Journal articles on the topic '1883-1958'

Dorypteryx domestica (Smithers, 1958) previously known from Africa, Europe, North America, and Australia is recorded from an urban area in southern Peru. This is the first record of the genus Dorypteryx Aaron, 1883 in continental South America. The species was found in a private building, recently constructed.

Construction of workers’ clubs (Houses and Palaces of Culture) was an important component of the cultural policy of the young Soviet state. Architect A. A. Ol from Leningrad designed the SoyuzZoloto Club, a facility in the constructivist style for Irkutsk, which later became the House of Culture for the V. V. Kuibyshev Plant. On the basis of archival materials, the article examines the problem of adapting a competition design to the real terrain.

A new genus Acoptodera gen. n. is described to place Coptodera piligera Chaudoir, 1883 previously attributed to genus Trichocoptodera Louwerens, 1958, as well as new subgenus Pericalocephala subgen. n. to place remarkable new species from Vietnam: Acoptodera (Pericalocephala) paradoxa sp. n. By the presence of hairs on head, pronotum and elytra, new genus is similar with Trichocoptodera Louwerens, 1958, but can be easely distinguished by flattened pronotum with wide lateral margins and by rounded elytra with serrate edges and fringe of setae on the sides. The status and characters of genera thought to be near relatives of Coptodera genus-group, are briefly discussed. Images of habitus and genitalia are provided.

The genera Boonea Robertson, 1978, Chrysallida Carpenter, 1856, Fargoa Bartsch, 1909, Ivara Dall & Bartsch, 1903, Mumiola A. Adams, 1863, Odostomella Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883, Parthenina Bucquoy, Dautzenberg & Dollfus, 1883 and Trabecula Dall & Bartsch, 1909 from Brazil are reviewed. Boonea jadisi (Olsson & McGinty, 1958), Boonea seminuda (C. B. Adams, 1839), Chrysallida gemmulosa C. B. Adams, 1850, Ivara terryi (Olsson & McGinty, 1958), Fargoa bushiana Bartsch, 1909, Mumiola gradatula (Mörch, 1876) and Odostomella carceralis Pimenta, Absalão & Alencar, 2000 are confirmed to occur in Brazil. We also present the first records of Parthenina varia (Odé, 1993), Odostomella fonteini (Jong & Coomans, 1988) and Trabecula krumpermanni (Jong & Coomans, 1988) from the region, all, new combinations. Two species, previously reported from the Brazilian coast, could not be confirmed: Boonea bisuturalis (Say, 1822) and Boonea impressa (Say, 1822). Odostomella cf. doliolum (Philippi, 1844) and Parthenina cf. interspatiosa (Linden & Eikenboom, 1992), originally described from the eastern Atlantic, are here recorded from Brazil, although their status remains dubious because of lack of information on their biology and due to lack of morphological and molecular data. One new species is described: Boonea scymnocelata, which can be distinguished from the similar species B. seminuda by its smaller size and immersed protoconch, with no visible nucleus.

Urgensi dari penelitian ini adalah upaya untuk mengkaji IG dalam perspektif globalisasi hukum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hakikat hak kepemilikan komunal dalam IG serta eksistensi hak kepemilikan komunal IG dalam perspektif globalisasi hukum. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan konsep dan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Hakikat hak kepemilikan komunal dalam IG sejatinya belum mendapatkan pengaturan secara spesifik baik dalam Paris Convention 1883, Madrid Agreement 1891, Trips Agreement, hingga Lisbon Agreement (1958 dan 1967) serta UU IG. Meski begitu, secara implisit, esensi hak kepemilikan komunal dalam IG sejatinya menjadi orientasi utama bagi IG, khususnya dalam menegaskan IG sebagai hak kekayaan intelektual dengan karakteristik khusus yang berbasis pada hak kepemilikan komunal masyarakat. Eksistensi hak kepemilikan komunal IG dalam perspektif globalisasi hukum sejatinya masih lemah dan perlu diperkuat. Hal ini dapat dilakukan dengan melakukan revisi atas berbagai ketentuan internasional seperti Paris Convention 1883, Madrid Agreement 1891, Trips Agreement, hingga Lisbon Agreement (1958 dan 1967) yang menegaskan bahwa hak kepemilikan komunal merupakan esensi utama dari IG. Selain itu, revisi terhadap UU IG di Indonesia juga perlu dilakukan untuk menegaskan hak kepemilikan komunal IG tentu dengan melibatkan partisipasi masyarakat untuk sadar akan IG dan memiliki kesadaran untuk mendaftarkan hak kekayaan intelektual berupa IG secara kolektif.

Cymbella (Encyonema) grossestriata var. recta Frenguelli (1938: 303) was described by Joaquín Frenguelli (1883–1958) from the Matanza river estuary in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It was subsequently transferred to the genus Navicula Bory (1822b: 128) by Metzeltin et al. (2005: 138), who elevated Frenguelli’s variety to species level. The authors provided evidence that the taxon was not related to Cymbella grossestriata O. Müller (1905: 154) and did not belong to either Cymbella C.A. Agardh (1830: 1) or Encyonema Kützing (1833: 589).

La poética de William Carlos Williams (1883-1963) puede entenderse a la luz de la configuración de una experiencia de la voz como multitud. Nuestro trabajo analiza sus primeras reflexiones sobre la tradición y la innovación en la literatura norteamericana, para centrarse así en su poema más ambicioso, Paterson (1946-1958), particularmente en el “Libro Dos. Domingo en el parque”, en el que la poesía abraza los registros del habla para captar las modulaciones materiales y subjetivas de una lengua.

Based on my revision of the types of the Neotropical genera Nyctelia Latreille, 1825 (Nycteliini), Praocis Eschscholtz, 1829 (Praocini), Scotobius Germar, 1824, and Emmallodera Blanchard, 1842 (Scotobiini), nine NEW SYNONYMIES are proposed and illustrated: Nyctelia roigi Marcuzzi, 1977 with N. quadricarinata Fairmaire, 1905; Praocis freyi Marcuzzi, 1977 with P. uretai Kulzer, 1958; Praocis larraini Marcuzzi, 2001 with P. pentachorda Burmeister, 1875; Praocis sivestrii Marcuzzi, 2001 with P. striolicollis Fairmaire, 1883; Praocis baloghi Marcuzzi, 2001 with P. montana Kulzer, 1958; Scotobius freudei Marcuzzi, 1977 with S. akidioides bicostatus Kulzer, 1955; Scotobius kulzeri Marcuzzi, 1977 and S. contrerasi Marcuzzi, 1977 with S. alaticollis Kulzer, 1955; and Emmallodera ceii Marcuzzi, 1977 with E. obesa costata Kulzer, 1955. A statement on the differences between Nyctelia blapoides Fairmaire, 1905 and N. kulzeri Marcuzzi, 1977 is presented, as well as a redescription of N. blapoides.

ABSTRACTThe earliest winter scientific station established in the Antarctic was in 1883 as part of the first International Polar Year (IPY) programme. Subsequently, to the IPY of 2007–2009, scientific stations have been deployed on 139 sites (103 on the Antarctic continent, 36 on the peri-Antarctic islands), by 24 countries for a cumulative total of 2666 winters to that of 2008. This paper summarises the winter dates, locations, and national status of all stations in the region. It thus includes all winter stations of the three IPYs and those of the International Geophysical Year (1957–1958). The positions of 120 of these winter stations are south of 60°S, the boundary of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 (although many of them predate the Treaty).

This article discusses the construction of a Jewish aristocratic identity through art collecting and patronage, in parallel with other “aristocratic” activities and lifestyles. The focus is a particular Galican family ennobled by Franz Joseph I in 1881. The family’s ambitions and achievements are known from a memoir by Artur Lilien-Brzozdowiecki (1890, Lviv-1958, London), who was a great-great-grandson of the community head Rachmiel von Mises (1800-1891), a distant cousin of the artist Moses Ephraim Lilien (1874-1925), and a grandson of the banker Ignacy Lilien, who financed Moses Ephraim’s education. The article considers the self-construction of the family members as art connoisseurs and artists. These included the banker, industrialist, artist, and art collector Maurycy Nierenstein (1840-1917); painter Helene von Mises (1883-1942); architect Marya Lilien (1900-1998); and economist, lawyer, army officer, and collector Artur Lilien-Brzozdowiecki.

Leach’s Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa was first recorded breeding on North Rona in 1883 and on Sula Sgeir in 1939. European Storm-petrel Hydrobates pelagicus was first recorded on North Rona in 1885 and on Sula Sgeir in 1958. Since then, there have been attempts to estimate the population size of both species on North Rona but there is little information about their current status on Sula Sgeir. In 2001, systematic surveys of both species using tape playback were conducted for the first time on both islands. North Rona held 1,133 Apparently Occupied Sites (AOS) of Leach’s Storm- petrel but only 371 AOS of European Storm-petrel; numbers on Sula Sgeir were five and eight AOS respectively. The combined population of both North Rona and Sula Sgeir of Leach’s Storm-petrel and European Storm-petrel, comprise 2.3% and 1.4% respectively, of the total number of each species breeding in Great Britain.

Leach’s Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa was first recorded breeding on North Rona in 1883 and on Sula Sgeir in 1939. European Storm-petrel Hydrobates pelagicus was first recorded on North Rona in 1885 and on Sula Sgeir in 1958. Since then, there have been attempts to estimate the population size of both species on North Rona but there is little information about their current status on Sula Sgeir. In 2001, systematic surveys of both species using tape playback were conducted for the first time on both islands. North Rona held 1,133 Apparently Occupied Sites (AOS) of Leach’s Storm- petrel but only 371 AOS of European Storm-petrel; numbers on Sula Sgeir were five and eight AOS respectively. The combined population of both North Rona and Sula Sgeir of Leach’s Storm-petrel and European Storm-petrel, comprise 2.3% and 1.4% respectively, of the total number of each species breeding in Great Britain.

This paper provides a review of the plant bug subfamily Bryocorinae (Hemiptera: Miridae) of European Russia and the Caucasus. Although several bryocorine species are widely used as biological control agents, species delimitation remains challenging even in the relatively well-studied European fauna. We provide diagnoses, distribution data, host information, and illustrated keys to six genera and 21 species found in the region. The following new records are given: Dicyphus (B.) albonasutus Wagner, 1951 (Crimea and Caucasus, North Ossetia), Dicyphus (B.) digitalidis Josifov, 1958 (Caucasus, Abkhazia), Dicyphus (B.) geniculatus (Fieber, 1858) (Armenia and Ingushetia), Dicyphus (D.) epilobii Reuter 1883 (Abkhazia and Ingushetia), Dicyphus (D.) hyalinipennis Burmeister, 1835 (Armenia). Previous records of Dicyphus (B.) annulatus (Wolff, 1804) from the Northern Caucasus (Konstantinov & Zinovyeva 2017), and Crimea were based on misidentifications and should be referred to D. albonasutus. Records of Dicyphus (D.) pallidus (Herrich-Schaeffer, 1836) from Krasnodar Terr and Azerbaijan should be referred to D. errans (Wolff, 1804).

Five species of ground beetles are permanent inhabitants of the fumarola fields on Kunashir Island: Cicindela (Cicindela) sachalinensis A. Morawitz, 1862; Cylindera (Eugrapha) elisae (Motschulsky, 1859); Bembidion (Ocydromus) dolorosum (Motschulsky, 1860); B. (Peryphanes) sanatum Bates, 1883, and Poecilus (Poecilus) samurai (Lutshnik, 1916). These species respond differently to extreme conditions. In some species, the size is decreased (C. elisae, B. dolorosum), but is increased in P. samurai; in B. dolorosum, the pigmentation is decreased, while increased in others (C. sachalinensis, C. elisae, P. samurai). The degree of these variations depends neither on taxonomic relations nor the adaptation time. The areas of moderate thermal activity of Kunashir volcanoes could have served as refugia during the colder climatic periods. Based on data on the variability and barcoding of B. dolorosum, the following new synonymy is established: Bembidion (Ocydromus) dolorosum (Motschulsky, 1860) = Bembidion (Ocydromus) negrei Habu, 1958, syn. nov. = Bembidion (Peryphus) kuznetsovi Lafer, 2002, syn. nov.

ArgumentMutuality in “contact zones” has been emphasized in cross-cultural knowledge interaction in re-evaluating power dynamics between centers and peripheries and in showing the hybridity of modern science. This paper proposes an analytical pause on this attempt to better invalidate centers by paying serious attention to the limits of mutuality in transcultural knowledge interaction imposed by asymmetries of power. An unusually reciprocal interaction between a Japanese forester, Ishidoya Tsutomu (1891–1958), at the colonial forestry department, and his Korean subordinate Chung Tyaihyon (1883–1971) is chosen to highlight an inescapable asymmetry induced by the imperial power structure. Ishidoya, positioning himself as a settler expert, as opposed to a scientist in Tokyo, pursued localized knowledge in growing interaction with Chung, resulting in Ishidoya's career change as a herbalist focusing on traditional medicine and Chung's leadership in Korean-only botanizing. However, their mutual transformations, limited by asymmetric constraints on their choices, did not unsettle the imperial power structure or the centrality of centers.

This article aims to follow the trail of some of the influences in the poetic works of José María Agirre, ‘Lizardi’ (1896–1933), and Esteban Urkiaga, ‘Lauaxeta’ (1905–37), both of whom are clearly connected to Symbolism through Spanish Modernism. They are considered the modernizers of Basque poetry and are the most frequently cited examples as paradigms of the Republican era. To this end, a double perspective will be followed. In the case of Lizardi, his literary affiliations will be addressed, relating him to Juan Ramón Jiménez (1881–1958) and José Ortega y Gasset (1883–1955). In order to approach the work of Lauaxeta, we will suggest a number of similarities to the poetry of Federico García Lorca (1898–1936), and to the music of Jesús Guridi (1886–1961) and his zarzuela, El Caserío (1926). We will also establish links between his work and some Impressionist and Symbolist painters, such as Darío Regoyos (1857–1913), Valentín de Zubiaurre (1879–1963) and Aurelio Arteta (1879–1940).

The Venezuelan species of the genus Gyrinus Geoffroy, 1762 are reviewed (Gyrinidae: Gyrininae: Gyrinini). The Venezuelan Gyrinus fauna is found to be comprised of nine species distributed among the subgenera Neogyrinus Hatch, 1926 and Oreogyrinus Ochs, 1935, although Gyrinus (Oreogyrinus) colombicus Régimbart, 1883 is known from imprecisely localized and potentially mislabeled specimens and the species presumably does not occur in Venezuela. Three new species are described: G. (Oreogyrinus) vinolentus sp. nov. from the Andes, and G. (Oreogyrinus) iridinus sp. nov. and G. (Neogyrinus) sabanensis sp. nov., from the Guiana Shield region. Two new synonymies are established: G. amazonicus Ochs, 1958 syn. nov. is synonymized with G. guianus Ochs, 1935, and G. racenisi Ochs, 1953 syn. nov. is synonymized with G. ovatus Aubé, 1838. Gyrinus (Oreogyrinus) feminalis Mouchamps, 1957, described from Venezuela from two female syntypes only, is considered as species inquirendum, as the types were not found. For each species a dorsal habitus, illustration of male and female genitalia, and distribution map are provided. A key and checklist for the Venezuelan Gyrinus species is included.

"Musical Impressionism is one of the currents that reflected the anti-romantic discourse of the beginning of the 20th century, having a resonance only in the French cultural space - where the preference for suggestion, for deliberately imprecise tone and nuance has always worked. Although musicological studies do not display very important differences in attitude when it comes to defining impressionist compositions, musicologists’ opinions sometimes diverge. However, taking into consideration the extent to which the comparative method and the stylistic analysis, applied to music, can be conditioned by subjective experiences, the discrepancies can be said to be almost negligible. Basically, the opinion is that the elements of Impressionism in the first half of the 20th century were the most marked in certain compositions by Petar Konjović (1883-1970), Miloje Milojević (1884-1946) and Stevan Hristić (1885-1958), and to a lesser degree (only in the case of a few parameters of the musical language) we can see them in certain compositions by other composers. Keywords: impressionism, suggestion, analyze, composition, musicology, Serbian"

http://dx.doi.org/10.17014/ijog.vol3no4.20086Tsunamigenic is a natural phenomena which is potential to generate a tsunami, such as water dis- turbance due to the presence of activities of volcanism, earthquakes, coastal and sub marine landslidse, or other causal factors . Historically, the Sunda Strait has experienced several tsunami events recorded in the tsunami catalog. Those tsunamies were caused by some geological phenomena such as eruptions of Krakatau submarine volcano in 416, 1883, and 1928; earthquakes in 1722, 1852, and 1958; and other causes which were suggested as a mass failure of coastal and submarine landslide in 1851, 1883, and 1889. Tectonic condition of the Sunda Strait is very complicated, because this region is located at the boundary of Indian-Australian and Eurasian Plates, where a unique island arc system occurs with its association such as trench, accretionary zone, volcanic arc and back-arc basin. Sunda trench as a plate boundary is the most potential region to produce big earthquakes. Existence of a seismic gap in the region can cause a stress accumulation and store energy, then it will be released any time as a big earthquake to generate a tsunami. Along eruption history, Krakatau volcanic arc has four stages of reconstruction and three stages of destruction, and every destruction stage produces tsunami which is suggested to be potentially repeated in the future in a period between 2500 to 2700. Seafloor of the Sunda Strait has an unstable geological condition due to geological structure development, which creates grabens and also enable to produce submarine landslides triggered by earthquake. Coastal condition around the Semangko and Lampung Bays consisting of steep topography with high intensity of weathering, is another factor to contribute landslide, particularly in the case of triggering be heavy rainfall between December to Februari. Furthermore, if landslide materials tumble into the water, even very small and locally, could create a potency of tsunami.

2009 brings not only the 50th anniversary of the Antarctic Treaty but also the end of the International Geophysical Year (IGY) and of its extension into the period of International Geophysical Cooperation (IGC 1959). It is also the 133rd anniversary of K. Weyprecht's suggestion that initiated the impetus. As he noted, ‘if Polar Expeditions are looked upon merely as a sort of international steeple-chase . . . and their main object is to exceed by a few miles the latitude reached by a predecessor these mysteries (of Meteorology and Geomagnetism) will remain unsolved’ (Weyprecht 1875). Although he stressed the importance of observations in both the Arctic and Antarctic during the first International Polar Year (IPY) in 1882–1883 only two stations in the sub-Antarctic region, at Cap Horn and South Georgia, made such scientific recordings. In spite of the fact that several expeditions to the Antarctic had been made in the period between the first and the second IPY 1932–1933, no stations were created in Antarctica during that IPY. The major increase in scientific studies in Antarctica came with the third IPY, which became the IGY of 1957–1958.

The task of this work is to present three key urban plans, courtesy of which the city of Nikšić developed during its modern history. After liberation from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, Nikšić received its first regulatory plan, prepared by the architect Josip Slade Šilović (1828-1911) in 1883. The city developed according to this plan until the Second World War. After the Second World War, Montenegro became part of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia as a republic, and Nikšić became the city with the highest degree of urbanisation in that federation. This rapid urbanisation was directed by the second urban plan, carried out by the Urban Planning Institute of the Faculty of Architecture, Construction and Geodesy, Zagreb, in 1954-1958. The author of this plan was the professor and architect, Josip Seissel (1904-1987). The third urban plan of importance for the city was carried out by the Urban Planning Institute of Croatia, Zagreb, in 1984 and was adopted in 1986. This urban plan enabled a logical upgrade of the previous two plans. A result of these three urban plans by Croatian architects is Nikšić’s unique form and urban identity.

ABSTRACTAs the fourth International Polar Year (IPY) 2007–2008, gets into full swing it is timely to reflect on the history of development of international scientific collaboration in the IPYs since the first one in 1882–1883, including the third, which evolved into the International Geophysical Year (IGY) of 1957–1958. The success of international scientific collaboration in the IGY led the International Council for Science (ICSU), the body that managed the IGY, to create the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) to carry forward the collaboration in Antarctic science that had begun during the IGY. This year, 2008, seems an appropriate time to undertake such an historical review, given that we are not only midway through the fourth IPY, but also that it is SCAR's 50th anniversary; the first SCAR meeting having been held in The Hague on 3–5 February 1958. Since SCAR's membership began with 12 member countries and 4 ICSU unions, membership has grown to 34 countries and 8 ICSU unions, with more expected to join at the 30th meeting of SCAR in Moscow in July 2008. Both SCAR's activities and those of the fourth IPY benefit from international collaboration not only between scientists, but also between the national Antarctic operations managers, working together through the Council of Managers of National Antarctic Programmes (COMNAP), and national policy makers working together through the Antarctic Treaty mechanisms. Thanks to all their efforts, the IPY of 2007–2009 will leave behind a legacy of enhanced observing systems for documenting the status and change of all aspects of the Antarctic environment as the basis for improved forecasting of its future condition. SCAR expects to play a major role in the design of those systems and their use to improve scientific understanding of the place of the Antarctic in the global environmental system, and the pace and direction of change within that system.

El moho foliar Cladosporium fulvum (Cooke 1883) produce una enfermedad que ataca el cultivo de tomate en invernadero en el Perú. Como alternativa al control de este patógeno se probó la eficiencia bajo condiciones in vitro e invernadero de cuatro hongos antagonistas: Hansfordia pulvinata (Berk y Curt 1958), Trichoderma harzianum (Rifai 1969), T. viride (Persoon 1821) y T. virens (Miller, Giddens y Foster 1963). El cultivo y crecimiento de los hongos se realizó en Agar Sabouraud para Trichoderma spp. y en Agar Jugo V8 para H. pulvinata. El bioensayo empleado fue el de placas precolonizadas propuesto por Krauss. En condiciones in vitro se observó que a 24 ºC y 72 h, el crecimiento de T. harzianum fue estadísticamente diferente de las otras tres especies ensayadas, y a 28 ºC fue similar a T. viride. A 24 ºC y a las 120 h, T. virens fue diferente de todas las especies evaluadas. A las 168 h el crecimiento de las tres especies de Trichoderma fue estadísticamente similar, diferenciándose de H. pulvinata. A 28 ºC a las 120 h y 168 h los resultados fueron estadísticamente similares para las tres especies de Trichoderma, pero diferentes de H. pulvinata. El mecanismo de acción más común para los hongos antagonistas fue el micoparasitismo. Finalmente, T. harzianum fue más eficiente debido a que redujo la severidad de la enfermedad en un 19,35 % bajo condiciones de invernadero.

The psocid genus Dorypteryx Aaron is a small group in the family Psyllipsocidae, comprising only three species until now. The first Dorypteryx species, D. pallida, was described from North America by Aaron (1883), and subsequently recorded in Europe by Dessart (1976). Smithers (1958) described Dolopteryx domestica from Zimbabwe as the only species in a new genus. However, this genus was later synonymized with Dorypteryx by Lienhard (1977), who re-defined Dorypteryx and redescribed the two known species. After that revision, a third species, D. longipennis, was described by Smithers (1991) from Australia on imported specimens. Despite the low species diversity of Dorypteryx, the geographical range of this genus is rather wide, from the West Palaearctic, Afrotropical, Australian, Nearctic, and Neotropical realms. However, until now Dorypteryx had not been found in the Oriental realm. In the present paper, the genus Dorypteryx is recorded from a domestic habitat in Yunnan Province, China. Based on the contribution by Li (2002), there are three genera and 14 species of Psyllipsocidae in China (Pseudopsyllipsocus Li, Psyllipsocus Selys-Longchamps, and Psocathropos Ribaga). This discovery of Dorypteryx represents the first record of this genus in China, and also in Asia and the Oriental realm.The types of the new species described below, all females, are preserved in alcohol and deposited in the Entomological Museum of China Agricultural University (CAU), Beijing. The terminology of the adult generally follows Smithers (1972).

Die Typen und weiteres Material der Arten der Gattungen Callicerus Gravenhorst, Pseudosemiris Machulka und Saphocallus Sharp werden revidiert. Auf der Grundlage eines morphologischen Vergleichs unter Berücksichtigung der wahrscheinlich nahverwandten Taxa Aloconota Thomson, 1858 und Disopora Thomson, 1859 werden Callicerus, Pseudosemiris und Saphocallus als distinkte Gattungen betrachtet und redeskribiert. 7 valide Callicerus-, 7 Pseudosemiris-Arten sowie eine Art der Gattung Saphocallus werden erkannt und beschrieben: C. obscurus Gravenhorst, C. muensteri Bernhauer, C. atricollis (Aubé), C. appenninus sp. n., C. sparsicollis Bernhauer, C. fulvicornis Eppelsheim, C. rigidicornis (Erichson), P. kaufmanni (Eppelsheim), P. breiti Scheerpeltz, P. circassica Fagel, P. fulgida sp. n., P. granulosa Fagel, P. stricticornis Fagel, P. zanettii sp. n. und S. parviceps Sharp. P. velox Jablokow-Khnzorian wird als species dubia betrachtet. Die folgenden Taxa werden synonymisiert: Callicerus Gravenhorst, 1802 = Semiris Heer, 1839, resyn., = Sphaerotaxus Bernhauer, 1915, syn. n.; Callicerus obscurus Gravenhorst, 1802 = Callicerus stolfai Scheerpeltz, 1956, syn. n., = Callicerus ibericus Fagel, 1958, syn. n.; Calodera atricollis Aubé, 1850 = Callicerus clavatus Rottenberg, 1870, syn. n.; Callicerus fulvicornis Eppelsheim, 1883 = Callicerus gagliardii Scheerpeltz, 1956, syn. n.; Homalota rigidicornis Erichson, 1839 = Callicerus mandli Scheerpeltz, 1956, syn. n., = Callicerus beieri Scheerpeltz, 1959, syn. n.; Homalota gregaria Erichson, 1839 (nomen protectum) = Aleochara caliginosa Stephens, 1832, syn. n. (nomen oblitum); Atheta montenegrina Bernhauer, 1899 = Callicerus smetanai Scheerpeltz, 1967, syn. n. Atheta toroenensis Bernhauer, 1943, die zuvor Callicerus zugeordnet worden war, wird in die Gattung Homoiocalea Bernhauer, 1943, stat. n. gestellt. Sowohl die Gattung als auch H. toroenensis (Bernhauer), comb. n. werden redeskribiert. Für Callicerus obscurus Gravenhorst wird ein Neotypus, für Calodera atricollis Aubé, Callicerus muensteri Bernhauer, C. obscurus var. pedemontanus Baudi, C. clavatus Rottenberg, C. sparsicollis Bernhauer, C. fulvicornis Eppelsheim und C. kaufmanni Eppelsheim werden Lectotypen designiert. Die Differentialmerkmale aller untersuchter Gattungs- und Artengruppentaxa sowie die Ergebnisse morphometrischer Analysen werden illustriert. Die Diagnosen werden durch Angaben zur intraspezifischen Variabilität und zur Unterscheidung von ähnlichen Arten sowie durch Bestimmungstabellen für die Arten der Gattungen Callicerus und Pseudosemiris ergänzt. Die verfügbaren Daten zur Verbreitung und Bionomie werden ausgewertet. Die Arten der Gattungen Callicerus und Pseudosemiris sind danach univoltin; die Fortpflanzungsperiode beginnt im Frühjahr, und die Präimaginalentwicklung ist im Frühsommer abgeschlossen. Reproduktion und Überwinterung finden offenbar in einem unterirdischen, bisher aber unbekannten Habitat statt. Dies würde erklären, warum praktisch alle Arten selten bis extrem selten nachgewiesen wurden. Die Phänologien von C. obscurus und C. rigidicornis werden durch Diagramme veranschaulicht. Verbreitungskarten illustrieren die Verbreitungsgebiete der weniger seltenen Arten.StichwörterColeoptera, Staphylinidae, Aleocharinae, Athetini, Callicerus, Pseudosemiris, Saphocallus, Homoiocalea, Aloconota, Palaearctic region, Europe, taxonomy, biogeography, ecology, intraspecific variation, life history, new species, new synonymy, new combination, neotype designation, lectotype designation.Nomenklatorische Handlungengregaria (Erichson, 1839) (Aloconota), nom. protectum described as Homalota gregariamontenegrina (Bernhauer, 1899) (Aloconota (Disopora)), Lectotype described as Atheta (Disopora) montenegrinacaliginosa Stephens, 1832 (Bolitochara), nom. oblitum; syn. n. of Aloconota gregaria (Erichson, 1839): nom. protectumappenninus Assing, 2001 (Callicerus), spec. n.atricollis (Aubé, 1850) (Callicerus), Lectotype described as Calodera atricollisclavatus Rottenberg, 1870 (Callicerus), Lectotype; syn. n. of Callicerus atricollis (Aubé, 1850)fulvicornis Eppelsheim, 1883 (Callicerus), Lectotype described as Callicerus atricollis var. fulvicornismuensteri Bernhauer, 1900 (Callicerus), Lectotypeobscurus Gravenhorst, 1802 (Callicerus), Neotypesparsicollis Bernhauer, 1915 (Callicerus), Lectotypestolfai Scheerpeltz, 1956 (Callicerus), syn. n. of Callicerus obscurus Gravenhorst, 1802smetanai Scheerpeltz, 1967 (Callicerus (Callicerus)), syn. n. of Atheta (Disopora) montenegrina (Bernhauer, 1899)beieri Scheerpeltz, 1959 (Callicerus (Semiris)), syn. n. of Callicerus rigidicornis (Erichson, 1839)gagliardii Scheerpeltz, 1956 (Callicerus (Semiris)), syn. n. of Callicerus fulvicornis Eppelsheim, 1883ibericus Fagel, 1958 (Callicerus (Semiris)), syn. n. of Callicerus obscurus Gravenhorst, 1802mandli Scheerpeltz, 1956 (Callicerus (Semiris)), syn. n. of Callicerus rigidicornis (Erichson, 1839)pedemontanus Baudi, 1869 (Callicerus obscurus var.), Lectotype now a synonym of Callicerus atricollis (Aubé, 1850)toroenensis (Bernauer, 1943) (Homoiocalea), comb. n. hitherto Atheta (Homoiocalea) toroenensisfulgida Assing, 2001 (Pseudosemiris), spec. n.kaufmanni (Eppelsheim, 1887) (Pseudosemiris), Lectotype described as Callicerus kaufmannizanettii Assing, 2001 (Pseudosemiris), spec. n.Homoiocalea Bernhauer, 1943 (Staphylinidae), stat. n. hitherto a subgenus of AthetaSemiris Heer, 1839 (Staphylinidae), syn. n. of Callicerus Gravenhorst, 1802Sphaerotaxus Bernhauer, 1915 (Staphylinidae), syn. n. of Callicerus Gravenhorst, 1802

The article is dedicated to the 140th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Russian scientist, organizer of Soviet science, first academician-secretary of the Department of Literature and Language of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor I.I. Meshchaninov (1883–1967). It reflects little-known events in Russian linguistics of 1942–1958. The letters of the greatest linguists of the XX century — academician I.I. Meshchaninov and professor (later academician) V.V. Vinogradov are published for the first time. They set out the facts of the personal life of scientists and the activities of academic institutions during the evacuation and peacetime. The presented selection of epistolary materials tells about the work of V.V. Vinogradov in Tobolsk: an attempt to found there a Research institute for the study of languages, folklore, literature and history of the peoples of Siberia and I.I. Meshchaninov’s response to this idea, about a new book on lexis and phraseology, conveys the scientist’s anxiety about his wife’s Moscow apartment, etc. The prospects of V.V. Vinogradov’s relocation to other cities and his restoration in the staff of the Institute of Language and Thinking of the USSR Academy of Sciences are discussed. Judging by the events described, I.I. Meshchaninov took a lively part in the fate of a disgraced colleague and tried to help him overcome hardships. The letters of the 1950s describe events related to the preparation for the elections of academicians and corresponding members of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The epistolary also includes the names of many famous philologists whose destinies were somehow connected with the personality of I.I. Meshchaninov: S.P. Obnorsky, V.F. Shishmaryov, D.V. Bubrikh, A.V. Mirtov, etc. The published documents are of interest to historians of Soviet linguistics, linguoculturologists, sociolinguists. The letters reveal the rare circumstances of the work of research teams in a difficult time for the country, show linguists from an unusual side, report new biographical details, filling in the gaps in the historiography of the XX century. The article focuses the attention of modern researchers on the need to study archival data and introduce original materials into the theory and practice of general linguistics in order to recreate the annals of Russian science.

The Megacalanidae were revised based on new and archived material. Taxonomic confusion that has existed in the family is discussed and a method is suggested for stabilising names. A detailed examination of the morphology of this family, using the light microscope, has added further useful characters that distinguish genera and species. The added, hitherto undescribed species include character states incompatible with aspects of previous generic definitions (e.g. presence or absence of setae on the maxillule coxal endite). Nevertheless, the cladistic and molecular analyses confirmed that there are at least four monophyletic clades mostly with high bootstrap support. These clades represent already defined genera, one of which [Elenacalanus nom. nov. (nomen novum)] replaces the preoccupied name Heterocalanus Wolfenden, 1906. Four previously described species have been re-assigned to Elenacalanus in new combinations: E. princeps (Brady, 1883), E. eltaninae (Björnberg, 1968), E. sverdrupi (Johnson, 1958) and E. inflatus (Björnberg, 1968). Eleven new species are described: three Megacalanus, one Bradycalanus, six Bathycalanus, and one Elenacalanus nom. nov. Bradycalanus pseudotypicus enormis Björnberg, 1968 has been raised to species status based on genetic data although it can be only be distinguished morphologically from Br. typicus by its large size. All four genera are differentially diagnosed and keys are provided to the genera and species. We confirm that all male right antennules are geniculate in the Megacalanidae. Thirteen males are known. Of these males, eight are newly described (M. frosti n. sp., M. ericae n. sp., M. ohmani n. sp., Bathycalanus bradyi (Wolfenden, 1905a), Ba. dentatus n. sp., Ba. milleri n. sp., Ba. unicornis Björnberg, 1968, and Elenacalanus tageae n. sp.). We cannot be absolutely certain that the correct males have been assigned to the appropriate female so our decisions await testing with new data. The cladistic analysis provides the first morphology-based phylogeny. This scheme served as a working hypothesis which was tested and corroborated using the newly gathered molecular data. Vertical and horizontal distributions are summarised.

The article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the formation, structure and procedure for exercising the powers of the High Council of Magistracy in France. It is determined that the French Revolution and the new institutional organization that emerged as a result gave the judiciary a somewhat less important role in the legal life of the state. Historically, guarantees of judicial independence in France have always been limited by the executive. It is established that in France in 1883 the High Council of Magistracy appeared, which was later determined by an autonomous governing body in accordance with the provisions of the 1946 Constitution. Since then, the Council has undergone several reforms, including changes to the 1958 Constitution, and in 1993, in addition to changing the number of members, the powers of the constitutional body were modernized. It is determined that the French High Council of Magistracy is bicameral, consisting of two panels, one of which exercises powers over judges and the other over prosecutors. Certainly, in the field of recruitment and training of judges, France has developed a model that is followed by most European countries. In most of the countries that we position in the modern legal dimension as continental Europe, the approach is used in the form of public competition and test tasks. This process is seen as a way to ensure the selection of the most qualified candidates, and also helps to ensure the independence of future magistrates. It was found that the members of the High Council of Magistracy in France carry out their mission in compliance with the requirements of independence, impartiality, honesty and dignity and ensure the prevention or immediate cessation of conflicts of interest. Conflict of interest is any situation of conflict between public interests, or public and private interests, which may affect the independent, impartial and objective performance of functions. It is established that the French High Council of Magistracy is directly related to the executive branch, as the head of the state is also the head of the Council and authorized to participate in personnel matters concerning this body.

This paper, dedicated to search for identification methods of genera of Salticidae (Araneae), presents prototype of a “Handbook of Jumping Spiders Identification”, based on morphology of palps, spermathecae and ducts, as well as some other easily noticeable characters. It includes diagnostic drawings of representative species of each genus, additional survey of diversity of these characters in 4800 recognizable species is available instantly, by hyperlinks provided to parallel Internet "Monograph of the Salticidae (Araneae) of the World 1995-2016".Part I "Introduction to alternative classification of Salticidae" by Prószyński (2016a), accessible at: http://www.peckhamia.com/salticidae/Subfamilies/ [too large to be published whole as a PDF]. The work contains methodological suggestions on how the proposed system could be improved and further developed. Partial revision of the present taxonomic system of Salticidae is included.The paper provides diagnoses and diagnostic drawings to genera of Salticidae, grouped to facilitate identification into morphologically coherent, informal groups of genera. There are following provisional groups proposed: AEURILLINES, AMYCINES, AMYCOIDA VARIA, ASTIAINES, BELIPPINES, CHRYSILLINES, COCALODINES, COLONINES [= former Thiodininae], DENDRYPHANTINES, DIOLENINES, EUODENINES, EUOPHRYINES, EUPOAINES, EVARCHINES, HABRONATTINES, HARMOCHIRINES, HELIOPHANINES, HISPONINES, HYLLINES, ICIINES, LAPSIINES, LIGONIPEINES, LYSSOMANINES, MENEMERINES, MYRMARACHNINES, NOTICIINES, PELLENINES, PSEUDICIINES, SIMAETHINES, SITTICINES, SPARTAEINES, THIRATOSCIRTINAE, YAGINUMAELLINES, YLLENINES. There is also temporary UNCLASSIFIED group and display of exemplary FOSSILS. The proposals of grouping and delimitation have working character, pending further research and tests.The following synonyms and combinations (new, corrected or reinstated) are listed in the paper together with their documentation and/or discussions. They have been accumulated during 22 years of work on database, but are printed for the first time only now (location of their documentation in the text below can be quickly found using computer searching facility).Aelurillus stanislawi (Prószyński, 1999) (male from Israel) = Rafalus stanislawi Prószyński, 1999, Aelurillus stanislawi Azarkina, (2006) (nec Prószyński, 1999) = Aelurillus minutus Azarkina, 2002, Amphidraus manni (Bryant 1943) = Nebridia manni Bryant 1943, Amphidraus mendica (Bryant 1943) = Nebridia mendica Bryant 1943, Amphidraus semicanus (Simon, 1902) = Nebridia semicana Simon, 1902, Bianor incitatus Thorell, 1890 (in part) = Stichius albomaculatus Thorell, 1890, Bryantella smaragdus (Crane, 1945) = Bryantella smaragda (Crane, 1945), Chinattus undulatus (Song & Chai, 1992) (in part, male) = Chinattus szechwanensis (Prószyński, 1992), Colyttus kerinci (Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012) = Donoessus kerinci Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012, Colyttus nigriceps (Simon, 1899) = Donoessus nigriceps (Simon, 1899), Colyttus striatus (Simon, 1902) = Donoessus striatus (Simon, 1902), Cytaea severa (Thorell, 1881) (in part) = Cytaea alburna Keyserling, 1882, Euophrys minuta Prószynski, 1992 ) = Lechia minuta (Prószynski, 1992 ), Laufeia daiqini (Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012) = Junxattus daiqini Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012, Laufeia kuloni (Prószynski & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012) = Orcevia kuloni Prószynski & Deeleman-Reinhold 2012, Laufeia keyserlingi (Thorell, 1890) = Orcevia keyserlingi (Thorell, 1890), Laufeia eucola (Thorell, 1890) = Orcevia eucola (Thorell, 1890), Laufeia perakensis (Simon, 1901) = Orcevia perakensis (Simon, 1901), Laufeia proszynskii Song, Gu & Chen, 1988 = Orcevia proszynskii (Song, Gu & Chen, 1988), Laufeia squamata ( Żabka, 1985 ) = Lechia squamata Żabka, 1985, Maevia C. L. Koch, 1846 (in part) = Paramaevia Barnes, 1955, Maevia hobbsae Barnes, 1958 = Paramaevia hobbsae Barnes, 1958, Maevia michelsoni Barnes, 1958 = Paramaevia michelsoni (Barnes, 1958), Maevia poultoni Peckham & Peckham, 1909 = Paramaevia poultoni (Peckham & Peckham, 1901),Maratus anomaliformis (Żabka, 1987) = "Lycidas" anomaliformis Żabka, 1987, Metaphidippus felix (Peckham & Peckham, 1901) = Messua felix (Peckham & Peckham, 1901), Monomotapa principalis Wesolowska, 2000 = Iranattus principalis (Wesolowska, 2000), Myrmarachne exasperans (Peckham & Peckham, 1892) = Emertonius exasperans Peckham & Peckham, 1892, Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839 (in part) = Myrmarachne ramosa Badcock, 1918, Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839 (in part) = Myrmarachne contracta (Karsch, 1880), Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839 (in part) = Myrmarachne albicrurata Badcock, 1918, Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839 (in part) = Myrmarachne lateralis Badcock, 1918, Myrmarachne melanocephala MacLeay, 1839 (in part) = Myrmarachne providens Simon, 1901, Myrmavola globosa (Wanless, 1978) = Toxeus globosus (Wanless, 1978) (self-correction), Omoedus albertisi (Thorell, 1881) = Zenodorus albertisi (Thorell, 1881), Omoedus arcipluvii (Peckham, Peckham, 1901) = Zenodorus arcipluvii (Peckham, Peckham, 1901), Omoedus asper (Karsch, 1878) = Ascyltus asper (Karsch, 1878), Omoedus bernsteini (Thorell, 1881) = Zenodorus bernsteini (Thorell, 1881), - Omoedus brevis Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus brevis (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012), Omoedus cyanothorax (Thorell, 1881) = Pystira cyanothorax (Thorell, 1881), - Omoedus durvillei (Walckenaer, 1837) = Zenodorus durvillei (Walckenaer, 1837)- Omoedus danae (Hogg, 1915) = Zenodorus danae Hogg, 1915, - Omoedus darleyorum Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus darleyorum (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012),Omoedus ephippigerus (Simon, 1885) = Pystira ephippigera (Simon, 1885), Omoedus karschi (Thorell, 1881) = Pystira karschi (Thorell, 1881), Omoedus lepidus (Guerin, 1834) = Zenodorus lepidus (Guerin, 1834), Omoedus metallescens (Koch L., 1879) = Zenodorus metallescens (Koch L., 1879), Omoedus meyeri Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus meyeri (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012), Omoedus microphthalmus (Koch L., 1881) = Zenodorus microphthalmus (Koch L., 1881), Omoedus nigripalpis (Thorell, 1877) = Pystira nigripalpis (Thorell, 1877)]. Omoedus obscurofemoratus (Keyserling, 1883) = Zenodorus obscurofemoratus (Keyserling, 1883), Omoedus omundseni Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus omundseni (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012), Omoedus orbiculatus (Keyserling, 1881) = Zenodorus orbiculatus (Keyserling, 1881), Omoedus papuanus Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus papuanus (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012), Omoedus ponapensis (Berry, Beatty, Prószyński, 1996) = Zenodorus ponapensis Berry, Beatty, Prószynski, 1996, Omoedus semirasus (Keyserling, 1882) = Zenodorus semirasus (Keyserling, 1882), Omoedus swiftorum Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus swiftorum (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012), Omoedus tortuosus Zhang J., Maddison, 2012 = Zenodorus tortuosus (Zhang J., Maddison, 2012), Omoedus versicolor (Dyal, 1935) = Pystira versicolor Dyal, 1935, [Unrecognizable species of Zenodorus: Omoedus jucundus (Rainbow, 1912) = Zenodorus jucundus (Rainbow, 1912), Omoedus juliae (Thorell, 1881) = Zenodorus juliae (Thorell, 1881), Omoedus marginatus (Simon, 1902) = Zenodorus marginatus (Simon, 1902), Omoedus niger (Karsch, 1878) = Zenodorus niger (Karsch, 1878), - Omoedus pupulus (Thorell, 1881) = Zenodorus pupulus (Thorell, 1881), - Omoedus pusillus (Strand, 1913) = Zenodorus pusillus (Strand, 1913), Omoedus rhodopae (Hogg, 1915) = Zenodorus rhodopae (Hogg, 1915), Omoedus syrinx (Hogg, 1915) = Zenodorus syrinx Hogg, 1915, Omoedus variatus (Pocock, 1899) = Zenodorus variatus (Pocock, 1899), Omoedus varicans (Thorell, 1881) = Zenodorus varicans Thorell, 1881, Omoedus wangillus (Strand, 1911) = Zenodorus wangillus Strand, 1911], Pellenes ostrinus (Simon, 1884) (in part) = Pellenes diagonalis Simon, 1868, Pseudicius alter Wesolowska, 1999 = Afraflacilla altera (Wesolowska, 1999), Pseudicius arabicus (Wesolowska, van Harten, 1994) = Afraflacilla arabica Wesolowska, van Harten, 1994, Pseudicius bipunctatus Peckham, Peckham, 1903 = Afraflacilla bipunctata (Peckham, Peckham, 1903), Pseudicius braunsi Peckham, Peckham, 1903 = Afraflacilla braunsi (Peckham, Peckham, 1903), Pseudicius datuntatus Logunov, Zamanpoore, 2005= Afraflacilla datuntata (Logunov, Zamanpoore, 2005), Pseudicius elegans (Wesolowska, Cumming, 2008) = Afraflacilla elegans (Wesolowska, Cumming, 2008), Pseudicius eximius Wesolowska, Russel-Smith, 2000 = Afraflacilla eximia (Wesolowska, Russel-Smith, 2000), Pseudicius fayda Wesolowska, van Harten, 2010 = Afraflacilla fayda (Wesolowska, van Harten, 2010), Pseudicius flavipes Caporiacco, 1935 = Afraflacilla flavipes (Caporiacco, 1935), Pseudicius histrionicus Simon, 1902 = Afraflacilla histrionica (Simon, 1902), Pseudicius imitator Wesolowska, Haddad, 2013 = Afraflacilla imitator (Wesolowska, Haddad, 2013), Pseudicius javanicus Prószynski, Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012 = Afraflacilla javanica (Prószynski, Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012), Pseudicius karinae (Haddad, Wesolowska, 2011) = Afraflacilla karinae (Haddad, Wesolowska, 2011), Pseudicius kraussi Marples, 1964 = Afraflacilla kraussi (Marples, 1964), Pseudicius mikhailovi Prószynski, 1999 = Afraflacilla mikhailovi (Prószynski, 1999), Pseudicius mushrif Wesolowska, van Harten, 2010 = Afraflacilla mushrif (Wesolowska, van Harten, 2010), Pseudicius philippinensis Prószynski, 1992 = Afraflacilla philippinensis (Prószynski, 1992), Pseudicius punctatus Marples, 1957 = Afraflacilla punctata (Marples, 1957), Pseudicius refulgens Wesolowska, Cumming, 2008 = Afraflacilla refulgens (Wesolowska, Cumming, 2008), Pseudicius reiskindi Prószynski, 1992 = Afraflacilla reiskindi (Prószynski, 1992), Pseudicius roberti Wesolowska, 2011 = Afraflacilla roberti (Wesolowska, 2011), Pseudicius spiniger (Pickard-Cambridge O., 1872) = Afraflacilla spiniger (Pickard-Cambridge O., 1872), Pseudicius tamaricis Simon, 1885 = Afraflacilla tamaricis (Simon, 1885), Pseudicius tripunctatus Prószynski, 1989 = Afraflacilla tripunctata (Prószynski, 1989), Pseudicius venustulus Wesolowska, Haddad, 2009 = Afraflacilla venustula (Wesolowska, Haddad, 2009), Pseudicius wadis Prószynski, 1989 = Afraflacilla wadis (Prószynski, 1989), Pseudicius zuluensis Haddad, Wesolowska, 2013 = Afraflacilla zuluensis (Haddad, Wesolowska, 2013), Servaea incana (Karsch, 1878) (in part) = Servaea vestita ( L. Koch, 1879), Sidusa extensa (Peckham & Peckham, 1896) = Cobanus extensus (Peckham & Peckham, 1896), Sidusa Peckham & Peckham, 1895 (in part) = Cobanus F. O. Pickard-Cambridge , 1900, Sidusa Peckham & Peckham, 1895 (in part) = Wallaba Mello-Leitão, 1940, Stagetillus elegans (Reimoser, 1927) = "Padillothorax" elegans Reimoser, 1927, Stagetillus taprobanicus (Simon, 1902) = "Padillothorax" taprobanicus Simon, 1902, Telamonia besanconi (Berland & Millot, 1941) = Brancus besanconi (Berland & Millot, 1941), Telamonia fuscimana (Simon, 1903) = Brancus fuscimanus (Simon, 1903), Telamonia longiuscula (Thorell, 1899) = Hyllus longiusculus (Thorell, 1899), Telamonia thoracica (Thorell, 1899) [="Viciria"thoracica: Prószyński, 1984 = Hyllus thoracicus (Thorell, 1899), - Thiania sundevalli (Thorell, 1890) = Nicylla sundevalli Thorell, 1890, Thiania spectrum (Simon, 1903) = Thianitara spectrum Simon, 1903, Thiania thailandica (Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012) = Thianitara thailandica Prószyński & Deeleman-Reinhold, 2012, Viciria albocincta Thorell, 1899 = Hyllus albocinctus (Thorell, 1899), Yaginumaella striatipes (Grube, 1861) (in part) = Yaginumaella ususudi Yaginuma, 1972.

The sawfly genus Euura of the tenthredinid subfamily Nematinae, in which species level taxonomy has long been regarded as controversial, is particularly species rich in northern parts of the Holarctic. Among a majority of species with more or less free-living larvae, a sizeable minority belongs to a monophyletic lineage whose larvae complete their whole development in galls. We present illustrated keys to the adults and galls of 66 gall-inducing Euura species that occur, or might occur, in northern Europe. The distribution of these species is briefly reviewed, with an emphasis on the fauna of Sweden, where 55 species are now definitely recorded, two of them for the first time (E. bigallae, E. myrtilloidica). The species-level taxonomy of gall-inducing Euura remains partly problematic. Nominal species described on the basis of experimentally tested or assumed host plant specificity, but which cannot be recognised using morphological or genetic characters, are treated as conspecific with currently indistinguishable segregates ("host-plant races") associated with other Salix species. 20 new synonymies are proposed (valid names in parentheses): Eupontania acutifoliae baltica Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2006 and Pontania acutifoliae daphnoides Zinovjev, 1993 (Euura acutifoliae (Zinovjev, 1985)), Euura boreoalpina Kopelke, 2001 (Euura lanatae Malaise, 1921), Euura cinereae Kopelke, 1996 preoccupied and Euura lapponica Kopelke, 1996 preoccupied (Euura auritae Kopelke 2000), Euura gemmacinereae Kopelke, 2001 and E. nigritarsis Cameron, 1885 (Euura mucronata (Hartig, 1837)), Euura phylicifoliae Kopelke, 2001 (Euura myrsinifoliae Kopelke, 2001), Nematus westermanni Boheman, 1852 nomen oblitum (Euura scotaspis (Förster, 1854) nomen protectum), Nematus acerosus Hartig, 1840 (Euura saliciscinereae (Retzius, 1783)), Nematus alienatus Förster, 1854 and Phyllocolpa rolleri Liston, 2005 (Euura leucapsis (Tischbein, 1846)), Nematus angustus Hartig, 1837 (Euura atra (Jurine, 1807)), Nematus erythropygus Förster, 1854 (Euura leucosticta (Hartig, 1837)), Nematus impunctatus Herrich-Schäffer, 1840 (Euura amerinae (Linnaeus, 1758)), Pontania carinifrons Benson, 1940 and Phyllocolpa plicaglauca Kopelke, 2007 (Euura destricta (MacGillivray, 1923)), Pontania obscura Kopelke, 2005 (Euura bridgmanii (Cameron, 1883)), Pontania viminalis var. lugubris Enslin, 1918 and Eupontania collactanea rosmarinifoliae Vikberg & Zinovjev, 2006 (Euura collactanea (Förster, 1854)). Euura weiffenbachiella nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Euura weiffenbachii Ermolenko, 1988; preoccupied in Euura by Pteronidea weiffenbachi Lindqvist, 1958 (Euura piliserra (Thomson, 1863)). Lectotypes are designated for the following 9 taxa: Euura insularis Kincaid, 1900, Euura lanatae Malaise, 1921, Euura lappo Malaise, 1921, Euura lappo var. hastatae Malaise, 1921, Nematus acerosus Hartig, 1840, Nematus leptocerus Förster, 1854, Nematus vallisnierii Hartig, 1837, Pontania megacephala Rohwer, 1908, and Pontania piliserra var. mascula Enslin, 1915. Because of secondary homonymy within Euura, the valid name of the Nearctic species E. arctica MacGillivray, 1919 is E. delicatula (MacGillivray, 1919). The Nearctic Euura megacephala is removed from synonymy with the Holarctic E. destricta and treated as a valid species. 34 species names are newly combined with Euura.

This article proposes to discuss the voluminous literary correspondence of the Estonian poets Marie Under (1883–1980) and Ivar Ivask (1927–1992), with a focus on its first year, 1957–1958. The whole correspondence comprises 550 letters, with an average length of 4000 (later 3000) words; it is held in the Cultural History Archive of the Estonian Literary Museum in Tartu. Both Under and Ivask had been war refugees, with Under and her husband, poet Artur Adson, finding an exile home near Stockholm, Sweden; Ivask and his wife Astrīde, a well-known Latvian poet emigrated to America after some years spent in DP camps in Germany. Marie Under was already a renowned poet during the Siuru movement in the Estonian Republic, and became a symbol during the Second World War, continuing to publish and hold a large reading audience in exile. In addition to her own poetry, she was a versatile translator of poetry from several languages into Estonian. Ivask, two generations younger than Under, had begun writing in Germany, but continued to search for his linguistic and cultural identity for some time: his mother tongue was Latvian, and the language of his father was Estonian; German was spoken at home. At length and around the time of the beginning of his correspondence with Under, he decided that Estonian would be his poetic language. Since coming to the United States, Ivask completed a PhD in comparative literature and established himself as a scholar and critic in Germanic Studies. He became associated with the publication Books Abroad, later renamed under his editorship as World Literature Today. Under’s and Ivask’s letters are rife with exchanges about core values in poetry, art and worldview, stylistics and poetics, as well as practicalities of publication. After a brief introduction to theoretical approaches to the analysis of letters and correspondences, the article turns to a topical close reading of the letters from Under and Ivask’s first year: main foci included translations of the poetry of Karl Čaks, translation priorities, discussion of the aims and planned trajectory of a new cultural journal in Estonian named Mana (to which both contributed), perspectives on Ivask’s debut as a young poet, the future of Baltic literatures abroad, and the cultural politics in the exile communities over what attitude to take toward literary production from the homeland. The second part of the article applies methods of digital humanities toward an extensive study of the Under-Ivask correspondence as a linguistic dataset, aiming to arrive at a thematic analysis of the text as a whole. The methods enable the identification of key words, word frequencies and thematic clusters, while making the whole corpus digitally accessible to the scholarly reader. The article concludes with proposals for a further study of the Under-Ivask correspondence, using the methods of digital humanities.

Биктимировский II могильник является частью Биктимировского археологического комплекса, который включает в себя городище и три могильника. Комплекс представляет собой остатки родоплеменного центра кара-абызской культуры эпохи раннего железа. Биктимировские памятники неоднократно исследовались: в 1962-1964 гг. А.Х. Пшеничнюком, в 2004-2005 гг. И.М. Акбулатовым и в 2010-2011 гг. – автором статьи. Частично опубликованы лишь результаты раскопок Биктимировского I могильника и Биктимировского городища. В настоящей статье вводится в научный оборот материалы исследований Биктимировского II могильника за 1958, 1962 и 2010 гг. Приводится описание погребального обряда и инвентаря десяти погребений. Данный некрополь оставлен небольшой семейно- родовой группой. Хронологические рамки существования могильника определяются в пределах IV в. до н.э. – I в. н.э. Могильник синхронен остальным древним кладбищам, входящим в Биктимировский археологический комплекс. В статье обращается внимание на то, что основная часть погребений комплекса относится к периоду III-II вв. до н.э. Таким образом, Биктимировский археологический комплекс в основном может быть отнесен к ранним этапам кара-абызской культуры. Верхняя граница функционирования комплекса в целом может быть отнесена к рубежу эр. Библиографические ссылки Воробьева С.Л. Типы костюмных комплексов носителей кара-абызской культуры эпохи раннего железа // Археология Евразийских степей. 2019. № 1. С. 50−69. Зайков В.В., Султанова А.Н., Сиротин С.В., Овсянников В.В., Епимахов А.В., Юминов А.М. Состав древнего золота Башкортостана // УАВ. 2011. № 11. С. 53-65. Игнатьев Р.Г. Памятники доисторических древностей Уфимской губернии, как-то: древние здания, городища, Ногайские валы, курганы, древние находки и т.д. // Справочная книжка Уфимской губернии. Сведения числовые и описательные относятся к 1882-83 гг. и только весьма немногие к прежним годам. / Сост. Н.А. Гуревич. Уфа: печатня Н. Блохина, 1883. С. 328−355. Овсянников В.В. Наконечники копий из курганной части Шиповского могильника // Урал-Алтай: через века в будущее: Материалы VII Всероссийской тюркологической конференции (с международным участием), посвященной 95-летию видного ученого-тюрколога Э.Р. Тенишева. / Отв. ред. Р.Н. Сулейманова Уфа: ИИЯЛ УНЦ РАН, 2016. С. 216−220. Овсянников В.В. Новые материалы Шиповского курганно-грунтового могильника в лесостепном Предуралье // УАВ. 2018. №. 18. С. 43−62 Овсянников В.В. Об одном типе ножен рубежа эр в Урало-Поволжье // Археология Евразийских степей. 2020. № 6. С. 87−99. Овсянников В.В., Тагиров Ф.М. Новые находки зооморфных поясных крючков из памятников лесо-степного Предуралья // УАВ. 2011. № 11 С. 50−52. Овсянников В.В., Яминов А.Ф. Исследования могильника у Чертова городища в Уфе (1911-1912 гг.) // УАВ. 2003. № 4. C. 16−58.Пшеничнюк А.Х. Научный отчет об археологических исследованиях в центральных районах Башкирской АССР в 1963 г. / НОА ИА РАН, Ф-1. Р-1. № 2676. 39 л. Пшеничнюк А.Х. Научный отчет о результатах археологической экспедиции за 1964 г. / НОА ИА РАН. Ф-1. Р-1. № 2890. 48 л. Пшеничнюк А.Х. Биктимировский могильник // АЭБ. Т. II. Ред. Р.Г. Кузеев, К.В. Сальников Уфа: БФАН СССР, 1964а. С. 215−231. Пшеничнюк А.Х. Охлебининский могильник // АЭБ. Т. III / Отв. ред. Р.Г. Кузеев. Уфа: БФАН СССР, 1968. С. 59–104. Пшеничнюк А.Х. Отчет о работах археологического отряда ИИЯЛ БФ АН СССР в 1972 г. / НОА ИА РАН Ф-1. Р-1. № 4724. Пшеничнюк А.Х. Кара-абызская культура (население центральной Башкирии на рубеже нашей эры) // АЭБ. Т. V. / Ред. Н.В. Бикбулатов, Р.Г. Кузеев, Н.А. Мажитов. Уфа: БФАН СССР, 1973. С. 162−243. Пшеничнюк А.Х. Шиповский комплекс памятников (IV в. до н.э. – III в. н.э.) // Древности Южного Урала / Ред. Р.Г. Кузеев, Н.А. Мажитов, А.Х. Пшеничнюк. Уфа: БФАН СССР, 1976. С. 35–131. Сальников К.В. Отчет о результатах археологической экспедиции за 1962 г. по теме: «Эпоха железа и бронзы в Башкирии», раздел «Эпоха бронзы Южного Урала» / НОА ИА РАН Ф-1. Р-1. № 2462. 52 л. Савельев Н.С. Гафурийский керамический комплекс Биктимировского городища в лесостепи Южного Приуралья // РА. 2011. № 2. С. 56−66. Скрипкин А.С. Азиатская Сарматия. Проблемы хронологии и ее исторический аспект. Саратов: Изд-во Саратовского ун-та, 1990. 300 с. Чижевский А.А. Погребальные памятники населения Волго-Камья в финале бронзового – раннем железном веках (предананьинская и ананьинская культурно-исторические области) / Археология евразийских степей. Вып. 5. Казань: Школа, 2008. 172 с. Шокуров А.П. Отчет об археологической разведке летом 1955 г. в Кушнаренковском районе Башкирской АССР. Т. 1. / НОА ИА РАН. Ф-1. Р-1. № 1096. 129 л., 61 ил. Шокуров А.П. Отчет об археологических работах Третьего разведывательного отряда Башкирской археологической экспедиции в 1958 г. Ч. 2. / НОА ИА РАН Ф-1. Р-1. № 1725. 121 л., 87 ил. Шутова Н.И. Дохристианские культовые памятники в удмуртской религиозной традиции: опыт комплексного исследования. Ижевск: Удмуртский институт истории, языка и литературы УрО РАН, 2001. 304 с.

This proposed Conference paper which emphasis on Intellectual property rights defines as: “The rights given to people over the creation of their minds” (Fred Warshofsky: Intellectual property, John Willey and Sons, 1994, p5). The researchers will focus on Historical Background ,development of Intellectual property , patent, importance and significance, research problem, research methodology, research contents, findings and recommendations. The Historical background and development to industrial intellectual property patent and design act refers to the pioneer International Convention ; 1883 which held in Paris it assumed as bed rock and foundation to whole industrial rights as amended and revised in 1979, Patent Cooperation Treaty, 1970 and Model Law for developing Countries on Marks, Trade Names and Act of unfair Competition, WIPO, 1958, then Strasbourg Agreement Concerning International Patent Classification, 1971. In addition to other International Conventions and national Acts that protecting and organizing industrial intellectual Property and Patent rights Provisions .The Characteristics and main Features of Intellectual Industrial Property :From the above mentioned definition which reflects the apparent characteristics of (I.P) to be two types such as follows: 1)The unpreceded discoveries either in the area of newly discoveries pertaining manufacturing of new models of cars ,refrigerators ,televisions ,airplane ,etc….2)specific trade marks or design recognizing the quality of apparatus manufactured ,e.g: milk, ceiling fan, motor or fashion of clothes .The significance and Importance of the forgoing paper may appears in: (i) exposition and highlighting the International and national legal systems that concerning with the protection of intellectual property and patent’s rights. (ii) It gives key and pre-requisite to protection that given to the authors rights patent and new discovery in the field of applied sciences. (iii) It explores the essentials that tackled to patents, industrial design and ownership of copyrights. For the research Problem: It might respond to such presumed questions: (i) What is the scope of industrial intellectual property? (ii) What are the international organizations that concern to protect patent, trademarks, trade secrets and industrial designs? (iii) What is the patent and ordained procedures that requested for its registration? (iv) Describe the copy right and designs which are protected by Law provisions (v) classify the classes of infringements to industrial and intellectual properties and which: are the prescribed the criminal and civil remedies: The research Methods that adopted: According to on going conference paper the researchers intend to adopt inductive analytical comparative research methodology. Literature Review: There are various masters, Ph.D Thesis and researchers contribution in this context such as: (i) Salwa Jameel Ahmed: Al-Himayt Aljnayiat Li Al-milkyat Al-fikryyah, Ph.D thesis, Ain Shumsh University (2015). (ii) Jide Babafemi: Intellectual Property the Law and Practice of Copyright, Trade marks, Patent and Industrial Design in Nigeria, 1st Edition, Justin Books Limited, Ibadan, Oyo, Nigeria (2007) (iii) Vinod V. Spole: Managing Intellectual Property: the strategic imperative, 3rd edition, PHI Learning private Limited, New Delhi (2012). Our proposed conference paper is similar with these works but it defers because it focused on Emirates Laws. The Contents of the Paper: It is primary concentrates on: (i) Definition of Industrial intellectual property, it’s features and significance (ii) Patent Protection base on Emirates Laws (iii) Criminal and Civil Protection to copy right and industrial design pursuit to Emirates Laws. (iv) Judicial precedents on industrial and Patent protection with reference to Emirates Laws

This catalogue includes all valid family-group (six subtribes), genus-group (55 genera, 33 subgenera), and species-group names (1009 species and subspecies) of Sepidiini darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae: Pimeliinae), and their available synonyms. For each name, the author, year, and page number of the description are provided, with additional information (e.g., type species for genus-group names, author of synonymies for invalid taxa, notes) depending on the taxon rank. Verified distributional records (loci typici and data acquired from revisionary publications) for all the species are gathered. Distribution of the subtribes is illustrated and discussed. Several new nomenclatural acts are included. The generic names Phanerotomea Koch, 1958 [= Ocnodes Fåhraeus, 1870] and Parmularia Koch, 1955 [= Psammodes Kirby, 1819] are new synonyms (valid names in square brackets). The following new combinations are proposed: Ocnodesacuductusacuductus (Ancey, 1883), O. acuductusufipanus (Koch, 1952), O. adamantinus (Koch, 1952), O. argenteofasciatus (Koch, 1953), O. arnoldiarnoldi (Koch, 1952), O. arnoldisabianus (Koch, 1952), O.barbosai (Koch, 1952), O.basilewskyi (Koch, 1952), O.bellmarleyi (Koch, 1952), O. benguelensis (Koch, 1952), O. bertolonii (Guérin-Méneville, 1844), O. blandus (Koch, 1952), O. brevicornis (Haag-Rutenberg, 1875), O. brunnescensbrunnescens (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. brunnescensmolestus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1875), O. buccinator (Koch, 1952), O. bushmanicus (Koch, 1952), O. carbonarius (Gerstaecker, 1854), O. cardiopterus (Fairmaire, 1888), O. cataractus (Koch, 1952), O. cinerarius (Koch, 1952), O. complanatus (Koch, 1952), O. confertus (Koch, 1952), O. congruens (Péringuey, 1899), O. cordiventris (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. crocodilinus (Koch, 1952), O. dimorphus (Koch, 1952), O. distinctus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. dolosus (Péringuey, 1899), O. dorsocostatus (Gebien, 1910), O. dubiosus (Péringuey, 1899), O. ejectus (Koch, 1952), O. epronoticus (Koch, 1952), O. erichsoni (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. ferreiraeferreirae (Koch, 1952), O. ferreiraezulu (Koch, 1952), O. fettingi (Haag-Rutenberg, 1875), O. fistucans (Koch, 1952), O. fraternus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1875), O. freyi (Koch, 1952), O. freudei (Koch, 1952), O. fulgidus (Koch, 1952), O. funestus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. gemmeulus (Koch, 1952), O. gibberosulus (Péringuey, 1908), O. gibbus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1879), O. globosus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. granisterna (Koch, 1952), O. granulosicollis (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O.gridellii (Koch, 1960), O. gueriniguerini (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. guerinilawrencii (Koch, 1954), O. guerinimancus (Koch 1954), O. haemorrhoidalishaemorrhoidalis (Koch, 1952), O. haemorrhoidalissalubris (Koch, 1952), O. heydeni (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. humeralis (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. humerangula (Koch, 1952), O. imbricatus (Koch, 1952), O.imitatorimitator (Péringuey, 1899), O. imitatorinvadens (Koch, 1952), O. inflatus (Koch, 1952), O. janssensi (Koch, 1952), O. javeti (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. junodi (Péringuey, 1899), O. kulzeri (Koch, 1952), O. lacustris (Koch, 1952), O. laevigatus (Olivier, 1795), O. lanceolatus (Koch, 1953), O. licitus (Peringey, 1899), O. luctuosus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. luxurosus (Koch, 1952), O. maputoensis (Koch, 1952), O. marginicollis (Koch, 1952), O. martinsi (Koch, 1952), O. melleus (Koch, 1952), O. mendicusestermanni (Koch, 1952), O. mendicusmendicus (Péringuey, 1899), O. miles (Péringuey, 1908), O. mimeticus (Koch, 1952), O. misolampoides (Fairmaire, 1888), O. mixtus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. monacha (Koch, 1952), O. montanus (Koch, 1952), O. mozambicus (Koch, 1952), O. muliebriscurtus (Koch, 1952), O. muliebrismuliebris (Koch, 1952), O. muliebrissilvestris (Koch, 1952), O. nervosus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O.notatum (Thunberg, 1787), O. notaticollis (Koch, 1952), O. odorans (Koch, 1952), O. opacus (Solier, 1843), O. osbecki (Billberg, 1815), O. overlaeti (Koch, 1952), O. ovulus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. pachysomaornata (Koch, 1952), O. pachysomapachysoma (Péringuey, 1892), O. papillosus (Koch, 1952), O. pedator (Fairmaire, 1888), O. perlucidus (Koch, 1952), O. planus (Koch, 1952), O. pretorianus (Koch, 1952), O. procursus (Péringuey, 1899), O. protectus (Koch, 1952), O. punctatissimus (Koch, 1952), O. puncticollis (Koch, 1952), O. punctipennisplanisculptus (Koch, 1952), O. punctipennispunctipennis (Harold, 1878), O. punctipleura (Koch, 1952), O. rhodesianus (Koch, 1952), O. roriferus (Koch, 1952), O. rufipes (Harold, 1878), O. saltuarius (Koch, 1952), O.scabricollis (Gerstaecker, 1854), O. scopulipes (Koch, 1952), O. scrobicollisgriqua (Koch, 1952), O. scrobicollissimulans (Koch, 1952), O. semirasus (Koch, 1952), O. semiscabrum (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. sericicollis (Koch, 1952), O.similis (Péringuey, 1899), O. sjoestedti (Gebien, 1910), O. spatulipes (Koch, 1952), O. specularis (Péringuey, 1899), O. spinigerus (Koch, 1952), O. stevensoni (Koch, 1952), O. tarsocnoides (Koch, 1952), O. temulentus (Koch, 1952), O. tenebrosusmelanarius (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. tenebrosustenebrosus (Erichson, 1843), O. tibialis (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. torosus (Koch, 1952), O. transversicollis (Haag-Rutenberg, 1879), O. tumidus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1871), O. umvumanus (Koch, 1952), O. vagus (Péringuey, 1899), O. vaticinus (Péringuey, 1899), O. verecundus (Péringuey, 1899), O. vetustus (Koch, 1952), O. vexator (Péringuey, 1899), O. virago (Koch, 1952), O. warmeloi (Koch, 1953), O. zanzibaricus (Haag-Rutenberg, 1875), Psammophanesantinorii (Gridelli, 1939), and P.mirei (Pierre, 1979). The type species [placed in square brackets] of the following genus-group taxa are designated for the first time, Ocnodes Fåhraeus, 1870 [Ocnodesscrobicollis Fåhraeus, 1870], Psammodophysis Péringuey, 1899 [Psammodophysisprobes Péringuey, 1899], and Trachynotidus Péringuey, 1899 [Psammodesthoreyi Haag-Rutenberg, 1871]. A lectotype is designated for Histrionotusomercooperi Koch, 1955 in order to fix its taxonomic status. Ulamus Kamiński is introduced here as a replacement name for Echinotus Marwick, 1935 [Type species.Aviculaechinata Smith, 1817] (Mollusca: Pteriidae) to avoid homonymy with Echinotus Solier, 1843 (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae).

The classification of Microhoriini Bonadona, 1974 is revised. Five genera are recognized: Aulacoderus LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849, Falsophilus Kejval, 2015, Liparoderus LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849, Microhoria Chevrolat, 1877, and Neocrohoria Telnov, 2019. (i) New species: Microhoria almukalla Kejval, sp. nov. (Yemen), M. anahita Kejval, sp. nov. (Iran), M. antalya Kejval, sp. nov. (Turkey), M. bacillisternum Kejval, sp. nov. (Iran), M. cervi Kejval, sp. nov. (Oman), M. fergana Kejval, sp. nov. (Kyrgyzstan), M. garavuti Kejval, sp. nov. (Tajikistan), M. gibbipennis Kejval, sp. nov. (Turkey), M. halophila Kejval, sp. nov. (Turkey), M. hazara Kejval, sp. nov. (Afghanistan), M. heracleana Kejval, sp. nov. (Greece), M. impavida Kejval, sp. nov. (Turkey), M. kabulensis Kejval, sp. nov. (Afghanistan), M. kermanica Kejval, sp. nov. (Iran), M. pahlavi Kejval, sp. nov. (Iran), M. persica Kejval, sp. nov. (Iran), M. strejceki Kejval, sp. nov. (Tajikistan), M. sawda Kejval, sp. nov. (Saudi Arabia), and M. sulaimanica Kejval, sp. nov. (Pakistan, Uzbekistan). (ii) New synonymies: Microhoria Chevrolat, 1877 = Clavicomus Pic, 1894 syn. nov. = Tenuicomus Pic, 1894 syn. nov.; Microhoria depressa (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) = Anthicus mollis Desbrochers des Loges, 1875 syn. nov.; Microhoria edmondi (Pic, 1893) = Anthicus spinosus Pic, 1912 syn. nov.; Microhoria globipennis (Pic, 1897) = Anthicus globipennis quercicola Sahlberg, 1913 syn. nov.; Microhoria luristanica (Pic, 1911) = Anthicus pietschmi Pic, 1938 syn. nov.; Microhoria ottomana (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) = Anthicus merkli Pic, 1897 syn. nov.; Microhoria pinicola (Reitter, 1889) = Microhoria feroni Bonadona, 1960 syn. nov.; Microhoria posthuma (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) = Anthicus fumeoalatus Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931 syn. nov.; Microhoria truncatipennis (Pic, 1897) = Anthicus mouzafferi Pic, 1910 syn. nov. (iii) Status changes. Anthicus tauricus var. inobscura Pic, 1908 is raised to species level as Microhoria inobscura (Pic, 1908) stat. nov.; Anthicus truncatus var. decoloratus Pic, 1897 is removed from synonymy with Anthicus truncatus Pic, 1895 and raised to species level as Microhoria decolorata (Pic, 1897) stat. restit. (iv) New combinations: Microhoria disconotata (Pic, 1907) comb. nov., M. fossicollis (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. gestroi (Pic, 1895) comb. nov., M. irregularis (Pic, 1932) comb. nov., M. lividipes (Desbrochers des Loges, 1875) comb. nov., M. marginicollis (Pic, 1951) comb. nov., M. nystii (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. schimperi (Pic, 1898) comb. nov., M. semiviridis (Pic, 1951) comb. nov., M. strandi (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., and M. yemenita (Nardi, 2004) comb. nov., all from Anthicus Paykull, 1798. Microhoria abscondita (Telnov, 2000) comb. nov., M. adusta (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. afghana (Telnov, 2010) comb. nov., M. almorae (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. ambusta (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. angulifer (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., M. anomala (Telnov, 1998) comb. nov., M. antinorii (Pic, 1894) comb. nov., M. apicordiger (Bonadona, 1954) comb. nov., M. aquatilis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. assamensis (Pic, 1907) comb. nov., M. assequens (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. atrata (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. austriaca (Pic, 1901) comb. nov., M. bicarinifrons (Pic, 1892) comb. nov., M. biguttata (Bonadona, 1964) comb. nov., M. brevipilis (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., M. bruckii (Kiesenwetter, 1870) comb. nov., M. brunneipes (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. caeruleicolor (Pic, 1906) comb. nov., M. callima (Baudi di Selve, 1877) comb. nov., M. comes (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. cordata (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. curticeps (Pic, 1923) comb. nov., M. dichrous (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. doderoi (Pic, 1902) comb. nov., M. erythraea (Pic, 1899) comb. nov., M. erythrodera (Marseul, 1878) comb. nov., M. feai (Pic, 1907) comb. nov., M. fugax (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. fugiens (Marseul, 1876) comb. nov., M. garze (Telnov, 2018) comb. nov., M. gigas (Pic, 1899) comb. nov., M. gravida (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. harmandi (Pic, 1899) comb. nov., M. hauseri (Pic, 1906) comb. nov., M. henoni (Pic, 1892) comb. nov., M. heydeni (Marseul, 1879) comb. nov., M. himalayana (Pic, 1909) comb. nov., M. hummeli (Pic, 1933) comb. nov., M. immaculipennis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. inabsoluta (Telnov, 2003) comb. nov., M. indeprensa (Telnov, 2000) comb. nov., M. kabyliana (Pic, 1896) comb. nov., M. kejvali (Telnov, 1999) comb. nov., M. kham (Telnov, 2018) comb. nov., M. kocheri (Pic, 1951) comb. nov., M. kuluensis (Pic, 1914) comb. nov., M. lepidula (Marseul, 1876) comb. nov., M. longiceps (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. longicornis (Uhmann, 1983) comb. nov., M. manifesta (Pic, 1907) comb. nov., M. martinezi (Pic, 1932) comb. nov., M. muguensis (Telnov, 2000) comb. nov., M. nigrocyanella (Marseul, 1877) comb. nov., M. nigrofusca (Telnov, 2000) comb. nov., M. nigroterminata (Pic, 1909) comb. nov., M. notatipennis (Pic, 1909) comb. nov., M. olivierii (Desbrochers des Loges, 1868) comb. nov., M. optabilis LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. paganettii (Pic, 1909) comb. nov., M. phungi (Pic, 1926) comb. nov., M. picea (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. plagiostola (Bonadona, 1958) comb. nov., M. plicatipennis (Pic, 1936) comb. nov., M. posthuma (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. postimpressa (Pic, 1938) comb. nov., M. postluteofasciata (Pic, 1938) comb. nov., M. prolatithorax (Pic, 1899) comb. nov., M. proterva (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. ragusae (Pic, 1898) comb. nov., M. semidepressa (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., M. separatithorax (Pic, 1914) comb. nov., M. shibatai (Nomura, 1962) comb. nov., M. schrammi Pic, 1913) comb. nov., M. sikkimensis (Pic, 1907) comb. nov., M. sinensis (Pic, 1907) comb. nov., M. spinipennis (Pic, 1898) comb. nov., M. sporadica (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. striaticollis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. subpicea (Pic, 1914) comb. nov., M. tersa (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. tonkinensis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928) comb. nov., M. truncatella (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. turgida (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1928) comb. nov., M. uhagoni (Pic, 1904) comb. nov., M. uniformis (Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931) comb. nov., M. variabilis (Telnov, 2003) comb. nov., M. weigeli (Telnov, 2000) comb. nov., M. versicolor (Kiesenwetter, 1866) comb. nov., M. wuyishanensis (Nardi, 2004) comb. nov., and Nitorus niger (Uhmann, 1996) comb. nov., all from Clavicomus Pic, 1894. Microhoria agriliformis (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., M. alfierii (Pic, 1923) comb. nov., M. angelinii (Degiovanni, 2012) comb. nov., M. babaulti (Pic, 1921) comb. nov., M. barnevillei (Pic, 1892) comb. nov., M. armeniaca (Pic, 1899) comb. nov., M. bonnairii (Fairmaire, 1883) comb. nov., M. cyanipennis (Grilat, 1886) comb. nov., M. depressa (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. dolichocephala (Baudi di Selve, 1877) comb. nov., M. duplex (Nardi, 2004) comb. nov., M. edmondi (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., M. escalerai (Pic, 1904) comb. nov., M. finalis (Telnov, 2003) comb. nov., M. fuscomaculata (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., M. insignita (Pic, 1906) comb. nov., M. luristanica (Pic, 1911) comb. nov., M. meloiformis (Reitter, 1890) comb. nov., M. mesopotamica (Pic, 1912) comb. nov., M. ocreata (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1847) comb. nov., M. olivacea (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. ottomana (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. pallicra (Dufour, 1849) comb. nov., M. paralleliceps (Reitter, 1890) comb. nov., M. paupercula (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1847) comb. nov., M. platiai (Degiovanni, 2000) comb. nov., M. siccensis (Normand, 1950) comb. nov., M. subaerea (Reitter, 1890) comb. nov., M. subcaerulea (Pic, 1906) comb. nov., M. subsericea (Pic, 1898) comb. nov., M. tarifana (Pic, 1904) comb. nov., M. tibialis (Waltl, 1835) comb. nov., M. velox (LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849) comb. nov., M. viridipennis (Pic, 1899) comb. nov., and M. viturati (Pic, 1893) comb. nov., all from Tenuicomus Pic, 1894. Microhoria decolorata (Pic, 1897) comb. nov. and M. truncata (Pic, 1895) comb. nov. from Stricticomus Pic, 1894. Microhoria truncatipennis (Pic, 1897) comb. nov. from Anthelephila Hope, 1833. (v) Lectotype designations. Lectotypes are designated for the following species: Anthicus depressus LaFerté-Sénectère, 1849, A. edmondi Pic, 1893, A. luristanicus Pic, 1911, A. merkli Pic, 1897, A. mouzafferi Pic, 1910, A. pietschmi Pic, 1938, A. pinicola Reitter, 1889, A. posthumus Krekich-Strassoldo, 1931, and A. spinosus Pic, 1912.

The identity of Asopia onychinalis Guenée, 1854 and its synonyms were studied based on type material and additional specimens from various locations. Lepyrodes astomalis Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875 is considered as a valid species and Nausinoe gueyraudi Guillermet, 2004 from Réunion is considered a junior subjective synonym of astomalis. The genus Chabulina Shaffer & Munroe, 2007 is discussed and is considered to consist of the following species: C. albinalis (Hampson, 1912) (Bocchoris) comb. nov.; C. amphipeda (Meyrick, 1939) (Margaronia) comb. nov.; with its synonym Glyphodes cadeti Guillermet, 1996 syn. nov.; C. astomalis (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) (Lepyrodes) comb. nov., with its synonym Nausinoe gueyraudi Guillermet, 2004 syn. nov.; C. bleusei (Oberthür, 1887) (Synclera) comb. nov.; C. cineralis (de Joannis, 1932) (Margaronia) comb. nov.; C. labarinthalis (Hampson, 1912) (Bocchoris) comb. nov., with Bocchoris labyrinthialis Klima, 1939 as a misspelling; C. nuclealis (de Joannis, 1927) (Bocchoris) comb. nov.; C. onychinalis (Guenée, 1854) (Asopia) comb. nov., with its synonym Zebronia braurealis Walker, 1859; C. putrisalis (Viette, 1958) (Diastictis) comb. nov., and C. tenera (Butler, 1883) (Hydrocampa) comb. nov.

Abstract. Lumyai P, Palakit K, Suangsathaporn K, Wanthongchai K. 2020. A 324-years temperature reconstruction from Pinus latteri Mason at highland in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Biodiversitas 21: 3938-3945. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the growth of Pinus latteri and climate data in Chiang Mai Province, Thailand. Dendrochronological techniques were used to analyze 35 sample cores. The cross dated ring width data could be extended back for up to 324 years (1692-2015). The relationship between ring-width index and climate data indicated a significant correlation (p < 0.01) with the monthly rainfall in January, monthly temperature in August and September, extreme maximum temperature in August and mean maximum temperature in March and August. The reconstructed average monthly temperature in August was estimated at around 27.35 °C, a warming period could have occurred in 1694-1702, 1834-1844, 1848-1866, 1873-1876, 1884-1890, 1896-1902, 1911-1927, 1942-1958, and 1986-1990, with cooling periods occurring in 1703-1722, 1739-1752, 1865-1872, 1877-1883, 1891-1895, 1903-1910, 1928-1941, 1959-1961, and 1968-1970, which could explain the high fluctuations in temperature. Periods in the range 2.1-2.5, 10.1 , and 13.5 years were found to be common with the variations in El Niño-Southern Oscillation. In conclusion, the pine growth information can be used to monitor the variations in climate in Thailand.

Cette présentation retracera les principales étapes de l’adoption des règles internationales régissant la protection des indications géographiques pour les vins. Elle présentera et discutera des problèmes et débats actuels et futurs.À la fin du XIXe siècle et au début du XXe siècle, les premières conventions internationales relatives à la protection des indications géographiques ont été adoptées. La plus ancienne, la Convention de Paris (1883), qui concerne tous les droits de propriété industrielle, contient des dispositions sur les “indications de provenance ou appellations d'origine” (depuis la révision de 1925). Les accords ultérieurs conclus sous l'égide de l'Union de Paris (l'Arrangement de Madrid de 1891 et, plus important encore, l'Arrangement de Lisbonne de 1958) définissent un cadre international pour la protection des indications géographiques. L'Arrangement de Madrid distingue notamment les indications géographiques pour les vins en leur accordant un degré de protection supérieur à celui des autres IG. Ainsi, la place particulière des vins dans le commerce international sera abordée. L'Arrangement de Lisbonne a établi un cadre de protection beaucoup plus développé et offre des perspectives d'avenir prometteuses puisqu'il a été révisé en 2015 par l'Acte de Genève et que l'Union européenne en deviendra bientôt membre.Du point de vue du commerce, la convention clé est l’Accord sur les ADPIC, signé en 1994 en tant qu’annexe à l’Accord de l’OMC. Ses dispositions concernant les indications géographiques seront analysées, en particulier l'art. 23 qui concerne spécifiquement les vins et spiritueux. Étant donné que l’Accord sur les ADPIC contient plusieurs sujets litigieux, les débats en cours seront discutés, ainsi que les voies possibles pour aller de l’avant.

This study is based on a comparison of two works on India, one by Biruni, who lived and wrote about India nearly a thousand years ago, and one by V.S. Naipaul, who lived in the twenty-first century. The first work, Kitâb’ut-Tahkîk ma li’l-Hind, written by Biruni, was written in Arabic in the first quarter of the eleventh century to help Muslims living among Hindus in different regions such as Sindh, Punjab, Kabul and Ghazni. The work was edited by Edward Sachau in the early 1880s and translated into German (1883-1884) and English (1887-1888) under the title Al-Beruni’s India; both the Arabic edition and the translations were published in the West in those years. An Arabic edition of the book, based on the copy in the Paris National Library, was published in Hyderabad in 1958 with the help of the Indian Ministry of Education. On September 30, 1932, Kıvameddin Burslan translated the work into Turkish, but due to various reasons, it was published only in 2015. Nobel Prize-winning author V.S. Naipaul, on the other hand, has written three travel books on India and in these works, which are based on his travels to the country in 1964, 1977 and 1990, he refers to India as a dark, wounded and rebellious civilization respectively. With the publication of his books, Naipaul, himself of Hindu descent, was severely criticized for his views on India, Indians and non-Western societies and cultures, which went far beyond criticism, and caused intense debates. The most obvious conclusion that emerges from the comparative analysis of the works of both authors is that Biruni, despite being a Muslim, is extremely tolerant and objective in his approach to India, Hindu culture, traditions, and belief system, while Naipaul's approach, on the contrary, is far from tolerance and extremely biased.

Fumarole fields on the Kunashir Island are confined to the main mountain ranges formed by the Ruruy, Mendeleev and Golovnin volcanoes. Due to residual volcanism, their soil, water and air are enriched with sulfur compounds, the vegetation is strongly depressed and degraded, while the temperature of soil and subsoil air is markedly increased (Zharkov 2014). Only a few publications are specifically devoted to the fauna of fumarolic sites (Konakov 1956). Based on repeated collections in 2008 to 2018, a complex of ground beetles living in these particular conditions was revealed and studied. Among the approximately 170 species of ground beetles recorded from the Kunashir Island (Sundukov and Makarov 2016), only five appear to be permanent inhabitants of fumarole fields: Cicindela (Cicindela) sachalinensis sachalinensis A. Mor., 1862, Cylindera (Eugrapha) elisae (Motsch., 1859), Bembidion (Ocydromus) dolorosum (Motsch., 1850), Bembidion (Peryphanes) cf. sanatum Bates, 1883 and Poecilus (Poecilus) samurai (Lutsh., 1916). Two species (C. sachalinensis and B. dolorosum) are found on all volcanoes studied, while the other species are narrowly localized. For example, C. elisae occurs on the Mendeleev and Ruruy volcanoes alone, B. cf. sanatum inhabits only the Mendeleev volcano, whereas the widespread P. samurai lives solely on the fumaroles of the Ruruy volcano. The species that populate both fumarole fields and other habitats react differently to particular conditions. In C. sachalinensis and P. samurai, the proportions of melanistic specimens at the fumaroles are increased, in the latter species the body size being significantly increased as well. The most interesting is the variability of B. dolorosum. With an increase in temperature and acidity of the habitat, this species becomes increasingly small, elongated, flattened and partially unpigmented. Such individuals are phenotypically indistinguishable from Bembidion (Ocydromus) negrei Habu, 1958 (= B. kuznetsovi Lafer, 2002), with transitions from the typical B. dolorosum to a form imitating B. negrei which can be observed even in tens of meters apart. Thus, only a few species have been capable of getting adapted to fumarolic field environments, but even they change significantly under the influence of extreme factors. At the same time, we believe that thermal (including fumarole) fields could have ensured the survival of a number of species under the conditions of temperature pessima during the Pleistocene and Holocene. Such a scenario was considered by us earlier for Bembidion (? Nipponobembidion) ruruy Makarov et Sundukov, 2014 (Makarov and Sundukov 2014) and some other beetles (Shavrin and Makarov 2019). The features of morphology and distribution of B. cf. sanatum also seem to favour this hypothesis. Interestingly, C. elisae is represented on the Kunashir Island both by the relict C. elisae kunashirensis (Putz et Wiesner, 1994) that inhabits only the Mendeleev volcano (Fig. 1) and by a form that populates only the Ruruy volcano, the latter form being morphologically more similar to the nominative subspecies than to C. elisae novitia (Bates, 1883) from northern Hokkaido.

The article deals with the features of legal protection of geographical indications in Ukraine. The basic international acts protecting geographical indications in Ukraine are outlined, including the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property of 1883, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights in 1994. (TRIPS Agreement), which operates within the framework of the World Trade Organization and extends to goods originating in the Parties to the Agreement, Madrid Agreement 1891. and the Lisbon Agreement on the Protection of Designations of Origin and their International Registration in 1958, (Ukraine is not a party to the last two agreements). It also outlines the main national legal acts that protect this object of intellectual property, including the Civil Code of Ukraine, the Law of Ukraine «On the Legal Protection of GeographicalIndications», the Law of Ukraine «On Protection against Unfair Competition» and others. The purpose of the study is to analyze changes in the legislation on the legal protection of geographical indications, which came into force on January 1, 2020 andbecame one of the ways to adapt the acts of national legislation to the law of the European Union in accordance with the commitments made by Ukraine after signing theAssociation Agreement with EU. These include changing the name of a special law that protects geographical indications. In addition, the change in terminology, the replacement of the term «indication of origin of goods» and its components by the term «geographical indication». The new also provides legal protection with homonymousgeographical indications; submitting an application for a geographical indication in electronic form, and at the same time providing a product specification and a description of its basic provisions. The article also addresses issues that remain unresolved, a large number of European geographical indications protected under the EU Association Agreement and a very small number of registered geographical indications originating from the territory of Ukraine and the prospects of protecting national geographical indications in Ukraine and beyond.

Biology teaches us that organisms adapt—or don’t; sociology claims that people adapt—or don’t. We know that ideas can adapt; sometimes even institutions can adapt. Or not. Various papers in this issue attest in exciting ways to precisely such adaptations and maladaptations. (See, for example, the articles in this issue by Lelia Green, Leesa Bonniface, and Tami McMahon, by Lexey A. Bartlett, and by Debra Ferreday.) Adaptation is a part of nature and culture, but it’s the latter alone that interests me here. (However, see the article by Hutcheon and Bortolotti for a discussion of nature and culture together.) It’s no news to anyone that not only adaptations, but all art is bred of other art, though sometimes artists seem to get carried away. My favourite example of excess of association or attribution can be found in the acknowledgements page to a verse drama called Beatrice Chancy by the self-defined “maximalist” (not minimalist) poet, novelist, librettist, and critic, George Elliot Clarke. His selected list of the incarnations of the story of Beatrice Cenci, a sixteenth-century Italian noblewoman put to death for the murder of her father, includes dramas, romances, chronicles, screenplays, parodies, sculptures, photographs, and operas: dramas by Vincenzo Pieracci (1816), Percy Bysshe Shelley (1819), Juliusz Slowacki (1843), Waldter Landor (1851), Antonin Artaud (1935) and Alberto Moravia (1958); the romances by Francesco Guerrazi (1854), Henri Pierangeli (1933), Philip Lindsay (1940), Frederic Prokosch (1955) and Susanne Kircher (1976); the chronicles by Stendhal (1839), Mary Shelley (1839), Alexandre Dumas, père (1939-40), Robert Browning (1864), Charles Swinburne (1883), Corrado Ricci (1923), Sir Lionel Cust (1929), Kurt Pfister (1946) and Irene Mitchell (1991); the film/screenplay by Bertrand Tavernier and Colo O’Hagan (1988); the parody by Kathy Acker (1993); the sculpture by Harriet Hosmer (1857); the photograph by Julia Ward Cameron (1866); and the operas by Guido Pannain (1942), Berthold Goldschmidt (1951, 1995) and Havergal Brian (1962). (Beatrice Chancy, 152) He concludes the list with: “These creators have dallied with Beatrice Cenci, but I have committed indiscretions” (152). An “intertextual feast”, by Clarke’s own admission, this rewriting of Beatrice’s story—especially Percy Bysshe Shelley’s own verse play, The Cenci—illustrates brilliantly what Northrop Frye offered as the first principle of the production of literature: “literature can only derive its form from itself” (15). But in the last several decades, what has come to be called intertextuality theory has shifted thinking away from looking at this phenomenon from the point of view of authorial influences on the writing of literature (and works like Harold Bloom’s famous study of the Anxiety of Influence) and toward considering our readerly associations with literature, the connections we (not the author) make—as we read. We, the readers, have become “empowered”, as we say, and we’ve become the object of academic study in our own right. Among the many associations we inevitably make, as readers, is with adaptations of the literature we read, be it of Jane Austin novels or Beowulf. Some of us may have seen the 2006 rock opera of Beowulf done by the Irish Repertory Theatre; others await the new Neil Gaiman animated film. Some may have played the Beowulf videogame. I personally plan to miss the upcoming updated version that makes Beowulf into the son of an African explorer. But I did see Sturla Gunnarsson’s Beowulf and Grendel film, and yearned to see the comic opera at the Lincoln Centre Festival in 2006 called Grendel, the Transcendence of the Great Big Bad. I am not really interested in whether these adaptations—all in the last year or so—signify Hollywood’s need for a new “monster of the week” or are just the sign of a desire to cash in on the success of The Lord of the Rings. For all I know they might well act as an ethical reminder of the human in the alien in a time of global strife (see McGee, A4). What interests me is the impact these multiple adaptations can have on the reader of literature as well as on the production of literature. Literature, like painting, is usually thought of as what Nelson Goodman (114) calls a one-stage art form: what we read (like what we see on a canvas) is what is put there by the originating artist. Several major consequences follow from this view. First, the implication is that the work is thus an original and new creation by that artist. However, even the most original of novelists—like Salman Rushdie—are the first to tell you that stories get told and retold over and over. Indeed his controversial novel, The Satanic Verses, takes this as a major theme. Works like the Thousand and One Nights are crucial references in all of his work. As he writes in Haroun and the Sea of Stories: “no story comes from nowhere; new stories are born of old” (86). But illusion of originality is only one of the implications of seeing literature as a one-stage art form. Another is the assumption that what the writer put on paper is what we read. But entire doctoral programs in literary production and book history have been set up to study how this is not the case, in fact. Editors influence, even change, what authors want to write. Designers control how we literally see the work of literature. Beatrice Chancy’s bookend maps of historical Acadia literally frame how we read the historical story of the title’s mixed-race offspring of an African slave and a white slave owner in colonial Nova Scotia in 1801. Media interest or fashion or academic ideological focus may provoke a publisher to foreground in the physical presentation different elements of a text like this—its stress on race, or gender, or sexuality. The fact that its author won Canada’s Governor General’s Award for poetry might mean that the fact that this is a verse play is emphasised. If the book goes into a second edition, will a new preface get added, changing the framework for the reader once again? As Katherine Larson has convincingly shown, the paratextual elements that surround a work of literature like this one become a major site of meaning generation. What if literature were not a one-stage an art form at all? What if it were, rather, what Goodman calls “two-stage” (114)? What if we accept that other artists, other creators, are needed to bring it to life—editors, publishers, and indeed readers? In a very real and literal sense, from our (audience) point of view, there may be no such thing as a one-stage art work. Just as the experience of literature is made possible for readers by the writer, in conjunction with a team of professional and creative people, so, arguably all art needs its audience to be art; the un-interpreted, un-experienced art work is not worth calling art. Goodman resists this move to considering literature a two-stage art, not at all sure that readings are end products the way that performance works are (114). Plays, films, television shows, or operas would be his prime examples of two-stage arts. In each of these, a text (a playtext, a screenplay, a score, a libretto) is moved from page to stage or screen and given life, by an entire team of creative individuals: directors, actors, designers, musicians, and so on. Literary adaptations to the screen or stage are usually considered as yet another form of this kind of transcription or transposition of a written text to a performance medium. But the verbal move from the “book” to the diminutive “libretto” (in Italian, little book or booklet) is indicative of a view that sees adaptation as a step downward, a move away from a primary literary “source”. In fact, an entire negative rhetoric of “infidelity” has developed in both journalistic reviewing and academic discourse about adaptations, and it is a morally loaded rhetoric that I find surprising in its intensity. Here is the wonderfully critical description of that rhetoric by the king of film adaptation critics, Robert Stam: Terms like “infidelity,” “betrayal,” “deformation,” “violation,” “bastardisation,” “vulgarisation,” and “desecration” proliferate in adaptation discourse, each word carrying its specific charge of opprobrium. “Infidelity” carries overtones of Victorian prudishness; “betrayal” evokes ethical perfidy; “bastardisation” connotes illegitimacy; “deformation” implies aesthetic disgust and monstrosity; “violation” calls to mind sexual violence; “vulgarisation” conjures up class degradation; and “desecration” intimates religious sacrilege and blasphemy. (3) I join many others today, like Stam, in challenging the persistence of this fidelity discourse in adaptation studies, thereby providing yet another example of what, in his article here called “The Persistence of Fidelity: Adaptation Theory Today,” John Connor has called the “fidelity reflex”—the call to end an obsession with fidelity as the sole criterion for judging the success of an adaptation. But here I want to come at this same issue of the relation of adaptation to the adapted text from another angle. When considering an adaptation of a literary work, there are other reasons why the literary “source” text might be privileged. Literature has historical priority as an art form, Stam claims, and so in some people’s eyes will always be superior to other forms. But does it actually have priority? What about even earlier performative forms like ritual and song? Or to look forward, instead of back, as Tim Barker urges us to do in his article here, what about the new media’s additions to our repertoire with the advent of electronic technology? How can we retain this hierarchy of artistic forms—with literature inevitably on top—in a world like ours today? How can both the Romantic ideology of original genius and the capitalist notion of individual authorship hold up in the face of the complex reality of the production of literature today (as well as in the past)? (In “Amen to That: Sampling and Adapting the Past”, Steve Collins shows how digital technology has changed the possibilities of musical creativity in adapting/sampling.) Like many other ages before our own, adaptation is rampant today, as director Spike Jonze and screenwriter Charlie Kaufman clearly realised in creating Adaptation, their meta-cinematic illustration-as-send-up film about adaptation. But rarely has a culture denigrated the adapter as a secondary and derivative creator as much as we do the screenwriter today—as Jonze explores with great irony. Michelle McMerrin and Sergio Rizzo helpfully explain in their pieces here that one of the reasons for this is the strength of auteur theory in film criticism. But we live in a world in which works of literature have been turned into more than films. We now have literary adaptations in the forms of interactive new media works and videogames; we have theme parks; and of course, we have the more common television series, radio and stage plays, musicals, dance works, and operas. And, of course, we now have novelisations of films—and they are not given the respect that originary novels are given: it is the adaptation as adaptation that is denigrated, as Deborah Allison shows in “Film/Print: Novelisations and Capricorn One”. Adaptations across media are inevitably fraught, and for complex and multiple reasons. The financing and distribution issues of these widely different media alone inevitably challenge older capitalist models. The need or desire to appeal to a global market has consequences for adaptations of literature, especially with regard to its regional and historical specificities. These particularities are what usually get adapted or “indigenised” for new audiences—be they the particularities of the Spanish gypsy Carmen (see Ioana Furnica, “Subverting the ‘Good, Old Tune’”), those of the Japanese samurai genre (see Kevin P. Eubanks, “Becoming-Samurai: Samurai [Films], Kung-Fu [Flicks] and Hip-Hop [Soundtracks]”), of American hip hop graffiti (see Kara-Jane Lombard, “‘To Us Writers, the Differences Are Obvious’: The Adaptation of Hip Hop Graffiti to an Australian Context”) or of Jane Austen’s fiction (see Suchitra Mathur, “From British ‘Pride’ to Indian ‘Bride’: Mapping the Contours of a Globalised (Post?)Colonialism”). What happens to the literary text that is being adapted, often multiple times? Rather than being displaced by the adaptation (as is often feared), it most frequently gets a new life: new editions of the book appear, with stills from the movie adaptation on its cover. But if I buy and read the book after seeing the movie, I read it differently than I would have before I had seen the film: in effect, the book, not the adaptation, has become the second and even secondary text for me. And as I read, I can only “see” characters as imagined by the director of the film; the cinematic version has taken over, has even colonised, my reader’s imagination. The literary “source” text, in my readerly, experiential terms, becomes the secondary work. It exists on an experiential continuum, in other words, with its adaptations. It may have been created before, but I only came to know it after. What if I have read the literary work first, and then see the movie? In my imagination, I have already cast the characters: I know what Gabriel and Gretta Conroy of James Joyce’s story, “The Dead,” look and sound like—in my imagination, at least. Then along comes John Huston’s lush period piece cinematic adaptation and the director superimposes his vision upon mine; his forcibly replaces mine. But, in this particular case, Huston still arguably needs my imagination, or at least my memory—though he may not have realised it fully in making the film. When, in a central scene in the narrative, Gabriel watches his wife listening, moved, to the singing of the Irish song, “The Lass of Aughrim,” what we see on screen is a concerned, intrigued, but in the end rather blank face: Gabriel doesn’t alter his expression as he listens and watches. His expression may not change—but I know exactly what he is thinking. Huston does not tell us; indeed, without the use of voice-over, he cannot. And since the song itself is important, voice-over is impossible. But I know exactly what he is thinking: I’ve read the book. I fill in the blank, so to speak. Gabriel looks at Gretta and thinks: There was grace and mystery in her attitude as if she were a symbol of something. He asked himself what is a woman standing on the stairs in the shadow, listening to distant music, a symbol of. If he were a painter he would paint her in that attitude. … Distant Music he would call the picture if he were a painter. (210) A few pages later the narrator will tell us: At last she turned towards them and Gabriel saw that there was colour on her cheeks and that her eyes were shining. A sudden tide of joy went leaping out of his heart. (212) This joy, of course, puts him in a very different—disastrously different—state of mind than his wife, who (we later learn) is remembering a young man who sang that song to her when she was a girl—and who died, for love of her. I know this—because I’ve read the book. Watching the movie, I interpret Gabriel’s blank expression in this knowledge. Just as the director’s vision can colonise my visual and aural imagination, so too can I, as reader, supplement the film’s silence with the literary text’s inner knowledge. The question, of course, is: should I have to do so? Because I have read the book, I will. But what if I haven’t read the book? Will I substitute my own ideas, from what I’ve seen in the rest of the film, or from what I’ve experienced in my own life? Filmmakers always have to deal with this problem, of course, since the camera is resolutely externalising, and actors must reveal their inner worlds through bodily gesture or facial expression for the camera to record and for the spectator to witness and comprehend. But film is not only a visual medium: it uses music and sound, and it also uses words—spoken words within the dramatic situation, words overheard on the street, on television, but also voice-over words, spoken by a narrating figure. Stephen Dedalus escapes from Ireland at the end of Joseph Strick’s 1978 adaptation of Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man with the same words as he does in the novel, where they appear as Stephen’s diary entry: Amen. So be it. Welcome, O life! I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race. … Old father, old artificer, stand me now and ever in good stead. (253) The words from the novel also belong to the film as film, with its very different story, less about an artist than about a young Irishman finally able to escape his family, his religion and his country. What’s deliberately NOT in the movie is the irony of Joyce’s final, benign-looking textual signal to his reader: Dublin, 1904 Trieste, 1914 The first date is the time of Stephen’s leaving Dublin—and the time of his return, as we know from the novel Ulysses, the sequel, if you like, to this novel. The escape was short-lived! Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man has an ironic structure that has primed its readers to expect not escape and triumph but something else. Each chapter of the novel has ended on this kind of personal triumphant high; the next has ironically opened with Stephen mired in the mundane and in failure. Stephen’s final words in both film and novel remind us that he really is an Icarus figure, following his “Old father, old artificer”, his namesake, Daedalus. And Icarus, we recall, takes a tumble. In the novel version, we are reminded that this is the portrait of the artist “as a young man”—later, in 1914, from the distance of Trieste (to which he has escaped) Joyce, writing this story, could take some ironic distance from his earlier persona. There is no such distance in the film version. However, it stands alone, on its own; Joyce’s irony is not appropriate in Strick’s vision. His is a different work, with its own message and its own, considerably more romantic and less ironic power. Literary adaptations are their own things—inspired by, based on an adapted text but something different, something other. I want to argue that these works adapted from literature are now part of our readerly experience of that literature, and for that reason deserve the same attention we give to the literary, and not only the same attention, but also the same respect. I am a literarily trained person. People like me who love words, already love plays, but shouldn’t we also love films—and operas, and musicals, and even videogames? There is no need to denigrate words that are heard (and visualised) in order to privilege words that are read. Works of literature can have afterlives in their adaptations and translations, just as they have pre-lives, in terms of influences and models, as George Eliot Clarke openly allows in those acknowledgements to Beatrice Chancy. I want to return to that Canadian work, because it raises for me many of the issues about adaptation and language that I see at the core of our literary distrust of the move away from the written, printed text. I ended my recent book on adaptation with a brief examination of this work, but I didn’t deal with this particular issue of language. So I want to return to it, as to unfinished business. Clarke is, by the way, clear in the verse drama as well as in articles and interviews that among the many intertexts to Beatrice Chancy, the most important are slave narratives, especially one called Celia, a Slave, and Shelley’s play, The Cenci. Both are stories of mistreated and subordinated women who fight back. Since Clarke himself has written at length about the slave narratives, I’m going to concentrate here on Shelley’s The Cenci. The distance from Shelley’s verse play to Clarke’s verse play is a temporal one, but it is also geographic and ideological one: from the old to the new world, and from a European to what Clarke calls an “Africadian” (African Canadian/African Acadian) perspective. Yet both poets were writing political protest plays against unjust authority and despotic power. And they have both become plays that are more read than performed—a sad fate, according to Clarke, for two works that are so concerned with voice. We know that Shelley sought to calibrate the stylistic registers of his work with various dramatic characters and effects to create a modern “mixed” style that was both a return to the ancients and offered a new drama of great range and flexibility where the expression fits what is being expressed (see Bruhn). His polemic against eighteenth-century European dramatic conventions has been seen as leading the way for realist drama later in the nineteenth century, with what has been called its “mixed style mimesis” (Bruhn) Clarke’s adaptation does not aim for Shelley’s perfect linguistic decorum. It mixes the elevated and the biblical with the idiomatic and the sensual—even the vulgar—the lushly poetic with the coarsely powerful. But perhaps Shelley’s idea of appropriate language fits, after all: Beatrice Chancy is a woman of mixed blood—the child of a slave woman and her slave owner; she has been educated by her white father in a convent school. Sometimes that educated, elevated discourse is heard; at other times, she uses the variety of discourses operative within slave society—from religious to colloquial. But all the time, words count—as in all printed and oral literature. Clarke’s verse drama was given a staged reading in Toronto in 1997, but the story’s, if not the book’s, real second life came when it was used as the basis for an opera libretto. Actually the libretto commission came first (from Queen of Puddings Theatre in Toronto), and Clarke started writing what was to be his first of many opera texts. Constantly frustrated by the art form’s demands for concision, he found himself writing two texts at once—a short libretto and a longer, five-act tragic verse play to be published separately. Since it takes considerably longer to sing than to speak (or read) a line of text, the composer James Rolfe keep asking for cuts—in the name of economy (too many singers), because of clarity of action for audience comprehension, or because of sheer length. Opera audiences have to sit in a theatre for a fixed length of time, unlike readers who can put a book down and return to it later. However, what was never sacrificed to length or to the demands of the music was the language. In fact, the double impact of the powerful mixed language and the equally potent music, increases the impact of the literary text when performed in its operatic adaptation. Here is the verse play version of the scene after Beatrice’s rape by her own father, Francis Chancey: I was black but comely. Don’t glance Upon me. This flesh is crumbling Like proved lies. I’m perfumed, ruddied Carrion. Assassinated. Screams of mucking juncos scrawled Over the chapel and my nerves, A stickiness, as when he finished Maculating my thighs and dress. My eyes seep pus; I can’t walk: the floors Are tizzy, dented by stout mauling. Suddenly I would like poison. The flesh limps from my spine. My inlets crimp. Vultures flutter, ghastly, without meaning. I can see lice swarming the air. … His scythe went shick shick shick and slashed My flowers; they lay, murdered, in heaps. (90) The biblical and the violent meet in the texture of the language. And none of that power gets lost in the opera adaptation, despite cuts and alterations for easier aural comprehension. I was black but comely. Don’t look Upon me: this flesh is dying. I’m perfumed, bleeding carrion, My eyes weep pus, my womb’s sopping With tears; I can hardly walk: the floors Are tizzy, the sick walls tumbling, Crumbling like proved lies. His scythe went shick shick shick and cut My flowers; they lay in heaps, murdered. (95) Clarke has said that he feels the libretto is less “literary” in his words than the verse play, for it removes the lines of French, Latin, Spanish and Italian that pepper the play as part of the author’s critique of the highly educated planter class in Nova Scotia: their education did not guarantee ethical behaviour (“Adaptation” 14). I have not concentrated on the music of the opera, because I wanted to keep the focus on the language. But I should say that the Rolfe’s score is as historically grounded as Clarke’s libretto: it is rooted in African Canadian music (from ring shouts to spirituals to blues) and in Scottish fiddle music and local reels of the time, not to mention bel canto Italian opera. However, the music consciously links black and white traditions in a way that Clarke’s words and story refuse: they remain stubbornly separate, set in deliberate tension with the music’s resolution. Beatrice will murder her father, and, at the very moment that Nova Scotia slaves are liberated, she and her co-conspirators will be hanged for that murder. Unlike the printed verse drama, the shorter opera libretto functions like a screenplay, if you will. It is not so much an autonomous work unto itself, but it points toward a potential enactment or embodiment in performance. Yet, even there, Clarke cannot resist the lure of words—even though they are words that no audience will ever hear. The stage directions for Act 3, scene 2 of the opera read: “The garden. Slaves, sunflowers, stars, sparks” (98). The printed verse play is full of these poetic associative stage directions, suggesting that despite his protestations to the contrary, Clarke may have thought of that version as one meant to be read by the eye. After Beatrice’s rape, the stage directions read: “A violin mopes. Invisible shovelsful of dirt thud upon the scene—as if those present were being buried alive—like ourselves” (91). Our imaginations—and emotions—go to work, assisted by the poet’s associations. There are many such textual helpers—epigraphs, photographs, notes—that we do not have when we watch and listen to the opera. We do have the music, the staged drama, the colours and sounds as well as the words of the text. As Clarke puts the difference: “as a chamber opera, Beatrice Chancy has ascended to television broadcast. But as a closet drama, it play only within the reader’s head” (“Adaptation” 14). Clarke’s work of literature, his verse drama, is a “situated utterance, produced in one medium and in one historical and social context,” to use Robert Stam’s terms. In the opera version, it was transformed into another “equally situated utterance, produced in a different context and relayed through a different medium” (45-6). I want to argue that both are worthy of study and respect by wordsmiths, by people like me. I realise I’ve loaded the dice: here neither the verse play nor the libretto is primary; neither is really the “source” text, for they were written at the same time and by the same person. But for readers and audiences (my focus and interest here), they exist on a continuum—depending on which we happen to experience first. As Ilana Shiloh explores here, the same is true about the short story and film of Memento. I am not alone in wanting to mount a defence of adaptations. Julie Sanders ends her new book called Adaptation and Appropriation with these words: “Adaptation and appropriation … are, endlessly and wonderfully, about seeing things come back to us in as many forms as possible” (160). The storytelling imagination is an adaptive mechanism—whether manifesting itself in print or on stage or on screen. The study of the production of literature should, I would like to argue, include those other forms taken by that storytelling drive. If I can be forgiven a move to the amusing—but still serious—in concluding, Terry Pratchett puts it beautifully in his fantasy story, Witches Abroad: “Stories, great flapping ribbons of shaped space-time, have been blowing and uncoiling around the universe since the beginning of time. And they have evolved. The weakest have died and the strongest have survived and they have grown fat on the retelling.” In biology as in culture, adaptations reign. References Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975. Bruhn, Mark J. “’Prodigious Mixtures and Confusions Strange’: The Self-Subverting Mixed Style of The Cenci.” Poetics Today 22.4 (2001). Clarke, George Elliott. “Beatrice Chancy: A Libretto in Four Acts.” Canadian Theatre Review 96 (1998): 62-79. ———. Beatrice Chancy. Victoria, BC: Polestar, 1999. ———. “Adaptation: Love or Cannibalism? Some Personal Observations”, unpublished manuscript of article. Frye, Northrop. The Educated Imagination. Toronto: CBC, 1963. Goodman, Nelson. Languages of Art: An Approach to a Theory of Symbols. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1968. Hutcheon, Linda, and Gary R. Bortolotti. “On the Origin of Adaptations: Rethinking Fidelity Discourse and “Success”—Biologically.” New Literary History. Forthcoming. Joyce, James. Dubliners. 1916. New York: Viking, 1967. ———. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. 1916. Penguin: Harmondsworth, 1960. Larson, Katherine. “Resistance from the Margins in George Elliott Clarke’s Beatrice Chancy.” Canadian Literature 189 (2006): 103-118. McGee, Celia. “Beowulf on Demand.” New York Times, Arts and Leisure. 30 April 2006. A4. Rushdie, Salman. The Satanic Verses. New York: Viking, 1988. ———. Haroun and the Sea of Stories. London: Granta/Penguin, 1990. Sanders, Julie. Adaptation and Appropriation. London and New York: Routledge, 160. Shelley, Percy Bysshe. The Cenci. Ed. George Edward Woodberry. Boston and London: Heath, 1909. Stam, Robert. “Introduction: The Theory and Practice of Adaptation.” Literature and Film: A Guide to the Theory and Practice of Film Adaptation. Oxford: Blackwell, 2005. 1-52. Citation reference for this article MLA Style Hutcheon, Linda. "In Defence of Literary Adaptation as Cultural Production." M/C Journal 10.2 (2007). echo date('d M. Y'); ?> <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/01-hutcheon.php>. APA Style Hutcheon, L. (May 2007) "In Defence of Literary Adaptation as Cultural Production," M/C Journal, 10(2). Retrieved echo date('d M. Y'); ?> from <http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0705/01-hutcheon.php>.