Journal articles on the topic '1889-1946'

A comparative analysis of the constitutions of Japan in 1889 and 1946, their common features and differences. It is concluded that both Basic Laws meant the second, after ancient Chinese law, and the third reception of foreign law. The common features and differences inherent in the constitutions, due to the combination of the influence of foreign law with Japanese traditions, and the importance of constitutions in ensuring rapid and effective political and socio-economic development of the country at two historical stages. Common features include small volumes of texts, the proclamation of Japan as a constitutional monarchy by both basic laws, the consolidation of the principle of separation of powers, the duty of subordinates and citizens to pay taxes, the emperor's right to dissolve the lower house of parliament, constitution by foreign legal ideas, foreign law with Japanese traditions, promoting rapid and effective political and socio-economic development and improving the legal culture of the population. The differences are the enshrinement of the 1946 Constitution, the principle of people's sovereignty, the radical limitation of the emperor's powers, the proclamation of parliament as the supreme body of state power, the abolition of the hereditary chamber of parliament as part of parliament, its replacement by an elected chamber of advisers parliament, the elimination of estates, the consolidation of political and socio-economic rights of citizens, the declaration of their inviolability and the principle of pacifism. Constitutions differ in the responsibility of deputies for expressing opinions outside parliament, the presence or absence of a section in the text on the government, the Secret Imperial Council, the content of the independence of the judiciary, its structure, the status of the emperor, the powers of government. Also among the differences are the formation of constitutions under the influence of different legal families: Anglo-American law on the Basic Law of 1946 and Romano-Germanic law on the content of the Constitution of 1889. The content of the constitutional monarchy is different: the first basic law provides broad executive and legislative powers of the emperor, and the second ‒ a parliamentary monarchy, with purely ceremonial prerogatives of the emperor.

Da proclamação da República, no Brasil, em 1889, até a decretação da Lei Orgânica sobre o Ensino Primário, em 1946, as normatizações sobre o ensino primário foram incumbência dos Estados que compunham a federação. Neste texto examinam-se as normatizações estabelecidas, neste período, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no período conhecido como Primeira República (1889-1930) e na chamada Era Vargas (1930-1945), enfocando as prescrições relativas ao ensino da Aritmética. São estabelecidas conexões entre as orientações programáticas e metodológicas para a Aritmética e as políticas governamentais de expansão, ordenamento, modernização e controle do ensino primário.

SUMMARY. As a result of the collecting in 2003–2015 in the south part of European Russia and in the North Caucasus 15 species of the carpet beetles (Dermestidae) were found, which was firstly recorded for the Russian territory or was recently listed without specific information: Dermestes intermedius Kalik, 1951, Dermestes elegans Gebler in Ledebour, 1830, Attagenus fasciolatus (Solsky, 1876), Anthrenus amoenulus Reitter, 1896, Anthrenus zebra Reitter, 1889, Anthrenus latefasciatus Reitter, 1892, Anthrenus olgae Kalik, 1946, Anthrenus tadzhicus Mroczkowski, 1961, Anthrenus hissaricus Mroczkowski, 1961, Anthrenus sordidulus Reitter, 1889, Attagenus ionicus Zhantiev, 2005, Attagenus unicolor simulans Solsky, 1876, Attagenus suspiciosus Solsky, 1876, Ctesias hajeki Hava, 2005, Megatoma conspersa Solsky, 1876.

La obra de Logan Pearsall Smith (1865-1946) y la de Julio Torri (1889-1970) ofrecen numerosas concomitancias, que en parte se explican como una decantación por el simbolismo y un rechazo del naturalismo y el positivismo desde contextos diferentes. Partiendo una renovación de la prosa moderna de fuentes francesas y del poema en prosa, ambos desembocaron en una exigua obra aforística.

This article could have also been titled as ‘The little-known artist Vs. Averin.’ The impetus for its writing was the need to overcome post-Soviet propaganda, which invented the brand ‘Ukrainian Soviet artist’ and used it actively to sovietize biographies of Ukrainian artists. Vs. Averin is one of those artists. However, the Soviet style permeated Averin’s art independently through Averin’s presence in respective associations, unions, exhibitions, and publishing houses for which he acted professionally. In the same way, some of Averin’s art was adjusted artificially to the requirements of the Soviet system. Averin also illustrated memories of former revolutionists, he was among those who allegedly supported the Soviet collective farms, and he sympathized ostensibly with the ‘reunification of Ukraine and Russia’, and so on. The truth is that the work on the agitprop took away the artist’s time, which he could have used in other circumstances, in particular for painting. The author draws attention to many other things that are not yet voiced by the biographers. Averin had started with illustrating books before he entered art school, and in many ways he helped colleagues of his zoologist brother. Vsevolod was interested in everything that helped him to strengthen graphics, in particular through the usage of Egyptian and astrophysical symbols, occasionally photography. He created nice autolithographs for VUSOR—a legacy that remains unnoticed by exhibitioners today. The artist contributed a lot to the development of bookplates, trademarks, posters, stands, emblems, badges, covers, pictures for magazines, tokens, diplomas, letters of commendation, invitations, membership cards, as well as other items to advertise hunting and fishing equipment. He illustrated texts for famous writers and zoologists, including O. Vyshnya, Vikt. Averin, L. Portenko, M. Charlemagne, and others. He was the author of portraits of some educators, including T. Shevchenko. Some articles and books he published himself, such as ‘Interesting Plants’ and ‘Straw Bull’ (in Ukrainian). In the history of art, Averin will remain as a native of Kharkiv Oblast (Ukraine) and as a talented master of the national school of animaliers and graphic artists.

Resumo Este artigo discute os principais elementos referentes à relação entre polícia e sociedade, especialmente sobre o trato policial com grupos socialmente marginalizados, no período Colonial e Imperial (1500–1889), República Velha (1889–1930), Era Vargas (1930–1945) e Período Democrático (1946–1964). Buscamos com esse estudo, no campo da história social, compreender o processo de criminalização da pobreza para contribuir com a discussão das relações entre Estado e sociedade no Brasil. O procedimento de investigação consistiu em uma revisão de obras que versam sobre a história da polícia no Brasil, especialmente artigos científicos, dissertações, teses e livros. Constata-se com esse estudo a imbricação da polícia na relação entre Estado e os grupos marginalizados e reprimidos no país. Tal relação implica na manutenção da ordem pública necessária para a autorreprodução do modo de produção capitalista. Com o resultado alcançado conclui-se a necessidade de aprofundar os estudos sobre a função da polícia na sociedade, bem como a importância de estudos sobre segurança pública no âmbito da Psicologia, apontando para a interdisciplinaridade necessária para a compreensão dos modos de subjetivação no capitalismo.

This research is based on the descriptive and analytical methodology. The importance of studying labor laws and labor unions in Japan between 1889 and 1946 constitutions is because Japan was out of a feudal phase, and had no idea about the factory system and industrialization in their modern sense before the Meiji era. Generally, its labor system used to be mostly familial, and the economic system was based on agriculture. This called for the enactment of legislations and laws appropriate for the coming phase in Meiji era. Thus, this paper examines the role of Meiji government in enacting labor legislations and laws when he came to power in 1896, and his new constitution in 1889 and the civil code of 1896. It further examines the way Meiji government and the following Japanese governments until the end of World War II did not abide by Meiji laws and stipulations of the constitution with their abusive actions in ending the workers’ strikes and disputes, with the inequality between genders in labor and wages, and the use of child labor in factories in an inhuman way. The paper clarifies the role of the American occupation of Japan (1945-1952) after dissolving Meiji constitution and legislations and the government measures that followed them to enact new legislations, laws and constitution for Japan on November 3, 1946, which was active in May 3, 1947. The paper has concluded that the American occupation policy of Japan was able to avoid the dissidence of millions of Japanese workers, whose level of livelihood was deteriorating after their country lost the war, and convert them from a dissident group against the occupation to a peaceful group which did not target the occupation in their future goals.

This article dedicated to Ol. Doroshkevych (1889–1946), one who is the author more than thirty articles about the famous Ukrainian poet Taras Shevchenko. Ol. Doroshkevych also known as the head of the Kyiv branch of the Taras Shevchenko Institute in 1926–1931 years. The participation of the scientist in the organization of Shevchenko Studies in the 1920’s – early 1930’s is investigated. The achievements of the scholar to the study of Shevchenko age, the investigation of poet’s connections with friends and with the Slavic world are determined. The Doroshkevych contribution in the development of the textual principles of the publication of Shevchenko’s works, study of memoirs and letters about the poet are described. The role of Ol. Doroshkevych in Shevchenko Studies of the first half of the twentieth century is determined by using the archival sources of the researcher.

Nineteen geographical records for species of Odonata in 2 provinces of Argentina are documented. We provided records for 9 newly recorded species for Córdoba: Lestes spatula Fraser, 1946, Andinagrion peterseni (Ris, 1908), Argentagrion ambiguum (Ris, 1904), Erythemis attala (Selys in Sagra, 1857), Erythemis plebeja (Burmeister, 1839), Erythrodiplax media Borror, 1942, Micrathyria longifasciata Calvert, 1909, Micrathyria hypodidyma Calvert, 1906, and Tramea cophysa Hagen, 1867. In San Luis, we provided records for 10 newly recorded species: Hetaerina rosea Selys, 1853, Acanthagrion lancea Selys, 1876, Ischnura fluviatilis Selys, 1876, Oxyagrion rubidium (Rambur, 1842), Castoraeschna decurvata Dunkle & Cook, 1984, Rhionaeschna pallipes (Fraser, 1947), Phyllocycla argentina (Hagen in Selys, 1878), Erythrodiplax corallina (Brauer, 1865), Perithemis mooma Kirby, 1889, and Planiplax erythropyga (Karsch, 1891). Among these records, we extend the geographic distribution of A. peterseni and R. pallipes, which are endemic to Argentina and recorded P. erythropyga for the first time in Chaco phytogeographic province.

Vilniaus universiteto Knygotyros ir dokumentotyros institutasUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: domas.kaunas@kf.vu.lt Martynas Jankus (1858–1946) ‒ žymus Mažosios Lietuvos lietuvių spaudos veikėjas, tautinio sąjūdžio dalyvis ir politikas, Vokietijos ir Rusijos imperijos sienos perskirtų lietuvių tautos dalių suartinimo šalininkas. Jis per daugiau kaip 40 veiklos metų išleido ir išspausdino 395 neperiodinius ir 27 periodinius leidinius lietuvių ir kitomis kalbomis. Tarp šių leidinių autorių buvo nemaža reikšmingų XIX–XX a. rašytojų, etnologų, istorikų, protestantų teologų, politikų. M. Jankaus asmenybę suformavo valstietiška šeima, gimtojo Bitėnų kaimo socialinė aplinka ir gyventojus autochtonus slegianti tautinės diskriminacijos atmosfera. Vokiškoje mokykloje gavęs tik pradinį išsilavinimą, lavinosi savišvietos būdu. Visuomeninei veiklai motyvavo lietuviškieji laikraščiai, didelę įtaką padarė juose skelbta Vokietijos imperijos mažųjų tautų interesų gynėjo vokiečio Georgo Sauerweino kūryba. Imtis leidybos paskatino aktyvus XIX a. pabaigos politinis sąjūdis, ypač rinkimų į Prūsijos landtagą ir Vokietijos reichstagą kampanijos. Lietuvių kandidatų palaikymo tikslu jis 1879–1888 metais išleido keletą agitacinių proklamacijų, tautiečių kultūriniam švietimui skirtų knygų, brošiūrų ir kalendorių. Tarp jų buvo paties Jankaus parengtų originaliosios ir tautosakinės poezijos, iš vokiečių ir lenkų kalbų verstos prozos rinkinių. Suartėjęs su Didžiosios Lietuvos tautinio sąjūdžio dalyviais, Jankus tapo jų įkurto periodinio leidinio „Auszra“ atsakinguoju redaktoriumi. Šio straipsnio tikslas yra išanalizuoti pradinį Jankaus leidybos etapą, pasibaigusį spaudos įmonės įsigijimu 1889 m. ir aktyvaus dalyvavimo tautiniame bei kultūriniame sąjūdyje pradžia. Jis lėmė Jankaus viso gyvenimo ir visuomeninės veiklos, peraugusios į politinę, kryptį.REIKŠMINIAI ŽODŽIAI: Bitėnai, Prūsija, Paprūsė, Mažoji Lietuva, lietuviškos spaudos draudimas, atsišaukimai, knygos, kalendoriai, periodika, „Auszra“, leidyba, spausdinimas, spaustuvė, leidinių reklama, leidinių platinimas, knygnešiai.

Este trabalho faz parte de uma série de investigações realizadas acerca do escritor mineiro Mário Matos. Nesta busca mais diligente, estão sendo realizados levantamentos de seus textos publicados em diversos periódicos, desde os primeiros escritos até os que foram produzidos e localizados meses antes de sua morte. O presente artigo, contudo, pretende evidenciar a atuação jornalístico-literária desse autor na Alterosa, antiga revista de grande visibilidade no contexto de Minas Gerais, bem como trazer ao leitor uma apresentação geral da vida literária de Mário Matos. Palavras-chave: Mário Matos. Alterosa. Literatura mineira. Imprensa mineira. Memória. Referências A COMEMORAÇÃO do 6.º aniversa’rio de “Alterosa”. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VII, n. 65, p. 120, 134, 136, set. 1945. ALENCAR, Gilberto de. Um “novo” de valor. O Pharol, Juiz de Fora, ano XLVII, n. 307, p. 1, 27 dez. 1912. ALTEROSA. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano V, n. 39, p. 1, jul. 1943. ALTEROSA. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VI, n. 49, p. 1, maio 1944. ALTEROSA. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano XV, n. 169, p. 96, 01 set. 1953. ALTEROSA em nova fase. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano XXII, n. 329, p. 1, maio 1960. ANDRADE, Carlos Drummond de. Imagem de escritor mineiro. Correio da Manhã, Rio de Janeiro, ano LXVI, n. 22.619, 1º caderno, p. 6, 30 dez. 1966. CHAVES, Hermenegildo. Uma alma simples de artista. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VII, n. 65, p. 142,147, set. 1945. DANTAS, Paulo. Qual o seu candidato? Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VII, n. 65, p. 92-94, set. 1945. DUARTE, Constância Lima (org.). Dicionário bibliográfico de escritores mineiros. Belo Horizonte: Autêntica, 2010. FECHAMENTO de “Alterosa” decidido pela direção em face do aumento do papel. Jornal do Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, ano LXXIV, n. 305, 1º caderno, p. 16, 27-28 dez. 1964. JURISPRUDÊNCIA MINEIRA. Desembargador Mário Gonçalves de Matos: nota biográfica. Belo Horizonte, a. 53, n. 162, p. 3-5, out.-dez. 2002. MÁRIO Matos: nota biográfica. Suplemento Literário do Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, ano II, n. 70, p. 2, 30 dez. 1967. MATOS, Mário Gonçalves de. Dicionário da elite política republicana (1889-1930). FUNDAÇÃO GETÚLIO VARGAS/CPDOC. Disponível em: <https://cpdoc.fgv.br/dicionario-primeira-republica/5>. Acesso em: 01 abr. 2019. MATOS, Mário. Caçada de onça. Bello Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, n. 101, fev. 1939. Não paginado. ______. Machado de Assis: o homem e a obra – Os personagens explicam o autor. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1939 (Coleção Brasiliana, 5ª série da Biblioteca Pedagógica Brasileira, vol. 153). 454 p. ______. O personagem persegue o autor. Rio de Janeiro: “O Cruzeiro”, 1945. 357 p. ______. Os mortos governam os vivos. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VII, n. 67, p. 39, nov. 1945. ______. Palavra da musa antiga. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VII, n. 68, p. 1, dez. 1945. ______. Interpretação do Natal. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano [VIII], n. 68, p. 39,119, dez. 1945. ______. Chico Mendonça, a mulher e o “Balão”. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VIII, n. 69, p. 39, jan. 1946. ______. Centenário poético. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VII, n. 70, p. 39, fev. 1946. ______. A vida é assim. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VIII, n. 71, p. 39, mar. 1946. ______. Soldado Clementino. O Jornal, Rio de Janeiro, ano XXVIII, n. 8.158, 4ª seção (Revista), p. 1,7, 01 dez. 1946. ______. Casa das três meninas. Belo Horizonte: Movimento Editorial Panorama, 1949. 254 p. ______. Caçada da onça. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano XVI, n. 206, p. 36-39,90, 15 mar. 1955. MATTOS, Mário. Último bandeirante. Belo Horizonte: Os Amigos do Livro, 1935. 174 p. MOREIRA, Vivaldi. Figuras, tempos, formas. Belo Horizonte: MP, 1966. NOTAS & Novas. O Pharol, Juiz de Fora, ano XLIX, n. 45, p. 1, 22 fev. 1914. O PARLAMENTO mineiro. O Jornal, Rio de Janeiro, ano V, n. 1.397, p. 11, 29 jul. 1923. OLAVO, Alberto. Último canto da tarde. Belo Horizonte: Os Amigos do Livro, 1938. 224 p. ______. A poesia abandonou o verso. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano V, n. 40, p. 18,19,146, ago. 1943. ______. Mês de Maria. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VI, n. 49, p. 41, maio 1944. ______. Soldado Clementino. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VII, n. 65, p. 39, set. 1945. ______. O consul Eça de Queiroz. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VII, n. 66, p. 37, out. 1945. ______. O exemplo de Judas. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VIII, n. 72, p. 39,129, abr. 1946. ______. Maio, mês da rosa e do sonho. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VIII, n. 73, p. 41, maio 1946. ______. Adeus, meu lar. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VIII, n. 74, p. 41, jun. 1946. ______. Vitória de princípios. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VIII, n. 76, p. 33,70, ago. 1946. ______. Eis a primavera. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VIII, n. 77, p. 33, set. 1946. ______. Sorvete, Iáiá. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VIII, n. 79, p. 33, nov. 1946. ______. Eterno sonêto de Natal. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano VIII, n. 80, p. 41, p. 41, dez. 1946. ______. Casamento por anedota. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano IX, n. 81, p. 33, jan. 1947. ______. Interpretação do carnaval. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano IX, n. 82, p. 33,46, fev. 1947. OLAVO, Alberto. O ridículo na poesia. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano IX, n. 84, p. 33,57, abr. 1947. ______. Uma questão de dinheiro. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano XI, n. 105, p. 33,73, jan. 1949. UMA GRANDE aquisição para o quadro de colaboradores permanentes de Alterosa. Alterosa, Belo Horizonte, ano V, n. 40, p. 114, ago. 1943.

Vilniaus universiteto Knygotyros ir dokumentotyros institutasUniversiteto g. 3, LT-01513 Vilnius, LietuvaEl. paštas: domas.kaunas@kf.vu.ltMartynas Jankus (1858–1946) – istorinė asmenybė. Jo įvaizdis ir aktualumas laiko tėkmėje kinta mažai. Dar M. Jankui esant gyvam buvo sukurtas jo mitas, kurti ir statyti monumentai, jo vardu vadintos gatvės ir organizacijos. M. Jankus daro didelį poveikį nūdienai, nes jo interesai atitiko ir dabar atitinka gyvybiškus lietuvių tautos ir Lietuvos valstybės interesus. Svarbus jo vaidmuo lietuvių spaudos istorijoje.M. Jankaus daugiafunkcė spaudos leidybos, gamybos ir prekybos įmonė 1889−1923 m. veikė Prūsijos valdomoje Mažojoje Lietuvoje, tačiau daugiausia buvo orientuota į caro valdžios draudžiamos Didžiosios Lietuvos lietuviškos spaudos lotynišku raidynu leidimą, gamybą ir nelegalų gabenimą į Rusijos imperiją. Iš viso joje pasirodė apie 400 knygų ir 27 periodiniai leidiniai lietuvių, vokiečių, lenkų ir baltarusių kalbomis. M. Jankaus veikloje vyravo du prioritetai: komercinis ir idėjinis. Pirmasis užtikrino įmonės ir šeimos egzistavimą, antrasis leido įgyvendinti dvasinius, šviečiamuosius ir politinius siekius. M. Jankaus laimėjimu laikytinas spaudos darbo produktyvumas ir leidinių įvairovė, jų pasaulietiškumas ir polemiškumas. Šią lietuvių spaudos naujovę formavo M. Jankaus orientacija į bręstantį tautinį sąjūdį ir bendradarbiavimą su didžiąja tautos dalimi, į XIX–XX amžiaus sąvartoje veržliai kylančias socialines ir politines jėgas. Lietuvių spaudos istorijon M. Jankus patenka dėl inovacijų (satyrinio, dienraštinio, vakarinio periodinio leidinio bandymų), spaudos ryšių plėtros tarp lietuvių ir kaimyninių šalių tautinių ir revoliucinių sąjūdžių. M. Jankaus įmonėje poligrafininko kvalifikaciją įgijo nemaža lietuvių jaunuolių. Kai kurie jų po 1904 m. panaikinto lietuviškos spaudos draudimo tapo Didžiosios Lietuvos spaudos verslo pradininkais ir profesionalais. Dabarties laikais nuolat didėja M. Jankaus spaudos paveldo vertė. Beveik visos jo spausdintos knygos, brošiūros, periodiniai ir smulkieji leidiniai priskiriami retenybių kategorijai. Šio spaudos paveldo paieška ir atradimai tęsiasi, todėl mes vis dar nežinome tikslaus M. Jankaus leidinių skaičiaus.

In 1946, Eric Bentley published The Playwright as Thinker, a revolutionary study of modern drama that helped to create the intellectual climate in which serious American theatre would thrive in the second half of the twentieth century. In 1964 Robert Brustein published an equally influential study of modern drama entitled The Theatre of Revolt. And in 1966, Stanley Kauffmann began a brief, combative stint as first-string theatre critic for the New York Times. Kauffmann's short-lived tenure at the Times dramatized the enormous gap that had arisen between mainstream taste and the alternative vision of the theatre that he shared with Bentley and Brustein. Collectively, these three critics championed the European modern dramatists, like Pirandello, Brecht, Beckett, and Genet, whose plays were rarely if ever performed on Broadway. They also embraced the early work of performance groups such as Julian Beck and Judith Malina's Living Theater when they were either ignored or deplored by most mainstream reviewers. Above all, they challenged the time-honoured idea that the primary goal of the theatre is to provide the audience with an emotional catharsis achieved by realistically identifying with the dramatic protagonist. By contrast, Bentley, Brustein, and Kauffmann championed a theatre that emphasized poetic stylization, intellectual seriousness, and social engagement. The discussion which follows, held on 27 October 2007 at the Philoctetes Center, New York, examines the legacy of these leading American theatre critics of the past fifty years. Bert Cardullo, who transcribed and edited the discussion, was Stanley Kauffmann's student at the Yale School of Drama and is the author, editor, or translator of many books, among them Theater of the Avant-Garde, 1889–1950, What Is Dramaturgy?, and American Drama/Critics: Writings and Readings.

ἄνδρά μοι ἔννεπε…: Are you shocked to find a misprint at the very beginning of Martin West's Teubner Odyssey? Then you've not been reading the poem in the editions of La Roche (1867–8) or Ludwich (1889–91), and you have not been reading the Iliad in West's edition (1998). You will need to consult the latter if you want to gain enlightenment on this and other orthographic niceties: the introduction to West's Odyssey is, inconveniently, not a stand-alone resource. Sampling his text alongside Allen's routinely derided OCT rarely revealed differences more substantive than, for example, ἐνὶ vs ἐπὶ in 1.211. But confidence in my collation may be undermined when I confess that I almost missed μηδὲ vs μέγα δέ in 13.158: West's decision to set aside the entire ancient textual tradition in favour of Aristophanes of Byzantium's conjecture strikes me as reckless. Strongly attested lines have no immunity to West's suspicions (e.g. 1.171–3). Suspect lines are variously queried in the apparatus, or bracketed in the text, or moved from text to apparatus. The last of these options is disruptive to the reading experience, and such a sharply polarized layout can hardly avoid being arbitrary: doubtfulness is a continuum. I, at any rate, was unable to extract a consistent set of criteria underlying West's choices among the three options. But his handling of these difficult decisions is more restrained than I had expected. The apparatus, once its conventions have become familiar, is clear and informative; an unprecedented range of papyri is cited; the testimonia, too, are given in unprecedented abundance. Allen, of course, but also von der Mühll (1946) and Thiel (1991) are put in the shade by West's final scholarly tour de force.

Mycology is a relatively small and young discipline that has yet to achieve the institutional presence of similar disciplines such as botany and zoology. Because of this, mycological histories are often written by practitioners aiming to establish a narrative of professionalization that confirms mycology as a scientific discipline instead of a natural history pursuit. George Edward Massee (1845–1917) was one of the foremost mycologists of the late nineteenth century, achieving the top position in the field as Principal Assistant (Cryptogams) at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and publishing over 250 books and articles. Providing a link between the great Victorian mycologists Mordecai Cubitt Cooke (1825–1914) and the Revd Miles Joseph Berkeley (1803–1889) and the more modern school that included the likes of Elsie Maud Wakefield (1886–1972), he achieved this position without a university education. However, since his death, his achievements have been subject to multiple negative assessments and, as a result, he has become increasingly obscured in the history of British mycology. The majority of these unfavourable appraisals originated from the publications of Dr John Ramsbottom (1885–1974), a mycologist and historian who was a key member of the British Mycological Society and a founding member of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History. These articles were published across the first half of the twentieth century, and Ramsbottom's works have since become standard texts in both the biography of Massee and the history of British mycology. Here I question the validity of the substance of Ramsbottom's claims against Massee, given the circumstances under which Ramsbottom's articles were written and the relationship between Massee and the fledgling British Mycological Society, initially run by Carleton Rea (1861–1946) and of which Ramsbottom was a senior member. I examine wider reasons for such strong criticism of Massee and explore the professional differences and relationships between Massee and Ramsbottom, placing the analysis firmly in the context of changing scientific practice occurring in the early twentieth century.

En este artículo, el Dr. Federico Medem hace una síntesis de los grandes grupos supragénéricos (Superórden, Orden y Familia) de los géneros y de las especies que hasta ese entonces, los conformaban. Hay que reconocer que éste fue un gran esfuerzo si se tiene en cuenta que se incluyeron todas las especies de reptiles. Es interesante el hecho de haber realizado un repaso paleogeográfico de las cordilleras colombianas con el fin de comprender mejor la complejidad y distribución de nuestra herpetofauna. Destacable también es su revisión histórica con respecto a los momentos en que se registran, por primera vez, datos sobre la herpetofauna colombiana comenzando con exploradores del siglo XVIII, como fueron los misioneros que estuvieron en el Orinoco. Se nombra aquí al Padre Joseph Gumilla quien, en 1741, narró sus observaciones de reptiles de la zona. Luego se pasa a mencionar a los autores colombianos y extranjeros que publicaron obras, ya sean libros o artículos, en los siglos XIX y XX sobre la herpetofauna de Colombia. Estos son algunos de los nombres a resaltar: Alexander von Humboldt (1799-1801), Carl Lehman (1892, 1893, 1898), Emmett Reid Dunn (1943-1944), el Hermano Nicéforo María (1920-1958) entre los extranjeros; y los colombianos Evaristo García (1892, 1896), Posada Arango (1889, 1909), y los hermanos Osorno Mesa (1938, 1946), entre otros. La última parte, la más larga, está dedicada a presentar una lista de los grupos de anfibios y reptiles. Se presenta, igualmente, un diagnóstico para las clases (Amphibia y Reptilia) y, dentro de éstas, para los órdenes, por ejemplo, Apoda en anfibios y Sauria en reptiles, e igualmente, para algunas familias. Para los reptiles, se hace la lista de todas las especies, pero para los anfibios solo se ofrece la de los géneros, lo que muestra su clara preferencia y, tal vez, su conocimiento asimétrico de los grupos. Julio Mario Hoyos H, Ph.D.Profesor TitularPontificia Universidad JaverianaSandra Baena, Ph.D.Miembro Correspondiente

The article examines the life of Kyiv Archpriest Serhii Afonskyi based on the integrated use of archival and published materials, including memories of his family members and contemporaries. It reveals Serhii Afonskyi’s family connections with well-known representatives of the Kyiv clergy and gives the main milestones of his formation and service as a priest. The study pays special attention to his academic activity at the Kyiv Theological Seminary during 1947–1960s. As a rector (December 23, 1946 — December 30, 1949), Archpriest Serhii Afonskyi solved all economicadministrative and educational-methodological issues, and recruited students for the seminary. Twice during his rectorship, he had to remake unsuitable premises for the seminary’s auditoriums and dormitories: first time in the monastic cells of St Michael’s Golden-Domed Monastery in 1946–1947 and the second time in the stylobate of St Andrew’s Church in 1949. As chief of the library (December 1949 — December 20, 1952), he worked to increase its collection and to get it registered with government agencies. However, during all the years the Kyiv Theological Seminary existed in the Soviet Union, teaching was the most important task of Archpriest Serhii Afonskyi. In different years he taught catechism, dogmatic theology, and the Holy Scripture of the Old and New Testaments. As a pastor and pedagogue, he spiritually and intellectually shaped the personalities of future priests in the difficult conditions of a totalitarian atheistic regime. Alongside the performing academic duties, Serhii Afonskyi carried out no less important ministry: he served as the first priest in Kyiv Protection convent since 1948.

It is worth noting that the important journal of the history of Serbian literature and music, the Serbian Literary Magazine (1901 - 1914, 1920 1941), became more Yugoslav-oriented within a relatively short period following its inception. From its early beginning to 1906, the Magazine?s musical critics did not actively express its Yugoslav ideology. But from 1907 there was an increase of interest in both the music and the musicians from Croatia and Slovenia. In 1911 the Croatian Opera spent almost two weeks in Belgrade performing; the composer and musicologist, Miloje Milojevic began to develop the idea of union with Slavs from the South in a critical analysis he rendered of their performance. Until the end of the first/old series, SLM highlighted a noticeable number of texts about Croatians and Slovenians: critical reviews of Croatian musical books, concerts of Slovenian artists in Belgrade, score editions of Slovenian music performances of instrument soloists from Zagreb in Belgrade - as well as notes about the musical work of Croatian Academy (Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb). Echoes of rare tours of Serbian musicians in South Slavs cultural centers did not go unheard, either. In the older series of the journal, lasting and two-fold relations had already begun to lean towards Yugoslav ideology. From one side, even before World War I, Yugoslav ideology in the Magazine was accepted as a program objective of Serbian political and cultural elite. On the other, the journal does not appear to have negotiated any of its aesthetic criterion when estimating musical events that came from Zagreb and Ljubljana to Belgrade - at least not "in the name of Yugoslav ideology". In later series of SLM, the Yugoslav platform was being represented as official ideological statehood of newly created Kingdoms of Serbs, Croats and Slovenians (1918), i.e., the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1929). At that time, the Magazine had occasional literary cooperation from Croatian musical writers such as Lujo Safranek-Kavic, Bozidar Sirola and Antun Dobronic. Their articles described activities of the Croatian National Theatre and evaluated new works of Croatian composers. But they were not at all remiss about acknowledging great masterpieces of European music being performed in Zagreb in their day, either. The works of Claude Debussy, Pell?as et M?lisande; Ludwig van Beethoven, Missa solemnis Richard Wagner, Lohengrin were also followed through reviews, albeit within a curious Croatian-paradigm of musical history which included musical and dramatic theatre from Ljubljana, Zagreb, Split, Sarajevo, Skoplje, Osijek. In other words, they seem to have been aware of the cultural differences without ignoring what from them were shared in common. Before the First World War, SLM classified Bulgarians together with Serbs, Croats and Slovenians, as the future "Yugoslav nation". When the reality of politics clouded their vision, the Magazine?s musical critics nevertheless pursued a troupe of Bulgarian performers to visit Belgrade, and thus added to their repertoire from works of Bulgarian composers. Among musical contributors to the journal were the eminently known "Yugoslavs", Dr Miloje Milojevic (1884 - 1946) and Dr Viktor Novak (1889 - 1977). From Croatia and Slovenia musicians Juro Tkalcic and Ciril Licar, Milojevic spoke about "our national artists" and praised musicians who, in their program, included compositions of "all Yugoslav nations". Dr Novak demanded that Belgrade become the musical capital of South Slavs, and invited Belgrade Opera to show on its scene the best Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian operas and ballets. From its onset, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was burdened by heavy political and economical problems. That would also lead to bitter dispute about Yugoslavian ideology. Nevertheless, SLM did not renounce the system of its objectives and values upon which it was built. But there is one particular section where the Magazine?s inconsistency can be noticed - when seen from a Yugoslav dimension of the journal - is the necrology column. Magazine did not publish even one obituary of Croatian musicians, and wrote fragmentary unclear and unconvincing criterion about Slovenians. However, it would be neither appropriate, nor real, to interpret incompleteness of the Magazine?s musical necrological texts in purely ideological light. Namely an insufficient number of musical contributors from all Yugoslav provinces - with the exception of Serbia - was probably the main reason for these omissions. After all, SLM was a literary journal and, as such, entertained numerous literary problems and questions. At some point, the editors must have agreed that the information in the field of musical posthumous articles was insufficient. The obvious absence of said would indicate that they did.

How the Grundtvig Society was foundedA paper read by Henning Høirup to the Annual Conference of the GS on 15th January 1988This paper was given close to the fortieth anniversary of the date when the GS made itself known to the public with a press notice announcing its foundation at a meeting, held at Vartov on 13th January 1948 when the Society was formally constituted. The notice includes the names of the fifteen founder members. The reason why the GS has nevertheless insisted on 8th September 1947 as the date of its foundation is given by Bishop Høirup in this paper. The latter date is the correct one, and the place where the GS was founded is the episcopal residence at Ribe, but the six founders (who had come together at a meeting of Grundtvig scholars) agreed to widen the circle so as to include nine co-founders who were present at the meeting on 13th January 1948.Concurring with Albeck Høirup maintains that the renewed interest in Grundtvig began in the Thirties when the literary historian Georg Christensen had completed Svend Grundtvig’s edition of his father’s Poetiske Skrifter, which had come to a standstill after the Editor’s death in 1889. Approximately at the same time the Haandbog i N. F. S. Grundtvig’s Skrifier by Ernst J. Borup and Fr. Schrøder was published. It was also the time of appearance of Edvard Lehmann’s book on Grundtvig in Swedish with a Danish version following later on. All this occured about ten years earlier than the so-called Grundtvig Renaissance launched by Hal Kochs university lectures on Grundtvig in 1940.However, to Høirup the most important event in the Thirties was the appearance of the eleventh edition of the song-book of the folk high school with the scores for tunes by Carl Nielsen, Thomas Laub and Thorvald Aagaard, which gave new life to Grundtvig’s songs and hymns. Høirup’s pastor colleague of the adjacent parish in Funen, Kaj Thaning at Asperup, had started a card index on main concepts in Grundtvig’s work, and the two clerics got permission to take out Grundtvig mss. on loan pledging that they would keep the invaluable fascicles in the fire-proof safes of their vicarages. Bishop Hans .llgaard of Odense supported research on Grundtvig’s theology as when he convened a working synod of his diocese in 1946, where both Thaning and H.irup presented results of the research projects that led to their doctoral dissertations. At the Royal Library in Copenhagen Høirup met other Grundtvig scholars, Steen Johansen, William Michelsen and Helge Toldberg. In September 1947 those three and Høirup came to Ribe to meet Bishop C. I. Scharling and Villiam Grønbæk, the Diocesan Dean, both known as “High Church” men. But all misgivings about them were soon laid aside. Scharling was able to present his book on “Grundtvig and Romanticism”, that appeared in the same year. At this meeting the idea to set up a society for the advancement of cooperation in research and in the editing of documentary scholarly editions of Grundtvig’s writings was discussed along with a proposal from Bishop Øllgaard that a future yearbook be called Grundtvig-Studier. On the following day, Grundtvig’s birthday, regulations were drafted, just as it was agreed to widen the circle so as to include Bishop Øllgaard and Professor Poul Andersen and Hal Koch, as well as the literary historians Gustav Albeck, Georg Christensen and Magnus Stevns. Helge Toldberg was appointed Secretary and Høirup himself Editor of Grundtvig-Studier. The meeting at Ribe was not convened with the foundation of the GS as its aim. The resolve tofound it grew out of a feeling of the value that working together would entail. The proposed co-founders were all in favour and were joined by Pastor Balslev of Vartov. At the meeting at Vartov, where the Society was constituted, Bishop Scharling was elected President. When he died in 1951, Ernst J. Borup, the Warden of Vartov, rightly said that thanks to Scharling the Society “had been taken beyond the limitations of the partisan dominance to which it might otherwise have been confined.” The circle of co-founders were further augmented with Kaj Thaning and Holger Kjær, a folk high school teacher. An invitation to membership was issued, and at the first annual conference in 1948 the membership stood at 333. At the conference Magnus Stevns lectured on “The Kingo Hymn and Grundtvig”, though he was already hampered by the disease that was to bring him to his grave shortly afterwards.After some remarks about the activities of the Society over the past forty years Høirup pointed out that new scholars constantly have come forward including undergraduates, as those who wrote most of the chapters in the book “For the Sake of Continuity” (1977), which was published as a double-volume of Grundtvig Studier.The 1988 volume of Grundtvig Studier opens with an obituary on P. G. Lindhardt. He was a professor of ecclesiastical history in the University of Aarhus and a member of the Committee of the GS from 1956. He is the author of a biography of Grundtvig in English and contributed an article “Some Light Thrown on Grundtvig’s Trip to England in 1843” to Kirkehistoriske Samlinger 1972. He made an edition of Grundtvig’s sermons 1854-56 with a commentary (1974-1977). His monumental scholarly work was chiefly concerned with the rise of the revivalist movements in the 19th century. The obituarist is J. H . Schjørring, D.D ., who was elected a member of the Commitee of the GS in 1988.The Grundtvig Manuscript .Fragen aus Dänemark an die Universitäten Deutscher Zunge., an unpublished fragment lodged in the Grundtvig Archives of the Royal Library in Copenhagen (fasc. 168), dates from the period 1816-1820. It contains an appeal to the professors of German universities that they offer themselves to the German princes as intermediaries between these and their subjects in setting up constitutional rules of government after the Vienna Conference 1815-1816. As the situation changed, when the writer August von Kotzebue was murdered on 23. March 1819, the manuscript was probably written shortly before this date.

Valentin Feliksovich was born on April 27, 1877 in the eastern part of the Crimea, in one of the oldest cities in the world, at a unique resort located on two seas at once Kerch. His father, Felix Stanislavovich, was a pharmacist and worked as a manager of a private pharmacy of D.I. Kundin, whose daughter, Maria Dmitrievna, was his mother. Valentin Feliksovich was born into a family belonging to an ancient family of impoverished Polish nobles. Of his 14 sisters and brothers, only five survived to adulthood.In 1880, the family of Valentin Feliksovich left Kerch for Kherson, then to Chisinau, in 1889 to Kiev. In 1896, Valentin Feliksovich graduated from the gymnasium and art school of Nikolai Ivanovich Murashko.Then Valentin Feliksovich studied for a year at the Faculty of Law, at the private art school of Knirr in Munich, but in 1898, deciding to become a doctor, he entered the medical faculty of Kiev University.Valentin Feliksovich, having received a doctor's degree, worked at the Red Cross hospital in Kiev, during the Russian-Japanese war he headed the surgical department of the Chita hospital as part of the Red Cross medical detachment, later worked as a surgeon in Ardatov, Simbirsk province, in the village of Verkhny Lyubazh and Fatezh, Kursk region. During this period, he married the daughter of the estate manager, sister of mercy Anna Vasilyevna Lanskaya. In 1909, Valentin Feliksovich entered the Moscow University as an external student to Professor P.I. Dyakonov.In 1915 he published the monograph "Regional Anesthesia" and in 1916 defended it as a dissertation with the award of the degree of Doctor of Medicine. By this time, Valentin Feliksovich had mastered operations on the heart, brain, organs of vision, gastrointestinal tract, including stomach, intestines, bile ducts, kidneys, spine and joints. Until 1917, Valentin Feliksovich worked as a doctor in hospitals in central Russia, later as the chief physician of a hospital in Tashkent, professor at the Central Asian State University. Moving to Tashkent is associated with the progression of his wife's tuberculosis, which required her to stay in a warmer climate, but in 1919, the wife of V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky died, leaving him to take care of four children. In February 1921, he was ordained a deacon, a week later a priest, on May 31, 1923, he was tonsured a monk and consecrated a bishop with the name Luke, and a week later he was arrested.At the beginning of 1926, Valentin Feliksovich returned to Tashkent. But on May 6, 1930, he was detained and transferred to Arkhangelsk. In the autumn of 1933, from exile, Valentin Feliksovich wrote a letter to the People's Commissar of Health about the need to organize an institute of surgical infection in the country and, having received no response, went to Moscow at the first opportunity for a personal meeting, at which he rejected the offer to renounce holy orders and instead accept the post of director of the institute.In the autumn of 1934, Valentin Feliksovich published a widely known monograph, including abroad: "Essays on purulent surgery". For several years, Professor Voino-Yasenetsky headed the main operating room of the Tashkent Institute of Emergency Care, but on July 24, 1937, he was arrested again, for the third time. Since March 1940, he has been working as a surgeon a hundred kilometers from Krasnoyarsk in the Bolshaya Murta of the Yelovskaya volost.After the outbreak of the Great Patriotic War, Valentin Feliksovich sends a telegram to M.I. Kalinin, in which he asks to be sent as a surgeon to the hospital, expressing his readiness to continue exile after the Victory.In September 1941, the chief surgeon of the region took V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky by plane to Krasnoyarsk to work as the chief surgeon of the evacuation hospital No. 1515, which was later recognized as the best of the 17 hospitals of the region.Since October 1941, Valentin Feliksovich has been a consultant to hospitals in the Krasnoyarsk Territory and chief surgeon of the evacuation hospital. In the autumn of 1942, he was elevated to the rank of archbishop and appointed to the Krasnoyarsk department. In 1944, Valentin Feliksovich published his monographs: "On the course of chronic empyema and chondrates", "Late resections of infected gunshot wounds of joints". Since February 1944, Archbishop Luke has been the head of the Tambov Department, and is a consultant surgeon at Tambov hospitals. In February 1945, Valentin Feliksovich was awarded by Patriarch Alexy I the right to wear a diamond cross. He is writing the book "Spirit, Soul and Body". Since May 1946, he has headed the Crimean Department in Simferopol and in the same year was awarded the Stalin Prize for the monograph "Essays on purulent Surgery", 130 out of 150 thousand of which he gives to the needs of wartime orphans.In 1955, Valentin Feliksovich completely went blind, but continuing to work and in 1957 dictated his memoirs. V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky died on June 11, 1961 in the rank of Archbishop of Crimea and Simferopol on the Day of All Saints who shone in the Russian land.Valentin Feliksovich is the author of 55 scientific works on medicine, ten volumes of sermons. He was elected an honorary member of the Moscow Theological Academy in Zagorsk. He was awarded the Chojnatski Prize from the University of Warsaw (1916), the Diamond Cross (1944), the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War" (1945).In 1995, Valentin Feliksovich was canonized as a locally venerated saint in the Crimean diocese, in 2000 he was glorified as a confessor (saint) in the host of New martyrs and confessors of Russia. His relics are installed for worship in the Cathedral of Simferopol.On July 14, 2008, V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky posthumously became an Honorary Citizen of Pereslavl-Zalessky. On June 19, 2020, by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Medal of Luke Krymsky was established, awarded for merits in healthcare.In memory of V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky, over 69 churches of St. Luke were opened, including in Russia (Moscow, Balashikha, Voronezh, Yevpatoria, Yeysk, Yekaterinburg, Donetsk, Zheleznogorsk, Kerch, Kovrov, Krasnoyarsk, Murmansk, Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Novy Svet, Obninsk, Olginka, Orenburg, Perm, Petrozavodsk, Saki, Saratov, Simferopol, Stavropol, Ulyanovsk, Chelyabinsk, Chita, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), in Ukraine (Kiev, Sumy, Odessa, Vinnytsia, Dnipro), Greece and other countries. Monuments and busts were installed only in Russia in the years Moscow, Yeysk, Krasnoyarsk, Lipetsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Simferopol, Tambov and other cities. The name of Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky was given to the Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, St. Petersburg Clinical Hospital, and the Society of Orthodox Doctors of St. Petersburg.

Нечаева Могила – единственный сохранившийся до наших дней скифский царский курган-гигант в Северном Причерноморье. С 1853 г. он известен российским археологам. Его высота на сегодняшний день составляет 14–15 м. За последние два века курган претерпел существенные изменения. В середине 19 ст. были отмечены просадки насыпи, затем на вершине был вырыт глубокий колодец, позднее засыпанный, и на его месте выстроена беседка. Особо трагическую роль курган сыграл в годы Великой Отечественной войны, когда он был одним из узловых опорных пунктов войск вермахта в Никопольско-Криворожской наступательной операции Красной армии в декабре 1943 г. – январе 1944 г., в ходе которой была разгромлена криворожско–никопольская группировка, пытавшаяся удержать любой ценой Никопольский марганцевый и Криворожский железорудный бассейны. В боях за Нечаеву Могилу полегло более полутора тысяч советских воинов. Сам курган, в особенности его вершина, был изрыт блиндажами и ходами сообщений, а также сотнями воронок от снарядов. После войны вершина кургана была полностью перепланирована и на ней был установлен триангуляционный пункт высшей категории. Все факты указывают на то, что ранее курган входил в число крупнейших скифских царских курганов Северного Причерноморья и имел высоту не менее 20 м. Библиографические ссылки Артамонов М.И. Из истории методики археологических раскопок // ПИДО. 1935. № 1–2. С. 142–164. Бидзиля В.И., Полин С.В. Скифский царский курган Гайманова Могила. Киев: Скиф, 2012. 814 с. Бобринский А.А. Вновь открытая могила скифского царя // ИТУАК. 1913. № 50. Браун Ф.А. Разыскания в области гото-славянских отношений. СПб.: Тип. Имп. Акад. наук, 1899. ХХ, 392 с. Брун Ф.И. Черноморье. Сборник исследований по исторической географии Южной России. Одесса: Тип. Г. Ульриха, 1880. Ч. 2. 422 с. Бурачков П. 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Artikkeli käsittelee kolmen esimerkkimaalauksen kautta muutosta lapsen kuvauksessa 1800-luvun lopun ja 1900-luvun alkupuolen Suomessa. Ennen vuosisadan vaihdetta lapsuutta kuvattiin lähes yksinomaan tyypitellen. Lapsi esitettiin joko pienikokoisena aikuisena ylhäisön jälkikasvustaan tilaamissa muotokuvissa tai vanhempiensa auttajana maaseudulla laatukuvissa, joissa lapsi eli hänelle suotuisissa olosuhteissa. Ihanteellinen näkemys lapsesta säilyi maalaustaiteessa pitkään, mutta sai 1800-luvun lopun realismin myötä rinnalleen uudenlaisen tavan kuvata lasta, johon sairasta lasta esittävät teokset voidaan liittää. Artikkelissa tarkastelen Magnus Enckellin (1870–1925) öljypastellia Lapsi kuolinvuoteella (1910), Hanna Frosterus-Segerstrålen teosta (1867–1946) Pieni potilas (1889) ja Helene Schjerfbeckin (1862–1946) maalausta Toipilas (1888) tekoajankohdan taide- ja sosiaalihistoriallista taustaa vasten. Sairasta lasta esittävät kuvat saattoivat olla muistoesineitä tai ilmentää lapsen elämään vaikuttaneita sosiaalisia ilmiöitä, kuten kaupungistumista ja teollistumista. Kuvaustavan muutos näyttäytyy osana yhteiskunnallisessa ajattelussa virinnyttä yleisempää huolta lapsista ja lasten asemasta.

O presente artigo aborda o estudo de alguns processos criativos de Abel Salazar (1889 –1946), baseado em fontes documentais, e reforçado por reconstruções técnicas pictóricasdo autor. Aborda o estudo técnico e material da pintura de grande formato sobre tela Efeitosde luz num armazém, nomeadamente as características do suporte, preparação, desenho epintura. Para este estudo recorreu‑sea diferentes métodos de exame e análise, nomeadamentefotografia de luz do espetro visível, UV e IV à pintura; observação por microscopiaótica (MO) e análise com microscopia eletrónica de varrimento com espectrometria deraios‑Xpor dispersão de energia a (SEM‑EDS)micro‑espectroscopiade infravermelho comtransformada de Fourier (μ‑FTIR)de amostras recolhidas da obra. São apresentados osresultados analíticos que permitiram complementar a identificação de procedimentos técnicose determinar os materiais constituintes da pintura.

O objetivo deste trabalho circunscreve-se na tentativa de explicitar o posicionamento teórico do filósofo alemão Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) no âmbito da tradição do pensamento ocidental. Fundamentalmente, busca-se delinear a inserção de Heidegger no debate acerca da metafísica, no intuito de verificar as contribuições do autor à contemporaneidade. Para esta empresa, tomar-se-á como ponto de partida o parágrafo 6 e o parágrafo 44 da obra Ser e Tempo (1927), os textos O que é metafísica (1929), Sobre a essência da verdade (1936) e o ensaio A superação da metafísica (1936-1946); igualmente, porém, de forma mais periférica, serão utilizados como suporte teórico o texto Que é isto – A filosofia (1955), bem como o ensaio O fim da filosofia e a tarefa do pensamento (1964). O eixo em torno do qual se desenvolverá esta discussão é o projeto heideggeriano de “superação” da metafísica tradicional. A partir de então se verificará que se a clivagem de Heidegger não alterou substancialmente a senda da filosofia, ela seguramente introduziu um modo bastante original de se fazer filosofia que deixaria marcas na posteridade.

Transorbital surgery has gained recent notoriety because of its incorporation into endoscopic skull base surgery. The use of this surgical corridor has been pervasive throughout the 20th century. It has been utilized by multiple disciplines for both clinical and experimental purposes, although its historical origin is medically and ethically controversial. Hermann Knapp first introduced the orbital surgical technique in 1874, and Rudolf Krönlein introduced his procedure in 1889. Rivalry between Walter Dandy in neurosurgery and Raynold Berke in ophthalmology further influenced methods of tackling intracranial and intraorbital pathologies. In 1946, Walter Freeman revolutionized psychosurgery by completing seemingly successful transorbital leucotomies and promoting their minimally invasive and benign surgical characteristics. However, as Freeman’s legacy came into disrepute, so did the transorbital brain access corridor, again resulting in its stunted evolution. Microsurgery and endoscopy further influenced the use, or lack thereof, of the transorbital corridor in neurosurgical approaches. Historical analysis of present goals in modern skull base surgery echoes the principles established through an approach described almost 150 years ago: minimal invasion, minimal morbidity, and priority of patient satisfaction. The progression of the transorbital approach not only reflects psychosocial influences on medical therapy, as well as the competition of surgical pioneers for supremacy, but also describes the diversification of skull base techniques, the impact of microsurgical mastery on circumferential neurosurgical corridors, the influence of technology on modernizing skull base surgery, and the advancing trend of multidisciplinary surgical excellence.

В статье дан обзор основных направлений исследований и преподавания тюркских языков сибирской группы в Университете Анкары, начиная с организации первых коллективов с 1930-х гг., вошедших в состав вуза (открыт в 1946 г.). Это первое учебное и научно-исследовательское заведением Турции, где начали преподавать современные тюркские языки в качестве самостоятельных учебных предметов и заниматься их изучением. Процесс в целом делится на два периода.Первый период — со времени основания университета и до создания в 1992 г. кафедры современных тюркских языков и литератур. Исследования по тюркологии начались с 1936 г. С 1940 г. в учебной программе появились предметы по ответвлениям тюркского языка. Отмечены вклад профессора Абдулкадира Инана (1889–1976), профессора Саадет Чагатай (1907–1989), профессора Хасана Эрена (1919–2007). Рассказано о создании профессором Мустафой Джанполатом и Ф. Семой Барутчу Озондер отдельной кафедры, которая стала называться кафедрой современных тюркских языков и литератур.Второй период — с 1992 года и продолжается по сей день. В первые годы преподавательский состав кафедры современных тюркских языков и литератур полностью состоял из иностранных специалистов: Ю. И. Васильева, Ч. М. Доржу, М. В. Оюн, М. Б. Кунгаа, Т. Н. Боргояковой, А. Т. Тыбыковой и др. Названы наиболее интересные публикации этих специалистов, важные как для самой науки, так и для учебного процесса. Перечислены защищенные в 1990–2000-е годы диссертации, в т. ч. К.-М. Симчита, Г. Килли и др. Названы важные работы — монографии, статьи преподавателей, работающих на кафедре сегодня. Перечислены учебные программы. Отмечена важная роль журнала «Modern Türklük Araştırmaları» (Современные тюркологические исследования), выходящего на базе университета с 2004 г. С 2002 г. ежегодно проводится симпозиум «Современные тюркологические исследования» с участием ученых из разных научных центров Турции.Отмечен в целом растущий интерес академических кругов Турции к тюркским языкам, к истории, культуре, системе верований тюркских народов Сибири.

The Tallahatta Formation, Lisbon Formation, and Gosport Sand are the three lithostratigraphic units that make up the lower-to-middle Eocene Claiborne Group. In Alabama, these marine units are among the most fossiliferous in the state and a long history of scattered reports have attempted to document their fossil diversity. In this study, we examined 20931 elasmobranch and bony fish elements, including otoliths, derived from Claiborne Group units in Alabama and identified 115 unequivocal taxa. Among the taxa identified, one new species is described, Carcharhinus mancinae sp. nov., and Pseudabdounia gen. nov. is a new genus erected to include two species formerly placed within Abdounia Capatta, 1980. New taxonomic combinations proposed include Pseudabdounia claibornensis (White, 1956) gen. et comb. nov., Pseudabdounia recticona (Winkler, 1874) gen. et comb. nov., Physogaleus alabamensis (Leriche, 1942) comb. nov., and Eutrichiurides plicidens (Arambourg, 1952) comb. nov. We also report the first North American paleobiogeographic occurrences of Aturobatis aff. A. aquensis Adnet, 2006, Brachycarcharias atlasi (Arambourg, 1952), Eutrichiurides plicidens comb. nov., Galeorhinus louisi Adnet & Cappetta, 2008, Ginglymostoma maroccanum Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997, Gymnosarda sp., Mennerotodus sp., Rhizoprionodon ganntourensis (Arambourg, 1952), Stenoscyllium aff. S. priemi Noubhani & Cappetta, 1997, Trichiurus oshosunensis White, 1926, and the first North American occurrence for a fossil member of the Balistidae Risso, 1810. Our sample also included 26 taxa that represented first paleobiogeographic occurrences for Alabama, including Abdounia beaugei (Arambourg, 1935), Albula eppsi White, 1931, Ariosoma nonsector Nolf & Stringer, 2003, Anisotremus? sp., Anomotodon sp., Brachycarcharias twiggsensis (Case, 1981), Burnhamia daviesi (Woodward, 1889), Eoplinthicus yazooensis Capetta & Stringer, 2002, Galeorhinus ypresiensis (Casier, 1946), Gnathophis meridies (Frizzell & Lamber, 1962), Haemulon? obliquus (Müller, 1999), Hypolophodon sylvestris (White, 1931), Malacanthus? sulcatus (Koken, 1888), Meridiania cf. M. convexa Case, 1994, Palaeocybium proosti (Storms, 1897), Paraconger sector (Koken, 1888), Paralbula aff. P. marylandica Blake, 1940, Phyllodus toliapicus Agassiz, 1844, Propristis schweinfurthi Dames, 1883, Pycnodus sp., Pythonichthys colei (Müller, 1999), Scomberomorus stormsi (Leriche, 1905), Signata stenzeli Frizzell & Dante, 1965, and Signata nicoli Frizzell & Dante, 1965, and the first Paleogene occurrences in Alabama of a member of the Gobiidae Cuvier, 1816. A biostratigraphic analysis of our sample showed stratigraphic range extensions for several taxa, including the first Bartonian occurrences of Eoplinthicus yazooensis, Jacquhermania duponti (Winkler, 1876), Meridiania cf. M. convexa, Phyllodus toliapicus, and “Rhinobatos” bruxelliensis (Jaekel, 1894), range extensions into the late Ypresian and Bartonian for Tethylamna dunni Cappetta & Case, 2016 and Scoliodon conecuhensis Cappetta & Case, 2016, the first late Ypresian records of Galeorhinus louisi, the first Lutetian occurrence of Gymnosarda Gill, 1862, and a range extension for Fisherichthys aff. F. folmeri Weems, 1999 into the middle Bartonian. Larger biostratigraphic and evolutionary trends are also documented, such as the acquisition of serrations in Otodus spp., possible population increases for the Rhinopterinae Jordan & Evermann, 1896 and Carcharhiniformes Compagno, 1973 in the Bartonian, and the apparent diversification of the Tetraodontiformes Berg, 1940 during the same stage. This study helps better our understanding of early-to-middle Eocene elasmobranch and bony fish diversity, paleobiogeography, and biostratigraphy in the Gulf Coastal Plain of North America.

PREFACEThe articles of this supplement resulted from the 5 th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society held in São Paulo city, Brazil, at the Convention Center of the Transamérica Hotel, from 28 th September to 2 nd of October 1997. The participants of the Round Table Discussions on “Mean Sea Level Changes Along the Brazilian Coast” were Dr. Denizar Blitzkow, Polytechnic School of the University of São Paulo, (POLI-USP), Prof. Dr. Waldenir Veronese Furtado, Institute of Oceanography (IO-USP), Dr. Joseph Harari (IO-USP), Dr. Roberto Teixeira from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and the invited coordinator Prof. Dr. Afrânio Rubens de Mesquita (IO-USP). Soon after the first presentation of the IBGE representative, on the efforts of his Institute regarding sea level matters, it became clear that, apart from a M.Sc. Thesis of Mesquita (1968) and the contributions of Johannenssen (1967), Mesquita et al. (1986) and Mesquita et al. (1994), little was known by the participants, about the history of the primordial sea level measurements along the Brazilian coast, one of the objectives of the meeting. So, following the strong recommendations of the Table participants, a short review on the early Brazilian sea level measurements was planned for a much needed general historical account on the topic. For this purpose, several researchers such as The Commander Frederico Corner Bentes, Directorate of Hydrography and Navigation (DHN) of the Brazilian Navy, Ms. Maria Helena Severo (DHN) and Eng. Jose Antonio dos Santos, National Institute of Ports and Rivers (INPH), long involved with the national sea level measurements were asked to present their views. Promptly, they all provided useful information on the ports and present difficulties with the Brazilian Law relative to the “Terrenos de Marinha” (Sea/Land Limits). Admiral Max Justo Guedes of the General Documentation Service (SDG) of the Brazilian Navy gave an account of the first “Roteiros”– Safe ways to approach the cities (ports) of that time by the sea –, written by the Portuguese navigators in the XVI Century, on the newly found land of “Terra de Santa Cruz”, Brazil’s first given name. Admiral Dr. Alberto Dos Santos Franco (IO-USP/DHN) gave information on the first works on sea level analysis published by the National Observatory (ON) Scientists, Belford Vieira (1928) and Lemos (1928). In a visit to ON, which belongs to the National Council of Scientific and Technological Research (CNPq) and after a thorough discussion on sea level matters in Brazil, Dr. Luiz Muniz Barreto showed the Library Museum, where the Tide Predictor machine, purchased from England, in the beginning of the XX century, is well kept and preserved. Afterwards, Dr. Mauro de Andrade Sousa of ON, sent a photography (Fig. 1) of the Kelvin machine (the same Kelvin of the Absolute Temperature), a tide predictor firstly used in the Country by ON to produce Tide Tables. From 1964 until now, the astronomical prediction of Tides (Tide Tables) for most of the Brazilian ports is produced using computer software and published by the DHN. Before the 5 th International Congress of Geophysics, the Global Observing Sea Level System (GLOSS), a program of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO, had already offered a Training Course on sea level matters, in 1993 at IO-USP (IOC. 1999) and, six years later, a Training Workshop was also given at IO-USP in 1999 (IOC. 2000). Several participants of the Portuguese and Spanish speaking countries of the Americas and Africa (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mozambique, Uruguay, Peru, São Tome and Principe and Venezuela) were invited to take part in the Course and Workshop, under the auspices of the IOC. During the Training Course of 1993, Dr. David Pugh, Director of GLOSS, proposed to publish a Newsletter for sea level matters as a FORUM of the involved countries. The Newsletter, after the approval of the IOC Chairman at the time, Dr. Albert Tolkachev, ended up as the Afro America GLOSS News (AAGN). The newsletter had its first Edition published by IO-USP and was paper-printed up to its 4 th Edition. After that, under the registration Number ISSN: 1983-0319, from the CNPq and the new forum of GLOSS, which the Afro-American Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries already had, started to be disseminated only electronically. Currently on its 15 th Edition, the News Letter can be accessed on: www.mares.io.usp.br, Icon Afro America GLOSS News (AAGN),the electronic address of the “Laboratory of Tides and Oceanic Temporal Processes” (MAPTOLAB) of IO-USP, where other contributions on Brazilian sea level, besides the ones given in this Supplement, can also be found. The acronym GLOSS identifies the IOC program, which aims to produce an overall global long-term sea level data set from permanent measuring stations, distributed in ocean islands and all over the continental borders about 500 Km on average apart from each other, covering evenly both Earth hemispheres. The program follows the lines of the Permanent Service for the Mean Sea Level (PSMSL), a Service established in 1933 by the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO), which, however, has a much stronger and denser sea level data contribution from countries of the Northern Hemisphere. The Service receives and organizes sea level data sent by all countries with maritime borders, members of the United Nations (UN) and freely distributes the data to interested people, on the site http://www.pol.ac.uk/psmsl. The Permanent Station of Cananeia, Brazil, which has the GLOSS number 194 together with several other permanent stations (San Francisco, USA, Brest, France and many others), belongs to a chosen group of stations (Brazil has 9 GLOSS Stations) prepared to produce real time sea level, accompanied by gravity, GPS and meteorological high quality data measurements, aiming to contribute for a strictly reliable “in situ” data knowledge regarding the Global Earth sea level variability. Following the recommendations of the Round Table for a search of the first historical events, it was found that sea level measurements started in the Brazilian coast in 1781. The year when the Portuguese astronomer Sanches Dorta came to the Southern oceans, interested in studying the attraction between masses, applied to the oceanic tides a fundamental global law discovered by Isaak Newton in the seventeenth century. Nearly a hundred years later the Law was confirmed by Henry Cavendish. Another nearly hundred years passed and a few years after the transfer of the Portuguese Crown from Europe to Brazil, in 1808, the Port of Rio de Janeiro was occupied, in 1831, for the first systematic sea level measurements ever performed on the Brazilian coast. The one year recorded tidal signal, showing a clear semidiurnal tide is kept nowadays in the Library of the Directory of Hydrography and Navigation (DHN) of the Brazilian Navy. After the proclamation of the Brazilian Republic in 1889, systematic sea level measurements at several ports along the coast were organized and established by the Port Authorities precursors of INPH. Sea level analyses based on these measurements were made by Belford Vieira (op. cit.) and Lemos (op. cit.) of the aforementioned National Observatory (ON), and the Institute of the National Council of Research and Technology (CNPq), which gave the knowledge of tides and tidal analysis a valuable boost at that time. For some reason, the measurements of 1831 were included into the Brazilian Federal law No. 9760 of 1946, to serve as the National Reference (NR) for determining the sea/land limits of the “Terrenos de Marinha”, and inadvertently took it as if it were a fixed and permanent level along the years, which is known today to be untrue. Not only for this reason, but also for the fact that the datum, the reference level (RL) in the Port of Rio de Janeiro, to which the measurements of 1831 were referred to, was lost, making the 1946 Law inapplicable nowadays. The recommendations of the Round Table participants seemed to have been providential for the action which was taken, in order to solve these unexpected events. A method for recovering the 1831 limits of high waters, referred by Law 9760, was produced recently and is shown in this supplement. It is also shown the first attempt to identify, on the coast of São Paulo State, from the bathymetry of the marine charts produced by DHN, several details of the bottom of the shelf area. The Paleo Rivers and terraces covered by the most recent de-glaciation period, which started about 20,000 years ago, were computationally uncovered from the charts, showing several paleo entrances of rivers and other sediment features of the shelf around “Ilha Bela”, an island off the coast of S˜ao Sebastião. Another tidal analysis contribution, following the first studies of ON scientists, but now using computer facilities and the Fast Fourier Transform for tidal analysis, developed by Franco and Rock (1971), is also shown in this Supplement. Estimates of Constituents amplitudes as M2 and S2 seem to be decreasing along the years. In two ports of the coast this was effective, as a consequence of tidal energy being transferred from the astronomical Tide Generator Potential (PGM), created basically by the Sun and the Moon, to nonlinear components generated by tidal currents in a process of continuously modifying the beaches, estuarine borders and the shelf area. A study on the generation of nonlinear tidal components, also envisaged by Franco (2009) in his book on tides, seems to be the answer to some basic questions of this field of knowledge. Harari & Camargo (1994) worked along the same lines covering the entire South Eastern Shelf. As for Long Term Sea Level Trends, the sea level series produced by the National Institute of Research for Ports and Rivers (INPH), with the 10 years series obtained by the Geodetic Survey of USA, in various Brazilian ports, together with the sea level series of Cananeia of IO-USP, allowed the first estimation of Brazil’s long term trend, as about 30 cm/cty. A study comparing this value with the global value of sea level variation obtained from the PSMSL data series, shows that among the positively and negatively trended global tidal series, the Brazilian series are well above the mean global trend value of about 18 cm/cty. This result was communicated to IAPSO in the 1987 meeting in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA. In another attempt to decipher the long term sea level contents of these series, the correlation values, as a measure of collinearity and proximity values, as well as the distance of the yearly mean data values of sea level to the calculated regression line, are shown to be invariant with rotation of the Cartesian axes in this Supplement. Not following the recommendations of the Round Table but for the completeness of this Preface, these values, estimated from the Permanent Service for the Mean Sea Level data, with the Brazilian series included, allowed the definition of a function F, which, being also invariant with axis rotation, seems to measure the sort of characteristic state of variability of each sea level series. The plot of F values against the corresponding trend values of the 60 to 100 year-long PSMSL series is shown in Figure 2. This plot shows positive values of F reaching the 18 cm/cty, in good agreement with the recent International Panel for Climate Changes (IPCC) estimated global value. However, the negative side of the Figure also shows other values of F giving other information, which is enigmatic and is discussed in Mesquita (2004). For the comprehensiveness of this Preface and continuation of the subjects, although not exactly following the discussions of the Round Table, other related topics were developed since the 5th Symposium in 1997, for the extreme sea level events. They were estimated for the port of Cananeia, indicating average values of 2.80 m above mean sea level, which appears to be representative of the entire Brazilian coast and probable to occur within the next hundred years, as shown by Franco et al. (2007). Again for completeness, the topic on the steric and halosteric sea levels has also been talked about a lot after the 1997 reunion. Prospects of further studies on the topic rely on proposed oceanographic annual section measurements on the Southeastern coast, “The Capricorn Section,” aimed at estimating the variability and the long term steric and halosteric sea levels contributions, as expressed in Mesquita (2009). These data and the time series measurements (sea level, GPS, meteorology and gravity), already taken at Cananeia and Ubatuba research Stations, both near the Tropic of Capricorn, should allow to locally estimate the values of almost all basic components of the sea level over the Brazilian Southeastern area and perhaps also of the whole South Atlantic, allowing for quantitative studies on their composition, long term variability and their climatic influence.