Journal articles on the topic '1884-1949'

A new South African species of the genus Chaperiopsis is described from material deposited in the Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris. Chaperiopsis stephensoni is redescribed and figured from the original material.The genus Chaperiopsis Uttley, 1949 is widely distributed in the southern hemisphere. Numerous species of this genus have been described in different works; notable amongst these are the works of Busk (1854, 1884), Kluge (1914), Uttley (1949), Gordon (1984), Hayward & Thorpe (1988), Reverter Gil & Fernández Pulpeiro (1995) and Hayward (1995). Some previous records of Chaperiopsis spp. from South Africa are included in the works of Jullien (1881), Busk (1884), O'Donoghue & De Watteville (1935), O'Donoghue (1957) and Hayward & Cook (1983).

Toxomerus Macquart (Diptera: Syrphidae) species from Brazil are revised, including the examination of most of the types. Thirty six species are confirmed. Twenty seven are synonymized: T. dispar (Fabricius, 1794) [=T. vicinus (Macquart, 1846), T. tridentatus (Rondani, 1868) T. annulifer (Bigot, 1884), T. ruficaudatus (Bigot 1884), & T. triangulatus (Hull, 1942)], T. duplicatus (Wiedemann, 1830) [=T. vatius (Walker, 1852), T. gemini (Hull, 1941), T. arcturus (Hull, 1943), T. bipunctatus (Hull, 1943)], Syrphus basalis Walker, 1837 [=T. portius (Walker, 1852), T. rhea (Hull, 1949), T. harlequinus (Hull, 1951)], T. pictus (Macquart, 1842) [=T. jaguarinus (Bigot, 1884), T. maculatus (Bigot, 1884)], T. pulchellus (Macquart, 1846) [=T. punctatus Sack, 1921], T. virgulatus (Schiner, 1868) [=T. confusus (Schiner, 1868)], T. laenas (Walker, 1852) [=T. barbulus (Walker, 1852), T. nitidiventris (Curran, 1930), T. vitreus (Hull, 1941)], T. norma (Curran, 1930) [=T. mulio (Hull, 1941)], T. productus (Curran, 1930) [=T. triradiatus (Hull, 1942), T. camilla (Hull, 1951), T. cyrillus (Hull, 1951), T. vanessa (Hull, 1951)], T. watsoni (Curran, 1930) [=T. lanei (Hull, 1942)], T. steatogaster (Hull, 1941) [=T. steatornis (Hull, 1943)], T. idalius (Hull, 1951) [=T. eurydice (Hull, 1951)]. Two new combinations are presented: Mesogramma apegiensis Harbach, 1974 (=Toxomerus apegiensis) and Syphus basalis Walker, 1837 (= Toxomerus basalis); six new records for Brazil are included: T. difficilis (Curran, 1930), T. idalius (Hull, 1951), T. productus (Curran, 1930), T. purus (Curran, 1930), T. sylvaticus (Hull, 1943) and T. undecimpunctatus (Enderlein, 1938). Three new species are described: Toxomerus mosaicus, Toxomerus papaveroi and Toxomerus paraduplicatus.

We report new records of three poorly-known species of snakes in Minas Gerais: Bothrops lutzi (Miranda- Ribeiro, 1915), Psomophis joberti (Sauvage, 1884), and Trilepida brasiliensis (Laurent, 1949). The new records represent important filling gaps for all three species or even southern extensions in the geographic distribution of B. lutzi and P. joberti. The new records are located in areas indicated as priority regions for biodiversity conservation in Cerrado. Maps of known records of these snakes are also provided considering literature data and new records from collections.

The genus Gonyleptellus Roewer, 1930 is revised and reordered; a new species Gonyleptellus angeloi sp. nov. is described from Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, three additional species are transferred from other genera and one species is removed, resulting in five species in this genus. The following nomenclatural acts are proposed herein: Gonyleptes pustulatus Sørensen, 1884 is transferred from Gonyleptes to Gonyleptellus; Gonyleptes cancellatus Roewer, 1917 and Progonyleptoides pustulosus Mello-Leitão, 1935, both currently under the synonymy of Gonyleptellus bimaculatus (Sørensen, 1884), are revalidated and transferred to Gonyleptellus. Stephanocranion bimaculatus Mello-Leitão, 1931, previously considered a junior synonym of Gonyleptes cancellatus Roewer, 1917, and thereby previously carried under the synonymy of Gonyleptes bimaculatus Sørensen, 1884, is here unlinked with the former but kept under the synonymy of the latter (of which it is also a junior secondary homonym). Stephanocranion serrulatum Mello-Leitão, 1940, currently under the synonymy of G. bimaculatus, is newly synonymized with P. pustulosus. Stephanocranion bufoninus Mello-Leitão, 1949 (currently combined under Gonyleptellus) is considered a junior subjective synonym of Discocyrtus crenulatus Roewer, 1913. The male of Gonyleptellus bimaculatus is described for the first time. The genus Gonyleptellus is restricted to the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, Brazil. A key and a map for all the five valid species are presented.

A new feather mite species of the genus Microspalax Mégnin & Trouessart, 1884 (Alloptidae: Microspalacinae) is described from the Atlantic petrel, Pterodroma incerta (Schlegel, 1863), in Brazil. Males of M. atlanticus sp. nov. differ from M. pterodromae Dubinin, 1949 mostly by the wider opisthogastric shields and setae ps3 inserted at posterior third of that shield. This is the first representative of the genus described from Brazil, and the first feather mite described from a procellariiform bird in the country. A key to males of Microspalax species is presented.

Este artigo comenta a experiência da tradução de três sonetos e um quarteto do poeta franco-uruguaio Jules Supervielle (1884-1960) para a língua portuguesa. Trata-se da antologia Oublieuse mémoire, publicada em 1949, e pela qual o poeta recebeu o Prix des Critiques na França. O estudo e a tradução da poesia de Supervielle no Brasil assumem maior importância na atualidade, visto que sua obra influenciou Carlos Drummond de Andrade, conforme depoimento do próprio poeta divulgado em estudo de John Gledson (2003). Além disso, os poemas trazem interessantes reflexões sobre a memória, tema que atraiu inúmeros intelectuais no século 20, como Walter Benjamin, Henri Bergson e Marcel Proust, entre outros.

The spider genus Porrhomma has been revised; it now includes 24 species. Two new species are described: Porrhomma altaica new species from the Altai Mountains, and Porrhomma nekolai new species from eastern Asia and North America. Bathyphantes charpentieri Lebert, 1877 was removed from synonymy with Porrhomma microphthalmum (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1871). The following new synonymies are proposed: Bathyphantes charpentieri Lebert, 1877 is a junior synonym of Porrhomma convexum (Westring, 1851) new synonymy; Porrhomma gertschi Hackman, 1954 is a junior synonym of Porrhomma terrestre (Emerton, 1882) new synonymy; Porrhomma myops Simon, 1884 is a junior synonym of Porrhomma rosenhaueri (L. Koch, 1872) new synonymy; Porrhomma ocella Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943 is a junior synonym of Porrhomma convexum (Westring, 1851) new synonymy; Porrhomma omissum Miller, 1971 is a junior synonym of Porrhomma egeria Simon, 1884 new synonymy; Porrhomma pallidum affinis Miller & Kratochvíl, 1940 is a junior synonym of Porrhomma pallidum Jackson, 1913 new synonymy; Porrhomma sodonta (Chamberlin, 1949) is a junior synonym of Porrhomma convexum (Westring, 1851) new synonymy. The synonymy of Porrhomma macrochelis (Emerton, 1917) with Macrargus multesimus (O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1875) is supported. Porrhomma subterraneum Simon, 1884 is considered a nomen dubium, because it was described according to a juvenile specimen. To date, Porrhomma indecorum Simon, 1910 and Porrhomma marphaense Wunderlich, 1983 are only known from findings of females; they are considered to be species inquirenda, and their names are declared nomina dubia. Keys are provided for males and females. Vulvae are drawn in dorsal, ventral and caudal views to understand their spatial structure.

Parte-se da compreensão de que o racionalismo aplicado de Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962) contém aspectos que podem contribuir com a prática pedagógica dos professores e retroalimentar o ensino e a avaliação, uma vez que a intencionalidade do racionalismo bachelardiano encontra-se assente na possibilidade de retificar o conhecimento, em um movimento dialético. Portanto, este artigo, de viés bibliográfico, tem por objetivo apresentar, de um modo geral, elementos existentes na epistemologia de Bachelard que dialogam com o trabalho pedagógico do professor e, por conseguinte, com a avaliação institucional. Recorreu-se a quatro obras do autor escritas entre 1934 e 1949. Conclui-se apontando contributos bachelardianos ao ensino que serão basilares para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa de doutoramento iniciada em 2018.

Este trabajo constituye un estudio acerca de la primera actuación de una mujer como directora de orquesta y compositora en el Teatro Colón de Buenos Aires, Argentina. El acontecimiento data del 22 de noviembre de 1949 y estuvo protagonizado por Celia Torrá (1884-1962): violinista, compositora y directora de coro y orquesta, en el marco de las celebraciones del Día de la Música en honor a Santa Cecilia. Con el propósito de realizar una contribución a la historia de las mujeres músicas en el período de su profesionalización se considera el contexto político del peronismo y las transformaciones en materia de políticas culturales, especialmente aquellas que afectaron el funcionamiento del Teatro Colón. Las significaciones aludidas en la prensa periódica y las construcciones historiográficas posteriores se analizan a partir de la perspectiva de género.

Celaenorrhinus pyrrha de Nicéville, 1889, a rare species of Hesperiidae previously known to be distributed from northeastern India to Indochina, is reported from southwestern Yunnan and southwestern Chongqing, China. A 658 bp COI gene sequence of this species is published for the first time. Although Chongqing is obviously isolated from the main distribution range, morphological characters of the specimens from this locality do not indicate a subspecies differentiation. Another rare taxon, C. munda munda (Moore, 1884), is also recorded from China for the first time based upon a male specimen from Cuona County in the Tibet Autonomous Region. This is the second specimen of C. munda from China, over 100 years after the holotype of C. munda joka Evans, 1949. The genitalia of both species are illustrated and described. Some taxonomic notes and a distribution map are provided as well.

William Osier’s bibliography includes over 1400 papers, monographs, and notes touching on almost every subspecialty of medicine (Abbott 1939). He has been claimed by gastroen-terologists (Cunha 1948), pediatricians (McGovern et al 1970; Robbinsetal 1963), medical librarians, (Bett 1949), veterinarians (Giltner 1926–27) (Murphy 1960) obstetricians (Rucker 1952) and members of other disciplines as one of their own.Osier published close to 200 papers, reviews, editorials and monographs dealing with neurology, but it is not widely recognized that his contributions to neurology exceed those to many of the other fields. For example, Osier’s interest in neuropathology was entirely omitted from the recent excellent monograph “An Oslerian Pathology” (Rodin 1981). The purpose of this paper is to bring into focus his impressive neurological contributions and to document his substantial interest in the neurosciences.Osier’s activities in neurology constituted a microcosm of his overall medical contributions. His interests in the neurosciences began early. In 1884 he wrote on the comparative anatomy of the brain of the seal (Osier 1884a), having given a lecture on “the brain as a thinking organ” in the previous year (Osier 1883a).

The phylogenetic relationships of Glossiphoniidae, a leech family characterised by its high degree of parental care, were investigated with the combined use of morphological data and three molecular datasets. There was strong support for monophyly of most accepted genera in the group, many of which are consistent with eyespot morphology. The genera Desserobdella Barta & Sawyer, 1990 and Oligobdella Moore, 1918 are suppressed as junior synonyms of Placobdella Blanchard, 1893 and thus recognising each of Placobdella picta (Verrill, 1872) Moore, 1906, Placobdella phalera (Graf, 1899) Moore, 1906, and Placobdella biannulata (Moore, 1900), comb. nov. The species Glossiphonia elegans (Verrill, 1872) Castle, 1900 and Helobdella modesta (Verrill, 1872), comb. nov. are resurrected for the North American counterparts to European non-sanguivorous species. Glossphonia baicalensis (Stschegolew, 1922), comb. nov. is removed from the genus Torix Blanchard 1898 and Alboglossiphonia quadrata (Moore, 1949) Sawyer, 1986 is removed from the genus Hemiclepsis Vejdovsky, 1884. The biogeographic implications of the phylogenetic hypothesis are evaluated in the context of what is already known for vertebrate hosts and Tertiary continental arrangements.

Eusarcus Perty 1833 is one of the oldest described genera of Pachylinae, comprising 36 species distributed from northeastern to southern Brazil (including the central west region), northeastern Argentina, eastern Paraguay and Uruguay. The genus is reviewed and a new classification is proposed based on a cladistic analysis. A cladistic analysis was performed with the 34 valid species of Eusarcus and 11 species belonging to certain Gonyleptidae subfamilies. The data matrix has 67 characters: 14 from dorsal scutum and pedipalp, 38 from male legs and 15 from male genitalia. Two equally parsimonious trees were found (L=319; C.I.=0.26, R.I.=0.61). Pygophalangodus gemignanii uruguayensis Ringuelet 1955a and Pygophalangodus gemignanii gemignanii Mello-Leitão 1931b are here elevated to the category of species, and the following new combinations are proposed: E. catharinensis (Mello-Leitão 1927); E. berlae (Mello-Leitão 1932); E. gemignanii (Mello-Leitão 1931b); E. signatus (Roewer 1949); E. sooretamae (Soares & Soares 1946a); E. uruguayensis (Ringuelet 1955a). The following generic synonymies are proposed: Eusarcus Perty 1833 (type species E. armatus Perty 1833) = Metagraphinotus Mello-Leitão 1927 (type species M. catharinensis Mello-Leitão 1927), Pareusarcus Roewer 1929 (type species P. corniculatus Roewer 1929), Pygophalangodus Mello-Leitão 1931b (type species P. gemignanii gemignanii Mello-Leitão 1931b) and Antetriceras Roewer 1949 (type species A. signatus Roewer 1949). The following specific synonymies are proposed: Eusarcus hastatus Sørensen 1884 = Pucrolioides argentina Roewer 1913, E. guimaraensi H. Soares 1945, Jacarepaguana pectinifemur Piza 1943, Canestrinia canalsi Mello-Leitão 1931a, and E. maquinensis H. Soares 1966b; E. armatus Perty 1833 = E. curvispinosus Mello-Leitão 1923b, and Enantiocentron montis Mello-Leitão 1936; Eusarcus catharinensis (Mello-Leitão 1927) = E. antoninae Mello-Leitão 1936, E. perpusillus Mello-Leitão 1945, E. tripos Mello-Leitão 1940, and Metagraphinotus trochanterspinosus Soares & Soares 1947b; E. nigrimaculatus Mello-Leitão 1924 = Pareusarcus centromelos Mello-Leitão 1935a, E. furcatus Roewer 1929, Orguesia armata Roewer 1913, and Pareusarcus corniculatus Roewer 1929; E. oxyacanthus Kollar in Koch 1839a = Enantiocentron doriphorus Mello-Leitão 1932, and E. spinimanu Mello-Leitão 1932; E. pusillus Sørensen 1884 = E. vervloeti B. Soares 1944c; E. berlae Mello-Leitão 1932 = Metagraphinotus arlei Mello-Leitão 1935a. Metapucrolia armata (Sørensen 1895) is revalidated, transferred to Eusarcus and considered as a species inquirenda. A new name, Eusarcus metapucrolia is proposed for this species to avoid homonymy with the type species of Eusarcus, E. armatus Perty 1833. Eusarcus aberrans Mello-Leitão 1939a is considered as a species inquirenda. The male of E. teresincola Soares & Soares 1946a is described. Female of the following species are described: E. bifidus Roewer 1929; E. dubius B. Soares 1943b; E. insperatus B. Soares 1944a; E. schubarti Soares & Soares 1946a; E. sooretamae (Soares & Soares 1946a). The following new species are described from Brazil: E. acrophthalmus (type locality: Bahia, Ilhéus, Parataquicé); E. alpinus (Rio de Janeiro, Santa Maria Madalena, Parque Estadual do Desengano); E. caparaoensis (Minas Gerais, Alto Caparaó, Parque Nacional do Caparaó); E. cavernicola (Goiás, São Domingos, Parque Estadual de Terra Ronca, Lapa da Angélica); E. didactylus (Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis, Parque Nacional Serra dos Órgãos); E. garibaldiae (Santa Catarina, Itajaí); E. geometricus (Rio de Janeiro, Teresópolis, Parque Nacional Serra dos Órgãos); E. manero (Rio de Janeiro, Maricá, Itaipuaçu); E. matogrossensis (Mato Grosso, Chapada dos Guimarães); E. mirabilis (Minas Gerais, Marliéria, Parque Estadual Rio Doce); E. sergipanus (Sergipe, Itabaiana, Parque Nacional de Itabaiana) and E. tripectinatus (Minas Gerais, Rio Preto). The holotype of E. curvispinosus is proposed as the neotype of E. armatus Perty 1833, the type material of which has been lost. Lectotypes for the following species were designated: E. aduncus; E. hastatus; E. oxyacanthus.

A Ordem Terceira de Coimbra, fundada a 5 de janeiro de 1659, desde cedo promoveu a assistência espiritual e material aos seus membros. A fundação do hospital (1851) e asilo (1884) garantiu o socorro na doença e na velhice aos seus irmãos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar a enfermaria destinada a tratar irmãos doentes de tuberculose. Construída com o patrocínio da irmã benfeitora D. Maria José Augusta Barata da Silva, a enfermaria de S. Jacinto foi inaugurada a 2 de janeiro de 1909, em memória do seu filho Jacinto Adelino Barata da Silva, vítima da tuberculose. A partir dos Pedidos de admissão no hospital (1857–1949), dos Registos de entradas e saídas, (1852–1977) e das Papeletas (1857–1950) dos doentes, existentes no arquivo da instituição, foi possível identificar 23 doentes com tuberculose (60,9% homens e 39,1% mulheres). Com idades à data do internamento entre os 23 e os 74 anos (idade média=48 anos), os doentes ficaram hospitalizados entre 10 dias e 16 anos. Os homens eram maioritariamente artesãos e nas mulheres predominavam as domésticas. Os dados destes indivíduos bem como as dietas hospitalares e as terapêuticas aplicadas serão alvo de discussão. A informação detalhada existente acerca destes pacientes auxiliará o conhecimento sobre a tuberculose na era pré-antibióticos.

Eurotas Distant, 1884 is transferred from Mirinae, Mirini to Orthotylinae, Orthotylini (new subfamily placement) and Femurocoris Carvalho, 1977 is transferred from Mirinae, Mirini to Deraeocorinae, Hyaliodini (new subfamily placement). The following new combinations are suggested: Apolygus biannulatus (Poppius, 1915) comb. n. [Lygus], Apolygus bruneinensis (Carvalho, 1980) comb. n. [Lygus], Apolygus longirostris (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Apolygus umbratus (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Guisardinus lineatus (Carvalho in Carvalho & Gross, 1979) comb. n. [Chrysorrhanis], Gutrida mocquerysi (Poppius, 1912) comb. n. [Lygus], Lampethusa attenuata (Distant, 1883). comb. n. [Taedia], Lygidolon vittatum (Reuter, 1903) comb. n. [Lygus], Lygocoris viridiflavus (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Lygocoris vittulatus (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Neolygus indicus (Poppius, 1914) comb. nov. [Lygus], Neolygus sondaicus (Poppius, 1914) [Lygus], Pleurochilophorus sexlineatus (Delattre, 1949) n. comb. [Corizidolon], Sabactiopus laevipennis (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Sabactiopus sublaevis (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Sabactus exiguus (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Schoutedenomiris schmitzi (Chérot, 1996) comb. n. [Trigonotylus], and Taylorilygus oceanicus (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus]. Lectotypes are designated for Corizidolon sexlineatum Delattre, 1949, Lygus exiguus Poppius, 1914, Lygus indicus Poppius, 1914, Lygus laevipennis Poppius, 1914, Lygus nebulosus Poppius, 1914, Lygus oceanicus Poppius, 1914, Lygus sondaicus Poppius, 1914, Lygus vittatus Reuter, 1903, and Miris cruentatus Brullé, 1832. Two replacement names – Tropidosteptes costai Schwartz & Chérot (nomen novum) and Phytocoris garyi Schwartz & Chérot (nomen novum) – are given respectively to Tropidosteptes scutellatus Carvalho & Costa, 1993 nec Tropidosteptes scutellatus Distant, 1893 and Phytocoris falcatus Stonedahl, 1995 nec Phytocoris falcatus Linnavuori, 1984. The following taxa are raised to species level: Neostenotus confluentus Carvalho & Fontes, 1972 stat. n., Neostenotus itatiaianus Carvalho & Fontes, 1972 stat. n., Neostenotus serranus Carvalho & Fontes, 1972 stat. n., Neostenotus similimus Carvalho & Fontes, 1972 stat. n., Neostenotus sulinus Carvalho & Fontes, 1972 stat. n., Poeas alvarengai Carvalho, 1975 stat. n., Poeas atlantica Carvalho, 1975 stat. n, Poeas caatinga Carvalho, 1975 stat. n., Poeas chapada Carvalho, 1975 stat. n., and Poeas2© 2005 Magnolia Presscipoa Carvalho, 1975 stat. n. The subgeneric classification of Hyalopeplus cuneatus Carvalho in Carvalho & Gross, 1979 is discussed.

In this study all available species of the nudibranch family Bornellidae (Bornella Gray, 1850, Pseudobornella Baba, 1932) are re-examined anatomically and their status re-evaluated. Of these, B. hancockana Kelaart, 1859 syn. nov., B. arborescens Pease, 1871 syn. nov., B. caledonica Crosse, 1875a syn. nov., and B. marmorata Collingwood, 1881 syn. nov. are considered to be new synonyms of B. stellifer (Adams and Reeve in Adams, 1848), and B. japonica Baba, 1949 syn. nov. is considered to be a new synonym of B. hermanni Angas, 1864. Two species, B. excepta Bergh, 1884 and B. simplex Eliot, 1904, are at present unrecognizable, B. semperi Crosse 1875b is here considered a nomen nudum, and four new species, B. dotoides sp. nov., B. pele sp. nov., B. valdae sp. nov. and B. johnsonorum sp. nov. are proposed. These are compared with a further four recognized species, B. calcarata Mörch, 1863, B. anguilla Johnson, 1984, B. sarape Bertsch, 1980 and B. irvingi Edmunds and Preece, 1996. The presence of an unpaired oral gland in Bornella is reported for the first time. The reproductive system is diaulic, and the morphology of the penis and the arrangement of the penial spines are considered diagnostic for most species. The monotypic genus Pseudobornella is re-examined for the first time. A comparative table for all recognized species is also provided. The review of the morphological differences within the family provides the basis for a phylogenetic analysis of the group. Bornella is shown to represent a monophyletic clade while the monophyly of the family Bornellidae is not supported.

Six helminths were common in lynx (Felis canadensis) throughout northern Ontario: Troglostrongylus wilsoni (Stough, 1953) Sarmiento &Stough, 1956 in the lung (54% of 127 infected), Cylicospirura felineus (Chandler, 1925) Sandground, 1932 in the stomach (91% of 360), Toxascaris leonina (von Linstow, 1902) and Toxocara cati (Schrank, 1788) in the stomach and intestine(97% and 22% of 274, respectively), and Taenia laticollis Rudolphi, 1819, and Taenia rileyi Loewen, 1929 in the intestine (94% and 47% of 275, respectively). Only Toxascaris leonina is transmitted by both lynx and canids in northern Ontario. Lynx is the only definitive host of the other common parasites. Seven helminths usually found in canids occurred infrequently in lynx: Alaria marcianae (LaRue, 1917) Walton, 1949 and immature Taenia pisiformis (Bloch, 1780) Gmelin, 1790 in 4% of those examined; and Capillaria aerophila (Creplin, 1839) Travassos, 1915, Physaloptera rara Hall &Wigdor, 1918, Ancylostoma caninum (Ercolani, 1859), Uncinaria stenocephalia (Railliet, 1884), and Taenia serialis (Gervais, 1847) Baillet, 1863 in one to three lynx each. Abundances of the common parasites varied only slightly among five forest regions, and did not differ between male and female lynx or among lynx older than kits. Cylicospirura felineus and Taenia rileyi were less abundant in kits, and Taenia laticollis and Toxocara cati tended to be more abundant in kits than in older lynx. Host condition and numbers of many of the common helminths tended to be positively correlated, but the inclusion of kits affected the result. The few helminth species established in lynx and their apparent uniform distribution in the host population may reflect the dominance of snowshoe hare in the diet.

Eight Western Palaearctic Euura species are here assigned to the bergmanni group (bergmanni, brevivalvis, dispar, glutinosae, leptocephalus, respondens, sylvestris, and viridis) and two species to the oligospila group (frenalis and oligospila). Euura pallens (Konow, 1903) (bergmanni group) is removed from the list of West Palaearctic taxa. Euura pyramidalis (Hellén, 1948) is treated as incertae sedis within the bergmanni group. Definitions of the bergmanni and oligospila groups are primarily based on genetic sequence data (mitochondrial COI and nuclear NaK and POL2). We report likely occurrence of heteroplasmy and amplification of NUMTs among some of the treated species, complicating the use of DNA barcoding in species discrimination. Based on morphological and genetic evidence, we establish that the correct name for the invasive willow sawfly in the southern hemisphere (South America, southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand), known there only in the female sex, is Euura respondens (Förster, 1854). The species is probably native to the Palaearctic (or even Holarctic) where males are common: possibly as common as females (examined from Europe and Central Asia). The name Euura oligospila (Förster, 1854) has been incorrectly used for the species in the southern hemisphere. The examination of type material and reliable association of males and females based on genetics revealed that females of E. oligospila are morphologically extremely similar to E. respondens (and to some other E. bergmanni group species), but male penis valves and genetics enable reliable separation of these species. Morphological separation of females of E. oligospila and E. respondens is possible, but challenging. Identification keys for males and females of the bergmanni and oligospila groups are provided. The following 15 new synonymies are proposed: Nematus validicornis Förster, 1854, syn. nov. with Euura bergmanni (Dahlbom, 1835); Pteronidea woollatti Lindqvist, 1971, syn. nov. and Nematus turgaiensis Safjanov, 1977, syn. nov. with Euura brevivalvis (Thomson, 1871); Pteronidea pseudodispar Lindqvist, 1969, syn. nov. with Euura dispar (Zaddach, 1876); Nematus (Pteronidea) fastosus var. ponojense Hellén, 1948, syn. nov. and N. (P.) fastosus var. punctiscuta Hellén, 1948, syn. nov. with Euura frenalis (Thomson, 1888); Nematus declaratus Muche, 1974, syn. nov. and N. desantisi D.R. Smith, 1983, syn. nov. with Euura respondens (Förster, 1854); Pteronidea straminea Lindqvist, 1958, syn. nov., P. angustiserra Lindqvist, 1969, syn. nov., and P. disparoides Lindqvist, 1969, syn. nov. with Euura sylvestris (Cameron, 1884); Pteronidea breviseta Lindqvist, 1946, syn. nov., P. breviseta Lindqvist, 1949, syn. nov., P. abscondita Lindqvist, 1949, syn. nov., and P. lauroi Lindqvist, 1960, syn. nov. with Euura viridis (Stephens, 1835). Lectotypes are designated for 18 nominal taxa: Amauronematus longicornis Konow, 1897; A. spurcus Konow, 1904; Nematus bergmanni Dahlbom, 1835; N. brevivalvis Thomson, 1871; N. curtispina Thomson, 1871; N. (Pteronidea) fastosus var. ponojense Hellén, 1948; N. (P.) fastosus var. punctiscuta Hellén, 1948; N. glutinosae Cameron, 1882; N. microcercus Thomson, 1871; N. polyspilus Förster, 1854; N. prasinus Hartig, 1837; N. respondens Förster, 1854; N. salicivorus Cameron, 1882; N. validicornis Förster, 1854; N. virescens Hartig, 1837; Pteronidea curtispina var. luctuosa Enslin, 1916; Pteronus fastosus Konow, 1904; and P. pallens Konow, 1903.

The very rich material of Palaearctic Pamphagidae preserved in the collections including the type specimens of all taxa, the historical unidentified specimens and newly collected material have been studied. 58 genera and 295 species and subspecies are listed. The higher classification of the family is reviewed mainly based on the male phallic complex as well as the traditional and some new external characters. The tribe Haplotropiidini is transferred to the subfamily Thrinchinae. Previously synonymized subfamily Tropidaucheninae is validated as an independent tribe of Pamphaginae. The tribe Nocarodeini is taxonomically reviewed except the genus Bufonocarodes Mistshenko. The male phallic complex is also used as one of the main characters in decisions of the genus group taxa. The following 10 genera are synonymized: Pseudotmethis Bey-Bienko, 1948 and Paratmethis Zheng & He, 1996 (with Filchnerella Karny, 1908), Sinotmethis Bey-Bienko, 1959 and Kanotmethis Yin, 1994 (with Beybienkia Tsyplenkov, 1956), Paktia Pfadt, 1970 (with Mistshenkoella Cejchan, 1969), Pseudosavalania Demirsoy, 1973 (with Paranocarodes I. Bolívar, 1912), Nocaropsis Ramme, 1951 (with Paranothrotes Mistshenko, 1951), Paranocaracris Mistshenko, 1951 and Oronothrotes Mistshenko, 1951 (with Nocaracris Uvarov, 1928) and Savalania Mistshenko, 1951 (with Nocarodes Fischer von Waldheim, 1846). The genera Mistshenkoella Cejchan and Cryptonothrotes La Greca are proposed as subgenera of Saxetania Mistshenko. The following genera are divided: Eremocharis Saussure into 4 species groups, Paranocarodes I. Bolívar into 2 species groups, Paranothrotes Mistshenko into 4 species groups, Nocaracris Uvarov into 7 species groups and Nocarodes Fischer von Waldheim into 4 species groups. The following 24 species and subspecies are synonymized: Tmethis cinerascus cyanipes Werner, 1939 [with Eremopeza angusta (Uvarov, 1934)], Iranotmethis cyanipennis cyanipes Bey-Bienko, 1951 [with Iranotmethis cyanipennis iranicus (Werner, 1939)], Eremocharis granulosa roseipes Uvarov, 1943 [with Eremocharis granulosa granulosa (Walker, 1871)], Eremocharis subsulcata minor Cejchan, 1969 (with Eremocharis maior Ramme, 1952), Asiotmethis limbatus motasi Ramme, 1951 [with Asiotmethis limbatus (Charpentier, 1845)], Tropidauchen marginatum Bolívar, 1912 (with Tropidauchen escalerai Bolívar, 1912), Paranocarodes straubei serratus Uvarov, 1949, Paranocarodes straubei insularis Ramme, 1951 and Paranocarodes fieberi mytilenensis Ramme, 1951 [with Paranocarodes fieberi (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)], Paranocarodes atympanicus Ramme, 1951 (with Paranocarodes tolunayi tolunayi Ramme, 1949), Paranocarodes cilicicus Ramme, 1951 (with Paranocarodes lubricus Mistshenko, 1951), Paranothrotes opacus hakkariana Demirsoy, 1973 [with Paranothrotes opacus opacus (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882)], Paranothrotes tenuicornis sordidus Mistshenko, 1951 and Paranothrotes iranicus (Ramme, 1951) (with Paranothrotes tenuicornis Mistshenko, 1951), Paranothrotes elbursianus (Ramme, 1951) [with Paranothrotes demawendi (Ramme, 1951)], Paranocarodes aserbeidshanicus Ramme, 1951 [with Paranothrotes margaritae (Miram, 1938)], Nocaracris burri obscurata Ramme, 1951 [with Nocaracris furvus furvus (Mistshenko, 1951)], Paranocaracris rimansonae ventosus Mistshenko, 1951 [with Nocaracris rimansonae (Uvarov, 1918)], Paranocaracris rigidus Mistshenko, 1951 (with Nocaracris tauricolus Ramme, 1951), Nocaracris cyanipes tristis Ramme, 1951 [with Nocaracris cyanipes (Motschulsky, 1846)], Nocarodes armenus Ramme, 1951 (with Nocarodes serricollis Fischer von Waldheim, 1846), Nocarodes specialis Mistshenko, 1951 [with Nocarodes iranicus (Werner, 1939)], Nocarodes gibbosus Mistshenko, 1951 (with Nocarodes humerosus Mistshenko, 1951), Nocarodes urmianus carinatus Mistshenko, 1951 (with Nocarodes urmianus Ramme, 1939). One new genus in the tribe Nocarodeini, Turkanocaracris Ünal gen. nov., and the following 29 new species and subspecies in four tribes are described: Eremopeza soltanii Ünal, sp. nov., Eremopeza kashmirensis Ünal, sp. nov., Eremocharis subsulcata beccalonii Ünal, ssp. nov., Orchamus massai Ünal, sp. nov., Paracinipe suezensis Ünal & Massa, sp. nov., Saxetania (Mistshenkoella) gorochovi Ünal, sp. nov., Paranocarodes anatoliensis anamas Ünal, ssp. nov., Paranothrotes buzuldagi Ünal, sp. nov., Paranothrotes dentatus Ünal, sp. nov., Paranothrotes eximius bitlis Ünal, ssp. nov., Paranothrotes siirt Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris furvus kazdagi Ünal, ssp. nov., Nocaracris istanbul Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris tunceli Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris tardus Ünal, Bugrov & Jetybayev, sp. nov., Nocaracris emirdagi Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris cejchani Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris judithae Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris minutus Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris karadagi Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris palandoken Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris monticolus Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris van Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris dilekensis Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris karshitoros Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris goektepe Ünal, sp. nov., Nocaracris crassipes Ünal, sp. nov., Turkanocaracris levigatus Ünal, sp. nov., Turkanocaracris davisi Ünal, sp. nov. Lectotypes are designated for the following 12 species: Strumiger desertorum desertorum Zubovski, 1896, Ocnerosthenus brunnerianus (Saussure, 1887), Orchamus gracilis (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882), Saxetania iranicum (Werner, 1939) [syn. of Saxetania (s.str.) cultricolle (Saussure, 1887)], Paranocarodes straubei (Fieber, 1853), Paranocarodes fieberi (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882), Paranothrotes shelkovnikovi (Uvarov, 1918), Paranothrotes nigripes (Stshelkanovtzev, 1916), Eunothrotes derjugini Adelung, 1907, Nocaracris rimansonae (Uvarov, 1918), Nocaracris tridentatus (Stshelkanovtzev, 1916) and Araxiana woronowi (Uvarov, 1918). Many species are given in new combinations and new statuses. Some taxa are proposed as reverted combinations, reverted statuses, reverted genera, species and subspecies. Nomenclatural problems are discussed under the relevant taxa. The authorship of 4 species are discussed and changed as follow: Eremopeza festiva (I. Bolívar, 1884), Paranocarodes tolunayi tolunayi Ramme, 1949, Nocaracris rubripes (Motschulsky, 1846), Nocaracris cyanipes (Motschulsky, 1846). Identification keys for subfamilies, tribes and genera (except the N. African and European genera of Pamphagini) and for each level of the tribe Nocarodeini are prepared. This study is also a review of the Pamphagidae species of Turkey. Therefore all Turkish species are studied in detail except the two genera recently revised by the author, Glyphotmethis Bey-Bienko and Asiotmethis Uvarov. Geographically this paper includes all Pamphagidae species of the following countries and regions: Bulgaria, Turkey, Cyprus, Syria, Israel, Palestine, Jordan, Iraq, Armenia, Georgia, Nakhichevan, Azerbaijan, Pakistan, Greece (except one species), Lebanon (except two species), Arabian Peninsula (except one species), Afghanistan (except some Saxetania) and Iran (except some Saxetania and Tropidauchen). In addition, 848 original figures including 10 distributional maps are provided.

Dr. Miloje Milojevic (1884-1946) was a central figure in Serbian music criticism and academic essays between the World Wars. A large part of his writings on music were dedicated to the issue of the Serbian ?national music style?, its means of expression, and the question of modernity, i. e. to what extent modernity is desirable in the ?national style?. This paper analyzes some twenty articles - reviews, essays, and writings for special occasions - published by Milojevic between 1912 and 1942 in various Serbian newspapers magazines and collections: Srpski knjizevni glasnik (The Serbian Literary Magazine, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1923, 1924, 1935), Prosvetni glasnik (The Educational Herald, 1914, 1921, 1942), Politika (The Politics, 1921, 1922 1923, 1937, 1938, 1940, 1941), Muzika (The Music, twice in 1928) Spomenica-album Udruzenja muzikanata Kraljevine Jugoslavije 1928-1930 (The Commemorative Volume - The Album of the Society of Musicians of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia 1928-1930, 1930), Smena (The Change, 1938), and Slavenska muzika (The Slavonic Music, 1940). In the course of those thirty years Milojevic passionately believed that the future of Serbian music lies in the ?national style?, i.e. in the artistic transformation of anonymous Serbian folk songs and melodies. In spite of the changes of styles that occurred over the years, he never gave up anticipating the appearance of an ingenious composer who would develop the ?national style? to its climax and enrich Serbian music with ?national? symphonies, operas and chamber music. Milojevic was in favour of a ?national style? mainly on principle. He rarely got into a discussion about the stylistic and technical means he considered most suitable for the ?national style?. In his text Nas muzicko umetnicki program (Our music and artistic programme), published in the Serbian Literary Magazine in 1913, and another article, Za folklornu muziku (In favour of Folk Music), published in the Belgrade daily newspaper Politics in 1921, he recommended that Serbian ?national style? composers followed the model of some representatives of the European national schools of romanticism impressionism and moderately modern music. In a special kind of manifesto Za ideju umetnosti i umetnickog nacionalizma kod nas (In favour of the idea of art and artistic nationalism in Serbia), published in 1935 in the Serbian Literary Magazine, he gave an indirect answer to the question of which means of musical expression he preferred in the ?national style?. For example, he singled out the composition Sever duva (North Wind) by Kosta P. Manojlovic (1890-1949), from his collection of choral songs Pesme zemlje Skenderbegove (The Songs from the Land of Skenderbeg, 1933), as an outstanding example of what he meant by ?national style?. This Albanian folk music was transformed into a relatively modern, but yet not avant-garde composition. Therein lies the answer as to what kind of ?national style? Milojevic preferred. An advocate of a moderately modern music language, he wished Serbian art music to use its very rich folk heritage as best as it could. He was well aware that times had changed, and that there was not much inclination towards this style and ideology in the interwar period. However, he never abandoned this idea. Basically, he never accepted more radical, expressionist treatments of folk elements as a solution to the problems of ?national style?. It is also very significant that he never mentioned the name B?la Bart?k in his writings, which is something we analyze in this paper. He was never able to give up romanticism, a style that never had time to fully develop in Serbian music. Serbian folk music was a perfect basis for composing in a romantic style. Nevertheless, due to many unfavourable circumstances in Serbian history, the Serbs became part of European music world only at the beginning of the 20th century, when it was too late to develop a modern romantic national style.

La libera muratoria (comunemente chiamata massoneria) viene trattata e presentata in molte pubblicazioni sotto diversi aspetti e svariati punti di vista. Dal punto di vista del diritto canonico non esistono pubblicazioni riguardanti la libera muratoria, manca­no anche approfonditi studi critici in materia condotti in un'ottica comparata con la filosofia, la teologia e il diritto dai studiosi cattolici. Nella nostra ricerca, passando attraverso un confronto delle disposizioni della Chie­sa previste per la libera muratoria, facciamo un riferimento diretto alla legislazione della Chiesa contenuta nel Codice di Diritto Canonico del 1917 e a numerosi docu­menti emanati dai Papi e dalle Congregazioni, per arrivare alle disposizioni del Codice di Diritto Canonico del 1983. Negli ultimi secoli la massoneria, fosse essa regolare, legittima, irregolare o «devia­ta», senza distinzioni, è stata condannata da diversi Papi ìn circa seicento documenti. La questione comunque è quanto mai attuale perché molti cattolici appartengono alla libera muratoria. La divisione fondamentale, a mio avviso, comprende la fase pre­istituzionale e la fase istituzionale. Nella fase preistituzionale emergeva la massoneria operativa propensa alla costruzione delle cattedrali, delle basiliche e delle chiese; nella fase istituzionale si sviluppa la massoneria moderna detta speculativa. I liberi muratori londinesi, il 24 giugno 1717, nella festa di S. Giovanni Battista costituivano la Gran Loggia d'Inghilterra, la Gran Loggia Madre del Mondo. Fin dall'inizio, in un testo diretto a tutti i fedeli, emerge la preoccupazione per la difficile definibilità, a livello concettuale e terminologico, della libera muratoria con i suoi effetti negativi a livello della Chiesa e della societa civile. Leone XIII, nell'enciclica programmatica Quod sectam massonum: Humanum Ge­nus, del 20 aprile 1884, in modo significativo sottolinea gli effetti negativi delle socie­ta clandestine. L'enciclica costituisce un documento fondamentale di quel periodo. Nel CIC del 1917 il legislatore menziona esplicitamente la setta massonica e le altre associazioni dello stesso genere le quali incorrono ipso facto nella scomunica riservata simpliciter alla S. Sede: «Chi si ascrive alla setta massonica o ad altre associazioni dello stesso genere, che macchinano contro la Chiesa o le legittime autorita civili, incorrono ipso facto nella scomunica riservata simpliciter alla S. Sede» (c. 2335). Un graduale approfondimento della natura e dei fini della massoneria svolto da par­te della Chiesa, prima dell'emanazione della Dichiarazione sulla massoneria del 26 novembre 1983, Quaesitum Est, permise alla Congregazione di accertare le posizioni dottrinali, filosofiche e morali dell'istituzione. Mariano Cordovani in un articolo pubblicato in prima pagina dall'Osservatore Romano sostiene che «fra le cose che risorgono e riprendono vigore, e non solo in Italia, c'è la massoneria con la sua ostilita sempre rinnovata contro la Religione Catto­lica». Egli rileva un fatto che appare nuovo: «la voce che si sparge, nei diversi ceti sociali, che la massoneria di un certo rito non sia piu in contrasto con la Chiesa, che anzi sia avvenuto un accordo tra la massoneria e la Chiesa, in forza del quale anche i cattolici possono tranquillamente iscriversi alla setta senza pericolo di scomuniche e dì riprovazione». Dopo 57 anni dall'entrata in vigore del «Codex» del 1917 «molti vescovi hanno posto il quesito a questa S. Congregazione (per la Dottrina della Fede) circa il valore el'interpretazione del can. 2335 del C.I.C. che sotto pena di scomunica vieta ai cattolici d'iscriversi alle associazioni massoniche o ad altre dello stesso tipo. Il dialogo cattolico-massonico inizia con degli incontri informali tra esponenti della Chiesa Cattolica e della massoneria. Tali incontri ebbero iniziato in Austria, Italia e Germania. Per approfondire alcuni aspetti di questo tema, si possono consultare, an­che se in modo molto critico, diverse pubblicazioni. Negli anni 1974-1980 la Conferenza Episcopale Tedesca costituisce una Commis­sione ufficialmente incaricata di esaminare la compatibilità dell'appartenenza contem­poranea alla Chiesa cattolica e alla libera muratoria. La Commissione sostenne che «Indipendentemente da tutte le concezioni soggettive, l'essenza oggettiva si manifesta nei Rituali ufficiali della libera muratoria. Percio questi documenti vennero sottoposti ad un attento e lungo esame (negli anni 1974-1980); si tratta dei Rituali dei primi tre gradi, dei quali i massoni permisero di studiare i testi, anche se i colloqui non si riferi­rono solo ai Rituali». Il fatto che la libera muratoria metta in discussione la Chiesa in modo fondamentale non è mutato. La libera muratoria non e mutata nella sua essenza. L'appartenenza ad essa mette in questione i fondamenti dell'esistenza cristiana. L'esame approfondito dei Rituali della libera muratoria e del modo di essere massonico, come pure la odierna immutata autocomprensione di sé, mettono in chiaro che l'appartenenza contempora­nea alla Chiesa cattolica e alla Libera Muratoria è esclusa. Da diverse parti del mondo arrivavano domande alla S.C. per la Dottrina della Fede sul giudizio della Chiesa nei confronti della massoneria. La normativa penale del Co­dice non prevede nessuna sanzione per i fedeli che si iscrivono alla massoneria, perché la medesima non viene espressamente nominata dal legislatore; quindi prima dell'ema­nazione della Dichiarazione l'iscrizione non costituiva un delitto punibile con sanzioni a meno che la massoneria non entrasse nella categoria delle associazioni «che com­plottano contro la Chiesa» (can. 1374) e questo si doveva provare. La Dichiarazione invece afferma che gli «appartenenti alle associazioni massoniche sono in peccato gra­ve» e proibisce ai fedeli appartenenti alle associazioni massoniche l'esercizio del dirit­to soggettivo fondamentale dei fedeli di accedere alla S. Comunione. «Solo Gesù Cri­sto e, infatti, il Maestro della Verità e solo in Lui i cristiani possono trovare la luce e la forza per vivere secondo il disegno di Dio, lavorando al vero bene dei loro fratelli».

Three new species of Eburiini are described: Beraba hovorei sp. nov. from Ecuador, Eburella migueli sp. nov from Colombia and Susuacanga marcelae sp. nov. from Mexico. A new combination, Quiacaua vespertina (Monné & Martins, 1973) comb. nov., and the transfer of Eburia (Eburia) stroheckeri Knull, 1949 to Eburia (Eleutho) Thomson, 1864 are proposed. A key to species of Beraba Martins, 1997, Eburella Monné & Martins, 1973 and Quiacaua Martins, 1997 is provided. Moreover, the geographical distribution for 15 species of Eburiini is expanded. A lectotype and a paralectotype for Volxemia dianella Lameere, 1884 are designated.

O objetivo deste artigo é feitura de uma discussão teórica do modelo normativo de cultura denominado helenização a partir de três obras magnas: Alexandre: o grande, de Johann Gustav Droysen (1808-1884), El imperialismo macedonico y la helenización del oriente, de Pierre Jouguet (1869-1949), e Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization, de Arnaldo Momigliano (1908-1987), sendo esta última fundamental no sentido de criticar e limitar a tese de uma helenização absoluta do Oriente a partir das conquistas de Alexandre Magno. Longe de se constituir num conceito estanque, portanto, a helenização possui traços e enunciações que estão em consonância com as épocas em que é formulada, fazendo da reflexão dos porquês de estas diferenças um salutar exercício de pensamento histórico.

O objetivo deste artigo é feitura de uma discussão teórica do modelo normativo de cultura denominado helenização a partir de três obras magnas: Alexandre: o grande, de Johann Gustav Droysen (1808-1884), El imperialismo macedonico y la helenización del oriente, de Pierre Jouguet (1869-1949), e Alien Wisdom: The Limits of Hellenization, de Arnaldo Momigliano (1908-1987), sendo esta última fundamental no sentido de criticar e limitar a tese de uma helenização absoluta do Oriente a partir das conquistas de Alexandre Magno. Longe de se constituir num conceito estanque, portanto, a helenização possui traços e enunciações que estão em consonância com as épocas em que é formulada, fazendo da reflexão dos porquês de estas diferenças um salutar exercício de pensamento histórico.