Journal articles on the topic '1875-1957'

The taxonomy of the genera Tuponia Reuter, 1875, and Cyrtopeltis Fieber, 1860, is discussed. New species: Tuponia semele and T. filomele spp. n. (Israel). New combination: Tarajala brevicornis (Reuter, 1879) = Tuponia brevicornis (Reuter, 1979). New synonymies: Tuponia annulata Wagner, 1974 = T. carayoni vulnerata Linnavuori, 1961, T. dentifer Wagner, 1974 = T. macedonica Wagner, 1957, T. sodomita Wagner, 1974, = T. guttata Wagner, 1950, and Cyrtopeltis khalafi Seidenstücker, 1964 = C. pygmaea Wagner, 1956.

The synthesis of monazite was first reported by Radominsky (1875). Since then various methods have been used to synthesize various end members of the monazite solid solution series, mainly CePO4 and LaPO4 (e.g. Anthony, 1957, 1965). As part of an experimental study dealing with the solubility of monazite in granitic melts (Montel, 1986, 1987, and in prep.), the synthesis of some of the end members, as well as solid solutions, was achieved.

The species of Cavonus Sharp, 1875 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae: Pentodontini: Pseudoryctina) from Western Australia, Australia are revised and Cavonus fovealacus new species is described from southwestern Western Australia. The female attributed to Epironastes nigrisetosus Carne, 1957 is redescribed as the female of Cavonus sculpturatus Blackburn, 1888, as is the male of C. sculpturatus. Cavonus latecavatus Dupuis, 2017, from near Menzies in southwestern Western Australia, is transferred to Carneoryctes Özdikmen, 2009 as Carneoryctes latecavatus (Dupuis), new combination. Habitat descriptions, a distributional map, and revised keys to accommodate the new species are presented.

Eighteen species currently placed in the genus Dryocoetiops Schedl, 1957, are reviewed. Two new species are described: Dryocoetiops pasohensis Beaver, Smith and Sanguansub, D. salebrosus Beaver, Smith and Sanguansub. The following new synonymy is proposed: Dryocoetiops apatoides (Eichhoff, 1875) (= Taphrorychus striatus Nobuchi, 1966, syn. n.); Dryocoetiops moestus (Blandford, 1894) (= Dryocoetes australis Schedl, 1942, syn. n., Dryocoetes coffeae Eggers, 1923, syn. n., = Dryocoetes dinoderoides Blandford, 1894, syn. n., = Dryocoetes eugeniae Schedl, 1942, syn. n., = Dryocoetes hirsutus Schedl, 1939, syn. n., = Dryocoetes javanus Eggers, 1936, syn. n., = Dryocoetes malaccensis Schedl, 1942, syn. n., = Pseudopoecilips taradakensis Murayama, 1957, syn. n., = Dryocoetes tonkinensis Schedl, 1942, syn. n.); Dryocoetiops semigranulatus (Eggers, 1936) (= Dryocoetes kepongi Schedl, 1953, syn. n.). The following new combinations are proposed: Coccotrypes flavicornis (Blandford, 1895) comb. n.; Procryphalus petioli (Beaver, 1990) comb. n., both from Dryocoetiops. A key is provided to the females of ten species remaining in Dryocoetiops; males remain unknown in the genus. The taxonomy, distribution and biology of the species are briefly reviewed, and some new distributional records included.

Abstract A new felt scale species, Rhizococcus avicennae sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccomorpha: Acanthococcidae), is described and illustrated based on adult females collected in Hamadan province, Iran. The new species resembles Rhizococcus desertus (Matesova, 1957) originally described from Kazakhstan and differs from the latter in having cruciform pores on the venter of the head, thorax, and abdominal segments I and II; in lacking frontal lobes and the frontal tubercle on the head; in the presence of flagellate setae on the ventral submargin and macroducts in three sizes on the venter and dorsum. The females of R. avicennae sp. nov. were found at the bases of leaves of an unidentified species of grass (Poaceae). An identification key to the species of Rhizococcus Signoret, 1875 currently known from Iran is presented.

Arctiini (Lepidoptera, Erebidae, Arctiinae) is the most speciose tribe of tiger moths. In this study, the taxonomy of some Neotropical species of this tribe is reviewed based on habitus and, in some cases, genitalia of type specimens. Lectotypes are designated for two names. Four new combinations are proposed: Agaraea sericeum (Zerny, 1931) comb. n., Biturix nigrostriata (Rothschild, 1909) comb. n., Carales fasciatus (Rothschild, 1909) comb. n. and Opharus pallida (Dognin, 1910) comb. n. Six new synonymies are proposed: Agaraea nigrotuberculata Bryk, 1953 (=Agaraea klagesi (Rothschild, 1909)), Opharus ochracea Joicey & Talbot, 1918 and Pelochyta fergusoni Watson & Goodger, 1986 (=Opharus pallida (Dognin, 1910)), Melese flavescens Joicey & Talbot, 1918 (=Melese paranensis Dognin, 1911), Leucanopsis infucata (Berg, 1882) (=Pareuchaetes aurata aurata (Butler, 1875)) and Tessellota pura Breyer, 1957 (=Tessellota cancellata (Burmeister, 1878)). Moreover, Opharus ochracea Joicey & Talbot, 1918 comb. rev. is returned to the original genus. For each rearrangement, both remarks and information about type specimens are provided.

Dans son Histoire de la littérature acadienne, publiée en 1983, Marguerite Maillet faisait découvrir à ses lecteurs de nombreuses oeuvres appartenant au répertoire acadien sur lesquelles l’histoire littéraire était demeurée jusqu’alors à peu près silencieuse. Parmi celles-ci figurait un recueil de récits, publié par Emery LeBlanc en 1957, intitulé Les entretiens du village, qu’elle considère comme « le meilleur livre publié durant cette période et le plus intéressant ». Reçu d’abord avec enthousiasme par les contemporains de l’auteur, ce livre a toutefois peu retenu l’attention de la critique, alors qu’en Acadie, il n’a pas encore d’institution littéraire. Malgré le fait qu’il ait suscité de l’intérêt lors de sa réédition en 1979 aux Éditions d’Acadie, il demeure de nos jours un ouvrage peu connu, voire méconnu. Le but de cet article est de le faire redécouvrir aux chercheurs et à ceux qui s’intéressent à la littérature acadienne et de lui restituer, autant qu’il se peut, la place qui lui revient dans l’histoire des lettres acadiennes. Un an avant la parution des premières oeuvres d’Antonine Maillet et de Ronald Després, cet ouvrage vient clore et compléter de façon remarquable le corpus d’oeuvres qui font partie de la littérature acadienne traditionnelle (1875–1957), dont il constitue une parfaite synthèse sur le plan historique, sociologique, géographique et ethnologique. Cet article se penche sur le contexte sociolittéraire dans lequel cet ouvrage se situe, sur la place d’Emery LeBlanc dans l’histoire des lettres acadiennes et sur les sources et les principales caractéristiques de ses récits.

Abstract. Carbon monoxide (CO) is a regulated pollutant and one of the key components determining the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. Obtaining a reliable record of atmospheric CO mixing ratios ([CO]) since preindustrial times is necessary to evaluate climate–chemistry models under conditions different from today and to constrain past CO sources. We present high-resolution measurements of CO mixing ratios from ice cores drilled at five different sites on the Greenland ice sheet that experience a range of snow accumulation rates, mean surface temperatures, and different chemical compositions. An optical-feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectrometer (OF-CEAS) was coupled with continuous melter systems and operated during four analytical campaigns conducted between 2013 and 2019. Overall, continuous flow analysis (CFA) of CO was carried out on over 700 m of ice. The CFA-based CO measurements exhibit excellent external precision (ranging from 3.3 to 6.6 ppbv, 1σ) and achieve consistently low blanks (ranging from 4.1±1.2 to 12.6±4.4 ppbv), enabling paleoatmospheric interpretations. However, the five CO records all exhibit variability that is too large and rapid to reflect past atmospheric mixing ratio changes. Complementary tests conducted on discrete ice samples demonstrate that these variations are not artifacts of the analytical method (i.e., production of CO from organics in the ice during melting) but are very likely related to in situ CO production within the ice before analysis. Evaluation of the signal resolution and co-investigation of high-resolution records of CO and total organic carbon (TOC) suggest that past atmospheric CO variations can be extracted from the records' baselines with accumulation rates higher than 20 cm w.e.yr-1 (water equivalent per year). Consistent baseline CO records from four Greenland sites are combined to produce a multisite average ice core reconstruction of past atmospheric CO for the Northern Hemisphere high latitudes, covering the period from 1700 to 1957 CE. Such a reconstruction should be taken as an upper bound of past atmospheric CO abundance. From 1700 to 1875 CE, the record reveals stable or slightly increasing values in the 100–115 ppbv range. From 1875 to 1957 CE, the record indicates a monotonic increase from 114±4 to 147±6 ppbv. The ice core multisite CO record exhibits an excellent overlap with the atmospheric CO record from Greenland firn air which spans the 1950–2010 CE time period. The combined ice core and firn air CO history, spanning 1700–2010 CE, provides useful constraints for future model studies of atmospheric changes since the preindustrial period.

2009 brings not only the 50th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty but also the end of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) and of its extension into the period of International Geophysical Cooperation (IGC 1959). It is also the 133rd anniversary of K. Weyprecht's suggestion that initiated the impetus. As he noted, ‘if Polar Expeditions are looked upon merely as a sort of international steeple-chase . . . and their main object is to exceed by a few miles the latitude reached by a predecessor these mysteries (of Meteorology and Geomagnetism) will remain unsolved’ (Weyprecht 1875). Although he stressed the importance of observations in both the Arctic and Antarctic during the first International Polar Year (IPY) in 1882–1883 only two stations in the sub-Antarctic region, at Cap Horn and South Georgia, made such scientific recordings. In spite of the fact that several expeditions to the Antarctic had been made in the period between the first and the second IPY 1932–1933, no stations were created in Antarctica during that IPY. The major increase in scientific studies in Antarctica came with the third IPY, which became the IGY of 1957–1958.

Жизнь Мстислава Валериановича была долгой (1875-1957 гг.). Его искусство испытало на себе влияние многих новых и новейших направлений. Но в целом его характер определился глубоким переломом, совершившимся в душе человека под влиянием невиданных перемен, которые сулил рубеж XIX и XX вв. Формирование и зрелость художника совпадают с периодом великих сдвигов в социальной жизни, науке, философии, искусстве. С романтическим ощущением кризисности связаны все его лучшие работы в театре, книжной и станковой графике, будь то знаменитый «Человек в очках» (1905-1906 гг.), оформление «Месяца в деревне» (1909 г.) И. С. Тургенева и «Николая Ставрогина» (1913 г.) по роману Ф. М. Достоевского «Бесы» для Художественного театра или иллюстрации к повести Ф. М. Достоевского «Белые ночи» (1848 г.). Именно чувство «рубежа веков» заставляет М. В. Добужинского избрать своей ведущей темой город как средоточие борьбы между старым и новым. Важно отметить, что духовная связь художника с городом имела давнюю и драматическую историю. Очень сильные и сложные чувства к Петербургу владели М. В. Добужинским с детства и до самой его смерти. Петербург занял очень большое место в самой структуре художественного становления и последующего творчества М. В. Добужинского, начиная с 1903 г. До 1907 г. городской пейзаж является едва ли не ведущим жанром его творчества, содержанием станковой и журнальной графики – виньеток, заставок, концовок. 1907 г. был примечателен тем, что М. В. Добужинский выполняет свои первые театральные произведения. Вообще, количество его театральных работ было велико: в период с 1907 г. по 1957 г. он выполнил декорации и костюмы почти к двумстам спектаклям для более, чем пятидесяти театральных коллективов старого и Нового Света. Едва ли можно ограничивать значение М. В. Добужинского одной определенной сферой творчества. Ключевые слова: творчество М. В. Добужинского, неоромантизм в литературе и искусстве Германии, модерн, пейзажи, занятия офортом, художественное объединение «Мир искусства», выставки, образ города, станковая и журнальная графика, театральные работы

The World species of the genus Tachyusa, Erichson are revised and the genus is redefined. Tachyusilla and Tachyusota are placed in synonymy with Tachyusa. The revised Tachyusa includes 53 species, 16 of which are described as new: T. americanoides sp. n., T. bertiae sp. n., T. coarctatoides sp. n., T. hammondi sp. n., T. harbinica sp. n., T. krugeri sp. n., T. loebli sp. n., T. mindoroensis sp. n., T. nilensis sp. n., T. pseudosulciventris sp. n., T. riftensis sp. n., T. schawalleri sp. n., T. schillhammeri sp. n., T. smetanai sp. n., T. testacea sp. n. and T. turcica sp. n. The following new synonymies are proposed (each first name being valid): Tachyusa nitella Fauvel, 1895 = Tachyusa jonica Scheerpeltz, 1958, syn. nov., T. arida Casey, 1906 = T. ohioana Casey, 1911, syn. n.; T. elegans Cameron, 1939 = T. singalorum Pace, 1987, syn. n.; T. nitidula Mulsant & Rey, 1875 = T. iberica Fagel, 1957, syn. n.; T. obsoleta Casey, 1906 = T. pruinosa Casey, 1906, syn. n., = T. dakotana Casey, 1906, syn. n., = T. subaluatacea Casey, 1906, syn. n., = T. parviceps Casey, 1906, syn. n., = T. missouriana Casey, 1906, syn. n., = T. illini Casey, 1906, syn. n.; T. orientis Bernhauer, 1938 = T. reitteri Bernhauer, 1938, syn. n., = T. chinensis Pace, 1990, syn. n.; T. wei Pace, 1990 = T. hebeiensis Pace, 1998, syn. n. The following synonymies are confirmed: T. americana Casey, 1906 = T. meraca Casey, 1911, = T. silvatica Casey, 1911; T. balteata Erichson, 1839 = T. balteata elongata Kolenati, 1846; T. cavicollis LeConte, 1863 = T. carolinae Casey, 1906; T. coarctata Erichson, 1837 = T. coarctata cyanea Kraatz, 1856; T. faceta Casey, 1885 = T. vespertina Casey, 1906, = T. vaciva Casey, 1911; T. ferialis Erichson, 1839 = T. bicolor Mulsant & Rey, 1875; T. gracillima LeConte, 1863 = T. smithi Casey, 1906, = T. virginica Casey, 1911; T. nitidula Mulsant & Rey, 1875 = T. ventralis Fauvel, 1898; T. schuberti Jacobson, 1909 = T. bicolor Schubert, 1906, nom. preoc. A neotype is designated for Tachyusa nitella Fauvel, 1895. Both Tachyusa impressa Eppelsheim, 1877 and T. flavolimbata Eppelsheim, 1877, previously considered junior synonyms of T. agilis Baudi, 1869, and T. concinna Heer, 1838, previously considered a junior synonym of T. coarctata Erichson, 1937, are recognised as valid. All species are briefly described/redescribed and illustrated. An identification key to the World species of Tachyusa is provided. A phylogeny of fifty-three species belonging to the genus Tachyusa is proposed, based on fifty-six morphological characters. Cladistic analysis revealed the monophyly of the genus with two major clades.

A Coluna Prestes, tem a ver com dois personagens que se tornaram lenda, no cenário cultural nordestino: Padre Cícero Romão Batista (1844-1934) e Virgulino Ferreira da Silva (1898-1938), É o que este artigo se propõe a entender, a partir de como se deu o inusitado e surpreendente cruzamento, de tão distintas histórias e personalidades. A Coluna Prestes, foi um evento histórico ocorrido entre os anos de 1925 e 1927, do século XX. Ficou conhecida por esse nome, porque o seu principal líder era o militar gaúcho Luís Carlos Prestes (1898-1990). Esse movimento formou-se a partir de duas frentes revolucionárias de militares vinculados ao Tenentismo. Essas frentes atuaram nos estados de São Paulo e Rio Grande do Sul, respectivamente, e tinham como grande objetivo derrubar os representantes oligarcas da República Velha, os presidentes Arthur Bernardes (1875-1955), que governou até 1926, e Washington Luís (1869-1957) que foi deposto pela Revolução de 1930.Portanto, como bandido odiado, ou herói idolatrado Lampião escreveu sua história, e parte da história do povo nordestino, com suas mazelas e violência. E isso não se apaga. A trajetória do cangaceiro Lampião e seu bando, compõe o mosaico histórico e cultural do Nordeste, e assim, permanecerá no imaginário popular.

Tree-ring width chronologies of cedro (Cedrela fissilis Vell.) (1875 to 2018), jatobá (Hymenaea courbaril L.) (1840 to 2018) and roxinho Peltogyne paniculata Benth.) (1910 to 2018) were developed by dendrochronological techniques in the southern Amazon Basin. Acceptable statistics for the tree-ring chronologies were obtained, and annual calendar dates were assigned. Due to the lack of long-term chronologies for use in paleoclimate reconstructions in degraded forest areas, dendrochronological dating was validated by 14C analysis. Tree-rings selected for analysis corresponded to 1957, 1958, 1962, 1963, 1965, 1971, and 1972. Those are critical calendar years in which atmospheric 14C changes were the highest, and therefore their tree-ring cellulose extracts 14C signatures when in alignment with existing post-AD 1950 atmospheric 14C atmospheric curves would indicate annual periodicity. Throughout our correlated calendar years and post-AD 1950 14C signatures, we indicate that H. courbaril shows an erratic sequence of wood ages. The other two tree species, C. fissilis and P. paniculata, are annual in nature and can be used successfully as paleoclimate proxies. Moreover, due to the sampling site’s strategic location in relation to the Tropical Low-Pressure Belt over South America, these trees can be used to enhance the limited amount of observational data in Southern Hemisphere atmospheric 14C calibration curves.

The mid-1960s witnessed a landmark change in the area of civil rights policy in the United States. After a series of tortuous internal battles, with Southern legislators using all available procedural tools to maintain their states' discriminatory Jim Crow legal systems, the United States Congress adopted two statutes—the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965—which insured civil and political equality for all Americans. The Acts of 1964 and 1965 were the culmination of a decade-long struggle by black Americans to secure the citizenship rights that had been denied to them for more than a half century. Beginning with the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) Supreme Court decision, the civil rights movement built momentum, as formal organizations like the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) grew in strength and informal (grass roots) organizations spread throughout the South and the Nation. As national public opinion shifted increasingly toward providing new civil rights guarantees for blacks, Congress responded with new legislation: the Civil Rights Act of 1957 (the first civil rights law since 1875), the Civil Rights Act of 1960, and a legislative proposal to prohibit the poll tax in 1962 (which would be ratified by three-quarters of the states in 1964 and become the 24th Amendment to the United States Constitution).

Celso Víctor Torres, “Palma ancashino”, nació en Caraz (Villa San Idelfonso, capital de la Provincia de Huaylas) el 28 de julio de 1860 del matrimonio de Eusebio Torres y Antonia Figueroa. Interesan poco los detalles de su instrucción primaria y secundaria, menos aún su quehacer administrativo; sí vale referimos a la circunstancia que ejerciera la Escribanía del Estado desde 1888, porque, acaso, en el trajinar cotidiano de viejos y empolvados papeles y causas judiciales pudo captar la variable temática de sus Tradiciones caracinas. Tras el diario ejercicio de escribano, a partir de 1903, amplía la frecuencia judicial con el ejercicio de la notaría pública, hasta su fallecimiento acaecido el 12 de noviembre de 1918, a las nueve treinta de la mañana en la propia ciudad de Caraz. (Torres Guerrero, 1957, pp. 19-13). Torres, además de tradicionista, cultivó el periodismo en La Prensa de Huaylas, diario fundado en 1893 por Javier Ramírez; Variedades, importante revista limeña de Clemente Palma. No soslayables son sus colaboraciones para La Opinión Nacional y El Tiempo; también sus escarceos poéticos, publicados por el bibliógrafo hispano Carlos Prince, bajo el título de Nueva Colección de Yaravíes y Huaynos Peruanos y que el citado editor volvió a publicar en 1903, con el simple rótulo de Yaravíes y huaynos, en selección de cuarenta y cinco canciones (p. 55 ). Torres calificó a estos versos de “obra chabacana”, Prince lo registra en su Boletín bibliográfico, puntualizando en el prólogo de la segunda edición: “cada nota es un agudo puñal que atraviesa de punta a punta el corazón”. (El Correo del Perú, diciembre de 1875).

The essay is dedicated to collaboration of Mstislav Valerianovich Dobuzhinsky (1875‒1957) with the Parisian theater “Chauve-Souris,” or “The Bat,” under the direction of the actor, entertainer, stage director and inspirer of the Russian cabaret Nikita Balieff (real name: Mkrtich Balyan, in Armenian: Նիկիտա Բալիեւ; 1877 (?) ‒ 1936). He invited Dobuzhinsky, who was in Berlin at the time, to become the Artistic Director and the lead designer for a new show of his theatre in the season of 1926. Balieff had already established himself as a successful European entrepreneur, and his cabaret theater had three successful tours on Broadway over six years. Dobuzhinsky accepted his invitation, hoping to improve his financial situation, as after more than a year spent in Europe he could not achieve that stability either in Riga, Kaunas, or Berlin. At the end of May, he began preparing the program for the new Paris season in alliance with choreographer Boris Romanov and playwright Piotr Potemkin. Also Dobuzhinsky invited collaboration of his son Rostislav and his wife Lidia Kopnyaeva in designing the sets for Balieff’s interludes. The premiere of the new program took place on October 1, and it gained success and accolades in Paris and later in Berlin. The season of 1926 was perhaps the most significant in the history of “The Bat,” but at the same time decisive for Baliev, since it marked the exhaustion of the very idea of Russian cabaret theater abroad. Despite the fact that the American tour was then canceled, “The Bat” still ended up on Broadway in late autumn of 1927. This program was the last for Balieff’s theater, as to how it was greeted and loved in America. It was already a completely different “Chauve-Souris,” the “Continental”, as American critics called it, of little interest to both Parisian and Broadway audiences.

Presently 724 species are known from the Danube Delta and Dobruja. From these, 270 in the Danube Delta and Dobruja, 50 to Romania and 2 to science are new (the description of the species is in progress). The species new to Romania are the following: Noxius curtirostris (Mulsant & Rey, 1861); Bruchela cana (Küster, 1848); B. concolor (Fåhraeus, 1839); B. parvula (Motschulsky, 1875); Perapion (Perapion) connexum (Schilsky, 1902); Ceratapion (Echinostroma) scalptum caviceps (Desbrochers des Loges, 1870); Metapion ermischi (Voss, 1969); Protapion angusticolle (Gyllenhal, 1833); Allomalia quadrivirgata (Costa, 1863); Corimalia fausti fausti (Reitter, 1890); Bagous (Macropelmus) claudicans Boheman, 1845; B. (Macropelmus) dieckmanni Gratshev, 1993; B. (Macropelmus) lothari Caldara & O'Brien, 1998; Brachycerus lutosus Gyllenhal, 1833; Stenopelmus rufinasus Gyllenhal, 1835; Tanysphyrus ater Blatchley, 1928; Aulacobaris kiesenwetteri (Faust, 1890); Labiaticola despicatus Faust, 1889; L. melas (Boheman, 1836); Ceutorhynchus levantinus Schultze, 1898; C. merkli Korotyaev, 2001; C. scrobicollis Neresheimer & H. Wagner, 1924; C. talickyi Korotyaev, 1980; C. varius Rey, 1895; Microplontus millefolii (Schultze, 1897); Ranunculiphilus (Austroceutorhynchus) italicus (C. N. F. Brisout de Barneville, 1869); Thamiocolus roubali Dieckmann, 1973; T. sinapis (Desbrochers des Loges, 1893); Gymnetron tibiellum Desbrochers des Loges, 1900; Miarus hellenicus Dieckmann 1978; M. solarii Smreczyński, 1957; Philernus ponticus Korotyaev, 1979; Sibinia (Sibinia) femoralis Germar, 1823; S. (Sibinia) variata Gyllenhal, 1835; Tychius (Tychius) ochraceus Tournier, 1873; T. (Tychius) subsulcatus Tournier, 1874; Ptochus (Ptochus) porcellus Boheman, 1834; Omias murinus (Boheman, 1842); Otiorhynchus (Pseudocryphiphorus) zebei Stierlin, 1861; Argoptochus (Argoptochus) markovensis Angelov, 1987; Polydrusus (Conocetus) baudii (Faust, 1889); Sitona ophthalmicus Desbrochers des Loges, 1869; Chlorophanus viridis balcanicus Behne, 1989; Rhabdorrhynchus echii Brahm, 1790; Bangasternus planifrons (Brullé, 1832); Larinus (Larinomesius) atomarius Capiomont, 1874; L. (Larinomesius) canescens Gyllenhal, 1835; L. (Larinomesius) syriacus Gyllenhal, 1835; L. (Phyllonomeus) filiformis Petri, 1907; Lixus (Epimeces) scolopax Boheman, 1835.

The following new species are described from Portugal: Diplocephalus machadoi Bosmans & Cardoso new species, Diplocephalus marijae Bosmans new species, Maso douro Bosmans & Cardoso new species, Parapelecopsis conimbricensis Bosmans & Crespo new species, Pelecopsis monsantensis Bosmans & Crespo new species and Sintula iberica Bosmans new species. The unknown males of Lepthyphantes berlandi Fage, 1931 and Lepthyphantes bacelarae Schenkel, 1938 are described and the species are transferred to the genera Bordea and Obscuriphantes respectively. The following new synonyms are proposed: Lepthyphantes ollivieri Denis, 1957 = Obscuriphantes bacelarae Fage, 1931 and Trichopterna alticeps Denis, 1952 = Trichopterna cucurbitina Simon, 1884. Acartauchenius depressifrons Simon and A. nasutus O. P.-Cambridge are redescribed and both transferred to the genus Erigonoplus. Pelecopsis lunaris Bosmans & Abrous is transferred to the genus Parapelecopsis. The following poorly known species are redescribed: Erigonoplus castellanus (O.P.-Cambridge), Mecopisthes crassirostris (Simon), Palliduphantes bolivari (Simon), Palliduphantes stygius (Simon), Pelecopsis susannae (Simon), Trichoncus trifidus Denis and Walckenaeria dalmasi (Simon). In addition to the six new species described, the following 18 species are new to Portugal: Alioranus pauper (Simon), Araeoncus toubkal Bosmans, Centromerus phoceorum Simon, Centromerus succinus Simon, Ceratinella brevis Wider, Drapetisca socialis (Sundevall), Entelecara acuminata (Wider), Meioneta mollis (O.P.-Cambridge), Micrargus herbigradus (Blackwall), Ouedia rufithorax (Simon), Palliduphantes cadiziensis (Wunderlich), Porrhomma pygmaeum Blackwall, Sintula furcifer (Simon), Tallusia experta (O.P.-Cambridge), Tapinocyba algirica Bosmans, Tapinopa disjugata Simon, Walckenaeria nudipalpis (Westring) and Walckenaeria obtusa Blackwall. Centromerus cinctus (Simon), Erigonoplus globipes (L. Koch), Mansuphantes mansuetus (Thorell, 1875), Meioneta rurestris (C.L. Koch), Oedothorax retusus(Westring), Palliduphantes cernuus (Simon), Parapelecopsis mediocris (Kulczyn’ski), Tenuiphantes tenebricola (Wider), Walckenaeria atrotibialis (O.P.-Cambridge), Walckenaeria dysderoides (Wider) and Walckenaeria erythrina (Simon) all have been cited from Portugal in the past but are deleted from its list. The Portuguese linyphiid fauna presently counts 111 species.

Tree-ring width chronologies of three species from a 330-year-old subalpine forest were used to reconstruct outbreaks of 2 year cycle spruce budworm (Choristoneura biennis Freeman). The growth of host species, Engelmann spruce (Picea engelmannii Parry ex Engelm.) and subalpine fir (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt.), was compared with that of the nonhost, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) with and without the removal of the effects of climate on growth. Seven periods, 1989–1991, 1943–1957, 1911–1927, 1869–1875, 1839–1861, 1823–1829, 1785–1801, were identified in which the growth of both host species was reduced relative to the non-host; this includes the single known outbreak from 1944 to 1956. Spectral analysis indicated a periodicity for growth reduction of the host relative to non-host species of ca. 45 years for both spruce and fir. For three periods, the known outbreak in the 1940–1950s, and two inferred outbreaks in the 1910–1920s and 1840–1850s, we calculated the four measures of radial growth first proposed by Brubaker and Greene (L.B. Brubaker and S.K. Greene. 1979. Can. J. For. Res. 9: 95–105): the maximum rate of growth loss, 1-year and 5-year losses, and the rate and time to recovery. Growth losses were greater for fir than for spruce during all three periods. During the 1940–1950s, growth losses were severe, but losses were less in the 1910–1920s. The impact of C. biennis has varied among outbreak periods but, overall, has made a pronounced contribution to present stand conditions. Our work suggests that budworms have been a frequent agent of disturbance with major effects on forest dynamics in southern British Columbia, especially in spruce–fir forests when long periods occur between fires.

A list of available taxonomic names in Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae in familyand genus-groups is given, together with some remarks on unavailable nominal taxa. Comments are provided on their status and nomenclature, and additions and corrections to extant catalogues given, as a first step for their inclusion in the electronic catalogue ‘WTaxa’. Available names, not recognised as such in current published catalogues, are: Mecopelminae Thompson, 1992; Trypodendrina Nunberg, 1954; Archaeoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Camptocerus Dejean, 1821; Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Coptogaster Illiger, 1804; Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Cryptoxyleborus Wood & Bright, 1992; Cylindra Illiger, 1802; Dendrochilus Schedl, 1963; Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1938; Doliopygus Browne, 1962; Doliopygus Schedl, 1972; Erioschidias Wood, 1960; Ernopocerus Wood, 1954; Idophelus Rye, 1877; Lepicerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Lepidocerus Rye, 1880; Miocryphalus Schedl, 1963; Ozopemon Hagedorn, 1910; Phloeoditica Schedl, 1963; Pinetoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Pygmaeoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Spinuloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Stephanopodius Schedl, 1963; Stylotentus Schedl, 1963; Thamnophthorus Blackman, 1942; Trachyostus Browne, 1962; Treptoplatypus Schedl, 1972; Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Trypodendrum Agassiz, 1846; Tubuloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Xelyborus Schedl, 1939. Unavailable names, not recognised as such in the current published catalogues, are: Chaetophloeini Schedl, 1966; Eidophelinae Murayama, 1954; Mecopelmini Wood, 1966; Strombophorini Schedl, 1960; Tomicidae Shuckard, 1840; Trypodendrinae Trédl, 1907; Acryphalus Tsai & Li, 1963; Adryocoetes Schedl, 1952; Asetus Nunberg, 1958; Carphoborites Schedl, 1947; Charphoborites Schedl, 1947; Cryptoxyleborus Schedl, 1937; Cylindrotomicus Eggers, 1936; Damicerus Dejean, 1835; Damicerus Dejean, 1836; Dendrochilus Schedl, 1957; Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1937; Doliopygus Schedl, 1939; Erioschidias Schedl, 1938; Ernopocerus Balachowsky, 1949; Gnathotrichoides Blackman, 1931; Ipites Karpiński, 1962; Isophthorus Schedl, 1938; Jugocryphalus Tsai & Li, 1963; Landolphianus Schedl, 1950; Mesopygus Nunberg, 1966; Micraciops Schedl, 1953; Miocryphalus Schedl, 1939; Mixopygus Nunberg, 1966; Neohyorrhynchus Schedl, 1962; Neophloeotribus Eggers, 1943; Neopityophthorus Schedl, 1938; Neoxyleborus Wood, 1982; Phloeoditica Schedl, 1962; Platypinus Schedl, 1939; Platyscapulus Schedl, 1957; Platyscapus Schedl, 1939; Pygodolius Nunberg, 1966; Scutopygus Nunberg, 1966; Stephanopodius Schedl, 1941; Stylotentus Schedl, 1939; Taphrostenoxis Schedl, 1965; Tesseroplatypus Schedl, 1935; Thamnophthorus Schedl, 1938; Thylurcos Schedl, 1939; Trachyostus Schedl, 1939; Treptoplatus Schedl, 1939. The name Tesseroceri Blandford, 1896, incorrectly given as “Tesserocerini genuini” in current catalogues, is unavailable as basionym for the family-group name, since it was proposed as a genusgroup name. Resurrected names from synonymy are: Hexacolini Eichhoff, 1878 from synonymy under Ctenophorini Chapuis, 1869 (invalid name because its type genus is a homonym) and given precedence over Problechilidae Eichhoff, 1878 under Art. 24.2; Hylurgini Gistel, 1848 from virtual synonymy under Tomicini C.G. Thomson, 1859 (unavailable name); Afromicracis Schedl, 1959 from synonymy under Miocryphalus Schedl, 1939 (an unavailable name) to valid genus; Costaroplatus Nunberg, 1963 from synonymy under Platyscapulus Schedl, 1957 (an unavailable name) to valid genus; Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867 from synonymy under Ips DeGeer, 1775 to valid subgenus of the same; Hapalogenius Hagedorn, 1912 from synonymy under Rhopalopselion Hagedorn, 1909 to valid genus; Pseudips Cognato, 2000, from synonymy under Orthotomicus Ferrari, 1867 to valid genus. New synonyms are: Hexacolini Eichhoff, 1878 (= Erineophilides Hopkins, 1920, syn. nov.); Hypoborini Nuesslin, 1911 (= Chaetophloeini Schedl, 1966, unavailable name, syn. nov.); Scolytini Latreille, 1804 (= Minulini Reitter, 1913, syn. nov.); Afromicracis Schedl, 1959 (= Miocryphalus Schedl, 1963, syn. nov.); Aphanarthrum Wollaston, 1854 (= Coleobothrus Enderlein, 1929, syn. nov.); Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867 (=Emarips Cognato, 2001, syn. nov.); Doliopygus Browne, 1962 (=Doliopygus Schedl, 1972, syn. nov.); Eidophelus Eichhoff, 1875 (= Idophelus Rye, 1877, syn. nov.); Hapalogenius Hagedorn, 1912 (= Hylesinopsis Eggers, 1920, syn. nov.); Phloeoborus Erichson, 1836 (= Phloeotrypes Agassiz, 1846, syn. nov.); Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (December) = Lepicerus Eichhoff, 1878 (December) = Lepidocerus Rye, 1880, synn. nov.); Trypodendron Stephens, 1830 (=Xylotrophus Gistel, 1848 = Trypodendrum Gistel, 1856, synn. nov.); Xylechinus Chapuis, 1869 (= Chilodendron Schedl, 1953, syn. nov.); Cosmoderes monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Cosmoderes monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Hylastes pumilus Mannerheim, 1843 (= Dolurgus pumilus Eichhoff, 1868, syn. nov.); Hypoborus hispidus Ferrari, 1867 (= Pycnarthrum gracile Eichhoff, 1878 (April) syn. nov.); Miocryphalus agnatus Schedl, 1939 (= Miocryphalus agnatus Schedl, 1942, syn. nov.); Miocryphalus congonus Schedl, 1939 (= Miocryphalus congonus Eggers, 1940, syn. nov.); Lepicerus aspericollis Eichhoff, 1878 (April) = Lepicerus aspericollis Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Spathicranuloides moikui Schedl, 1972 (June) (= Spathicranuloides moikui Schedl, 1972 (December), syn. nov.); Triarmocerus cryphalo-ides Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Scolytogenes darvini Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Scolytogenes darwinii Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.). New type species designations are: Bostrichus dactyliperda Fabricius, 1801 for Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878 (April) for Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Ozopemon regius Hagedorn, 1908 for Ozopemon Hagedorn, 1910 (non 1908); Dermestes typographus Linnaeus, 1758 for Bostrichus Fabricius, 1775 (non Geoffroy, 1762). New combinations are: Afromicracis agnata (Schedl, 1939), A. attenuata (Eggers, 1935), A. ciliatipennis (Schedl, 1979), A. congona (Schedl, 1939), A. dubia (Schedl, 1950), A. elongata (Schedl, 1965), A. grobleri (Schedl, 1961), A. klainedoxae (Schedl, 1957), A. longa (Nunberg, 1964), A. natalensis (Eggers, 1936), A. nigrina (Schedl, 1957), A. nitida (Schedl, 1965), A. pennata (Schedl, 1953) and A. punctipennis (Schedl, 1965) all from Miocryphalus; Costaroplatus abditulus (Wood, 1966), C. abditus (Schedl, 1936), C. carinulatus (Chapuis, 1865), C. clunalis (Wood, 1966), C. cluniculus (Wood, 1966), C. clunis (Wood, 1966), C. costellatus (Schedl, 1933), C. frontalis (Blandford, 1896), C. imitatrix (Schedl, 1972), C. manus (Schedl, 1936), C. occipitis (Wood, 1966), C. pulchellus (Chapuis, 1865), C. pulcher (Chapuis, 1865), C. pusillimus (Chapuis, 1865), C. subabditus (Schedl, 1935), C. turgifrons (Schedl, 1935) and C. umbrosus (Schedl, 1936) all from Platyscapulus; Hapalogenius africanus (Eggers, 1933), H. alluaudi (Lepesme, 1942), H. angolanus (Wood, 1988), H. angolensis (Schedl, 1959), H. arabiae (Schedl, 1975), H. atakorae (Schedl, 1951), H. ater (Nunberg, 1967), H. baphiae (Schedl, 1954), H. brincki (Schedl, 1957), H. confusus (Eggers, 1935), H. decellei (Nunberg, 1969), H. dimorphus (Schedl, 1937), H. dubius (Eggers, 1920), H. emarginatus (Nunberg, 1973), H. endroedyi (Schedl, 1967), H. fasciatus (Hagedorn, 1909), H. ficus (Schedl, 1954), H. fuscipennis (Chapuis, 1869), H. granulatus (Lepesme, 1942), H. hirsutus (Schedl, 1957), H. hispidus (Eggers, 1924), H. horridus (Eggers, 1924), H. joveri (Schedl, 1950), H. kenyae (Wood, 1986), H. oblongus (Eggers, 1935), H. orientalis (Eggers, 1943), H. pauliani (Lepesme, 1942), H. punctatus (Eggers, 1932), H. quadrituberculatus (Schedl, 1957), H. rhodesianus (Eggers, 1933), H. saudiarabiae (Schedl, 1971), H. seriatus (Eggers, 1940), H. squamosus (Eggers, 1936), H. striatus (Schedl, 1957), H. sulcatus Eggers, 1944), H. togonus (Eggers, 1919), H. ugandae (Wood, 1986) and H. variegatus (Eggers, 1936), all from Hylesinopsis. New ranks are: Diapodina Strohmeyer, 1914, downgraded from tribe of Tesserocerinae to subtribe of Tesserocerini; Tesserocerina Strohmeyer, 1914, downgraded from tribe of Tesserocerinae to subtribe of Tesserocerini. New placements are: Coptonotini Chapuis, 1869 from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Scolytinae; Mecopelmini Thompson, 1992, from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Platypodinae; Schedlariini Wood & Bright, 1992, from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Platypodinae; Spathicranuloides Schedl, 1972, from Platypodinae s.l. to Tesserocerina; Toxophthorus Wood, 1962 from Scolytinae incertae sedis to Dryocoetini. Confirmed placements are: Onychiini Chapuis, 1869 to tribe of Cossoninae (including single genus Onychius Chapuis, 1869); Sciatrophus Sampson, 1914 in Cossoninae incertae sedis; Cryphalites Cockerell, 1917 in Zopheridae Colydiinae. Corrected spellings are: Micracidini LeConte, 1876 for Micracini; Phrixosomatini Wood, 1978 for Phrixosomini. Gender agreements are corrected for species of several genera.

Straipsnyje nagrinėjama Amerikos lietuvių spaudos (laikraščių ir kny­gų) istorijos sritis – lietuviškos spaustuvės. Svarbiausias dėmesys ir vieta ski­riami spaustuvių darbininkams, su spaustuvių veikla ir amatu susijusiems žmonėms, jų darbo, buities ir kitiems klausimams. Faktų ir žinių daugiausia rasta aptariamojo laikotarpio Amerikos lie­tuvių periodikoje. Duomenų ir svarbių teiginių taip pat teikia vėliau išleisti Amerikos lietuvių istorijos veikalai (Stasio Michelsono „Lietuvių išeivija Amerikoje 1868–1961“ (S. Bostone 1962 m.); Antano Kučo „Amerikos lietuvių istorija“ Bostone 1971 m.; Aleksandro Ambroze`o „Chicagos lietu­vių istorija 1868–1959“ (Čikaga, Ill., 1967); Alfonso Eidinto „Litovskaja emigracija v strany Severnoj i južnoj Ameriki v 1868–1940 g.“ (Vilnius, 1989 m.) ir kt. Nors minėti veikalai nėra skirti spaustuvių istorijai, bet jų skyriuose, skirsniuose, kitose vietose yra nagrinėjamai temai svarbios fakto­grafinės bei kitos medžiagos. Šiuo požiūriu išskirtinos Antano Miluko knygos: „Pirmieji Amerikos lietu­viai profesionalai ir kronika“ (Philadelphia, Pa, t. 1, 1929 m); „Spaudos lais­vės ir Amerikos lietuvių organizuotės sukaktuvės“ (2-as leid., Philadelphia, Pa, 1930 m.); „Amerikos lietuviai XIX šimtmetyje 1868–1900“ (Philadelphia, Pa, 1938 m. ir kt.). A.Miluko darbai turtingi naujos medžiagos, kuri, beje, susijusi ir su spaustuvių, jų steigėjų ir kita istorija. Duomenys straipsniui rinkti iš bibliografinių darbų, kurie leidžia nu­statyti konkretaus laikotarpio spaustuvių skaičių, jų gyvavimo vietą, savi­ninkus, leidėjus, redaktorius, spausdintą produkciją ir pan. Iš jų išskirtini šie: Vaclovo Biržiškos „Amerikos lietuvių spauda 1874–1910“ (Chicago, Ill., 1994), į kurį įeina V. Biržiškos 1951 m. rašytas straipsnis tokiu pat pavadinimu lietuvių ir anglų kalbomis ir bibliografijos redaktorės Stasės Vaškelienės papildymai; taip pat „Lietuvos TSR bibliografija“ (Serija A., t. 2. Vilnius, 1985 m.), kurioje yra Danutės Gargasaitės straipsnis „JAV lie­tuvių knyga (1874–1904); „Lietuvos bibliografija. Knygos lietuvių kalba 1905–1917“ (t. 3. V., 2006 m.), kur galima rasti Violetos Černiauskaitės straipsnį „Lietuviškoji knyga nepriklausomos valstybės atkūrimo išvakarėse 1905–1917 metais“. Straipsnio autoriui buvo naudingi Amerikos lietuviškų spaustuvių (ypač laikraščių) jubiliejiniai leidiniai: Dominyko T. Bačkausko „Aprašymas apie drukarnę „Saulės“ ir „Linksmos valandos“ knygoje „Kalendorius ant 1904“ (Mahanoj Sitis, 1903); F. V. (Pranciškaus Vytauto) Bačkausko „25 metai „Saulės“ gyvenimo sukaktuvės“ knygoje „Laikraščio „Saulė“ kalendorius ant meto 1913“ (Mahanoj Sitis, 1912); „Vienybės lietuvnikų“ 25 metų sukaktuvių jubiliejus (1886–1911)“ (Bruklinas, 1911); Lietuvos istorija: Lietuva (1917, Nr. 52). Šiuose leidiniuose skelbiami redaktorių, leidėjų, skaitytojų straipsniai, atsiminimai ir pan. Nuodugniau lietuviškų spaustuvių istoriją nagrinėjo Amerikos lietuvių publicistas, spaudos istorikas Vytautas Širvydas („Amerikos lietuvių knygos 1875–1904“ knygoje „Kovos metai dėl spaudos“ (Chicago, Ill., 1957)). Kitas specialus to laikotarpio Amerikos lietuviškų spaustuvių ir knygų leidybos jose darbas priklauso knygotyrininkei D. Gargasaitei („JAV lietu­vių spaustuvės (iki 1904 m.)“ – Knygotyra, t. 9 (16), sąs., 1, 1983). Šios autorės 1980 m. parašytas darbas turi tvirtą istoriografinį pagrindą, pa­remtas gausia, kai kur nauja faktologija. Be bendresnio įvadinio teksto apie spaustuves, jį sudaro autorės surinktos ir susistemintos žinios apie septynio­lika reikšmingiausių ar ne tiek produktyvių 1875–1904 m. lietuviškų spaus­tuvių, pateikta žinių ir apie jų savininkus bei knygų leidėjus. Amerikos lietuviškas spaustuves kūrė ir jose triūsė šimtai žmonių, kurių vaidmuo, kaip rašoma, „lietuvių spausdinto žodžio istorijoje yra labai svar­bus“ (Tylūs ir nematomi karžygiai // Laisvė, 1916, Nr. 69). Vienų vardai žinomi, kitų neišliko, jie neminimi mūsų žurnalistikos istorijoje, apie kitus trūksta žinių. Bet apie žinomiausius, daugiau nusipelniusius lietuvių kul­tūrai apskritai yra išleista monografijų ir studijų. Pirmo spaustuvininko, leidėjo ir redaktoriaus Mykolo Tvarausko gyvenimas ir veikla apžvelgiama leidinyje „M. Tvarauskas. Pirmoji Amerikos lietuviška knyga“ (V., 1997). Jonui Šliūpui skirta ne viena knyga, bet reikšmingiausia yra istoriko Juozo Jakšto „Dr. Jonas Šliūpas, jo raštai ir tautinė veikla“ (Chicago, Ill., 1979). Apie Antaną Miluką paskelbti šie darbai: Julijos Pranaitytės „Kun. A. Mi­luko darbuotė“ (Philadelphia, Pa, 1931) ir Vlado Mingėlos „Kun. Antanas Milukas“ (Detroit, 1962). Antano Olšausko biografijai ir veiklai nušviesti sudarytas rinkinys „Antanas Olšauskas ir Lietuva“ (Sodus, 1934). Vytau­to Širvydo monografijoje „Juozas O. Širvydas (1875–1935)“ (Cleveland, 1941) aptariamas šio veikėjo ir redaktoriaus gyvenimas, žurnalistinė ir li­teratūrinė kūryba. Amerikos lietuviškų spaustuvių, laikraščių bei žymių veikėjų biografijos knygose pateikiamos platesniame visuomeniniame kultūriniame kontekste, bet nemenkas dėmesys skiriamas ir jų kaip spaustuvininkų leidėjų veiklai. Periodikoje, enciklopedijose, žinynuose randame įvairaus pobūdžio straipsnių ir apie kitus spaustuvininkus, kurių darbų palikimas turėjo dide­lę vertę. Tai žinomi šio amato žmonės, tokie kaip Juozas Paukštys, Juozas J. Paukštys, Dominykas Bačkauskas ir kt. Šiame darbe atsižvelgta į kitų mokslininkų, autorių veikalus ir leidinius, į jų faktologiją, apibūdinimus ir teiginius. Jais taip pat pasinaudota. Vis dėl­to, šio straipsnio autoriaus nuomone, netikslinga kartoti tai, kas jau pada­ryta nušviečiant Amerikos lietuviškų spaustuvių (ypač iki 1904 m.) istoriją. Tad darbe stengtasi iškelti ir nušviesti naujus ar kitokius temos klausimus ir aspektus. Straipsnyje konspektiškai rašoma apie tolesnio periodo (1904–1919 m.) spaustuves, daugiausia medžiagos pateikiama apie spaustuvių darbininkus, jų atsiradimą ir augimą, apie jų darbo ir buities sąlygas, jų reikalavimus, profesinę organizaciją ir kt. Kai kurie iš šios temos dalykų atsispindi isto­riografinėje dalyje, į kurią dar įtrauktas ir vienas kitas specialesnis straips­nis, kaip antai: Julijos Pranaitytės „Amerikos lietuvių leidėjai“, išspaus­dintas knygoje „Aušros 40 m. sukaktuvėse“ (1883–1923) (Philadelphia, Pa.,1923); Rojaus Mizaros „Žvilgsnis į praeitį“. V., 1960; Antano Aukš­taičio (Broniaus Raguočio) „Kovoje už savo teises“, kuris buvo publikuotas „Gimtajame krašte“ 1982 m. rugpjūčio 5 d. Prie straipsnio pridedamas priedas – „Amerikos lietuviškų spaustuvi­ninkų (1874–1919) sąrašas. Jis sudarytas, remiantis to laiko periodika, bibliografijos leidiniais, enciklopedijomis (ypač Bostono Lietuvių enciklo­pedija), spaustuvių istorijos darbais, kitais šaltiniais. Šį sąrašą reikia priimti su tam tikromis išlygomis, kaip mėginimą, kuriame yra spragų, netikslumų ir pan.

Based on recently collected material and on type specimens deposited in the collections of Muzeul de Istorie Naturală “Grigore Antipa”, Bucharest, Romania, and of the Zoologische Museum, Universität Hamburg, Germany, the following new synonymies are proposed: Tuponia (Chlorotuponia) prasina (Fieber, 1864) = Tuponia (Chlorotuponia) linnavuorii Wagner, 1961, syn. n.; Tuponia (Tuponia) montandoni Reuter, 1899 = Tuponia (Tuponia) macedonica Wagner, 1957, syn. n. Lectotype and paralectotype are designated for Tuponia (Tuponia) montandoni Reuter, 1899. Tuponia (Chlorotuponia) hippophaes (Fieber, 1861), Tuponia (Tuponia) arcufera Reuter, 1879 and Tuponia (Tuponia) elegans (Jakovlev, 1867) are recorded for the first time from Romania. Habitus images, drawings of male genitalia and identification key are provided for all Tuponia species recorded in Romania and the surrounding countries.

Changes to the treatment of Coleoptera family-group names published by Bouchard et al. (2011) are given. These include necessary additions and corrections based on much-appreciated suggestions from our colleagues, as well as our own research. Our ultimate goal is to assemble a complete list of available Coleoptera family-group names published up to the end of 2010 (including information about their spelling, author, year of publication, and type genus). The following 59 available Coleoptera family-group names are based on type genera not included in Bouchard et al. (2011): Prothydrinae Guignot, 1954, Aulonogyrini Ochs, 1953 (Gyrinidae); Pogonostomini Mandl 1954, Merismoderini Wasmann, 1929, †Escheriidae Kolbe, 1880 (Carabidae); Timarchopsinae Wang, Ponomarenko & Zhang, 2010 (Coptoclavidae); Stictocraniini Jakobson, 1914 (Staphylinidae); Cylindrocaulini Zang, 1905, Kaupiolinae Zang, 1905 (Passalidae); Phaeochroinae Kolbe, 1912 (Hybosoridae); Anthypnidae Chalande, 1884 (Glaphyridae); Comophorini Britton, 1957, Comophini Britton, 1978, Chasmidae Streubel, 1846, Mimelidae Theobald, 1882, Rhepsimidae Streubel, 1846, Ometidae Streubel, 1846, Jumnidae Burmeister, 1842, Evambateidae Gistel, 1856 (Scarabaeidae); Protelmidae Jeannel, 1950 (Byrrhoidea); Pseudeucinetini Csiki, 1924 (Limnichidae); Xylotrogidae Schönfeldt, 1887 (Bostrichidae); †Mesernobiinae Engel, 2010, Fabrasiinae Lawrence & Reichardt, 1966 (Ptinidae); Arhinopini Kirejtshuk & Bouchard, 2018 (Nitidulidae); Hypodacninae Dajoz, 1976, Ceuthocera Mannerheim, 1852 (Cerylonidae); Symbiotinae Joy, 1932 (Endomychidae); Cheilomenini Schilder & Schilder, 1928, Veraniini Schilder & Schilder, 1928 (Coccinellidae); Ennearthroninae Chûjô, 1939 (Ciidae); Curtimordini Odnosum, 2010, Mordellochroini Odnosum, 2010 (Mordellidae); Chanopterinae Borchmann, 1915 (Promecheilidae); Heptaphyllini Prudhomme de Borre, 1886, Olocratarii Baudi di Selve, 1875, Opatrinaires Mulsant & Rey, 1853, Telacianae Poey, 1854, Ancylopominae Pascoe, 1871 (Tenebrionidae); Oxycopiini Arnett, 1984 (Oedemeridae); Eutrypteidae Gistel, 1856 (Mycteridae); Pogonocerinae Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1985 (Pyrochroidae); Amblyderini Desbrochers des Loges, 1899 (Anthicidae); Trotommideini Pic, 1903 (Scraptiidae); Acmaeopsini Della Beffa, 1915, Trigonarthrini Villiers, 1984, Eunidiini Téocchi, Sudre & Jiroux, 2010 (Cerambycidae); Macropleini Lopatin, 1977, Stenopodiides Horn, 1883, Microrhopalides Horn, 1883, Colaphidae Siegel, 1866, Lexiphanini Wilcox, 1954 (Chrysomelidae); †Medmetrioxenoidesini Legalov, 2010, †Megametrioxenoidesini Legalov, 2010 (Nemonychidae); Myrmecinae Tanner, 1966, Tapinotinae Joy, 1932, Acallinae Joy, 1932, Cycloderini Hoffmann, 1950, Sthereini Hatch, 1971 (Curculionidae). The following 21 family-group names, listed as unavailable in Bouchard et al. (2011), are determined to be available: Eohomopterinae Wasmann, 1929 (Carabidae); Prosopocoilini Benesh, 1960, Pseudodorcini Benesh, 1960, Rhyssonotini Benesh, 1960 (Lucanidae); Galbini Beaulieu, 1919 (Eucnemidae); Troglopates Mulsant & Rey, 1867 (Melyridae); Hippodamiini Weise, 1885 (Coccinellidae); Micrositates Mulsant & Rey, 1854, Héliopathaires Mulsant & Rey, 1854 (Tenebrionidae); Hypasclerini Arnett, 1984; Oxaciini Arnett, 1984 (Oedemeridae); Stilpnonotinae Borchmann, 1936 (Mycteridae); Trogocryptinae Lawrence, 1991 (Salpingidae); Grammopterini Della Beffa, 1915, Aedilinae Perrier, 1893, Anaesthetinae Perrier, 1893 (Cerambycidae); Physonotitae Spaeth, 1942, Octotomides Horn, 1883 (Chrysomelidae); Sympiezopinorum Faust, 1886, Sueinae Murayama, 1959, Eccoptopterini Kalshoven, 1959 (Curculionidae). The following names were proposed as new without reference to family-group names based on the same type genus which had been made available at an earlier date: Dineutini Ochs, 1926 (Gyrinidae); Odonteini Shokhin, 2007 (Geotrupidae); Fornaxini Cobos, 1965 (Eucnemidae); Auletobiina Legalov, 2001 (Attelabidae). The priority of several family-group names, listed as valid in Bouchard et al. (2011), is affected by recent bibliographic discoveries or new nomenclatural interpretations. †Necronectinae Ponomarenko, 1977 is treated as permanently invalid and replaced with †Timarchopsinae Wang, Ponomarenko & Zhang, 2010 (Coptoclavidae); Agathidiini Westwood, 1838 is replaced by the older name Anisotomini Horaninow, 1834 (Staphylinidae); Cyrtoscydmini Schaufuss, 1889 is replaced by the older name Stenichnini Fauvel, 1885 (Staphylinidae); Eremazinae Iablokoff-Khnzorian, 1977 is treated as unavailable and replaced with Eremazinae Stebnicka, 1977 (Scarabaeidae); Coryphocerina Burmeister, 1842 is replaced by the older name Rhomborhinina Westwood, 1842 (Scarabaeidae); Eudysantina Bouchard, Lawrence, Davies & Newton, 2005 is replaced by the older name Dysantina Gebien, 1922 which is not permanently invalid (Tenebrionidae). The names Macraulacinae/-ini Fleutiaux, 1923 (Eucnemidae), Anamorphinae Strohecker, 1953 (Endomychidae), Pachycnemina Laporte, 1840 (Scarabaeidae), Thaumastodinae Champion, 1924 (Limnichidae), Eudicronychinae Girard, 1971 (Elateridae), Trogoxylini Lesne, 1921 (Bostrichidae), Laemophloeidae Ganglbauer, 1899 (Laemophloeidae); Ancitini Aurivillius, 1917 (Cerambycidae) and Tropiphorini Marseul, 1863 (Curculionidae) are threatened by the discovery of older names; Reversal of Precedence (ICZN 1999: Art. 23.9) or an application to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature will be necessary to retain usage of the younger synonyms. Reversal of Precedence is used herein to qualify the following family-group names as nomina protecta: Murmidiinae Jacquelin du Val, 1858 (Cerylonidae) and Chalepini Weise, 1910 (Chrysomelidae). The following 17 Coleoptera family-group names (some of which are used as valid) are homonyms of other family-group names in zoology, these cases must be referred to the Commission for a ruling to remove the homonymy: Catiniidae Ponomarenko, 1968 (Catiniidae); Homopterinae Wasmann, 1920, Glyptini Horn, 1881 (Carabidae); Tychini Raffray, 1904, Ocypodina Hatch, 1957 (Staphylinidae); Gonatinae Kuwert, 1891 (Passalidae); Aplonychidae Burmeister, 1855 (Scarabaeidae); Microchaetini Paulus, 1973 (Byrrhidae); Epiphanini Muona, 1993 (Eucnemidae); Limoniina Jakobson, 1913 (Elateridae); Ichthyurini Champion, 1915 (Cantharidae); Decamerinae Crowson, 1964 (Trogossitidae); Trichodidae Streubel, 1839 (Cleridae); Monocorynini Miyatake, 1988 (Coccinellidae); Gastrophysina Kippenberg, 2010, Chorinini Weise, 1923 (Chrysomelidae); Meconemini Pierce, 1930 (Anthribidae). The following new substitute names are proposed: Phoroschizus (to replace Schizophorus Ponomarenko, 1968) and Phoroschizidae (to replace Schizophoridae Ponomarenko, 1968); Mesostyloides (to replace Mesostylus Faust, 1894) and Mesostyloidini (to replace Mesostylini Reitter, 1913). The following new genus-group name synonyms are proposed [valid names in square brackets]: Plocastes Gistel, 1856 [Aesalus Fabricius, 1801] (Lucanidae); Evambates Gistel, 1856 [Trichius Fabricius, 1775] (Scarabaeidae); Homoeoplastus Gistel, 1856 [Byturus Latreille, 1797] (Byturidae). Two type genera previously treated as preoccupied and invalid, Heteroscelis Latreille, 1828 and Dysantes Pascoe, 1869 (Tenebrionidae), are determined to be senior homonyms based on bibliographical research. While Dysantes is treated as valid here, Reversal of Precedence (ICZN 1999: Art. 23.9) is used to conserve usage of Anomalipus Guérin-Méneville, 1831 over Heteroscelis.

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RESUMENDe entre todos los objetos, tiempos, espacios, palabras y seres que componen el mundo físico, algunos están investidos de un valor especial por cuanto se les atribuye la virtud de visibilizar las instancias invisibles de las que dependemos los mortales. Es lo sagrado. A lo sagrado se le depara un trato singular hecho de respeto, veneración o miedo, pero en ocasiones también de rencor y de odio por lo que encarna o representa. Es adorado, pero también, y acaso por las mismas razones, puede ser insultado, destruido, objeto de burla y, si tiene forma humana, martirizado o asesinado. La violencia contra lo sagrado puede caber en sistemas religiosos que le otorgan a la agresión un papel central en su universo mítico o ritual. También se ofende u agrede lo santo para grupos o pueblos a someter, puesto que en ello está resumido su orden del mundo. Desde esta perspectiva, el agravio, la irreverencia y el daño pasan a reclamar un lugar protagonista en los estudios sobre la institución religiosa de la cultura bajo las figuras del sacrilegio y la profanación.PALABRAS CLAVE: sagrado, profanación, sacrilegio, violencia religiosa, iconoclastia.ABSTRACTOf all the objects, times, spaces, words and beings that make up the physical world, some are invested with a special value because they are attributed the virtue of making visible the invisible instances on which we mortals depend. This is the sacred. The sacred is given a singular treatment combining respect, veneration or fear, but sometimes also resentment and hatred of what it embodies or represents. It is adored, but also, and perhaps for the same reasons, it can be insulted,destroyed, mocked and, if it has a human form, martyred or killed. Violence against the sacred can fit into religious systems that give aggression a central role in their mythical or ritual universe. 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Нечаева Могила – единственный сохранившийся до наших дней скифский царский курган-гигант в Северном Причерноморье. С 1853 г. он известен российским археологам. Его высота на сегодняшний день составляет 14–15 м. За последние два века курган претерпел существенные изменения. В середине 19 ст. были отмечены просадки насыпи, затем на вершине был вырыт глубокий колодец, позднее засыпанный, и на его месте выстроена беседка. Особо трагическую роль курган сыграл в годы Великой Отечественной войны, когда он был одним из узловых опорных пунктов войск вермахта в Никопольско-Криворожской наступательной операции Красной армии в декабре 1943 г. – январе 1944 г., в ходе которой была разгромлена криворожско–никопольская группировка, пытавшаяся удержать любой ценой Никопольский марганцевый и Криворожский железорудный бассейны. В боях за Нечаеву Могилу полегло более полутора тысяч советских воинов. 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AbstractOn the basis of personal estate of editor Věnceslav Švihovský, the author describes his life and work in the years 1875-1957, especially in the formation of national consciousness of Russian Czechs.

Мстислав Валерианович Добужинский (1875–1957) относится к художникам, творчество которых принадлежит как русской, так и мировой культуре. Он родился и жил в России, затем в Литве, Америке, многие годы провел в европейских странах – Англии, Франции, Италии. Испытав влияние различных художественных школ и направлений, творчество М.В. Добужинского тем не менее сохраняет цельность, в основе которой лежит верность русской культуре – ее темам и художественным принципам, сложившимся в начале XX века в «Мире искусства». Своеобразный творческий метод М.В. Добужинского складывается в жанре городского пейзажа. Тот факт, что в ретроспективных картинах мирискусников главным лирическим героем оказывается пейзаж, чаще всего архитектурный по характеру, видимо повлиял и на возникновение в творчестве М.В. Добужинского темы города – памятника культуры. В отличие от своих друзей художник остается равнодушен к изображению архитектуры в ретроспективных картинах, предпочитая показывать жизнь прошлого в современности. Mstislav Valerianovich Dobuzhinsky (1875 – 1957) refers to the artists whose work belongs to both the Russian and world culture. He was born and lived in Russia, then in Lithuania, America, spent many years in European countries – England, France, Italy. Having experienced the influence of various art schools and trends, the work of M. V. Dobuzhinsky nevertheless retains integrity, which is based on loyalty to Russian culture – its themes and artistic principles established in the early XX century in the «World of art». A kind of creative method of M. V. Dobuzhinsky is in the genre of the urban landscape. As in the retrospective paintings of the members of the main lyrical hero is the landscape, often architectural in character, it seems to have affected the appearance in the works of M. V. Dobuzhinsky themes of the city – cultural monument. Unlike his friends, the artist remains indifferent to the image of architecture in retrospect paintings, preferring to show the life of the past in modern times.

ABSTRACT: Education and leisure are at times considered contradictory, at times complementary concepts. Pedagogues who pioneered new education methods in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s, such as Maria Montessori or Célestin Freinet, embraced the two. This is also the case for the Palestra, a training centre created in 1918 by the French naval commander Georges Hébert (1875-1957) (DELAPLACE, 2005; PHILIPPE-MEDEN, 2015). The Palestra is considered the “flagship” of what was called “Méthode naturelle d’éducation physique, virile et morale”, a natural method that combined training of physical capacities, courage and morality (HÉBERT, 1941), developed by Georges Hébert between 1903 and 1904 at the battalion of marine fusiliers of Lorient. This method was the reference for ministerial directions on physical education in France in 1923, 1941 and in 1959 (TENÈZE, PACQUELIN, ANDRIEU, 2018). However, as the Palestra was situated among mundane holiday resorts on the coast in Normandy, which was dotted with casinos and theaters, this institution for the Hebertist natural method has hardly been studied (PHILIPPE-MEDEN, 2014), which may lead to approximation issues and misunderstandings. Based on a descriptive analysis of the Palestra, we will show how a holistic, innovative pedagogy was developed combining physical education, leisure and a natural lifestyle and how it will contribute to a radical change not only in body exercise techniques for women, but also the imagery of women between the two world wars in France.

Dendritic and/or rosetted microborings in calcareous and osteic skeletal substrates have a diverse trace fossil record, spanning most of the Phanerozoic, whereas the ichnodiversity of comparable bioerosion traces produced in modern seas is rather limited. The most prominent occurrences are known from Devonian brachiopods and from Upper Cretaceous belemnite rostra. Ichnotaxonomically, they are comprised within one of the few ichnofamilies established to date, the Dendrinidae Bromley et al., 2007. As an outcome of the present revision of this ichnofamily, the plethora of 84 ichnospecies established within 25 ichnogenera since the erection of the type ichnogenus Dendrina Quenstedt, 1849 was considerably condensed to 22 ichnospecies included in 7 ichnogenera, based on a coherent morphological categorisation and ichnotaxobasis assessment. The suite of ichnogenera now subsumed within the Dendrinidae includes Dendrina Quenstedt, 1849; Clionolithes Clarke, 1908; Calcideletrix Mägdefrau, 1937; Dictyoporus Mägdefrau, 1937; Abeliella Mägdefrau, 1937; Nododendrina Vogel et al., 1987; and Pyrodendrina Tapanila, 2008. New combinations thereby concern Dendrina dendrina (Morris, 1851) comb. nov., Clionolithes pannosus (Solle, 1938) comb. nov., C. alcicornis (Vogel et al., 1987) comb. nov., C. convexus (Hofmann, 1996) comb. nov., Calcideletrix anomala (Mägdefrau, 1937) comb. nov., C. fastigata (Radtke, 1991) comb. nov., Dictyoporus balani (Tavernier et al., 1992) comb. nov., Nododendrina europaea (Fischer, 1875) comb. nov., N. incomposita (Mägdefrau, 1937) comb. nov. and N. paleodendrica (Elias, 1957) comb. nov. Investigation of new material and a reassessment of 63 dendrinid microborings previously addressed in informal nomenclature allowed the establishment of two complementing ichnogenera, Rhopalondendrina igen. nov. and Antodendrina igen. nov., and eight new ichnospecies, comprising Pyrodendrina arctica isp. nov., P. belua isp. nov., P. villosa isp. nov., Rhopalondendrina avis igen. et isp. nov., R. acanthina igen. et isp. nov., R. contra igen. et isp. nov., R. tigris igen. et isp. nov. and Antodendrina ligula igen. et isp. nov. In densely bioeroded calcareous substrates, different dendrinids and other bioerosion traces may be found in direct contact with each other, forming composite trace fossils, but some of these associations appear rather systematic in nature and could be the work of the same tracemaker under different behavioural modes, thus forming compound trace fossils. In these cases, however, the distinction between the two concepts remains largely equivocal. Dendrinid microborings are primarily found in living and dead calcareous skeletal substrates of bivalves, brachiopods, belemnites and corals, with complementing records from six other substrate types. Facing considerable sampling artefacts, evidence for true substrate specificity or symbiotic relationships is inconclusive as yet, whereas there is direct evidence for post-mortem infestation in several cases, such as the diverse dendrinid associations in Upper Cretaceous belemnite guards. Despite a wealth of available interpretations, the actual biological identity of the dendrinids’ tracemakers remains largely speculative. The most convincing evidence has been put forward in support of foraminiferans as the producers of Nododendrina, and excavating micro-sponges producing Clionolithes and some Calcideletrix. Since most of the dendrinids are found in aphotic (palaeo-)environments, these two principal types of organotrophic tracemakers are also potential candidates for the other ichnogenera. With regards to evolutionary patterns through geologic time, strong adaptive radiations are evident from the ichnodiversity of dendrinid ichnospecies in the Early to Mid-Palaeozoic, reflecting the “Ordovician Bioerosion Revolution” (sensu Wilson & Palmer 2006) and the “Mid-Palaeozoic Precursor of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution” (sensu Signor & Brett 1984), respectively, and in the Mesozoic, coinciding with the prominent “Marine Mesozoic Revolution” (sensu Vermeij 1977). This pattern mimics that of other micro- and macro-bioerosion trace fossils and is interpreted as a reflection of increased predation pressure and consequent infaunalisation. For extinction events, in turn, a differential effect is recorded in that the first four of the “Big Five” mass extinctions appear not to have had any noticeable effect on dendrinid ichnodiversity, whereas the end-Cretaceous mass-extinction resulted in a 77% drop following the Cretaceous peak ichnodiversity of 13 dendrinid ichnospecies.