre a transposição de seus contos dos livros portugueses para o periódico e as ilustrações que os acompanham. A partir da leitura desse conjunto publicado na revista e no almanaque, destaca-se o processo de travestismo adotado por algumas personagens dos contos infantis.

The article provides an annotated list of species of casebearers (Lepidoptera, Coleophoridae) known from the Luhansk Region. The list comprises 74 species, of which 22 are registered from the Luhansk Region for the first time such as Suireia badiipennella (Duponchel, 1843), Haploptilia kroneella (Fuchs, 1900), H. prunifoliae (Doets, 1944), Plegmidia violacea (Ström, 1873), Helopharea lusciniaepennella (Treitschke, 1833), comb. n., Aporiptura klimeschiella (Toll, 1952), A. ochroflava (Toll, 1961), Oedicaula serinipennella (Christoph, 1872), Klinzigedia onopordiella (Zeller, 1849), Multicoloria vicinella (Zeller, 1849), M. tshiligella Reznik, 1976, M. astragalella (Zeller, 1849), M. cartilaginella (Christoph, 1872), Damophila variicornis (Toll, 1952), Bourgogneja pennella ([Denis et Schiffermüller], 1775), Cepurga hemerobiella (Scopoli, 1763), Coleophora bernoulliella (Goeze, 1783), Vladdelia niveistrigella (Wocke, 1876), Casignetella peribenanderi (Toll, 1943), Casignetella linosyridella (Fuchs, 1880), Ionescumia clypeiferella (Hofmann, 1871) and one species (Suireia milvipennis (Zeller, 1839) is new for Ukraine. New host plants are recorded for Cepurga hemorobiella (Scopoli, 1763) and Multicoloria astragalella (Zeller, 1849). Two generic names are synonymized: Helopharea Falkovitsh, 1972 = Agapalsa Falkovitsh, 1972, syn. nov. and Orthographis Falkovitsh, 1972 = Helvalbia Căpuşe, 1973, syn. nov. Two new combinations are proposed: Helopharea lusciniaepennella (Treitschke, 1833), comb. n. and Orthographis lineolea (Haworth, 1828), comb. n. 12 figs, 19 refs.

Early in his medical career, Albert Calmette showed a remarkable aptitude for bacteriology and, in 1891, he opened the first daughter Pasteur Institute in Saigon, French Indochina at the request of Louis Pasteur. In 1894, at the Pasteur Institute in Paris, Calmette succeeded in developing an antiserum to cobra venom and so initiated antivenomous serotherapy. In 1895 Calmette was asked to found a second daughter, Pasteur Institute in Lille. Soon he was joined by the young veterinarian, Camille Guérin, and so began a unique partnership, the two men striving to free people from the dreadful scourge of tuberculosis. Investigating the intestinal route of tuberculous infection, Calmette and Guérin began to grow Mycobacterium tuberculosis bovis in a beef bile-glycerine medium. With continuous replanting of the culture in this medium (from 70 to 235 times), an attenuated bacillus of fixed properties was discovered; this Calmette called Bacille-Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Exhaustive testing of BCG showed its safety and effectiveness in protecting young animals against tuberculosis. In 1924 vaccination of newborn infants with BCG began in France and spread worldwide.

This paper expands on David Billington's pioneering writings on the Spanish school and demonstrates construction innovations by two important 20 th century shell builders: Rafael Guastavino Jr. (1872-1950) and Eduardo Torroja (1899-1961), who each extended traditional tile vaulting to create new possibilities. Guastavino pursued the potential of tile vaulting as a system of load-bearing structure, creating complex geometries in advance of similar innovations in concrete shells, while Torroja repeatedly used tile vaulting as an economical system of formwork for concrete shells. Though neither designer was aware of each other's work, in particular because Guastavino Jr. had immigrated to the United States from Spain before Torroja was born, their work shares a number of important similarities. Both builders demonstrate that the Spanish school of shells continues to inspire designers today.

In 1919 vochten de Antwerpse katholieken een turbulente machtsstrijd uit rond over de hernieuwing van het mandaat van de Vlaamsgezinde arts Alfons Van de Perre (1872-1925) in de Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers. Van de Perre was tijdens WOI de Frontbeweging genegen geweest en hij gaf daarenboven zelf voedsel aan de verdenking dat hij nog steeds een cryptoactivist was. Zijn kandidatuur betekende een inwilliging van de wensen van de Antwerpse flamingantische groep omheen Frans Van Cauwelaert (1880-1961); zij botste tegelijk echter frontaal met inzichten van de conservatieve en belgicistische groep omheen de katholieke volksvertegenwoordiger Paul Segers (1870-1946). Ondanks zijn verleden van "onvaderlandse handelingen", sleepte Van de Perre de overwinning in de wacht. Korte tijd nadien volgde echter de anticlimax: de pas (her)verkozen geneesheer nam ontslag als volksvertegenwoordiger. Hij oordeelde immers dat hij de Vlaamse zaak beter kon dienen buiten dan binnen het parlement. Luc Vandeweyer evoceert die periode aan de hand van een brief aan Van de Perre van Ernest Claes (1885-1968), letterkundige en ambtenaar in de Kamer van Volksvertegenwoordigers.________Ernest Claes writes to Alfons Van de Perre during the turbulent autumn of 1919In 1919 the Antwerp Catholics were involved in a turbulent power struggle concerning the renewal of the mandate of the pro-Flemish physician Alfons Van de Perre (1872-1925) in the House of Representatives. During the First World War Van de Perre had been sympathetic towards the Front movement and in addition he had provided cause for the suspicion that he was still a crypto activist. His nomination signified a concession to the wishes of the Antwerp Flemish Movement of Frans Van Cauwelaert (1880-1961); at the same time it was directly in opposition to the views of the conservative and Belgian nationalist group of the Catholic Member of Parliament Paul Segers (1870-1946). In spite of his past of “unpatriotic actions” Van de Perre managed to carry off the victory. The anticlimax followed shortly after, however: the recently (re)elected physician submitted his resignation as Member of Parliament. In fact he considered that he could serve the Flemish cause better outside Parliament rather than within. Luc Vandeweyer evokes that period on the basis of a letter to Van de Perre written by Ernest Claes (1885-1968), man of letters and civil servant in the House of Representatives.

By The Standards of The Solar System, Where are found the only comparable bodies of whose existence we have certain knowledge, the earth is not a large planet. For most of recorded history, on the other hand, it has certainly seemed so to its inhabitants, and only in recent decades has a different perception come to prevail, as instanced, for example, by the much-remarked Ward-Dubos book of 1972, Only One Earth — The Care and Maintenance of a Small Planet. In 1872 Phileas Fogg needed almost eighty days to go around the world, in 1961 Yuri Gagarin managed the feat in little more than eighty minutes, and nowadays less intrepid travellers than these think nothing of accomplishing the task using commercial aircraft in comfortably less than eighty hours. Photographic images and, in general, data of unlimited complexity meanwhile circle the globe virtually instantaneously. The technologies here are those of transport and communications but in most other areas of human activity too the twentieth century has seen similar technological strides.

Resumo Existe uma crença comum entre os estudantes e até mesmo entre professores de que a ciência é uma busca solitária e que as idéias aparecem espontaneamente na mente dos cientistas. Esta é uma percepção estereotipada sobre a natureza da Ciência que procuramos superar mostrando as pesquisas de Albert Calmette (1863 - 1933), em parceria com Camille Guérin (1872 - 1961), sobre o desenvolvimento da vacina BCG utilizando uma Rede de Sociabilidade elaborada por nós, uma vez que a História da Ciência pode contribuir para o entendimento dos processos e mecanismos pelos quais a ciência é elaborada. Organizamos as contribuições de Albert Calmette, no período de 1905 a 1933, para o desenvolvimento da vacina BCG. Para tanto, utilizamos os trabalhos originais publicados por ele. Nestes trabalhos, mostramos controvérsias e diálogos com outros pesquisadores, integrando uma abordagem internalista e externalista da História da Ciência, fazendo uma discussão dos conceitos científicos em seus trabalhos e as influências sociais, econômicas e políticas no respectivo contexto histórico. É possível observar como a interação com outros estudos e ideias do período orientaram as pesquisas de Calmette. A Rede de Sociabilidade pode ajudar os alunos a superar suas visões deformadas da Ciência, como as supracitadas e outras, dentre elas a de que a ciência é uma atividade neutra e que os conhecimentos científicos são sempre construções lineares.Palavras-chave: Rede de Sociabilidade, História da Ciência, Ensino de Ciências Abstract There is a common belief among students and even among theachers that science is a solitary pursuit and that ideas appear spontaneously in the minds of scientists. This is a stereotyped perception about the nature of Science that we seek to overcome by presentig the researches of Albert Calmette (1863-1933), in partnership with Camille Guérin (1872-1961), on the development of the BCG vaccine using a Sociability Network developed by us , since the History of Science can contribute to the understanding of the processes and mechanisms by which science is elaborated. We organized the contributions of Albert Calmette, from 1905 to 1933, for the development of the BCG vaccine. For this purpose, we used the original papers published by him. In these papers, we show controversies and dialogues with other researchers, integrating an internalist and externalist approach to the History of Science, by doing a discussion of the scientific concepts within his papers and the social, economical and political influences in the respective Historical context. It is possible to observe how the interaction with other studies and ideas of the period had oriented Calmette's researches. The Sociability Network can help students overcome their deformed views of science, such as those above mentioned, including that science is a neutral activity and that scientific knowledge is always a linear constructs. Keywords: Sociability Network, History of Science, Science teaching

Based on the results of the study of literary and archival primary sources, the paper clarifies the available information about catastrophic and destructive earthquakes in Azerbaijan for the historical period with a magnitude of M≥6. Among the strong historical earthquakes in Azerbaijan there are the following: earthquakes in 427, the Ganja (Goygol in 1139), the Ganja in 1235, the East Caucasian in 1667 (± 1 year), the Mashtaga (1842), numerous Shamakhi earthquakes (1192, 1667, 1668, 1669, 1828, 1859, 1868, 1872, 1902), Ardebil (1924), Lankaran (1913), Caspian earthquakes (957, 1812, 1842, 1852, 1911, 1935, 1961, 1963, 1986, 1989, 2000), which caused both changes in the relief of the Earth’s surface, and the destruction of buildings and numerous human casualties. The background seismicity was investigated based on the results of continuous instrumental observations for the period 1902—2019. Seismic processes are unevenly distributed on the territory of Azerbaijan. Existing catalogs of seismic events have been investigated. The behavioral changes in seismicity parameters have been studied. An overview conceptual analysis of two main methods for assessing seismic hazard is given: probabilistic and deterministic, which have found their wide application in recent decades. In conclusion, the most important and general tasks of future seismological studies are emphasized, which are to be performed in the next decades.

The taxonomy of several Ancylosis species is revised. Four new synonyms are established: Ancylosis brunneonervella Roesler, 1970 syn. nov. of Ancylosis albicosta (Staudinger, 1870); Ancylosis psammicola (Roesler, 1970) syn. nov. of Ancylosis leucocephala (Staudinger, 1879); Ancylosis unicolorella (Roesler, 1970) syn. nov. of Ancylosis pallida (Staudinger, 1870). The following taxa are re-instated as separate species: Ancylosis delicatella (Möschler, 1860) spec. rev., stat. nov. and Ancylosis ciliatella (Zeller, 1872) spec. rev., stat. nov. are taken out from synonymy with Ancylosis rhodochrella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852); Ancylosis deliciosella (Caradja, 1910) spec. rev., stat. nov. is taken out from synonymy with Ancylosis hellenica (Staudinger, 1870); Ancylosis macedonica (Schawerda, 1937) spec. rev., stat. nov. is taken out from synonymy with Ancylosis muliebris (Meyrick, 1937). Heterographis costalbella Amsel, 1954—the junior homonym of Heterographis costalbella Mabille, 1906, is taken out from synonymy with Ancylosis syrtella (Ragonot, 1887) and re-instated as separate species under replacement name Ancylosis amseli Yepishin, 2020 nom. nov. Ancylosis ciliella (Amsel, 1961) syn. nov. is transferred from synonymy with A. rhodochrella to synonymy with A. delicatella. Female genitalia of A. amseli and A. delicatella as well as male genitalia of A. deliciosella and genitalia of both sexes of A. ciliatella are described for the first time. Ancylosis deliciosella is recorded as new for Iran, A. delicatella—for Azerbaijan and Kazakhstan, Ancylosis rhodochrella (Herrich-Schäffer, 1852)—for Georgia, Ancylosis larissae Bidzilya, Budashkin & Yepishin, 2019—for Russia, Kazakhstan, Iran, Afghanistan, Mongolia and China, and Ancylosis yerburii (Butler, 1884) is new for Russia and Kazakhstan.

Eight genera and eighteen species of the Cryptobatida group of subtribe Agrina, Lebiini, living in Costa Rica are diagnosed, described, illustrated or referenced and new species assigned to inclusive genera. Occurrences of some taxa outside of Costa Rica are also reported, these ranging from Texas to Argentina. Subtribe Agrina consists of those species formerly included in the Subtribe Calleidina. Four new species of Aspasiola Chaudoir 1877 are described: A. bonita Erwin, n. sp. (COSTA RICA. PUNTARENAS, Peninsula de Osa, P.N. Corcovado, Estaci n Sirena, 0 100 m, 08 28' 0 N, 083 35' 0 W, LS270500, 508300), A. osa Erwin, n. sp. (COSTA RICA. PUNTARENAS, Peninsula de Osa, P.N. Corcovado, Estaci n Sirena, upper Ollas Trail, 30 150 m, 08 29' 00 N, 083 34' 39 W), A. selva Erwin, n. sp. (COSTA RICA. HEREDIA, Estaci n Biol gica La Selva, 3.0 km S Puerto Viejo, Finca La Selva, 50 150 m, 10 25' 55 N, 084 00' 32 W, LN535500, 268000), A. steineri Erwin n. sp. (COSTA RICA. HEREDIA, Estaci n Biol gica La Selva, 3.0 km S Puerto Viejo, Finca La Selva, 50 150 m, 10 25' 55 N, 084 00' 32 W, LN535500, 268000). Two new species of Hyboptera Chaudoir 1872 are described: H. apollonia Erwin n. sp. (PANAM , COL N, Porto Bello, 113 m, 09 33' 0 N, 079 39' 0 W), H. auxiliadora Erwin n. sp. (USA. TEXAS, Hidalgo County, Mission; Bentsen State Park, 26 10' 22" N, 098 22' 56" W). Alkestis Liebke 1939 is a nomen dubium and possible junior synonym of Lelis Chaudoir 1869. Aspasiola rutilans ignea Bates 1883 is changed to full species, Aspasiola ignea Bates new status. Pseudolebia Basilewsky 1942 is NOT a synonym of Onota Chaudoir 1872. Pseudometabletus Liebke 1930 is a junior synonym of Cylindronotum Putzeys 1846. Pseudotoglossa rufitarsis nigrescens Mateu 1961:177 is a junior synonym of Pseudotoglossa terminalis (Chaudoir). An identification key is provided to the genera of the Cryptobatida Group and additional keys are provided for those genera with more than one species occurring in Costa Rica. Distribution data is provided for all species including their known occurrence outside of Costa Rica in adjacent Panam and Nicaragua, and other countries. Adults of species of Aspasiola, Cryptobatis, Otoglossa and Hyboptera are known to occur on shelf fungi on rotting logs and have also been fogged from the canopy of tropical trees (which probably contained shelf fungi on dead branches); adults of species of Cylindronotum, Onota, Pseudotoglossa, Valeriaaschero have also been fogged from the canopy of tropical trees and likely adults of Onota and Pseudotoglossa collected from rotten logs were associated with fungi.

Poa annua frequently is found as the dominant turfgrass species on golf course putting greens grown in the range of cool-season grasses. While not intentionally established, it is an aggressive weed in stands of bentgrasses (Agrostis spp.). When significant encroachment of P. annua occurs, it often is maintained indefinitely. In May 2003, P. annua putting greens at the Riverside Country Club in Rothesay, New Brunswick, Canada showed signs of an unidentified disease. Putting greens were slow to green up and large chlorotic patches were evident across affected areas. When roots were examined, extensive galling was observed. Galls were slender and often twisted in appearance. Upon dissection of washed galls, hundreds of eggs were exuded into the surrounding water droplet, and mature male and female nematodes were observed. Further morphological examination of males, females, and juvenile nematodes demonstrated that they were Subanguina radicicola (Greef 1872) Paramanov 1967 (1,2). Each P. annua plant had an average of four galls (with a range of two to nine) primarily located within the uppermost centimeter of the soil. Of 18 P. annua putting greens, four were affected by the nematode and displayed the same damage symptoms. S. radicicola has been identified from American beachgrass in Rhode Island and from P. annua in Oregon, but to our knowledge, this is the first report of the nematode affecting P. annua on a golf course in eastern North America. References: (1) W. F. Mai and P. Mullin. Plant-Parasitic Nematodes: A Pictorial Key to Genera. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York, 1996. (2) G. Thorne. Principles of Nematology. McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York, 1961

This article analyses the social theology and practice of Scottish presbyterian missionaries towards hinduism in early twentieth-century western India. It reveals a radical contrast in Scottish missionary practice and outlook with the earlier activities of Alexander Duff (1806–78) in India from 1829 to 1864 as well as with contemporaneous discourse on non-christian religion and ethnicity which was prevalent at home in Scotland. The article argues that Scottish presbyterian missionaries selectively adapted and elaborated radical social theology from late nineteenth and early twentieth-century Scotland to deal with the hindu socio-religious out-casting and economic exploitation that they experienced during their christian proselytisation in early twentieth-century western India. In particular, the article analyses the social theology of the United Free Church missionary Reverend Alexander Robertson, who lived and worked in western India from 1902 to 1937. Robertson sought to re-invent and apply radical Scottish social theology to the material development and religious conversion of Dalit or impoverished out-caste hindu populations in western India. The article also contrasts this Scottish missionary social theology and practice with the secular Edwardian Liberal ideas of Benjamin Seebohm Rowntree (1871–1954), which Robertson's colleague and colonial administrator, Harold H. Mann (1872–1961) sought to implement towards Dalit people when he was Agricultural Chemist of Bombay Presidency after 1907 and Director of Agriculture for the Bombay Presidency in Pune from 1918 to 1927. In this context, the article argues more broadly that popular Orientalist discourse on non-christian religion and ethnicity at home in Scotland and perceptions of a subordinate Scottish relationship with the London metropole conceal the radical dimensions of Scottish identity within empire and the ways in which the interaction of radical practices between imperial peripheries like Scotland and India conditioned imperial development.

Abstract. Using a 17-site seasonal precipitation reconstruction from a unique historical archive, Yu-Xue-Fen-Cun, the decadal variations of extreme droughts and floods (i.e., the event with occurrence probability of less than 10 % from 1951 to 2000) in North China were investigated, by considering both the probabilities of droughts/floods occurrence in each site and spatial coverage (i.e., percentage of sites). Then, the possible linkages of extreme droughts and floods with ENSO (i.e., El Niño and La Niña) episodes and large volcanic eruptions were discussed. The results show that there were 29 extreme droughts and 28 extreme floods in North China from 1736 to 2000. For most of these extreme drought (flood) events, precipitation decreased (increased) evidently at most of the sites for the four seasons, especially for summer and autumn. But in drought years of 1902 and 1981, precipitation only decreased in summer slightly, while it decreased evidently in the other three seasons. Similarly, the precipitation anomalies for different seasons at different sites also existed in several extreme flood years, such as 1794, 1823, 1867, 1872 and 1961. Extreme droughts occurred more frequently (2 or more events) during the 1770s–1780s, 1870s, 1900s–1930s and 1980s–1990s, among which the most frequent (3 events) occurred in the 1900s and the 1920s. More frequent extreme floods occurred in the 1770s, 1790s, 1820s, 1880s, 1910s and 1950s–1960s, among which the most frequent (4 events) occurred in the 1790s and 1880s. For the total of extreme droughts and floods, they were more frequent in the 1770s, 1790s, 1870s–1880s, 1900s–1930s and 1960s, and the highest frequency (5 events) occurred in the 1790s. A higher probability of extreme drought was found when El Niño occurred in the current year or the previous year. However, no significant connections were found between the occurrences of extreme floods and ENSO episodes, or the occurrences of extreme droughts/floods and large volcanic eruptions.

The article shows the role of the Dnipro and Desna rivers in the water supply of Kyiv. 2022 marks the 150th anniversary of the Kyiv centralized water supply system, which was built in 1872 with a water intake from the Dnipro. For a century and a half, technologies in water supply have changed, the role of the Dnipro as a source of water supply – the role of groundwater, and subsequently the Desna, increased. In 1939, the Dnipro water supply station was built, which is still in operation (design capacity 600 thousand m3/day). In 1961, the Desnyanska water supply station was built (1080 thousand m3/day). The design capacity of the artesian water pipeline is 420 thousand m3/day. The Dnipro River to Kiev (Upper Dnipro) and the Desna River form their waters on the territory of Polesie, which affects the chemical composition and quality of river waters. The water quality of the Dnipro River with an average annual salinity of about 290 mg/dm3 is influenced by the Pripyat River, the chemical composition of the water of which is formed in wetlands and contains a significant amount of humic substances. This leads to the fact that in certain periods during the spring flood, a tense situation arises regarding the purification of water from organic matter at the Dnipro waterworks. There is no such problem with the water of the Desna River with an average annual salinity of about 330 mg/dm3. But the threat to the Desna floodplain, which is easy to spot on the ground, is its development. Often – this is a building unforeseen by the general plan for the development of settlements. In recent years, the average daily rise in water by subdivisions of the private JSC “AK” Kyivvodokanal “is 700-720 thousand m3/day. The share of water supply sources in the city is as follows: Desna – 66%; Dnipro – 25%; artesian waters – 9%. A high specific indicator of drinking water use in Kyiv per one inhabitant was in 1991 – 588 L/day/person. In 2018, it decreased 2.6 times (225 L/day/person) compared to 1991; in 2019 – 2.6 times (223 L/day/person); in 2020 – 2.7 times. (219 L/day/person). This was facilitated by the introduction of market relations in the procedure for payment by the population for water supply and sanitation services. The centralized water supply of the city also provides for the centralized water disposal of wastewater generated in the process of water use. Built in 1965, the Bortnytska aeration station receives 100% of the city’s wastewater with the discharge of treated wastewater into the Dnipro River below Kyiv. The Dnipro together with the Desna River play an extraordinary role in the city’s water supply. The Dnipro remains the hydrographic axis of the Ukrainian capital.

Нечаева Могила – единственный сохранившийся до наших дней скифский царский курган-гигант в Северном Причерноморье. С 1853 г. он известен российским археологам. Его высота на сегодняшний день составляет 14–15 м. За последние два века курган претерпел существенные изменения. В середине 19 ст. были отмечены просадки насыпи, затем на вершине был вырыт глубокий колодец, позднее засыпанный, и на его месте выстроена беседка. Особо трагическую роль курган сыграл в годы Великой Отечественной войны, когда он был одним из узловых опорных пунктов войск вермахта в Никопольско-Криворожской наступательной операции Красной армии в декабре 1943 г. – январе 1944 г., в ходе которой была разгромлена криворожско–никопольская группировка, пытавшаяся удержать любой ценой Никопольский марганцевый и Криворожский железорудный бассейны. В боях за Нечаеву Могилу полегло более полутора тысяч советских воинов. Сам курган, в особенности его вершина, был изрыт блиндажами и ходами сообщений, а также сотнями воронок от снарядов. После войны вершина кургана была полностью перепланирована и на ней был установлен триангуляционный пункт высшей категории. Все факты указывают на то, что ранее курган входил в число крупнейших скифских царских курганов Северного Причерноморья и имел высоту не менее 20 м. Библиографические ссылки Артамонов М.И. Из истории методики археологических раскопок // ПИДО. 1935. № 1–2. С. 142–164. Бидзиля В.И., Полин С.В. Скифский царский курган Гайманова Могила. Киев: Скиф, 2012. 814 с. Бобринский А.А. Вновь открытая могила скифского царя // ИТУАК. 1913. № 50. Браун Ф.А. Разыскания в области гото-славянских отношений. СПб.: Тип. Имп. Акад. наук, 1899. ХХ, 392 с. Брун Ф.И. Черноморье. Сборник исследований по исторической географии Южной России. Одесса: Тип. Г. Ульриха, 1880. Ч. 2. 422 с. Бурачков П. О местоположении древнего города Каркинитеса и монетах ему принадлежащих // Записки Одесского общества истории древностей (ЗООИД). Одесса,1875. Т. 9. С. 1–133. Вертильяк Н. Описание Белозерского городища // Записки Одесского общества истории древностей (ЗООИД). Одесса,1858. Т. IV. С. 143–145. Виноградов Ю.Г., Яценко І.В. Археологічна діяльність Б.М. Гракова на Україні // Археологія. 1990. № 3. С. 86–92. Граков Б.Н. Отчет Никопольской археологической экспедиции за 1939 г. // НА ИА НАНУ. Фонд ИИМК. № 30–33. Граков Б. Нікопольська експедиція // Археологія. 1947. № 1. С. 191. Граков Б.Н. Отчет Скифской (Никопольской) экспедиции ИИМК АН СССР за 1947 г. // НА ИА НАНУ. № 1947/36-А Граков Б.Н. Никопольская экспедиция // КСИИМК. 1947б. Вып. XXI. С. 73–74. Граков Б.Н. Каменское городище на Днепре / МИА. № 36. М.: АН СССР, 1954. 238 с. Дараган М.Н. Курганы степной части Украины: пространственный анализ и визуализация методами ГИС-Технологий // Виртуальная археология (неразрушающие методы исследований, моделирование, реконструкции): Материалы Первой Международной конференции. СПб.: ГЭ, 2012. С. 76–85. Дараган М.Н. Пространственная характеристика Александропольского кургана // Полин С.В., Алексеев А.Ю. Скифский царский Александропольский курган IV в. до н.э. в Нижнем Поднепровье. Киев; Берлин: Изд. Олег Філюк, 2018. С. 732–740. Древности Геродотовой Скифии (ДГС II). Сборник описаний археологических раскопок и находок в Черноморских степях. СПб: Типография Императорской Академии наук, 1872. Вып. II. 118 с. + Приложение. С. XVII–CXXVII Древности Геродотовой Скифии (ДГС II). Атлас – Древности Геродотовой Скифии. Сборник описаний археологических раскопок и находок в Черноморских степях. СПб.: Тип. Имп. Акад. наук, 1872. Вып. II. Атлас. Табл. XXII–XL. Дмітров Л.Д. Кургани Нікопольбуду. Звіт про роботу археологічної експедиції // НА ИА НАНУ. Фонд ИИМК. 1935–36. № 10-11. Дмитров Л.Д. Археологические работы по исследованию Никополя в 1936 г. Предварительный отчет и перспективные предложения Никопольской археологической экспедиции // НА ИА НАНУ. Фонд ИИМК. 1936. № 12. Дмітров Л.Д. Археологічне вивчення Нікопольщини в 1935–1936 рр. // Наукові записки Iнституту історії і археології. Київ, 1946. Кн. II. С. 55–73. Дмітров Л.Д. Археологічне вивчення Нікопольщини в 1935–1936 рр. // Археологія. 1950. Т. III. C. 151–166. Доклад профессора Д.И. Эварницкого о произведенных им раскопках курганов и исторических исследованиях. Екатеринослав, 1904. 23 с. Забелин И.Е. Скифские могилы. Чертомлыцкий курган // ДТМАО. 1865. Т. 1. С. 71–90. Зайцев Ю.П., Мордвинцева В.И. Ногайчинский курган в степном Крыму // ВДИ. 2003. № 3. С. 61–99. Заседания Московского Предварительного Комитета XIII Археологического Съезда // Труды XIII АС. М., 1908. Т. 2. C. 121–142. Ильинская В.А. Скифские курганы около г. Борисполя // СА. 1966. № 3. С. 152–171. История Великой Отечественной войны Советского Союза. 1941–1945. Т. 3. / Ред. Ю.П. Петров. М: Воен. изд-во МО СССР, 1961. 659 с. Колтухов С.Г. Скифы Крымского Присивашья в VII–IV вв. до н.э. Погребальные памятники / Материалы к археологической карте Крыма. Вып. X. Симферополь: Изд-во ЧП «Предприятие Феникс», 2012. 138 с. Колтухов С.Г. Скифы Северо-западного Крыма в VII–IV вв. до н.э. (погребальные памятники) / Археологический альманах № 27. Донецк: Донбасс, 2012. 265 с. Лазаревский Я. Александропольский курган. Могила скифского царя // ЗРАО. 1894. Т. VII. Вып. 1–2. СПб. С. 24–46, 16 табл. Манцевич А.П. Курган Солоха. Публикация одной коллекции. Л: Искусство, 1987. 143 с. Марти Ю. Сто лет Керченского музея. Исторический очерк. Керчь: Гос. Керчен. арх. музей, 1926. IV, 96 с. Мелюкова А.И., Яценко И.В. Первые экспедиции с Б.Н. Граковым // РА. 1999. № 4. С. 215–220.Мемуары, относящиеся к истории Южной Руси. Вып. I. / ред. В. Антонович. Кіевь: Тіп. Г.Е. Корчакь-Новицкаго, 1890. 141 с. Мозолевський Б.М. Товста Могила. Київ: Наукова думка, 1979. 248 с. Мозолевский Б.Н. Скифский царский курган Желтокаменка // Древности степной Скифии / Отв.ред. А.И. Тереножкин. К: Наукова думка, 1982. С. 179–222. Мозолевський Б.М. Скіфський степ. Київ: Наукова думка, 1983. 197 с. Мозолевский Б.Н. К вопросу о скифском Герросе // CА. 1986. № 2. С. 70–83.Мозолевський Б.М. Кургани вищої скіфської знаті і проблема політичного устрою Скіфії // Археологія. 1990. № 1. С. 122–138. Мозолевский Б.Н., Полин С.В. Курганы скифского Герроса IV в. до н.э. (Бабина, Водяна и Соболева могилы). Киев: Стилос, 2005. 599 с. Мощанский И.Б. Освобождение Правобережной Украины. М.: Вече, 2011. 320 с. Самоквасов Д.Я. Могилы Русской земли. IV. М.: Синод. тип., 1908. 271 с. ОАК за 1891 г. СПб., 1893. 187 с. ОАК 1899. СПб., 1902. 184 с. ОАК 1900. СПб., 1902. 173 с. Об археологических разысканиях 1852–53–54 – Об археологических разысканиях в Екатеринославской губернии в 1852, 1853 и 1854 гг. // РА ИИМК РАН, ф.9, д. № 43. 110 л. О командировании 1852–53 – О командировании коллежского советника Терещенко для археологических разысканий на юге России и расследовании Луговой Могилы // РА ИИМК РАН, ф. 9, д. 6. О раскопках 1855-А – О раскопках в Екатеринославской губернии в 1855 г. // РА ИИМК РАН, ф. 9, д. 49а. 132 л. Отрощенко В.В., Болтрик Ю.В. Культурно-хронологическое и территориальное распределение могильников Днепро-Молочанской степной области // Материалы по хронологии археологических памятников Украины / Отв. ред. Д.Я. Телегин. Київ: Наукова думка, 1982. С. 38–46. Падалка Л. Каменный Затон и Белозерское городище на Днепре // Киевская старина. 1891. Т. 35. С. 384–390. Полин С.В., Алексеев А.Ю. Скифский царский Александропольский курган IV в. до н.э. в Нижнем Поднепровье. Киев; Берлин: Олег Філюк, 2018. 926 с. Пояснительная записка к проекту вскрытия скифского захоронения (“Нечаевой Могилы”) в Днепропетровской области. Орджоникидзе, 1966 (архив С.В. Полина). Пустовалов С.Ж. Реконструкція чисельності катакомбного населення за курганними похованнями Північного Причорномор’я // Археологія. 1997. № 3. С. 40–49. Путешествия в восточные страны Плано Карпини и Рубрука / Ред., вступ. ст. и прим. Н.П. Шастиной. М.: Гос. изд-во геогр. л-ры, 1957. 287 с. Сибирский А.А. Донесение министру уделов Л.А.Перовскому о раскопках в Феодосии и кургане, находящемся близ селения Александрополя Екатеринославской губ. // РА ИИМК РАН, ф. 9, д. 20. 15 л. Соколов В. Белозерское городище на Днепре // Киевская старина. 1892. Т. 38. C. 225–245 Сосса Р.І. Історія картографування території України. Від найданіших часів до 1920 р. Київ: Наукова думка 2000. 247 с. Тереножкин А.И., Ильинская В.А., Черненко Е.В. Отчет о работе Скифской Никопольской экспедиции 1965 г. // НА ИА НАНУ, № 1965/7. Тереножкин А.И., Ильинская В.А., Черненко Е.В., Мозолевский Б.Н. Скифские курганы Никопольщины // Скифские древности / Отв. ред. В.А. Ильинская, А.И. Тереножкин. Киев: Наукова думка, 1973. С. 113–186. Терещенко А. Очерки Новороссийского края // ЖМНП. 1853. № 4. С. 1–30. Терещенко А. Очерки Новороссийского края // ЖМНП. 1853. № 5. С. 55–75. Терещенко А. Очерки Новороссийского края // ЖМНП. 1853. № 7. С. 1–69. Терещенко А. О могильных насыпях и каменных бабах в Екатеринославской и Таврической губ. // Чтения в императорском обществе истории и древностей Российских при Московском университете. Кн. IV. / Ред. О.М. Водянский. М., 1866. С. 1–37. Уваров А.С. Исследования о древностях Южной России и берегов Черного моря. Вып. 1СПб.: Тип. экспедиции загот. гос. бумаг, 1851. 138 с. Черненко Е.В. Скифские курганы на Никопольщине // Записки Одесского археологического общества. Т. 2 (35). Одесса. 1967. С. 179–191. Черных Л.А., Дараган М.Н. Курганы эпохи энеолита-бронзы междуречья Базавлука, Соленой, Чертомлыка. Киев: Издатель Олег Филюк, 2014. 568 с. Черняков І.Т. Кургани в культурі України / Чмихов М.О. Курганні пам’ятки як явище давньої культури. Київ: НМК ВО, 1993. 144 с. Чирков А. Краткий очерк городищ, находящихся по Днепру и его лиману // Записки Одесского общества истории древностей (ЗООИД). Одесса,1867. Т. 6. С. 546–550. Чуйков В.И. От Сталинграда до Берлина. М.: Воениздат, 1980. 672 с. Шпеер А. Воспоминания. М.: Захаров, 2010. 679 с. Юргевич В.Н. Исторический очерк 50-летия Императорского Одесского общества истории и древностей. Одесса: Тип. А. Шульце, 1889. 121 с. Daragan M. The Use of GIS Technologies in Studying the Spatial and Time Concentration of Tumuli in the Scythian-time Lower Dnieper Region // Tumulus as Sema Space, Politics, Culture and Religion in the First Millennium BC Vol. 27. / Topoi – Berlin Studies of the Ancient World / Topoi – Berliner Studien der Alten Welt / Edited by: Olivier Henry and Ute Kelp. Berlin, 2016. Рp. 337–346.

Constant demand for new naval and commercial vessels has created special conditions for the Government-owned Soviet shipbuilding industry, which practically has not been affected by the world shipbuilding crisis. On the other hand, such chronic diseases of the centralized economy as lack of incentive, material shortage and poor workmanship cause specific problems for ship construction. Being technically and financially unable to rapidly improve the overall technology level and performance of the entire industry, the Soviets concentrate their efforts on certain important areas and have achieved significant results, especially in welding and cutting titanium and aluminum alloys, modular production methods, standardization, etc. All productivity improvement efforts are supported by an army of highly educated engineers and scientists at shipyards, in multiple scientific, research and design institutions. Discussion Edwin J. Petersen, Todd Pacific Shipyards Three years ago I addressed the Ship Production Symposium as chairman of the Ship Production Committee and outlined some major factors which had contributed to the U.S. shipbuilding industry's remarkable achievements in building and maintaining the world's largest naval and merchant fleets during the five-year period starting just before World War II. The factors were as follows:There was a national commitment to get the job done. The shipbuilding industry was recognized as a needed national resource. There was a dependable workload. Standardization was extensively and effectively utilized. Shipbuilding work was effectively organized. Although these lessons appear to have been lost by our Government since World War II, the paper indicates that the Soviet Union has picked up these principles and has applied them very well to its current shipbuilding program. The paper also gives testimony to the observation that the Soviet Government recognizes the strategic and economic importance of a strong merchant fleet as well as a powerful naval fleet. In reviewing the paper, I found great similarity between the Soviet shipbuilding productivity improvement efforts and our own efforts or goals under the National Shipbuilding Research Program in the following areas:welding technology, flexible automation (robotics), application of group technology, standardization, facilities development, and education and training. In some areas, the Soviet Union appears to be well ahead of the United States in improving the shipbuilding process. Most noteworthy among these is the stable long-and medium-range planning that is possible by virtue of the use and adherence to the "Table of Vessel Classes." It will be obvious to most who hear and read these comments what a vast and significant improvement in shipbuilding costs and schedules could be achieved with a relatively dependable 15year master ship procurement plan for the U.S. naval and merchant fleets. Another area where the Soviet Union appears to lead the United States is in the integration of ship component suppliers into the shipbuilding process. This has been recognized as a vital step by the National Shipbuilding Research Program, but so far we have not made significant progress. A necessary prerequisite for this "supplier integration" is extensive standardization of ship components, yet another area in which the Soviets have achieved significantly greater progress than we have. Additional areas of Soviet advantage are the presence of a multilevel research and development infrastructure well supported by highly educated scientists, engineering and technical personnel; and better integration of formally educated engineering and technical personnel into the ship production process. In his conclusion, the author lists a number of problems facing the Soviet economy that adversely affect shipbuilding productivity. Perhaps behind this listing we can delve out some potential U.S. shipbuilding advantages. First, production systems in U.S. shipyards (with the possible exception of naval shipyards) are probably more flexible and adjustable to meet new circumstances as a consequence of not being constrained by a burdensome centralized bureaucracy, as is the case with Soviet shipyards. Next, such initiatives as the Ship Production Committee's "Human Resources Innovation" projects stand a better chance of achieving product-oriented "production team" relationship among labor, management, and technical personnel than the more rigid Soviet system, especially in view of the ability of U.S. shipyard management to offer meaningful financial incentives without the kind of bureaucratic constraints imposed in the Soviet system. Finally, the current U.S. Navy/shipbuilding industry cooperative effort to develop a common engineering database should lead to a highly integrated and disciplined ship design, construction, operation, and maintenance system for naval ships (and subsequently for commercial ships) that will ultimately restore the U.S. shipbuilding process to a leadership position in the world marketplace (additional references [16] and [17]).On that tentatively positive note, it seems fitting to close this discussion with a question: Is the author aware of any similar Soviet effort to develop an integrated computer-aided design, production and logistics support system? The author is to be congratulated on an excellent, comprehensive insight into the Soviet shipbuilding process and productivity improvement efforts that should give us all adequate cause not to be complacent in our own efforts. Peter M. Palermo, Naval Sea Systems Command The author presents an interesting paper that unfortunately leaves this reader with a number of unanswered questions. The paper is a paradox. It depicts a system consisting of a highly educated work force, advanced fabrication processes including the use of standardized hull modules, sophisticated materials and welding processes, and yet in the author's words they suffer from "low productivity, poor product quality, . . . and the rigid production systems which resists the introduction of new ideas." Is it possible that incentive, motivation, and morale play an equally significant role in achieving quality and producibility advances? Can the author discuss underlying reasons for quality problems in particular—or can we assume that the learning curves of Figs. 5 and Fig. 6 are representative of quality improvement curves? It has been my general impression that quality will improve with application of high-tech fabrication procedures, enclosed fabrication ways, availability of highly educated welding engineers on the building ways, and that productivity would improve with the implementation of modular or zone outfitting techniques coupled with the quality improvements. Can the author give his impressions of the impact of these innovations in the U.S. shipbuilding industry vis-a-vis the Soviet industry? Many of the welding processes cited in the paper are also familiar to the free world, with certain notable exceptions concerning application in Navy shipbuilding. For example, (1) electroslag welding is generally confined to single-pass welding of heavy plates; application to thinner plates—l1/4 in. and less when certified—would permit its use in more applications than heretofore. (2) Electron beam welding is generally restricted to high-technology machinery parts; vacuum chamber size restricts its use for larger components (thus it must be assumed that the Soviets have solved the vacuum chamber problem or have much larger chambers). (3) Likewise, laser welding has had limited use in U.S. shipbuilding. An interesting theme that runs throughout the paper, but is not explicitly addressed, is the quality of Soviet ship fitting. The use of high-tech welding processes and the mention of "remote controlled tooling for welding and X-ray testing the butt, and for following painting" imply significant ship fitting capabilities for fitting and positioning. This is particularly true if modules are built in one facility, outfitted and assembled elsewhere depending on the type of ship required. Any comments concerning Soviet ship fitting capabilities would be appreciated. The discussion on modular construction seems to indicate that the Soviets have a "standard hull module" that is used for different types of vessels, and if the use of these hull modules permit increasing hull length without changes to the fore and aft ends, it can be assumed that they are based on a standard structural design. That being the case, the midship structure will be overdesigned for many applications and optimally designed for very few. Recognizing that the initial additional cost for such a piece of hull structure is relatively minimal, it cannot be forgotten that the lifecycle costs for transporting unnecessary hull weight around can have significant fuel cost impacts. If I perceived the modular construction approach correctly, then I am truly intrigued concerning the methods for handling the distributive systems. In particular, during conversion when the ship is lengthened, how are the electrical, fluid, communications, and other distributive systems broken down, reassembled and tested? "Quick connect couplings" for these type systems at the module breaks is one particular area where economies can be achieved when zone construction methods become the order of the day in U.S. Navy ships. The author's comments in this regard would be most welcome. The design process as presented is somewhat different than U.S. Navy practice. In U.S. practice, Preliminary and Contract design are developed by the Navy. Detail design, the development of the working drawings, is conducted by the lead shipbuilder. While the detail design drawings can be used by follow shipbuilders, flexibility is permitted to facilitate unique shipbuilding or outfitting procedures. Even the contract drawings supplied by the Navy can be modified— upon Navy approval—to permit application of unique shipbuilder capabilities. The large number of college-trained personnel entering the Soviet shipbuilding and allied fields annually is mind-boggling. According to the author's estimation, a minimum of about 6500 college graduates—5000 of which have M.S. degrees—enter these fields each year. It would be most interesting to see a breakdown of these figures—in particular, how many naval architects and welding engineers are included in these figures? These are disciplines with relatively few personnel entering the Navy design and shipbuilding field today. For example, in 1985 in all U.S. colleges and universities, there were only 928 graduates (B.S., M.S. and Ph.D.) in marine, naval architecture and ocean engineering and only 1872 graduates in materials and metallurgy. The number of these graduates that entered the U.S. shipbuilding field is unknown. Again, the author is to be congratulated for providing a very thought-provoking paper. Frank J. Long, Win/Win Strategies This paper serves not only as a chronicle of some of the productivity improvement efforts in Soviet shipbuilding but also as an important reminder of the fruits of those efforts. While most Americans have an appreciation of the strengths of the Russian Navy, this paper serves to bring into clearer focus the Russians' entire maritime might in its naval, commercial, and fishing fleets. Indeed, no other nation on earth has a greater maritime capability. It is generally acknowledged that the Soviet Navy is the largest in the world. When considering the fact that the commercial and fishing fleets are, in many military respects, arms of the naval fleet, we can more fully appreciate how awesome Soviet maritime power truly is. The expansion of its maritime capabilities is simply another but highly significant aspect of Soviet worldwide ambitions. The development and updating of "Setka Typov Su dov" (Table of Vessel Classes), which the author describes is a classic example of the Soviet planning process. As the author states, "A mighty fishing and commercial fleet was built in accordance with a 'Setka' which was originally developed in the 1960's. And an even more impressive example is the rapid expansion of the Soviet Navy." In my opinion it is not mere coincidence that the Russians embarked on this course in the 1960's. That was the beginning of the coldest of cold war periods—Francis Gary Power's U-2 plane was downed by the Russians on May 1, 1960; the mid-May 1960 Four Power Geneva Summit was a bust; the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961 and, in 1962, we had the Cuban Missile Crisis. The United States maritime embargo capability in that crisis undoubtedly influenced the Soviet's planning process. It is a natural and normal function of a state-controlled economy with its state-controlled industries to act to bring about the controlled productivity improvement developments in exactly the key areas discussed in the author's paper. As the author states, "All innovations at Soviet shipyards have originated at two main sources:domestic development andadaptation of new ideas introduced by leading foreign yards, or most likely a combination of both. Soviet shipbuilders are very fast learners; moreover, their own experience is quite substantial." The Ship Production Committee of SNAME has organized its panels to conduct research in many of these same areas for productivity improvement purposes. For example, addressing the areas of technology and equipment are Panels SP-1 and 3, Shipbuilding Facilities and Environmental Effects, and Panel SP-7, Shipbuilding Welding. Shipbuilding methods are the province of SP-2; outfitting and production aids and engineering and scientific support are the province of SP-4, Design Production Integration. As I read through the descriptions of the processes that led to the productivity improvements, I was hoping to learn more about the organizational structure of Soviet shipyards, the managerial hierarchy and how work is organized by function or by craft in the shipyard. (I would assume that for all intents and purposes, all Russian yards are organized in the same way.) American shipyard management is wedded to the notion that American shipbuilding suffers immeasurably from a productivity standpoint because of limitations on management's ability to assign workers across craft lines. It is unlikely that this limitation exists in Soviet shipyards. If it does not, how is the unfettered right of assignment optimized? What are the tangible, measurable results? I believe it would have been helpful, also, for the author to have dedicated some of the paper to one of the most important factors in improvement in the labor-intensive shipbuilding industry—the shipyard worker. There are several references to worker problems—absenteeism, labor shortage, poor workmanship, and labor discipline. The reader is left with the impression that the Russians believe that either those are unsolvable problems or have a priority ranking significantly inferior to the organizational, technical, and design efforts discussed. As a case in point, the author devotes a complete section to engineering education and professional training but makes no mention of education or training programs for blue-collar workers. It would seem that a paper on productivity improvement efforts in Soviet shipbuilding would address this most important element. My guess is that the Russians have considerable such efforts underway and it would be beneficial for us to learn of them.

W eseju ukazano koleje życia Ludwika Karola Wirskiego (1872-1961), prawnika, absolwenta Uniwersytetu Lwowskiego, prokuratora w Przemyślu, który na we zwanie Ministerstwa byłej Dzielnicy Pruskiej (funkcjonującej w latach 1919-1922) przybył pod koniec 1919 r. do Poznania, by następnie objąć w 1920 r. kierownictwo Prokuratury przy Sądzie Okręgowym w Grudziądzu na Pomorzu Nadwiślańskim. Szybko doprowadził do spolszczenia tego organu i kierował nim „chwalebnie”. W 1924 r. przeniesiony został do Bydgoszczy, także na stanowisko prokuratora przy tamtejszym Sądzie Okręgowym. Piastował je do 1928 r., kiedy to w niewyjaśnionych do końca okolicznościach przeszedł w stan spoczynku. Od 1928 r. do najazdu Niemiec na Polskę w 1939 r. praktykował, wpisany na listę adwokatów Izby Adwokackiej w Poznaniu. Jego kancelaria mieściła się w centrum miasta, a Wirski należał do wziętych adwokatów. Po zajęciu Bydgoszczy przez Niemców adwokat Wirski pozostał w mieście. Mimo zagrożeń i represji nie zapisał się do uprzywilejowanej przez okupanta kaukasko-ormiańskiej grupy narodowościowej. Nie złożył również wniosku o wpis do III grupy niemieckiej listy narodowej. W jego mieszkaniu pro wadzono tajne nauczanie dzieci i młodzieży. Postawę Wirskiego jako Polaka w czasie okupacji uznano po zakończeniu wojny za wzorową. W 1945 r. po oswobodzeniu Bydgoszczy spod okupacji niemieckiej Wirski raz jeszcze otrzymał od władz polskich upoważnienie do tymczasowego zorganizowania sądu i prokuratury oraz kierowania Prokuraturą przy Sądzie Okręgowym. Szybko ją zorganizował i przez niespełna rok bez zarzutu nią kierował. Po przejściu w stan spoczynku znów podjął pracę jako adwokat należący do Wojewódzkiej Izby Adwokackiej w Bydgoszczy i wykonywał ją do 1961 r. Oceniany był jako znawca prawa, życzliwy ludziom. Ludwik Wirski, postać nietuzinkowa, swoją postawą i czynami, na trwałe zapisał się w historii Bydgoszczy.

This paper offers the critical edition of some letters and postcards written by the soldiers of Schio (Vicenza) during World War 1 to their priest Elia Dalla Costa (1872-1961). The language used is a type of Italian called ‘italiano popolare’ with the presence of Vicenza dialectal substrate.

Abstract The Neotropical harpactorine assassin bug genus Acanthischium Amyot & Serville, 1843 (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Harpactorini) includes four valid species: Acanthischium maculatum Amyot & Serville, 1843 (with ten color varieties proposed by Stål [1872]), Acanthischium haglundi Stål, 1866, Acanthischium superbum Haviland, 1931, and Acanthischium invium Elkins, 1961. A taxonomic revision and a morphological phylogenetic analysis were carried out to test species limits and to propose a hypothesis of evolutionary relationships. As a result of the phylogenetic analysis, Acanthischium is characterized on its external morphology by the elongate postocular region, posterior margin of the pronotum with spines, ventral surface of protrochanter with apical and basal protuberances, profemur wider than mesofemur, and protibia strongly curved. After the taxonomic revision we propose nine valid species, taking into consideration characters of external morphology, male and female genitalia, and color patterns: Acanthischium dimidiatum Stål, 1859 stat. rev.; Acanthischium flaviceps Stål, 1872 stat. rev.; Acanthischium haglundi Stål, 1866; Acanthischium kuna sp. nov. from Panama and Colombia; Acanthischium maculatum Amyot & Serville, 1843; Acanthischium meloae sp. nov. from Suriname; Acanthischium nigrum Stål, 1872 stat. rev.; Acanthischium semiflavum Stål,1872 stat. rev.; and Acanthischium superbum Haviland, 1931. We further synonymize A. invium Elkins, 1961 with A. superbum. All but one of the species ‒ A. flaviceps ‒ were included in the phylogenetic analysis, in which Acanthischium was found to be monophyletic, with the following set of relationships: (A. haglundi + (A. nigrum +(A. dimidiatum (A. maculatum, A. semiflavum, A. kuna, A. meloae, A. superbum)))). The resulting phylogenetic pattern indicate a body color transition from drab to more vivid ones, such as orange or red. The species exhibiting red and orange colorations are found in a clade, suggesting an underlying biological phenomenon, such as wasp mimetism.

Abstract. Lumyai P, Palakit K, Suangsathaporn K, Wanthongchai K. 2020. A 324-years temperature reconstruction from Pinus latteri Mason at highland in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 3938-3945. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the growth of Pinus latteri and climate data in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Dendrochronological techniques were used to analyze 35 sample cores. The cross dated ring width data could be extended back for up to 324 years (1692-2015). The relationship between ring-width index and climate data indicated a significant correlation (p < 0.01) with the monthly rainfall in January, monthly temperature in August and September, extreme maximum temperature in August and mean maximum temperature in March and August. The reconstructed average monthly temperature in August was estimated at around 27.35 °C, a warming period could have occurred in 1694-1702, 1834-1844, 1848-1866, 1873-1876, 1884-1890, 1896-1902, 1911-1927, 1942-1958, and 1986-1990, with cooling periods occurring in 1703-1722, 1739-1752, 1865-1872, 1877-1883, 1891-1895, 1903-1910, 1928-1941, 1959-1961, and 1968-1970, which could explain the high fluctuations in temperature. Periods in the range 2.1-2.5, 10.1 , and 13.5 years were found to be common with the variations in El Niño-Southern Oscillation. In conclusion, the pine growth information can be used to monitor the variations in climate in Thailand.

The Canadian History of Education Association awarded its biennial publication prizes at its 2022 conference held in Victoria, British Columbia from October 13th to 15th. The awards cover the period 2018–2020 and 2020–2022. L’Association canadienne d’histoire de l’éducation a décerné ses prix bisannuels lors de son congrès tenu à Victoria, Colombie-Britannique, du 13 au 15 octobre 2022. Ces récompenses couvrent les années 2018–2020 et 2020–2022. Meilleur ouvrage ou anthologie en langue française / Best French-language book or anthology, 2020Bousquet, Marie-Pierre et Karl Hele. La blessure qui dormait à poings fermés : L’héritage des pensionnats autochtones au Québec. Montréal : Recherches amérindiennes au Québec, 2019. Meilleur ouvrage ou anthologie en langue française / Best French-language book or anthology, 2022Larochelle, Catherine. L’école du racisme : La construction de l’altérité à l’école québécois. Montréal : Les presses de l’Université de Montreal, 2021. Best English-language book or anthology / Meilleur ouvrage ou anthologie en anglais, 2020Gidney, Catherine. Captive Audience: How Corporations Invaded Our Schools. Toronto: Between the Lines, 2019. Best English-language book or anthology / Meilleur ouvrage ou anthologie en anglais, 2022Aladejebi, Funké. Schooling the System: A History of Black Women Teachers. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2021. Mason, Raymond, Theodore Christou, and Jackson Pind. Spirit of the Grassroots People: Seeking Justice for Indigenous Survivors of Canada’s Colonial Education System. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 2020. Meilleur article ou chapitre inédit en langue française n’a pas été attribué 2018–2022. / Best French-language article or original chapter was not awarded 2018–2022. Best English-language article or original chapter / Meilleur article ou chapiter inédit en langue anglaise, 2020Clark, Penney. “‘The Most Just of All Educational Legislation’: Provision of Free Textbooks in the Province of Ontario, 1846–1967.” Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d’études canadiennes 53, no. 2 (Spring 2019): 392–422. Best English-language article or original chapter / Meilleur article ou chapitre inédit en langue anglaise, 2022Carleton, Sean. “‘The Children Show Unmistakable Signs of Indian Blood’: Indigenous Children Attending Public Schools in British Columbia, 1872–1925.” History of Education 50, no. 3 (2021): 313–337. Honourable Mention: English-language article or original chapter / Mention honorable pour article ou chapiter en langue anglaise, 2022Cross, Natalie and Thomas Peace. “‘My Own Old English Friends’: Networking Anglican Settler Colonialism at the Shingwauk Home, Huron College, and Western University.” Historical Studies in Education/Revue d’histoire de l’éducation 33, no. 1 (Spring 2021): 22–49. Cathy James Memorial Dissertation Prize / Le Prix commémoratif Cathy James, 2020 Lemieux, Olivier. « L’histoire à l’école, matière à débats...Analyse des sources de controverses entoutant les réformes de programmes d’histoire du Québec au secondaire (1961–2013). » Thèse de doctorat. Université Laval, 2019. Cathy James Memorial Dissertation Prize / Le Prix commémoratif Cathy James, 2022 Pind, Jackson. “Indian Day Schools in Michi Saagiig Anishinaabeg Territory, 1899–1978.” Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Queen’s University, 2021. Distinguished Contribution Prize / Prix pour une contribution exceptionnelle At its 2010 biennial conference, the CHEA/ACHÉ established the Distinguished Contribution Award to be presented to individuals “who have made a distinguished contribution to scholarship in the history of education over their careers and/or to the work of CHEA/ACHÉ.” The 2022 recipient of the award is Elizabeth Smyth, OISE-Toronto. Lors de son congrès de 2010, l’ACHÉ/CHEA a créé un prix à être décerné à des individus« qui ont apporté une contribution remarquable aux connaissances en histoire de l’éducation durant leur carrière ou leur implication dans l’ACHÉ/CHEA. » Le récipiendaire pour 2022 est Elizabeth Smyth, OISE-Toronto.

Abstract Cryphalini Lindemann, 1877 are a speciose group of mostly miniscule beetles. The tribe Cryphalini is reviewed here which resulted in taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. This revision follows a recent molecular phylogenomic re-analysis focused on the tribe and related scolytine taxa. The analysis demonstrated that the tribe is polyphyletic, as found in other molecular phylogenies. To ensure monophyletic classification, we present a revision of the former tribe with two tribes resurrected, one described, and several genera transferred to other existing tribes. Additionally, extensive generic synonymy, and new combinations are presented. A key, photographs, and illustrations are provided to enable an accurate determination of genera. The revised Cryphalini contains only CryphalusErichson, 1836 (=Hypocryphalus Hopkins, 1915 syn. nov.; Margadillius Hopkins, 1915 syn. nov.). Coriacephilini Johnson trib. nov. contains only Coriacephilus Schedl, 1939. Ernoporini Nüsslin, 1911 stat. res. contains EidophelusEichhoff, 1876 (=Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 syn. nov.; PtilopodiusHopkins, 1915syn. nov.; ErnoporicusBerger, 1917syn. nov.; CryphalogenesWood, 1980syn. nov.); ErnoporusThomson, 1859 (=ErnocladiusWood, 1980syn. nov.; AllothenemusBright and Torres, 2006syn. nov.); Hemicryphalus Schedl, 1963; and ProcryphalusHopkins, 1915. Trypophloeini Nüsslin, 1911 stat. res. includes the genera Afrocosmoderes Johnson and Jordal gen. nov.; AtomothenemusBright, 2019; Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (=AllernoporusKurentsov, 1941syn. nov.); HypothenemusWestwood, 1834 (=PeriocryphalusWood, 1971syn. nov.); MacrocryphalusNobuchi, 1981stat. res.; Microcosmoderes Johnson and Jordal gen. nov.; MicrosomusBright, 2019; PygmaeoborusBright, 2019; and TrypophloeusFairmaire, 1864. Xyloterini LeConte, 1876 is maintained, containing Indocryphalus Eggers, 1939; TrypodendronStephens, 1830 and XyloterinusSwaine, 1918. AcorthylusBrèthes, 1922, CryptocarenusEggers, 1937, Neocryphus Nunberg, 1956, Stegomerus Wood, 1967, and TrypolepisBright, 2019 are transferred to Corthylini LeConte, 1876. Stephanopodius Schedl, 1963 is transferred to Xyloctonini Eichhoff, 1878. As a consequence of generic synonymy, the following new or resurrected combinations are proposed: Cosmoderes euonymi (Kurentsov, 1941) comb. nov.; Cryphalus aciculatus (Schedl, 1939) comb. nov.; Cryphalus afiamalus (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov.; Cryphalus angustior Eggers, 1927 comb. res.; Cryphalus asper (Broun, 1881) comb. nov.; Cryphalus bakeri (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov.; Cryphalus basihirtusBeeson, 1929comb. nov.; Cryphalus bidentatus (Browne, 1980) comb. nov.; Cryphalus brevior (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Cryphalus carinatus (Browne, 1980) comb. nov.; Cryphalus confusus (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus corpulentus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Cryphalus cylindripennis (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov.; Cryphalus cylindrus (Browne, 1950) comb. nov.; Cryphalus densepilosus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Cryphalus dilutus Eichhoff, 1878 comb. res.; Cryphalus discrepans (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Cryphalus discretus Eichhoff, 1878 comb. res.; Cryphalus erythrinae (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus fici (Browne, 1986) comb. nov.; Cryphalus glabratus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov.; Cryphalus granulatus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Cryphalus imitans (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov.; Cryphalus interponens (Schedl, 1953) comb. nov.; Cryphalus kalambanganus (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Cryphalus laevis (Browne, 1980) comb. nov.; Cryphalus laticollis (Browne, 1974) comb. nov.; Cryphalus longipennis (Browne, 1970) comb. nov.; Cryphalus longipilis (Browne, 1981) comb. nov.; Cryphalus magnus (Browne, 1984) comb. nov.; Cryphalus malayensis (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Cryphalus mangiferaeStebbing, 1914comb. res.; Cryphalus margadilaonis (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus mindoroensis (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Cryphalus minor (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Cryphalus minutus (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus mollis Schedl, 1955 comb. res.; Cryphalus moorei (Schedl, 1964) comb. nov.; Cryphalus nigrosetosus (Schedl, 1948) comb. nov.; Cryphalus nitidicollis (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Cryphalus obscurus (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus ovalicollis (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Cryphalus papuanus (Schedl, 1973) comb. nov.; Cryphalus piliger (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Cryphalus polynesiae (Schedl, 1979) comb. nov.; Cryphalus quadrituberculatus (Schedl, 1963) comb. nov.; Cryphalus reflexus (Browne, 1980) comb. nov.; Cryphalus robustus Eichhoff, 1872 comb. res.; Cryphalus rotundus (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus sandakanensis Schedl, 1937 comb. res.; Cryphalus spathulatus (Schedl, 1938) comb. nov.; Cryphalus striatulus (Browne, 1978) comb. nov.; Cryphalus striatus (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Cryphalus sumatranus (Schedl, 1939) comb. nov.; Cryphalus triangularis (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Cryphalus tutuilaensis (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov.; Eidophelus absonus (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus afer (Schedl, 1970) comb. nov.; Eidophelus africanus (Schedl, 1977) comb. nov.; Eidophelus aitutakii (Beaver and Maddison, 1990) comb. nov.; Eidophelus alniphagus (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus alternans (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus amanicus (Eggers, 1919) comb. nov.; Eidophelus ankius (Schedl, 1979) comb. nov.; Eidophelus apicalis (Schedl, 1971) comb. nov.; Eidophelus approximatus (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus aspericollis (Eichhoff, 1878) comb. nov.; Eidophelus ater (Eggers, 1923) comb. nov.; Eidophelus australis (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Eidophelus badius (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus bambusae (Browne, 1983) comb. nov.; Eidophelus bangensis (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov.; Eidophelus basilaris (Wood, 1960) comb. nov.; Eidophelus birosimensis (Murayama, 1958) comb. nov.; Eidophelus braderi (Browne, 1965) comb. nov.; Eidophelus brimblecombei (Schedl, 1972) comb. nov.; Eidophelus buruensis (Eggers, 1926) comb. nov.; Eidophelus camelliae (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus candidus (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus capucinus (Schedl, 1971) comb. nov.; Eidophelus caucasicus (Lindemann, 1877) comb. nov.; Eidophelus ceylonicus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov.; Eidophelus cicatricosus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Eidophelus coccotrypanoides (Schedl, 1939) comb. nov.; Eidophelus communis (Schaufuss, 1891) comb. nov.; Eidophelus confragosus (Sampson, 1914) comb. nov.; Eidophelus corni (Kurentsov, 1941) comb. nov.; Eidophelus corpulentus (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Eidophelus corrugatus (Schedl, 1950) comb. nov.; Eidophelus creber (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus crenatus (Sampson, 1914) comb. nov.; Eidophelus cylindricus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov.; Eidophelus darwini (Eichhoff, 1878) comb. nov.; Eidophelus devius (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus dubiosus (Wood, 1960) comb. nov.; Eidophelus eggersi (Schedl, 1962) comb. nov.; Eidophelus euphorbiae (Wood, 1980) comb. nov.; Eidophelus excellens (Schedl, 1979) comb. nov.; Eidophelus exiguus (Wood, 1980) comb. nov.; Eidophelus exilis (Yin, 2001) comb. nov.; Eidophelus eximius (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Eidophelus expers (Blandford, 1894) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fagi (Fabricius, 1798) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fijianus (Schedl, 1950) comb. nov.; Eidophelus formosanus (Browne, 1981) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fugax (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fujisanus (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fulgens (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fulgidus (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus fulvipennis (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus ghanaensis (Schedl, 1977) comb. nov.; Eidophelus glabratus (Yin, 2001) comb. nov.; Eidophelus gracilis (Schedl, 1950) comb. nov.; Eidophelus granulatus (Wood, 1960) comb. nov.; Eidophelus grobleri (Schedl, 1962) comb. nov.; Eidophelus hirtus (Wood, 1974) comb. nov.; Eidophelus hobohmi (Schedl, 1955) comb. nov.; Eidophelus hylesinopsis (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus incultus (Yin, 2001) comb. nov.; Eidophelus indicus (Wood, 1989) comb. nov.; Eidophelus insularis (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus insularum (Krivolutskaya, 1968) comb. nov.; Eidophelus jalappae (Letzner, 1849) comb. nov.; Eidophelus javanus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Eidophelus kanawhae (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Eidophelus landolphiae (Schedl, 1961) comb. nov.; Eidophelus leprosulus (Browne, 1974) comb. nov.; Eidophelus longipennis (Eggers, 1936) comb. nov.; Eidophelus magnocularis (Yin, 2001) comb. nov.; Eidophelus marquesanus (Beeson, 1935) comb. nov.; Eidophelus mauritianus (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Eidophelus micans (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov.; Eidophelus minor (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov.; Eidophelus minutissimus (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Eidophelus mus (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus nanulus (Wood, 1960) comb. nov.; Eidophelus nigellatus (Schedl, 1950) comb. nov.; Eidophelus nubilus (Wood, 1960) comb. nov.; Eidophelus ocularis (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Eidophelus onyanganus (Schedl, 1941) comb. nov.; Eidophelus opacus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov.; Eidophelus pacificus (Schedl, 1941) comb. nov.; Eidophelus papuanus (Schedl, 1974) comb. nov.; Eidophelus papuensis (Wood, 1989) comb. nov.; Eidophelus paradoxus (Wood, 1992) comb. nov.; Eidophelus parvus (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Eidophelus pityophthorinus (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Eidophelus pleiocarpae (Schedl, 1957) comb. nov.; Eidophelus polisquamosus (Yin, 2001) comb. nov.; Eidophelus praeda (Browne, 1978) comb. nov.; Eidophelus puerarae (Choo and Woo, 1989) comb. nov.; Eidophelus pumilionides (Schedl, 1977) comb. nov.; Eidophelus pumilus (Wood, 1960) comb. nov.; Eidophelus punctatulus (Nobuchi, 1976) comb. nov.; Eidophelus punctatus (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov.; Eidophelus puncticollis (Schedl, 1950) comb. nov.; Eidophelus pygmaeolus (Schedl, 1971) comb. nov.; Eidophelus quadridens (Browne, 1983) comb. nov.; Eidophelus ramosus (Beeson, 1935) comb. nov.; Eidophelus robustus (Schedl, 1955) comb. nov.; Eidophelus rugosus (Schedl, 1943) comb. nov.; Eidophelus rusticus (Wood, 1974) comb. nov.; Eidophelus semenovi (Kurentsov, 1941) comb. nov.; Eidophelus separandus (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Eidophelus setifer (Wood, 1974) comb. nov.; Eidophelus sodalis (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Eidophelus spessivtzevi (Berger, 1917) comb. nov.; Eidophelus spirostachius (Schedl, 1958) comb. nov.; Eidophelus splendens (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus squamatilis (Schedl, 1977) comb. nov.; Eidophelus squamosus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Eidophelus squamulosus (Eggers, 1936) comb. nov.; Eidophelus stephegynis (Hopkins, 1915) comb. nov.; Eidophelus takahashii (Nobuchi, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus tarawai (Beaver, 1990) comb. nov.; Eidophelus tonsus (Schedl, 1969) comb. nov.; Eidophelus tricolor (Lea, 1910) comb. nov.; Eidophelus trucis (Wood, 1974) comb. nov.; Eidophelus uncatus (Schedl, 1971) comb. nov.; Eidophelus usagaricus (Eggers, 1922) comb. nov.; Eidophelus varius (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus venustus (Schedl, 1953) comb. nov.; Eidophelus yunnanensis (Yin, 2001) comb. nov.; Eidophelus zachvatkini (Krivolutskaya, 1958) comb. nov.; Ernoporus corpulentus (Sampson, 1919) comb. nov.; Ernoporus exquisitus (Bright, 2019) comb. nov.; Ernoporus guiboutiae (Schedl, 1957) comb. nov.; Ernoporus minutus (Bright and Torres, 2006) comb. nov.; Hypothenemus attenuatus (Eggers, 1935) comb. nov.; Hypothenemus loranthus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Hypothenemus novateutonicus (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov.; Hypothenemus pullus (Wood, 1971) comb. nov. Following assessment of diagnostic characters, the following species were transferred to a different genus: Afrocosmoderes madagascariensis Schedl, 1961 comb. nov.; Afrocosmoderes caplandicus (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Afrocosmoderes grobleri (Schedl, 1961) comb. nov.; Afrocosmoderes niger (Schedl, 1961) comb. nov.; Afrocosmoderes pellitus (Schedl, 1953) comb. nov.; Afrocosmoderes pennatus (Schedl, 1953) comb. nov.; Eidophelus concentralis (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov.; Eidophelus inermis (Browne, 1984) comb. nov.; Eidophelus insignis (Browne, 1984) comb. nov.; Eidophelus kinabaluensis (Bright, 1992) comb. nov.; Eidophelus philippinensis (Schedl, 1967) comb. nov.; Eidophelus podocarpi (Bright, 1992) comb. nov.; Ernoporus imitatrix (Schedl, 1977) comb. nov.; Ernoporus minor (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Ernoporus parvulus (Eggers, 1943) comb. nov.; Indocryphalus sericeus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov.; Macrocryphalus elongatus (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Macrocryphalus punctipennis (Schedl, 1965) comb. nov.; Microcosmoderes shoreae (Schedl, 1953) comb. nov.; Stegomerus parvatis (Wood, 1974) comb. nov.; Stephanopodius dubiosus (Schedl, 1970) comb. nov. Twenty-nine secondary homonyms were created following genus synonymy, and are designated replacement names: Afrocosmoderes schedli Johnson nom. nov. (=Euptilius madagascariensis Schedl, 1963 syn. nov.); Cryphalus amplicollis Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus laticollis Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Cryphalus eggersi Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus confusus Eggers, 1927 syn. nov.); Cryphalus fuscus Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus cylindrus Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Cryphalus gracilis Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus laevis Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Cryphalus luteus Johnson nom. nov. (=Margadillius fulvus Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Cryphalus minusculus Johnson nom. nov. (=Hypocryphalus minutus Browne, 1980 syn. nov.); Cryphalus ozopemoides Johnson nom. nov. (=Hypocryphalus montanusSchedl, 1974syn. nov.); Cryphalus pellicius Johnson nom. nov. (=Hypocryphalus pilifer Schedl, 1979 syn. nov.); Cryphalus punctistriatulus Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus striatulusBrowne, 1981syn. nov.); Cryphalus schedli Johnson nom. nov. (=Hypocryphalus formosanus Schedl, 1952 syn. nov.); Cryphalus solomonensis Johnson nom. nov. (=Margadillius terminaliae Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Cryphalus spissepilosus Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus densepilosusSchedl, 1943syn. nov.); Cryphalus storckiellae Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus striatusBrowne, 1974syn. nov.); Cryphalus takahashii Johnson nom. nov. (=Euptilius exiguus Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Eidophelus alstoniae Johnson nom. nov. (=Chiloxylon sumatranus Schedl, 1970 syn. nov.); Eidophelus brighti Johnson nom. nov. (=Hemicryphalus minutusBright, 1992syn. nov.); Eidophelus brownei Johnson nom. nov. (=Euptilius papuanus Browne, 1983 syn. nov.); Eidophelus furvus Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalophilus ater Schedl, 1972 syn. nov.); Eidophelus levis Johnson nom. nov. (=Eidophelus gracilis Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Eidophelus lucidus Johnson nom. nov. (=Lepicerinus pacificus Schedl, 1959 syn. nov.); Eidophelus minusculus Johnson nom. nov. (=Eidophelus minutissimus Schedl, 1962 syn. nov.); Eidophelus niger Johnson nom. nov. (=Ernoporicus aterNobuchi, 1975syn. nov.); Eidophelus parvulus Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalus parvus Browne, 1984 syn. nov.); Eidophelus rhododendri Johnson nom. nov. (=Hemicryphalus squamosusBright, 1992syn. nov.); Eidophelus schedli Johnson nom. nov. (=Cryphalomorphus ceylonicus Schedl, 1959 syn. nov.); Eidophelus yinae Johnson nom. nov. (=Scolytogenes venustusYin, 2001syn. nov.); Hypothenemus marginatus Johnson nom. nov. (=Periocryphalus sobrinus Wood, 1974 syn. nov.); Hypothenemus squamosulus Johnson nom. nov. (=Ptilopodius squamosus Schedl, 1953 syn. nov.). Two replacement names are now unnecessary: Cryphalus striatulus (Browne, 1978) stat. res. (=Hypothenemus browneiBeaver, 1991syn. nov.); Macrocryphalus oblongusNobuchi, 1981stat. res. (=Hypothenemus nobuchiiKnížek, 2011syn. nov.). We also acknowledge the original description of several species by Eichhoff, 1878a which have been widely referenced as a later description (Eichhoff, 1878b). The following taxonomic changes are provided to acknowledge the changes: Cryphalus horridusEichhoff, 1878a (=Cryphalus horridusEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Cryphalus numidicusEichhoff, 1878a (=Cryphalus numidicusEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Cryphalus submuricatusEichhoff, 1878a (=Cryphalus submuricatusEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Eidophelus aspericollis (Eichhoff, 1878a) (=Eidophelus aspericollisEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Hypothenemus arundinis (Eichhoff, 1878a) (=Hypothenemus arundinisEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Hypothenemus birmanus (Eichhoff, 1878a) (=Hypothenemus birmanusEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Hypothenemus fuscicollis (Eichhoff, 1878a) (=Hypothenemus fuscicollisEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov); Hypothenemus rotundicollis (Eichhoff, 1878a) (=Hypothenemus rotundicollisEichhoff, 1878bsyn. nov). Subjective species-level changes are minimal. The following synonymies are proposed: Cryphalus papuanus (Schedl, 1973) (=Ernoporus antennariusSchedl, 1974syn. nov.); Eidophelus concentralis (Schedl, 1975) (=Margadillius concentralis Schedl, 1975 syn. nov.). A neotype for Periocryphalus sobrinus Wood, 1974 and its replacement name Hypothenemus marginatusnom. nov. is designated at USNM due to the holotype being lost and replaced with a different species.

In 1999, the TV movie Shark Attack depicted an attack by mutant great white sharks on the population of Cape Town. By the time the third entry in the series, Shark Attack 3, aired in 2002, mutant great whites had lost their lustre and were replaced as antagonists with the megalodon: a giant shark originating not in any laboratory, but history, having lived from approximately 23 to 3.6 million years ago. The megalodon was resurrected again in May 2021 through a trifecta of events. A video of a basking shark encounter in the Atlantic went viral on the social media platform TikTok, due to users misidentifying it as a megalodon caught on tape. At the same time a boy received publicity for finding a megalodon tooth on a beach in South Carolina on his fifth birthday (Scott). And finally, the video game Stranded Deep, in which a megalodon is featured as a major enemy, was released as one of the monthly free games on the PlayStation Plus gaming service. These examples form part of a larger trend of alleged megalodon sightings in recent years, emerging as a component of the modern resurgence of cryptozoology. In the words of Bernard Heuvelmans, the Belgian zoologist who both popularised the term and was a leading figure of the field, cryptozoology is the “science of hidden animals”, which he further explained were more generally referred to as ‘unknowns’, even though they are typically known to local populations—at least sufficiently so that we often indirectly know of their existence, and certain aspects of their appearance and behaviour. It would be better to call them animals ‘undescribed by science,’ at least according to prescribed zoological rules. (1-2) In other words, a large aspect of cryptozoology as a field is taking the legendary creatures of non-Western mythology and finding materialist explanations for them compatible with Western biology. In many ways, this is a relic of the era of European imperialism, when many creatures of Africa and the Americas were “hidden animals” to European eyes (Dendle 200-01; Flores 557; Guimont). A major example of this is Bigfoot beliefs, a large subset of which took Native American legends about hairy wild men and attempted to prove that they were actually sightings of relict Gigantopithecus. These “hidden animals”—Bigfoot, Nessie, the chupacabra, the glawackus—are referred to as ‘cryptids’ by cryptozoologists (Regal 22, 81-104). Almost unique in cryptozoology, the megalodon is a cryptid based entirely on Western scientific development, and even the notion that it survives comes from standard scientific analysis (albeit analysis which was later superseded). Much like living mammoths and Bigfoot, what might be called the ‘megalodon as cryptid hypothesis’ serves to reinforce a fairy tale of its own. It reflects the desire to believe that there are still areas of the Earth untouched enough by human destruction to sustain massive animal life (Dendle 199-200). Indeed, megalodon’s continued existence would help absolve humanity for the oceanic aspect of the Sixth Extinction, by its role as an alternative apex predator; cryptozoologist Michael Goss even proposed that whales and giant squids are rare not from human causes, but precisely because megalodons are feeding on them (40). Horror scholar Michael Fuchs has pointed out that shark media, particularly the 1975 film Jaws and its 2006 video game adaptation Jaws Unleashed, are imbued with eco-politics (Fuchs 172-83). These connections, as well as the modern megalodon’s surge in popularity, make it notable that none of Syfy’s climate change-focused Sharknado films featured a megalodon. Despite the lack of a Megalodonado, the popular appeal of the megalodon serves as an important case study. Given its scientific origin and dynamic relationship with popular culture, I argue that the ‘megalodon as cryptid hypothesis’ illustrates how the boundaries between ‘hard’ science and mythology, fiction and reality, as well as ‘monster’ and ‘animal’, are not as firm as advocates of the Western science tradition might believe. As this essay highlights, science can be a mythology of its own, and monsters can serve as its gods of the gaps—or, in the case of megalodon, the god of the depths. Megalodon Fossils: A Short History Ancient peoples of various cultures likely viewed fossilised teeth of megalodons in the area of modern-day Syria (Mayor, First Fossil Hunters 257). Over the past 2500 years, Native American cultures in North America used megalodon teeth both as curios and cutting tools, due to their large size and serrated edges. A substantial trade in megalodon teeth fossils existed between the cultures inhabiting the areas of the Chesapeake Bay and Ohio River Valley (Lowery et al. 93-108). A 1961 study found megalodon teeth present as offerings in pre-Columbian temples across Central America, including in the Mayan city of Palenque in Mexico and Sitio Conte in Panama (de Borhegyi 273-96). But these cases led to no mythologies incorporating megalodons, in contrast to examples such as the Unktehi, a Sioux water monster of myth likely inspired by a combination of mammoth and mosasaur fossils (Mayor, First Americans 221-38). In early modern Europe, megalodon teeth were initially referred to as ‘tongue stones’, due to their similarity in size and shape to human tongues—just one of many ways modern cryptozoology comes from European religious and mystical thought (Dendle 190-216). In 1605, English scholar Richard Verstegan published his book A Restitution of Decayed Intelligence in Antiquities, which included an engraving of a tongue stone, making megalodon teeth potentially the subject of the first known illustration of any fossil (Davidson 333). In Malta, from the sixteenth through eighteenth centuries, megalodon teeth, known as ‘St. Paul’s tongue’, were used as charms to ward off the evil eye, dipped into drinks suspected of being poisoned, and even ground into powder and consumed as medicine (Zammit-Maempel, “Evil Eye” plate III; Zammit-Maempel, “Handbills” 220; Freller 31-32). While megalodon teeth were valued in and of themselves, they were not incorporated into myths, or led to a belief in megalodons still being extant. Indeed, save for their size, megalodon teeth were hard to distinguish from those of living sharks, like great whites. Instead, both the identification of megalodons as a species, and the idea that they might still be alive, were notions which originated from extrapolations of the results of nineteenth and twentieth century European scientific studies. In particular, the major culprit was the famous British 1872-76 HMS Challenger expedition, which led to the establishment of oceanography as a branch of science. In 1873, Challenger recovered fossilised megalodon teeth from the South Pacific, the first recovered in the open ocean (Shuker 48; Goss 35; Roesch). In 1959, the zoologist Wladimir Tschernezky of Queen Mary College analysed the teeth recovered by the Challenger and argued (erroneously, as later seen) that the accumulation of manganese dioxide on its surface indicated that one had to have been deposited within the last 11,000 years, while another was given an age of 24,000 years (1331-32). However, these views have more recently been debunked, with megalodon extinction occurring over two million years ago at the absolute latest (Pimiento and Clements 1-5; Coleman and Huyghe 138; Roesch). Tschernezky’s 1959 claim that megalodons still existed as of 9000 BCE was followed by the 1963 book Sharks and Rays of Australian Seas, a posthumous publication by ichthyologist David George Stead. Stead recounted a story told to him in 1918 by fishermen in Port Stephens, New South Wales, of an encounter with a fully white shark in the 115-300 foot range, which Stead argued was a living megalodon. That this account came from Stead was notable as he held a PhD in biology, had founded the Wildlife Preservation Society of Australia, and had debunked an earlier supposed sea monster sighting in Sydney Harbor in 1907 (45-46). The Stead account formed the backbone of cryptozoological claims for the continued existence of the megalodon, and after the book’s publication, multiple reports of giant shark sightings in the Pacific from the 1920s and 1930s were retroactively associated with relict megalodons (Shuker 43, 49; Coleman and Huyghe 139-40; Goss 40-41; Roesch). A Monster of Science and Culture As I have outlined above, the ‘megalodon as cryptid hypothesis’ had as its origin story not in Native American or African myth, but Western science: the Challenger Expedition, a London zoologist, and an Australian ichthyologist. Nor was the idea of a living megalodon necessarily outlandish; in the decades after the Challenger Expedition, a number of supposedly extinct fish species had been discovered to be anything but. In the late 1800s, the goblin shark and frilled shark, both considered ‘living fossils’, had been found in the Pacific (Goss 34-35). In 1938, the coelacanth, also believed by Western naturalists to have been extinct for millions of years, was rediscovered (at least by Europeans) in South Africa, samples having occasionally been caught by local fishermen for centuries. The coelacanth in particular helped give scientific legitimacy to the idea, prevalent for decades by that point, that living dinosaurs—associated with a legendary creature called the mokele-mbembe—might still exist in the heart of Central Africa (Guimont). In 1976, a US Navy ship off Hawaii recovered a megamouth shark, a deep-water species completely unknown prior. All of these oceanic discoveries gave credence to the idea that the megalodon might also still survive (Coleman and Clark 66-68, 156-57; Shuker 41; Goss 35; Roesch). Indeed, Goss has noted that prior to 1938, respectable ichthyologists were more likely to believe in the continued existence of the megalodon than the coelacanth (39-40). Of course, the major reason why speculation over megalodon survival had such public resonance was completely unscientific: the already-entrenched fascination with the fact that it had been a locomotive-sized killer. This had most clearly been driven home by a 1909 display at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. There, Bashford Dean, an ichthyologist at the museum, reconstructed an immense megalodon jaw, complete with actual fossil teeth. However, due to the fact that Dean assumed that all megalodon teeth were approximately the same size as the largest examples medially in the jaws, Dean’s jaw was at least one third larger than the likely upper limit of megalodon size. Nevertheless, the public perception of the megalodon remained at the 80-foot length that Dean extrapolated, rather than the more realistic 55-foot length that was the likely approximate upper size (Randall 170; Shuker 47; Goss 36-39). In particular, this inaccurate size estimate became entrenched in public thought due to a famous photograph of Dean and other museum officials posing inside his reconstructed jaw—a photograph which appeared in perhaps the most famous piece of shark fiction of all time, Steven Spielberg’s 1975 film Jaws. As it would turn out, the megalodon connection was itself a relic from the movie’s evolutionary ancestor, Peter Benchley’s novel, Jaws, from the year before. In the novel, the Woods Hole ichthyologist Matt Hooper (played by Richard Dreyfuss in the film) proposes that megalodons not only still exist, but they are the same species as great white sharks, with the smaller size of traditional great whites being due to the fact that they are simply on the small end of the megalodon size range (257-59). Benchley was reflecting on what was then the contemporary idea that megalodons likely resembled scaled-up great white sharks; something which is no longer as accepted. This was particularly notable as a number of claimed sightings stated that the alleged megalodons were larger great whites (Shuker 48-49), perhaps circuitously due to the Jaws influence. However, Goss was apparently unaware of Benchley’s linkage when he noted in 1987 (incidentally the year of the fourth and final Jaws movie) that to a megalodon, “the great white shark of Jaws would have been a stripling and perhaps a between-meals snack” (36). The publication of the Jaws novel led to an increased interest in the megalodon amongst cryptozoologists (Coleman and Clark 154; Mullis, “Cryptofiction” 246). But even so, it attracted rather less attention than other cryptids. From 1982-98, Heuvelmans served as president of the International Society of Cryptozoology, whose official journal was simply titled Cryptozoology. The notion of megalodon survival was addressed only once in its pages, and that as a brief mention in a letter to the editor (Raynal 112). This was in stark contrast to the oft-discussed potential for dinosaurs, mammoths, and Neanderthals to remain alive in the present day. In 1991, prominent British cryptozoologist Karl Shuker published an article endorsing the idea of extant megalodons (46-49). But this was followed by a 1998 article by Ben S. Roesch in The Cryptozoology Review severely criticising the methodology of Shuker and others who believed in the megalodon’s existence (Roesch). Writing in 1999, Loren Coleman and Jerome Clark, arguably the most prominent post-Heuvelmans cryptozoologists, were agnostic on the megalodon’s survival (155). The British palaeozoologist Darren Naish, a critic of cryptozoology, has pointed out that even if Shuker and others are correct and the megalodon continues to live in deep sea crevasses, it would be distinct enough from the historical surface-dwelling megalodon to be a separate species, to which he gave the hypothetical classification Carcharocles modernicus (Naish). And even the public fascination with the megalodon has its limits: at a 24 June 2004 auction in New York City, a set of megalodon jaws went on sale for $400,000, but were left unpurchased (Couzin 174). New Mythologies The ‘megalodon as cryptid hypothesis’ is effectively a fairy tale born of the blending of science, mythology, and most importantly, fiction. Beyond Jaws or Shark Attack 3—and potentially having inspired the latter (Weinberg)—perhaps the key patient zero of megalodon fiction is Steve Alten’s 1997 novel Meg: A Novel of Deep Terror, which went through a tortuous development adaptation process to become the 2018 film The Meg (Mullis, “Journey” 291-95). In the novel, the USS Nautilus, the US Navy’s first nuclear submarine and now a museum ship in Connecticut, is relaunched in order to hunt down the megalodon, only to be chomped in half by the shark. This is a clear allusion to Jules Verne’s 20,000 Leagues under the Sea (1870), where his Nautilus (namesake of the real submarine) is less successfully attacked by a giant cuttlefish (Alten, Meg 198; Verne 309-17). Meanwhile, in Alten’s 1999 sequel The Trench, an industrialist’s attempts to study the megalodon are revealed as an excuse to mine helium-3 from the seafloor to build fusion reactors, a plot financed by none other than a pre-9/11 Osama bin Laden in order to allow the Saudis to take over the global economy, in the process linking the megalodon with a monster of an entirely different type (Alten, Trench 261-62). In most adaptations of Verne’s novel, the cuttlefish that attacks the Nautilus is replaced by a giant squid, traditionally seen as the basis for the kraken of Norse myth (Thone 191). The kraken/giant squid dichotomy is present in the video game Stranded Deep. In it, the player’s unnamed avatar is a businessman whose plane crashes into a tropical sea, and must survive by scavenging resources, crafting shelters, and fighting predators across various islands. Which sea in particular does the player crash into? It is hard to say, as the only indication of specific location comes from the three ‘boss’ creatures the player must fight. One of them is Abaia, a creature from Melanesian mythology; another is Lusca, a creature from Caribbean mythology; the third is a megalodon. Lusca and Abaia, despite being creatures of mythology, are depicted as a giant squid and a giant moray eel, respectively. But the megalodon is portrayed as itself. Stranded Deep serves as a perfect distillation of the megalodon mythos: the shark is its own mythological basis, and its own cryptid equivalent. References Alten, Steven. Meg: A Novel of Deep Terror. New York: Doubleday, 1997. Alten, Steven. The Trench. New York: Pinnacle Books, 1999. Atherton, Darren. Jaws Unleashed. Videogame. Hungary: Appaloosa Interactive, 2006. Benchley, Peter. Jaws: A Novel. New York: Doubleday, 1974. Coleman, Loren, and Jerome Clark. Cryptozoology A to Z: The Encyclopedia of Loch Monsters, Sasquatch, Chupacabras, and Other Authentic Mysteries of Nature. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999. Coleman, Loren, and Patrick Huyghe. The Field Guide to Lake Monsters, Sea Serpents, and Other Mystery Denizens of the Deep. Los Angeles: TarcherPerigee, 2003. Couzin, Jennifer. “Random Samples.” Science 305.5681 (2004): 174. Davidson, Jane P. “Fish Tales: Attributing the First Illustration of a Fossil Shark’s Tooth to Richard Verstegan (1605) and Nicolas Steno (1667).” Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 150 (2000): 329–44. De Borhegyi, Stephan F. “Shark Teeth, Stingray Spines, and Shark Fishing in Ancient Mexico and Central America.” Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 17.3 (1961): 273–96. Dendle, Peter. “Cryptozoology in the Medieval and Modern Worlds.” Folklore 117.2 (2006): 190–206. Flores, Jorge, “Distant Wonders: The Strange and the Marvelous between Mughal India and Habsburg Iberia in the Early Seventeenth Century.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 49.3 (2007): 553–81. Freller, Thomas. “The Pauline Cult in Malta and the Movement of the Counter-Reformation: The Development of Its International Reputation.” The Catholic Historical Review 85.1 (1999): 15–34. Fuchs, Michael. “Becoming-Shark? Jaws Unleashed, the Animal Avatar, and Popular Culture’s Eco-Politics.” Beasts of the Deep: Sea Creatures and Popular Culture. Jon Hackett and Seán Harrington. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2018. 172–83. Goss, Michael. “Do Giant Prehistoric Sharks Survive?” Fate 40.11 (1987): 32–41. Guimont, Edward. “Hunting Dinosaurs in Central Africa.” Contingent Magazine, 18 Mar. 2019. 26 May 2021 <http://contingentmagazine.org/2019/03/18/hunting-dinosaurs-africa/>. Heuvelmans, Bernard. “What is Cryptozoology?” Trans. Ron Westrum. Cryptozoology 1 (1982): 1–12. Jaws. Dir. Steven Spielberg. Universal Pictures, 1975. Lowery, Darrin, Stephen J. Godfrey, and Ralph Eshelman. “Integrated Geology, Paleontology, and Archaeology: Native American Use of Fossil Shark Teeth in the Chesapeake Bay Region.” Archaeology of Eastern North America 39 (2011): 93–108. Mayor, Adrienne. The First Fossil Hunters: Dinosaurs, Mammoths, and Myth in Greek and Roman Times. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2000. Mayor, Adrienne. Fossil Legends of the First Americans. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2005. Meg, The. Dir. Jon Turteltaub. Warner Brothers, 2018. Mullis, Justin. “Cryptofiction! Science Fiction and the Rise of Cryptozoology.” The Paranormal and Popular Culture: A Postmodern Religious Landscape. Eds. Darryl Caterine and John W. Morehead. London: Routledge, 2019. 240–52. Mullis, Justin. “The Meg’s Long Journey to the Big Screen.” Jaws Unmade: The Lost Sequels, Prequels, Remakes, and Rip-Offs. John LeMay. Roswell: Bicep Books, 2020. 291–95. Naish, Darren. “Tales from the Cryptozoologicon: Megalodon!” Scientific American, 5 Aug. 2013. 27 May 2021 <https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/cryptozoologicon-megalodon-teaser/>. Pimiento, Catalina, and Christopher F. Clements. “When Did Carcharocles Megalodon Become Extinct? A New Analysis of the Fossil Record.” PLoS One 9.10 (2014): 1–5. Randall, John E. “Size of the Great White Shark (Carcharodon).” Science 181.4095 (1973): 169–70. Raynal, Michel. “The Linnaeus of the Zoology of Tomorrow.” Cryptozoology 6 (1987): 110–15. Regal, Brian. Searching for Sasquatch: Crackpots, Eggheads, and Cryptozoology. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Roesch, Ben S. “A Critical Evaluation of the Supposed Contemporary Existence of Carcharodon Megalodon.” Internet Archive, 1999. 28 May 2021 <https://web.archive.org/web/20131021005820/http:/web.ncf.ca/bz050/megalodon.html>. Scott, Ryan. “TikTok of Giant Shark Terrorizing Tourists Ignites Megalodon Theories.” Movieweb, 27 May 2021. 28 May 2021 <https://movieweb.com/giant-shark-tiktok-video-megalodon/>. Shark Attack. Dir. Bob Misiorowski. Martien Holdings A.V.V., 1999. Shark Attack 3: Megalodon. Dir. David Worth. Nu Image Films, 2002. Shuker, Karl P.N. “The Search for Monster Sharks.” Fate 44.3 (1991): 41–49. Stead, David G. Sharks and Rays of Australian Seas. Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1963. Stranded Deep. Australia: Beam Team Games, 2015. Thone, Frank. “Nature Ramblings: Leviathan and the Kraken.” The Science News-Letter 33.12 (1938): 191. Tschernezky, Wladimir. “Age of Carcharodon Megalodon?” Nature 184.4695 (1959): 1331–32. Verne, Jules. Twenty Thousand Leagues under the Sea. 1870. New York: M. A. Donohue & Company, 1895. Weinberg, Scott. “Shark Attack 3: Megalodon.” eFilmCritic! 3 May 2004. 20 Sep. 2021 <https://www.efilmcritic.com/review.php?movie=9135&reviewer=128>. Zammit-Maempel, George. “The Evil Eye and Protective Cattle Horns in Malta.” Folklore 79.1 (1968): 1–16. ———. “Handbills Extolling the Virtues of Fossil Shark’s Teeth.” Melita Historica 7.3 (1978): 211–24.