Journal articles on the topic '1899-1961'

Torroja excelled as a designer, as a docent, as a code-maker and as a founder of technical associations. Nothing was conceded to improvisation. Every outcome of his thought was the mature fruit of deep reflections; of precise knowledge of the problem's formulation and its boundary conditions. Moreover, he did not stop thinking till he found not only one, but different possible alternatives.

AbstractRestudy of the limestone slab containing the type suite of Arthricocephalus chauveaui Bergeron, 1899 (Trilobita), the type species of Arthricocephalus Bergeron, 1899, shows that specimens of three species, each representing a separate genus, are present on the slab and were likely included in the original concept of the species. Besides A. chauveaui, the slab contains specimens of Oryctocarella duyunensis (Qian, 1961) and Duyunaspis duyunensis Zhang and Qian in Zhou et al., 1977. Bergeron (1899) illustrated one exoskeleton from the type suite of A. chauveaui only and apparently based much of his written description on that specimen. This specimen was clearly intended to be the type specimen of A. chauveaui. Subsequently, Lane et al. (1988) designated another specimen, which was not originally illustrated, as the lectotype, and this specimen is referable to Oryctocarella duyunensis. As revised here, Bergeron’s illustrated specimen should be regarded as the lectotype of A. chauveaui. Such designation stabilizes the concepts of both Arthricocephalus and A. chauveaui. Arthricocephalites Qian in Lu et al., 1974 and Haliplanktos Blaker and Peel, 1997 are regarded as junior synonyms of Arthricocephalus. Oryctocarella Tomashpolskaya and Karpinski, 1961, which was previously regarded as a junior synonym of Arthricocephalus, is revived as a valid genus. Oryctocarella includes a number of species previously assigned to Arthricocephalus. The type species of both Arthricocephalus and Oryctocarella, together with related species, are described on the basis of new material.

Zusammenfassung: Georg von Békésy erhielt 1961 den Nobelpreis für Medizin auf der Grundlage seiner grundlegenden Experimente in Ungarn. Acht Jahre lang nahm das offizielle Ungarn keine Notiz von seinem Nobelpreis. In 1967 veranstaltete die deutsche Akademie Leopoldina ihm zu Ehren ein Symposium genannt " Modelle und Erkenntnis". Er setzte seine wissenschaftliche Arbeit bis an sein Lebensende fort. Im Jahr 1969 hat ihm die Medizinische Universität Semmelweis Budapest einen honoris causa Doktor Titel verliehen. Seine Kunstsammlung hat er der Nobel-Stiftung in Stockholm vermacht. Seine wissenschaftliche Arbeit zeichnete sich durch Zuverlässigkeit, Präzision und Qualität aus, die er seinen Schülern weitergegeben hat.

Based on recently collected material and on type specimens deposited in the collections of Muzeul de Istorie Naturală “Grigore Antipa”, Bucharest, Romania, and of the Zoologische Museum, Universität Hamburg, Germany, the following new synonymies are proposed: Tuponia (Chlorotuponia) prasina (Fieber, 1864) = Tuponia (Chlorotuponia) linnavuorii Wagner, 1961, syn. n.; Tuponia (Tuponia) montandoni Reuter, 1899 = Tuponia (Tuponia) macedonica Wagner, 1957, syn. n. Lectotype and paralectotype are designated for Tuponia (Tuponia) montandoni Reuter, 1899. Tuponia (Chlorotuponia) hippophaes (Fieber, 1861), Tuponia (Tuponia) arcufera Reuter, 1879 and Tuponia (Tuponia) elegans (Jakovlev, 1867) are recorded for the first time from Romania. Habitus images, drawings of male genitalia and identification key are provided for all Tuponia species recorded in Romania and the surrounding countries.

Abstract Landscape changes of the Gåsbreen glacier and its vicinity since 1899 are described. Maps at 1:50 000 scale of changes of the glacier’s elevation and extent for the periods 1938–1961, 1961–1990, 1990–2010, and 1938–2010 are analyzed in comparison with results of the authors’ field work in the summer seasons 1983, 1984, 2000, 2005 and 2008. During all the 20th century, the progressive recession of the glacier revealed in a dramatic decrease in the thickness of its lower part, with a small reduction of its area and length. However, further shrinkage produced significant shortening and reduction in area which resulted in final decline of the Goësvatnet glacial dammed lake in 2002. Hence, the lowest (and very thick, up to 150–160 m) part of the former glacier tongue and dammed lake were transformed into a new terraced river valley south of the glacier and a typical marginal zone with glacial landforms north of the glacier. Since 1961, the equilibrium line altitude of the Gåsbreen glacier has risen from ca 350 to ca 500 m a.s.l. and now is located below the very steep rocky walls of the Mehesten mountain ridge, 1378 m a.s.l. Hence, the glacier is being fed by snow avalanches from these rocky walls and much more snow melts during the warmer summer seasons, stimulating a quicker recession of the lowest part of the glacier. This recession may be stopped only by significant climate cooling or increase in snow.

M.V. Goppius (1870-1961) was a teacher by training, and the member of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party of the Bolsheviks since 1904. In 1899-1919 she was living in Arzamas, leading a local revolutionary club. On April, 4th (17th) in her apartment there was a meeting of social-democrats’ group which established the party organisation of the Bolsheviks in Arzamas.At that meeting Goppius was elected as the secretary of the committee. After October 1917 she remained at party and soviet work in Arzamas, later she was managing the propaganda department in the Nizhny Novgorod governorate committee of the party. After moving to Moscow she got a job in the sphere of education. At present one of the streets in Arzamas is called after M.V Goppius.

Abstract. We present a homogenized surface air temperature (SAT) time series at 2 m height for the city of Qingdao in China from 1899 to 2014. This series is derived from three data sources: newly digitized and homogenized observations of the German National Meteorological Service from 1899 to 1913, homogenized observation data of the China Meteorological Administration (CMA) from 1961 to 2014 and a gridded dataset of Willmott and Matsuura (2012) in Delaware to fill the gap from 1914 to 1960. Based on this new series, long-term trends are described. The SAT in Qingdao has a significant warming trend of 0.11 ± 0.03 ∘C decade−1 during 1899–2014. The coldest period occurred during 1909–1918 and the warmest period occurred during 1999–2008. For the seasonal mean SAT, the most significant warming can be found in spring, followed by winter. The homogenized time series of Qingdao is provided and archived by the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) web page under overseas stations of the Deutsche Seewarte (http://www.dwd.de/EN/ourservices/overseas_stations/ueberseedoku/doi_qingdao.html) in ASCII format. Users can also freely obtain a short description of the data at https://doi.org/https://dx.doi.org/10.5676/DWD/Qing_v1. And the data can be downloaded at http://dwd.de/EN/ourservices/overseas_stations/ueberseedoku/data_qingdao.txt.

A Soproni Egyetem Benedek Elek Pedagógiai Kara kettős jubileumot ünnepel: egyrészt 1899-ben a városban alapított első kisdedóvóképző-intézet 120 éves, valamint a jogelődként tisztelt Soproni Óvónőképző Intézet felsőfokúvá válásának 60. évfordulóját. Az évfordulók jó alkalmat teremthetnek arra, hogy még alaposabban megismerhessük a nagy múltú intézmény történetének ezen fejezetét. A kutatás során a Soproni Óvónőképző Intézet első államvizsga-jegyzőkönyveinek kvalitatív vizsgálatára kerül sor 1961 és 1965 között. A kutatás során megvizsgáltuk az 1959-ben felsőfokúvá vált Soproni Óvónőképző Intézet első éveinek szakdolgozati témáit és értékelését. Jelen tanulmányban a szakdolgozatok elemzésére, bemutatására vállalkoztunk.

The third part of a study series on the family Tettigoniidae from Turkey and the Middle East Region is presented, which includes only the subfamily Tettigoniinae of Turkey. A key to tribes, genera and subgenera found in Turkey is proposed. The synonymy of the tribe Platycleidini Brunner, 1893 (with Decticini Herman, 1874) is confirmed. Pezodrymadusa striolata ziyaretensis Koçak & Kemal, 2010 [with Pezodrymadusa affinis (I.Bolívar, 1899)], Anadolua rammei Karabağ, 1952 (with Anadolua burri Karabağ, 1952), Psorodonotus rize Kaya et Çıplak, 2014 (with Psorodonotus davisi Karabağ, 1956), Parapholidoptera intermixta Karabağ, 1961 [with Parapholidoptera indistincta (I.Bolívar, 1899)] are synonymized. Parapholidoptera indistincta (I.Bolívar, 1899) is reinstated as an independent species. Six new species, Pezodrymadusa dentata Ünal, sp. nov., Mixodusa retusa Ünal, sp. nov., Platycleis (Squamiana) supericola Ünal, sp. nov., Platycleis (Squamiana) goeksunica Ünal, sp. nov., Parapholidoptera yarpuzi Ünal, sp. nov. and Eupholidoptera singularis Ünal, sp. nov. are described. The invalidly described Schulmeisteri schulmeisteri Harz is discussed and its only specimen is included in the genus Pezodrymadusa as a new species. The genus Mixodusa Stolyarov and the subspecies, Pholidoptera aptera bulgarica Maran, 1953 are recorded from Turkey for the first time. An overlooked historical record of Psorodonotus venosus brunneri Stshelkanovtzev, 1914 from Turkey is determined. Discussions of many taxa and some records from new localities are presented. A full list of the Turkish Tettigoniinae is given. 357 figures are provided.

Abstract We develop new aggregate total factor productivity (TFP) growth estimates for the USA between 1899 and 1941, and sectoral estimates at the most disaggregated level so far, 38 industries. We include hard-to-measure services, and a refined measure of sectoral labour quality growth. The resulting data set supersedes Kendrick (1961), showing TFP growth lower than previously thought, broadly based across industries, and strongly variant intertemporally. The four ‘great inventions’ that Gordon (2016) highlighted were important but less dominant in TFP growth than their predecessors in the British industrial revolution. The findings also make it unlikely the 1930s had the twentieth century's highest TFP growth.

The theory of hearing called Bekesy’s traveling wave theory, announced in 1928 by a young engineer from Budapest, Georg Bekesy (1899-1972), was revised and supplemented many times. In 1961 it was awarded the Nobel Prize. It still contains several ambiguities that require analysis. The most important points requiring clarification include • Sound wave resonance in the cochlear fluids with the transverse wave of the basilar membrane. • Own vibrations of the basilar membrane. • Frequency resolution associated with the basilar membrane. • Transmission of information through the cochlear fluid. • Tip-link mechanism. • Amplification of quiet sounds by OHC contraction • The pathway of auditory information conducted to the receptor.

Eleven new species are described from Laos: Apeptamena abrahami spec. nov., Athlophorus anjou spec. nov., Beleses abrahami spec. nov., Blennocampa laosensis spec. nov., Macrophya hergovitsi spec. nov., Rocalia lanxangensis spec. nov., Tenthredo jendeki spec. nov., Tenthredo sausai spec. nov., Tenthredo saringeri spec. nov., Xenapatidea jendeki spec. nov. and Xenapatidea nigrissima spec. nov. Athlophorus piacidus (Konow, 1898), Brykella heinrichi Malaise, 1943, Caliroa cyanea Malaise, 1961, Caliroa siamana Togashi, 1982, Canonias assamensis Rohwer, 1915, Canonias inopinus Konow, 1900, Monophadnus rivalis Konow, 1906, Neostromboceros coxalis (Smith, 1857), Nesoselandria albotegularissima Haris, 2006, Nesoselandria birmana Malaise, 1944, Nesoselandria devriesi Haris, 2006, Nesoselandria sulciceps Malaise, 1944, Tenthredo megacephala Cameron 1899 and Tenthredo margaretella Rohwer, 1916 are new records for Laos.

İki yaşındayken babasını, müteakip on ay zarfında kardeşini kaybeden Peyami Safa (1899-1961)'nın bütün eserlerinde vukua gelecek bir faciayı bekleme vehmi, yaklaşan her ayak sesinde bir tehlike sezme endişesi hissedilir. Dokuz yaşındayken sağ el eklemindeki bir kemik hastalığı dolayısıyla hastane ve hekimlerle başlayan tanışıklığı, onda tıp mesleğine intisap ederek doktor olma arzusunu uyandırmıştır. Maddî şartlarının elvermemesi sebebiyle bu arzusunu tahakkuk ettirme imkânına kavuşamasa da, onun tıpla ilgisi ömrü boyunca devam etmiş; sanki bir hekimin kaleminden çıkmışçasına derunî ve dış âlemle ilgili duygu, düşünce, müşahede ve tasvirleriyle edebiyatımıza iftihar kaynağımız olacak sahifeler, eserler kazandırmıştır. Bu tebliğde, onun 1949 yılında neşrettiği yukarıdaki romanında geçen tıbbî terimlerin çokluğu ve sanki bir hekim tarafından yazılmış gibi, bu teşhis ve terimlerin yerinde ve hatasız olarak kullanıldığına dikkat çekilmiştir.

Als Chronist deutscher Geschichte im 20. Jahrhundert ist Alfred Kantorowicz (1899–1979) nach seiner Flucht aus der DDR in die Bundesrepublik Deutschland im Jahr 1957 bekannt geworden. Mit seinem 1959 und 1961 in zwei Bänden veröffentlichten ›Deutschen Tagebuch‹ schreibt sich Kantorowicz zwischen die Fronten des Kalten Krieges ein. In seiner Erzählung über die Jahre des Exils, die Begegnungen mit Heinrich Mann und anderen, seine Rückkehr nach Deutschland und die Jahre als Professor an der Berliner Humboldt-Universität kommt das Judentum meist nur am Rande seiner Texte vor. Viele Jahre lang war Kantorowicz' Haltung zu seinem eigenen Judentum durch dessen Verdrängung bestimmt. Der Eintritt in die KPD ging für Kantorowicz – wie für viele andere ›jüdische Kommunisten‹ – einher mit dem Ausschluss des eigenen Judentums.

This paper expands on David Billington's pioneering writings on the Spanish school and demonstrates construction innovations by two important 20 th century shell builders: Rafael Guastavino Jr. (1872-1950) and Eduardo Torroja (1899-1961), who each extended traditional tile vaulting to create new possibilities. Guastavino pursued the potential of tile vaulting as a system of load-bearing structure, creating complex geometries in advance of similar innovations in concrete shells, while Torroja repeatedly used tile vaulting as an economical system of formwork for concrete shells. Though neither designer was aware of each other's work, in particular because Guastavino Jr. had immigrated to the United States from Spain before Torroja was born, their work shares a number of important similarities. Both builders demonstrate that the Spanish school of shells continues to inspire designers today.

Freshwater fishes from Nathsagar reservoir, Paithan, Dist. Aurangabad (M.S.) were collected from June 2004 to May 2006. The 1296 fishes were observed from helminthic infections, out of them 761 fishes (58.71%) were infected with helminth parasites. Thirty six species of helminthes were recovered throughout the investigation i.e. 10 species of the trematodes include the genera Genarchopsis, Ozaki, 1925; Orientochreadium, Tubangui, 1931; Oudhia, Dayal et al. Gupta, 1954; Phyllodistomum, Braun, 1899 and Macrotrema, Gupta, 1931. 20 species of the cestodes included six genera i.e. Lytocestus, Cohn, 1908; Senga, Dollfus, 1934; Shinde, 1968; Proteocehalus, Weinlend, 1858; Gangesia, Woodland, 1924 and Silurotaenia, Nybelin, 1942. And six species of the nematodes included two genera. Rhabdochona, Railliet, 1961 and Camalanus, Yeh, 1960. The high prevalence (75.69%) occur in summer season where l ow prevalence (37.5%) in monsoon season. The Mastacembellus armatus is highl y infected (64.58%) with helminth parasi tes.

To reduce its strategic vulnerability, a small state may enter into a cliency relationship with a more powerful state. Among the consequences of cliency for the small state are the acquisition of resources, which can be used against threatening neighbors as well as against domestic populations, and the reduction of autonomy. In 1899, Mubarak, Kuwait's ruler, entered a cliency relationship with Britain. As a result, Kuwait was able to avoid incorporation into the Ottoman Empire. Although Mubarak and subsequent Kuwaiti rulers lost their foreign policy autonomy, they acquired resources enabling them to enhance their domestic autonomy by suppressing elite groups that were formerly integral participants in governing Kuwait. In 1961, oil revenues enabled Kuwait's rulers to end the cliency relationship and to provide their own resources for repressing or pacifying domestic groups. But the fact that oil revenues proved less effective than cliency in maintaining Kuwait's strategic security illustrates the fundamental security dilemma faced by all small states, even rich ones.

Eduardo Torroja Miret (1899-1961) was one of the most important Spanish engineers. His understanding of structures and materials made him a world reference in the field of engineering and architecture. Due to the lack of ornamentation in his works and the lack of heritage interpretation aimed at a non-specialist public, many of his works sometimes go unnoticed by inexperienced eyes and, despite his important legacy, Torroja remains a great unknown. This paper reports on the existing heritage perception of two of his most outstanding works in Spain, the Zarzuela Hippodrome and the Instituto Técnico de la Construcción y el Cemento (Eduardo Torroja Institute). To this end, surveys and interviews were carried out with visitors to both buildings based on different heritage criteria, such as their architectural importance, aesthetics, significance or representativeness, but also from the point of view of the available tourist infrastructure. The results show a lack of appreciation in the heritage criteria related to its architectural, historical and aesthetic values, combined with a lack of knowledge about Torroja and its way of understanding architectural beauty.

New Mississippian trilobite association from the Brno vicinity and its significance (Moravian Karst, Czech Republic) Eleven trilobite species (Archegonus (Archegonus) aequalis philliboloides R. Hahn, 1967, Bollandia persephone (Hahn & Hahn, 1970), Bollandia cf. megaira (Hahn & Hahn, 1970), Liobole (Panibole) cf. jugovensis (Osmólska, 1968), Liobole (Sulcubole) glabroides (Richter & Richter, 1949), Semiproetus (Macrobole) drewerensis latipalpebratus (Osmólska, 1973), Proliobole vigilax (Chlupáč, 1961), Cyrtoproetus (Cyrtoproetus) cracoensis cracoensis (Reed, 1899), Carbonocoryphe (Carbonocoryphe) bindemanni Richter & Richter, 1950, Tawstockia (Beleckella) milleri (Hahn & Hahn, 1971), Cummingella (Cummingella) cf. auge Hahn & Hahn, 1968) are described for the first time from the shales of the Březina Formation in Mokrá Quarry near Brno (Bohemian Massif, Moravian Karst). This typical trilobite association — comparable to that previously described from the Erdbacher Kalken of Steeden in Hessen (Germany) — was found during excavation in the Mokrá Quarry but they do not come from the exact Tournaisian-Visean boundary. Stratigraphical correlation and comparison of material is mentioned below, as is the history of the trilobite research from the Moravian Karst.

Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 - July 2, 1961) is one of the most widely read American novelist of the 19th century, whose works have been variously interpreted. His fiction was influenced by different sociological, political and psychological trends of the time. The adventures of his personal life inspired some of the fascinating stories in his fiction. A Farewell to Arms projects the concept of individual struggle in the face of stiff resistance. His protagonist helplessly strives to define his existence; he, however, miserably fails in his struggle for actualizing his existence. But ultimately, he learns the secret of a meaningful existence. This study traces these elements of existentialist philosophy and examines its influence on the art of Hemingway. Although his views are also influenced and modified by the trends of the time, the influence of existentialist philosophy is vividly visible in all his writings. The paper analyzes the major works of Hemingway, particularly his famous novel A Farewell to Arms, in the light of existentialism. It specifically focuses on the rise and fall of the hero and heroine in the novel when they try to define their existence in this free and void world.

Este artigo objetiva considerar a trajetória poética de Francisca Júlia da Silva Munster (1871-1920), escritora paulista que publicou quatro livros, sendo Mármores (1895), Livro da Infância (1899), Esphinges (1903) e, por último, em parceria com o irmão, publicou Alma Infantil (1920). A poeta foi uma das precursoras da inserção feminina na literatura a partir de uma perspectiva também feminina, pensando o corpo da mulher na literatura sob uma ótica também da mulher. A escritora enfrentou um sistema social pautado nos valores patriarcais e no silenciamento feminino, mas alcançou singular reconhecimento no cenário literário daquele período, no entanto, definhou-se ao longo do tempo até que se tornasse esquecida nas prateleiras das bibliotecas e carente de visibilidade e reconhecimento nos estudos científicos da atualidade. Para o embasamento teórico, alguns críticos foram considerados para subsidiar as discussões, principalmente, os estudos críticos de Ramos (1961) e Camargos (2007), pautados na trajetória poética de Francisca Júlia e no alcance de seu nome, seja em meados do século XX, seja nos anos seguintes de sua morte. Paraalém desses, outros teóricos, foram utilizados para compreendermos as temáticas e o modo como se organiza a sua produção poética.

This paper focuses on revealing connections between the creative work of two representatives of the US realism of the early 20th c.: the painter Edward Hopper (1882–1967) and the literary artist Ernest Hemingway (1899–1961). This problem has received studied, only if superficially. Yet Hopper and Hemingway were “key” personalities of the epoch which built them: both of the artists were expatriates, absorbed experience of “European” aesthetic trends, witnessed two world wars; that led to the existentialism concepts becoming central ideas in their creative work. Being self-made men, Hopper and Hemingway went through a similar path of personal growth, were recognized in the 1920s when their artistic style developed; the artists were devoted to it despite domination of different movements in art. Regardless of difference between the artists’ “temperament”, the form of their works is mostly similar in the application of realistic method, influence of impressionist and modernist trends, the desire for simplicity, as well as the focus on light and darkness. The pictorial and thematic affinity of Hopper's and Hemingway's several works is so great that a direct mutual influence between the artists seems very likely.

Short-term climate change in South China has been extensively studied based on meteorological or hydrological records. However, tree ring-based long-term climate change research is rare, especially in the Pearl River basin, owing to the difficulty in finding old-aged trees. Here, we present a 200-year tree ring width chronology of Pinus kwangtungensis in the east Pearl River basin with reliable coverage from 1894 to 2014. Based on the significant climate-growth relationship between tree growth and annual self-calibrating Palmer drought severity index (scPDSI) from previous May to current April, the pMay-cApr scPDSI was reconstructed for the period 1894–2014. The reconstruction reveals four dry periods during 1899–1924, 1962–1974, 1988–1994, and 2003–2014, and four wet periods during 1894–1898, 1925–1961, 1975–1987, and 1995–2002. Significant spatial correlations between the reconstructed scPDSI and the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) gridded scPDSI indicate that our reconstruction can effectively represent regional moisture variability in the Pearl River basin. Spatial correlations with global sea surface temperatures (SSTs) show that our reconstruction is negatively correlated with northern and western Pacific SSTs while positively correlated with eastern Pacific SSTs, suggesting that SST variability in these domains strongly affects moisture change in the Pearl River basin.

The genus Roeseliana presently includes 10 specific or subspecific taxa, but following different authors some of them are considered synonyms. However, the authors who have treated these taxa often did not agree with the synonymies, in particular, concerning some taxa, such as R. fedtschenkoi (Saussure, 1874) and R. roeselii (Hagenbach, 1822). The present authors examined hundreds of specimens of different taxa, for the first time were able to obtain the translation from the Russian of the description of R. fedtschenkoi, compared the main morphological characters used to discriminate different taxa, biometrics, bioacoustics and genetics of some taxa. This allowed them to conclude that it is possible to recognize the following taxa: 1) Roeseliana roeselii (Hagenbach, 1822) widespread in the Palaearctic Region and imported in North America; 2) Roeseliana fedtschenkoi (Saussure, 1874) in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan; 3) Roeseliana pylnovi (Uvarov, 1924) in the Caucasian region; 4) Roeseliana bispina (Bolívar, 1899) in Turkey; 5) Roeseliana azami (Finot, 1892) from the Mediterranean France through Italian peninsula (formerly R. azami minor Nadig, 1961); 6) R. ambitiosa (Uvarov, 1924) on the Balkan peninsula; 7) Roeseliana n. sp. Lemonnier-Darcemont & Darcemont, (in press) on Epirus (Greece and Albania); 8) Roeseliana brunneri Ramme 1951 in north east Italy (Veneto, Friuli and Po Valley); 9) Roeseliana oporina (Bolívar, 1887) in Spain.

The philosophy of Henri Bergson (1859-1941) emerged during a critical juncture of European history as a reaction to the predominance of Enlightenment rationalism and positivism. Essentially, it strived to contest the peculiar convictions of these intellectual traditions and reintroduce the primacy of creativity, transcendence and human agency. As such, its influence had travelled across time and place. In modern Turkey, the thought of Bergson particularly influenced a group of conservative literati including İsmail Hakkı Baltacıoğlu (1886-1978), Peyami Safa (1899-1961), Hilmi Ziya Ülken (1901-1974) and Mustafa Şekip Tunç (1886-1958). For these intellectuals, Bergson represented the face of the ‘Other West’ and they appropriated his ideas with the aim of transforming the starkly positivist and rationalist disposition of Kemalism while being firmly committed to the ideals of the Modern Turkish Republic. On a different side of Turkey’s intellectual spectrum, another figure also appealed to Bergson and his philosophy. It was Necip Fazıl Kısakürek (1904-1983), who fiercely dissented the project of the republic for its pro-Western foundations and reconceptualized Islam as a totalizing ideology. Hence, through a critical cross-reading of different primary and secondary sources, the present article contrasts these competing currents of Turkish conservatism, their appropriations of Bergsonian philosophy and attitudes toward their society’s experience of the Turkish revolution and modernity.

Este trabajo aborda las relaciones entre La casa de las bellas durmientes (Nemureru bijo, 1961) del escritor japonés Yasunari Kawabata (1899-1968) y Salón de belleza (1994), del escritor mexico-peruano Mario Bellatin (1960). En un primer momento se plantean algunos rasgos de la recepción de la literatura japonesa en México y Perú, para definir el contexto en el que Bellatin comienza a desarrollar su interés por Japón. En seguida se analiza el vínculo entre ambas obras, perceptible en varios niveles: desde la posibilidad de una relación intertextual estructural, mediante un epígrafe; se desplaza hacia el uso compartido de una voz narrativa y el manejo del espacio como un lugar de transgresión; hasta formular paralelismos temáticos que apuntan a lecturas trascendentales. Al tener en cuenta los comentarios del propio autor sobre su relación con la literatura de Kawabata, es posible reforzar el puente entre las obras, pues tocan tanto lo estilístico como lo temático, y se erigen en un primer acercamiento a la literatura japonesa. Con base en esto es posible observar cómo la voluntad de apertura de los textos de Bellatin hacia otras tradiciones literarias invita a repensar las interacciones entre la literatura japonesa y su propia estética, lo cual dará paso a un vínculo que ya no depende de la intermediación discursiva del orientalismo europeo sino de una lectura vis à vis entre literaturas.

In this study, material of Iranian Ophioninae was examined. In total, 63 species are recognized as occurring in Iran. Sixteen species are described as new to science: Enicospilus amerii Johansson sp. nov., E. apocalypticus Johansson sp. nov., E. haladai Johansson sp. nov., Enicospilus peri sp. nov., Ophion al Johansson sp. nov., Ophion angustigena Johansson sp. nov., Ophion breviflagellator Johansson sp. nov., Ophion golestanicus Johansson sp. nov., Ophion klimenkoi Johansson sp. nov., Ophion persicus Johansson sp. nov., Ophion schmidti Johansson sp. nov., Ophion sinuosus Johansson sp. nov., Ophion sistanicus Johansson sp. nov., Ophion transcarinatus Johansson sp. nov., Ophion vasi Johansson sp. nov. and Ophion xrafstra Johansson sp. nov. Sixteen species: Enicospilus combustus (Gravenhorst, 1829); E. intermedius (Johansson, 2018); E. undulatus (Gravenhorst, 1829); Ophion angularis Johansson & Cederberg, 2019; Ophion bipictor Aubert, 1980; Ophion crassicornis Brock, 1982; Ophion confusus Johansson, 2019; Ophion ellenae Johansson, 2019; Ophion eremita Kokujev, 1906; Ophion kallanderi Johansson, 2019; Ophion rostralis Meyer, 1935; Ophion rufoniger Kohl, 1905; Ophion semipullatus Kokujev, 1909; Ophion tenuicornis Johansson, 2019; Hellwigiella dichromoptera (Costa, 1886) and Eremotylus curvinervis (Kriechbaumer, 1878) are new records for the fauna of Iran. Enicospilus flavocephalus (Kirby, 1900), Enicospilus monostigma (Vollenhoven, 1879) and Eremotylus sibiricus Szépligeti, 1905 are excluded from the Iranian checklist due to previous misidentifications. Enicospilus tarsalis Hedwig, 1957 syn. nov. is excluded from synonymy with E. ahngeri and instead introduced as a junior synonym of E. cruciator Viktorov, 1957. Enicospilus affinis Hedwig, 1957 stat. rev. is excluded from synonymy with E. ocellatus Shestakov, 1926 and reinstated as a valid species. Enicospilus splendidus Rousse, Soliman & Gadallah, 2017 syn. nov. is a junior synonym of Enicospilus stenopsis Kohl, 1905. Enicospilus grandiflavus Townes & Townes, 1973 (= E. grandis Morley) syn. nov. is synonymized with Enicospilus unicallosus (Vollenhoven, 1878). Enicospilus contributus Shestakov, 1926 is confirmed as a junior synonym of E. merdarius (Gravenhorst, 1829). Ophion fossulatus Hedwig, 1957 stat. rev. is excluded from synonymy with Ophion mocsaryi Brauns, 1899 and reinstated as a valid species close to Ophion parvulus Kriechbaumer. Ophion mocsaryi var. decedens Hedwig, 1961 syn. nov. is a synonym of Ophion bipictor Aubert, 1980. Ophion obscuratus var. heratensis Hedwig, 1961 syn. nov. is treated as a synonym of Ophion turcomanicus Szépligeti, 1905. Ophion pravinervis Kokujev, 1906, previously only known from the lost type collected in Georgia, is redescribed. Despite the relatively high number of new species here presented, the Iranian fauna most likely still harbours additional species awaiting discovery.

El potencial productivo de un suelo se puede estimar mediante indicadores de propiedades, procesos o características físicas, químicas y biológicas que pueden reflejar su nivel de apoyo en el cultivo y desarrollo de plantas. Las adaptaciones de Ehrenfried Pfeiffer (1899-1961) al trabajo desarrollado en biodinámica por Kolisko y Kolisko (1939), dieron lugar a la cromatografía circular de Pfeiffer (CCP), para analizar la calidad de suelos. La digitalización de los cromatogramas otorga mayor confiabilidad a la técnica al permitir la correlación de las propiedades del suelo por su nivel de organización y puede correlacionarse con calidad/salud. Las altas diluciones dinamizadas y la homeopatía están reguladas en la producción orgánica en Brasil y han mostrado excelentes resultados en la agricultura mundial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar los cambios que ocurren en suelos tratados con altas diluciones dinamizadas mediante estadísticas de CCP para verificar las alteraciones en los cromatogramas. El experimento se realizó en Fraiburgo, SC, Brasil. Se obtuvieron muestras de suelo en área de conservación a una profundidad de 15 cm. Las diluciones altamente dinamizadas se obtuvieron en el laboratorio de Homeopatía y Sanidad Vegetal de Lages/Epagri. Se usó el diseño de bloques completos al azar, cada tratamiento originó 10 bloques, un recipiente de cada tratamiento, en cada recipiente se realizaron tres submuestras, 30 cromatogramas por tratamiento. Los tratamientos fueron: i) agua destilada; ii) alcohol etílico al 30%; iii) Calcarea carbonica 30CH; iv) Silicea terra 30CH. El diseño fue en bloques al azar. Se demostró que la entropía es la variable eficaz en el análisis digitalizado de cromatografía CCP mediante los algoritmos (14 en total) presente en el complemento ImageJ Texture Analyzer. Calcarea carbonica 30CH y Silicea terra 30CH tuvieron los valores más altos de MZ (middle zone ou zona media), mientras que Silicea terra 30CH fue significativamente superior a los tratamientos.

<p>63 Papilionid taxa of Laos are reported representing 60 biological species. Of these, the occurrence of <em>Papilio elephenor</em> is unproven, and that of <em>Papilio krishna</em> is refuted, leaving 58 species confirmed for Laos. Notes on their taxonomy, distribution, phenology and variation are given. The following synonymies or changes of status are herewith listed:<br /><em>Graphium antiphates itamputi</em> is regarded as a separate subspecies from pompilius stat. rev.<br /><em>Papilio tamerlanus timur</em> Ney, 1911 is a synonym of Papilio alebion mullah Alphéraky, 1897, syn. nov. <br />The following combinations are therefore proposed for the collective species: <em>Graphium mullah mullah</em> (Alphéraky, 1897) comb. nov. applies to the Sichuan population; <em>Graphium mullah chungianus</em> (Murayama, 1961) comb. nov., for the Taiwanese subspecies; and<em> Graphium mullah kooichii</em> (Morita, 1996) comb. nov. for the Lao subspecies.<br />The true type of Papilio arycles sphinx Fruhstorfer, 1899 is identified, and arycleoides Fruhstorfer, 1902 placed in synonymy, syn. nov.<br /><em>Teinopalpus imperialis bhumipoli</em> Nakano &amp; Sukkit, 1985, <em>T. i. gerritesi</em> Nakano, 1995, <em>T. i. gillesi</em> Turlin, 1991, and <em>T. i.</em> <em>hakkaorum</em> Schäffler 2004 are shown to be synonyms of <em>Teinopalpus imperialis imperatrix</em> de Nicéville, 1899, syn. nov.<br /><em>Atrophaneura varuna liziensis</em> Zhao, 1997 is synonymized with <em>A. varuna astorion</em> (Westwood, 1842) syn. nov.<br />The names <em>elegans </em>Chou et al., 2000, <em>pulcher </em>Chou et al., 2000 and <em>longimacula</em> Wang &amp; Niu, 2002 are sunk as synonyms of <em>Papilio bianor bianor</em> syn. nov.<br /><em>Papilio bianor significans</em> Fruhstorfer, 1902 is regarded as a valid subspecies (stat. rev.) and the ranges of <em>Papilio bianor gladiator</em> Fruhstorfer, [1902] and <em>ganesa</em> Doubleday, 1842 are clarified.<br /><em>Papilio noblei</em> de Nicéville, [1889] is shown to be monotypic, and <em>haynei</em> Tytler, 1926 is sunk as a synonym syn. nov.<br /><em>Papilio hipponous siamensis</em> Godfrey, 1916 is synonymized with <em>pitmani</em> Elwes &amp; de Nicéville, [1887] syn. nov.<br />The taxon <em>imitata</em> Monastyrskii &amp; Devyatkin, 2003 is considered conspecific with <em>Papilio epycides</em> and therefore the combination is <em>Papilio epycides imitata</em> stat. nov., comb. nov.</p>

The Montenegrin fauna of the superfamily Scarabaeoidea is not satisfactorily studied. This is evidenced by the small number of species from this superfamily reported from Montenegro, despite the richness of the country’s habitats, especially high-mountain meadows, pastures, lush canyons, riverside, coastal dunes and old forests. Moreover, significant is the greater number of species of scarabaeoid beetles in neighbouring countries. Therefore, we aim to supplement the current information on the distribution of the taxa of the superfamily Scarabaeoidea in the country. The presented scarabaeoid beetles were caught during three expeditions: the first in May/June 2019, the second in May/June 2021, and the third in July 2021. As a result of this study, we have collected 2130 beetles belonging to 107 species and five families of the superfamily Scarabaeoidea: Geotrupidae, Trogidae, Lucanidae, Ochodaeidae and Scarabaeidae. The 28 days of the faunistic study confirmed the occurrence in Montenegro of 54.2% of the scarabaeoid species hitherto known from this country and added 16 new species that had not been previously recorded: Odonteus armiger (Scopoli, 1772), Trox sabulosus (Linnaeus, 1758), Ochodaeus integriceps Semenov, 1891, Agrilinus convexus (Erichson, 1848), Melinopterus reyi (Reitter, 1892), M. sphacelatus (Panzer, 1798), Phalacronothus biguttatus (Germar, 1824), Trichonotulus scrofa (Fabricius, 1787), Psammodius nocturnus Reitter, 1892, Platytomus tibialis (Fabricius, 1798), Pleurophorus mediterranicus Pittino & Mariani, 1986, P. pannonicus Petrovitz, 1961, Rhyssemus berytensis Marseul, 1878, Onthophagus ovatus (Linnaeus, 1767), Rhizotrogus aestivus (Olivier, 1789) and Chaetopteroplia segetum (Herbst, 1783). Six species and three subspecies that are typical for the Balkan Peninsula were also found: Trypocopris alpinus balcanicola (Mikšić, 1954), Onthophagus panici Petrovitz, 1964, Amphimallon solstitiale simplicissimum (Müller, 1902), Omaloplia illyrica (Baraud, 1965), Triodontella dalmatica (Baraud, 1962), Chaetopteroplia segetum straminea (Brullé, 1832), Anomala matzenaueri Reitter, 1918, Exomala adriatica (Petrovitz, 1968) and Oxythyrea dulcis Reitter, 1899. Thus, the number of currently known scarabaeoid species in Montenegro has increased to 184. Twenty-four species of scarabaeoid beetles are illustrated. Our results indicate insufficient knowledge of the Scarabaeoidea of Montenegro and, at the same time, their diversity and the presence of rare species among them. High-mountain and coastal communities of coprophagic scarabaeoid beetles, as well as communities of scarabaeoid beetles inhabiting coastal dunes, are especially valuable, worthy of protection. Therefore, further research and new expeditions to Montenegro are highly desirable.

The predominantly tropical ophionine genus Enicospilus Stephens, 1835 is one of the largest genera of Darwin wasps (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae), with more than 700 extant species worldwide that are usually crepuscular or nocturnal and are parasitoids of Lepidoptera larvae. In the present study, the Japanese species of Enicospilus are revised using an integrative approach (combined morphology and DNA barcoding). On the basis of 3,110 specimens, 47 Enicospilus species are recognised in Japan, eight of which are new species (E. acutus Shimizu, sp. nov., E. kunigamiensis Shimizu, sp. nov., E. limnophilus Shimizu, sp. nov., E. matsumurai Shimizu, sp. nov., E. pseudopuncticulatus Shimizu, sp. nov., E. sharkeyi Shimizu, sp. nov., E. takakuwai Shimizu, sp. nov., and E. unctus Shimizu, sp. nov.), seven are new records from Japan (E. jilinensis Tang, 1990, E. laqueatus (Enderlein, 1921), E. multidens Chiu, 1954, stat. rev., E. puncticulatus Tang, 1990, E. stenophleps Cushman, 1937, E. vestigator (Smith, 1858), and E. zeugos Chiu, 1954, stat. rev.), 32 had already been recorded in Japan; three (E. biharensis Townes, Townes &amp; Gupta, 1961, E. flavicaput (Morley, 1912), and E. merdarius (Gravenhorst, 1829)) have been erroneously recorded from Japan based on misidentifications, and four names that were previously on the Japanese list are deleted through synonymy. The following taxonomic changes are proposed: E. vacuus Gauld &amp; Mitchell, 1981, syn. nov. (= E. formosensis (Uchida, 1928)); E. multidensstat. rev.; E. striatus Cameron, 1899, syn. nov. = E. lineolatus (Roman, 1913), syn. nov. = E. uniformis Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. = E. flatus Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. = E. gussakovskii Viktorov, 1957, syn. nov. = E. striolatus Townes, Townes &amp; Gupta, 1961, syn. nov. = E. unicornis Rao &amp; Nikam, 1969, syn. nov. = E. unicornis Rao &amp; Nikam, 1970, syn. nov. (= E. pungens (Smith, 1874)); E. iracundus Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. (= E. sakaguchii (Matsumura &amp; Uchida, 1926)); E. sigmatoides Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. (= E. shikokuensis (Uchida, 1928)); E. yamanakai (Uchida, 1930), syn. nov. (= E. shinkanus (Uchida, 1928)); E. ranunculus Chiu, 1954, syn. nov. (= E. yezoensis (Uchida, 1928)); and E. zeugosstat. rev. = E. henrytownesi Chao &amp; Tang, 1991, syn. nov. In addition, the following new regional and country records are also provided: E. flavocephalus (Kirby, 1900), E. puncticulatus, and E. vestigator from the Eastern Palaearctic region, E. laqueatus from the Eastern Palaearctic and Oceanic regions, and E. maruyamanus (Uchida, 1928) from the Oriental region; E. abdominalis (Szépligeti, 1906) from Nepal, E. flavocephalus from Laos, E. formosensis from Laos and Malaysia, E. insinuator (Smith, 1860) from Taiwan, E. maruyamanus from India and Philippines, E. nigronotatus Cameron, 1903, E. riukiuensis (Matsumura &amp; Uchida, 1926), and E. sakaguchii from Indonesia, E. pungens from 14 countries (Australia, Bhutan, Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, and Taiwan), and E. yezoensis from South Korea. An identification key to all Japanese species of Enicospilus is proposed. Although 47 species are recognised in the present study, approximately 55 species could potentially be found in Japan based on ACE and Chao 1 estimators. The latitudinal diversity gradient of Enicospilus species richness is also tested in the Japanese archipelago based on the constructed robust taxonomic framework and extensive samples. Enicospilus species richness significantly increases towards the south, contrary to the ‘anomalous’ pattern of some other ichneumonid subfamilies.

Long, troublesome and difficult were the preparations for the first International Congress for Music Education in Prague in the year 1936, that is, 25 years ago. Even in those days I had to struggle hard against the contradictions implicit in the divergencies between an exaggerated nationalism on the one hand and internationalism on the other…. You all know that the world has been possessed and dominated, ever since the Old and New Testament, Pythagoras, Plato and Aristoteles by the conflict between national and international thought and sentiment. (Leo Kestenberg, 1961)

Bu çalışmanın konusunu yaşadığı dönem ve yörede ünlü bir taş ustası olan Abdullah Özsoy’un eserleri oluşturmaktadır. Konuyu ele alışımızın iki önemli amacı vardır. İlki Abdullah Özsoy’un günümüze sağlam ulaşan eserlerini ilk defa bilimsel bir çalışmada tanıtmak ve Sanat Tarihi açısından değerlendirmektir. İkinci amaç Özsoy’un korunması gerekli kültür varlığı niteliği taşıyan yapılarının tescil edilip gelecek nesillere aktarılmasını sağlamaktır. Çalışmada Abdullah Özsoy’un günümüze ulaşan mimari yapıları yerinde görülerek fotoğraflarla belgelenmiş ve çizimleri yapılmıştır. Başta kızı olmak üzere Abdullah Özsoy’u tanıyanlarla yapılan sözlü tarih çalışmasında anlatılanlarda yol gösterici olmuştur. Abdullah Özsoy 1899-1968 yılları arasında yaşamıştır. Yatağan’da tanınan bir taş ustasıdır. Eskihisar ve çevre köylerde inşa ettiği sayısız evden sadece kendi evi temel seviyesinde günümüze ulaşmıştır. 1936 yılında Muğla kent merkezindeki meydanda yer alan Atatürk heykelinin kaidesini yapmıştır. 1950’li yıllarda inşa ettiği dört küçük köprüden ikisi bugün ayaktadır. 1960 yılından itibaren Yatağan’ın çevre köylerinde minareler yapmaya başlayan Abdullah Özsoy’un bilinen ilk minaresi Katrancı mahallesindedir (1960). Bunu Tuzabat (1961), Zeytinköy (1963), Bahçeyaka (1964) ve Şahinler mahallesindeki minare (1965) izlemiştir. Son minaresi ise Bağyaka mahallesindedir (1966). Zeytinköy mahallesindeki minare ile birlikte inşa ettiği cami hariç minarelerin ait oldukları camilerin yenilenmiş olması eski camilerin de Abdullah Özsoy tarafından yapılmış olabileceğini göstermekle birlikte bu anlamda bir kanıt yoktur. Özsoy’un yaptığı günümüze ulaşan tek cami Zeytinköy Mahallesi Cami harim planıyla ve kırma çatılı oluşuyla, son cemaat yerinin özgünde kemerli kurgusuyla, Eskihisar başta olmak üzere Muğla merkez ve Yatağan çevresindeki diğer camilerle ortak özelliklere sahiptir. Özsoy, minareleri camiye bitişik ya da ayrı olarak iki şekilde yapmıştır. Minarelerin kaideleri sekizgen, altıgen ve kare olmak üzere üç farklı plan şeması göstermektedir. Moloz taştan yapılan kaideler içte sıvalıdır, dışta farklı boyutlarda düzgün kesme mermer bloklarla kaplanmıştır. Mermer bloklar dört yönde derzlerle çerçevelenmiştir. Minarelerin pabuçları moloz taş ve çimentodandır, gövdeleri petek bölümüyle birlikte ustanın kullandığı çimentodan kalıplarla burmalı ya da yivli olarak yapılmıştır. Minarelerin süsleme programında dikkat çekici unsurlar vardır. Katrancı, Zeytinköy ve Bahçeyaka Camisi minarelerinin konik sekizgen pabuç bölümünde her yüzde alçak kabartma tekniğinde yapılmış bir madalyon yer alır. Katrancı örneğinde madalyonlar bütündür, Zeytinköy ve Bahçeyaka’da ise madalyonların sadece dış çerçeveleriyle verilişleri söz konusudur. Bahçeyaka örneğinde her yüz madalyonun üzerinde yarım ay şeklinde sonlanmaktadır. Minarelerin hepsinde şerefenin çift kademeli dışa taşkın üçgen kesitli bezemeleri vardır. Bağyaka Mahallesi Cami’nin minaresi hariç diğer minarelerin şerefe korkuluklarının her yüzünde kafes oyma tekniğinde yıldız motiflerinden oluşan geometrik süsleme standart hale gelmiştir. Bağyaka minaresinin şerefe korkuluğu ise silindirik formdadır. Minarelerin inşa tarihini, yapan usta ve bani bilgilerini veren kitabeleri vardır. Abdullah Özsoy’un Yatağan ilçesinde inşa ettiği evler ve dini yapılar özelinde minareler yörede Cumhuriyet dönemine kadarki süreçte oluşan ve örneklerini veren geleneği devam ettirir. Söz konusu yapılar inşa edildikleri dönemin değerli temsilcileri oldukları için tescil edilmelidir. Abdullah Özsoy gibi yerel ustaların eserleriyle tanıtılarak hak ettikleri değeri bulmalarına yönelik çalışmaların devam etmesi bölge bazında sanat ve mimarlık tarihine katkı sunacaktır.

The article looks at the teaching of folklore at the University of Tartu during World War II and the German occupation. It covers three academic years, from the autumn of 1941 to the spring of 1944. In previous studies, the period under review has been presented as a disruption: these years were either ignored altogether or described as an aberration in the development of the Soviet university. Yet it is noticeable that, when discussing the contribution of scholars whose professional biography also covers this period, their work is presented in the context of years, not political periods. All three approaches are characterised by the ideology of an authoritarian state: if research done during the German occupation was spoken of positively, it could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. Therefore, this topic – the everyday life of the University of Tartu during the German occupation and the war – is expected to become relevant. The gap in knowledge needs filling. Was there any activity in folklore at all during this period? The Chair of Folklore was established at the University of Tartu in 1919, when the Estonian-language university was opened. In the Tsarist era (1802–1917), studying the Estonian language and culture was possible in lectureship courses only. Jaan Jõgever (1860–1924) systematically taught folklore as part of the lectureship course from 1909. In 1919, Jaan Jõgever became the dean of the Faculty of Philosophy and one of the leading architects of the structure of the chairs of the Estonian language, culture and history at the university. Walter Anderson (1885–1962), an alumnus of Kazan University, who was already internationally renowned, was invited to the post of professor of folklore. In parallel, courses in Estonian folklore were taught by M. J. Eisen (1857–1934), who had previously worked as a pastor but, as a folklore collector, was a good expert on Estonian folklore. After Eisen died and Anderson left Tartu (in the course of the Umsiedlung in 1939), three alumni of the Estonian-language university engaged in teaching: Oskar Loorits (1900–1961), Elmar Päss (1901–1970), and the literary scholar August Annist (1899–1972). Elmar Päss moved to Tallinn at the end of the 1930s. Oskar Loorits, who was also the director of the Estonian Folklore Archives, became in charge of the chair. Due to conflict with the German occupation authorities, he could not continue working at the university at the end of 1942. However, folklore-related activities at the university continued: literary scholar August Annist delivered lectures and gave examinations in the specialisation. In autumn 1944, when the Soviet university reopened, Eduard Laugaste became the head of the Chair of Folklore. Annist continued as a lecturer of literature but was arrested in the early summer of 1945 and spent the next six years as a political prisoner. After he was released, he did not return to the university. This excursus reveals that, despite favourable and unfavourable circumstances, the teaching of folklore at the university that had started in 1909 was not discontinued during the war. However, it also shows that in the first half of the 20th century the government’s role was decisive in shaping the independence of the discipline by establishing the institutions. Today, it is important to analyse the development of the discipline, considering the interactions between the state, the institutions and the researcher(s), to gain a complete picture.

A large collection of mesoparasitic copepods from polychaete hosts collected in northern European waters was examined. The term mesoparasitic refers to highly transformed copepods where the adult female attaches by embedding part of its body in the host. Representatives of five known familes were found and a new family is established. A single new species, Bradophila minuta sp. nov., was described in the family Bradophilidae. It occurred exclusively on the flabelligerid Diplocirus glaucus (Malmgren, 1867). Two genera of the family Herpyllobiidae were represented: Herpyllobius Steenstrup & Lütken, 1861 and Eurysilenium M. Sars, 1870. Herpyllobius arcticus Steenstrup & Lütken, 1861 was found on at least five different polynoid hosts, two of which, Harmothoe fragilis Moore, 1910 and Antinoe sp., were new host records. A new species, H. cluthensis sp. nov. was described from Malmgrenia species in Scottish waters. The large species, Herpyllobius cordiformis Lützen, 1964, was collected in Arctic waters from Eunoe cf. oerstedi. It is the first report of this parasite in Europe. The common parasite H. polynoes (Krøyer, 1864) was found on six different polynoid hosts, three of which, Harmothoe bifera, Malmgreniella mcintoshi Tebble & Chambers, 1982 and Eunoe ?barbata are new host records. Eurysilenium truncatum M. Sars, 1870 was collected from Eucranta villosa Malmgren, 1866, Eunone sp., and Gattyana cirrhosa (Pallas, 1766). The material from Eucranta villosa caught at 72.6ºN comprises both a new host record and is the most northerly report of this parasite. Specimens of Eurysilenium which differed from E. truncatum in a number of features were found on Harmothoe fragilis and H. impar (Johnston, 1839). A new family, the Pholoicolidae, is established to accommodate Pholicola chambersae gen. et sp. nov., parasitic on Pholoe pallida Chambers, 1985. The family Phyllodicolidae was represented by all three of its known species: Phyllodicola petiti (Delamare Deboutteville & Laubier, 1960), Cyclorhiza eteonicola Heegaard, 1942 and C. megalova Gotto & Leahy, 1988. The former was found on Eumida ockelmanni Eibye-Jacobsen, 1987, a new host record. A single ovigerous female of C. eteonicola was collected from a new host, Eteone spetsbergensis Malmgren, 1865. Cyclorhiza megalova was common on Eteone longa (Fabricius, 1780) and E. longa/flava complex. A rich diversity of members of the family Saccopsidae was found, including three known species of Melinnacheres M. Sars, 1870 plus nine new species placed in four new genera. Melinnacheres was represented by M. ergasiloides M. Sars, 1870, M. steenstrupi Bresciani & Lützen, 1961 and M. terebellidis Levinsen, 1878. Melinnacheres ergasiloides was found on Melinna elizabethae McIntosh, 1914, M. steenstrupi on members of the Terebellides stroemi-complex and T. atlantis Williams, 1984, while M. terebellidis was found on the T. stroemi-complex and on T. shetlandica Parapar, Moreira & O'Reilly, 2016. A new genus, Trichobranchicola gen. nov., was established to accommodate T. antennatus gen. et sp. nov., a parasite of Trichobranchus sikorskii Leontovich & Jirkov in Jirkov, 2001, T. glacialis Malmgren, 1866 and Trichobranchus sp. The second new genus, Lanassicola gen. nov., was established to accommodate the type species, Lanassicola arcticus gen. et sp. nov. parasitic on Lanassa venusta (Malm, 1874), plus two additional species, L. bilobatus gen. et sp. nov. on Lanassa nordenskjoeldi Malmgren, 1866, and L. dorsilobatus gen. et sp. nov. on Proclea graffii (Langerhans, 1884). A new subfamily, Euchonicolinae, was established within the Saccopsidae to accommodate two new genera, Euchonicola gen. nov. and Euchonicoloides gen. nov. The type species of Euchonicola gen. nov. is E. caudatus gen. et sp. nov., a parasite of Euchone sp., and it includes two other species, E. linearis gen. et sp. nov. on Chone sp., and E. parvus gen. et sp. nov. on Euchone sp. The type species of Euchonicoloides gen. nov. is E. elongatus gen. et sp. nov. found on a host belonging to the genus Euchone, and it also includes Euchonicoloides halli gen. et sp. nov. from Jasmineira caudata Langerhans, 1880. Four species of the family Xenocoelomidae were found: Xenocoeloma alleni (Brumpt, 1897), X. brumpti Caullery & Mesnil, 1915, X. orbicularis sp. nov. and Aphanodomus terebellae (Levinsen, 1878). Xenocoeloma alleni was found on four different species of Polycirrus and on Amaeana trilobata (M. Sars, 1863) and X. brumpti was found on Polycirrus norvegicus Wollebaek, 1912. Xenocoeloma orbicularis sp. nov. occurred only on Paramphitrite birulai (Ssolowiew, 1899). Aphanodomus terebellae was found on three hosts, only one of which, Leaena abranchiata was new.

-Leonard Y. Andaya, Michel Jacq-Hergoualc'h, The Malay Peninsula; Crossroads of the maritime silk road (100 BC-1300 AD). [Translated by Victoria Hobson.] Leiden: Brill, 2002, xxxv + 607 pp. [Handbook of oriental studies, 13. -Greg Bankoff, Resil B. Mojares, The war against the Americans; Resistance and collaboration in Cebu 1899-1906. Quezon city: Ateneo de Manila University, 1999, 250 pp. -R.H. Barnes, Andrea Katalin Molnar, Grandchildren of the Ga'e ancestors; Social organization and cosmology among the Hoga Sara of Flores. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2000, xii + 306 pp. [Verhandeling 185.] -Peter Boomgaard, Emmanuel Vigneron, Le territoire et la santé; La transition sanitaire en Polynésie francaise. Paris: CNRS Éditions, 1999, 281 pp. [Espaces et milieux.] -Clara Brakel-Papenhuyzen, Raechelle Rubinstein, Beyond the realm of the senses; The Balinese ritual of kekawin composition. Leiden: KITLV Press, 2000, xv + 293 pp. [Verhandelingen 181.] -Ian Caldwell, O.W. 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Background. Choral work of American composers of the second half of the XX century is characterized by new qualities that have appeared because of not only musical but also non-musical factors generated by the system of cultural, historical and social conditions. Despite of a serious amount of scientific literature on the history of American music, the choral layer of American music remains partially unexplored, especially, in Ukrainian musical science, that bespeaks the science and practical novelty of the research results. The purpose of this study is to discover and to analyze the peculiarities of the historical formation and identity of American choral art of the second half of the twentieth century using the the works of famous American artists as examples. The research methodology is based on theoretical, historical and analytical methods, generalization and specification. Results. The general picture of the development of American composers’ practice in the genre of choral music is characterized by genre and style diversity. In our research we present portraits of iconic figures of American choral music in the period under consideration. So, the choral works of William Dawson (1899–1990), one of the most famous African-American composers, are characterized by the richness of the choral texture, intense sonority and demonstration of his great understanding of the vocal potential of the choir. Dawson was remembered, especially, for the numerous arrangements of spirituals, which do not lose their popularity. Aaron Copland (1899–1990), which was called “the Dean of American Composers”, was one of the founder of American music “classical” style, whose name associated with the America image in music. Despite the fact that the composer tends to atonalism, impressionism, jazz, constantly uses in his choral opuses sharp dissonant sounds and timbre contrasts, his choral works associated with folk traditions, written in a style that the composer himself called “vernacular”, which is characterized by a clearer and more melodic language. Among Copland’s famous choral works are “At The River”, “Four Motets”, “In the Beginning”, “Lark”, “The Promise of Living”; “Stomp Your Foot” (from “The Tender Land”), “Simple Gifts”, “Zion’s Walls” and others. Dominick Argento’s (1927–2019) style is close to the style of an Italian composer G. C. Menotti. Argento’s musical style, first of all, distinguishes the dominance of melody, so he is a leading composer in the genre of lyrical opera. Argento’s choral works are distinguished by a variety of performers’ stuff: from a cappella choral pieces – “A Nation of Cowslips”, “Easter Day” for mixed choir – to large-scale works accompanied by various instruments: “Apollo in Cambridge”, “Odi et Amo”, “Jonah and the Whale”, “Peter Quince at the Clavier”, “Te Deum”, “Tria Carmina Paschalia”, “Walden Pond”. For the choir and percussion, Argento created “Odi et Amo” (“I Hate and I Love”), 1981, based on the texts of the ancient Roman poet Catullus, which testifies to the sophistication of the composer’s literary taste and his skill in reproducing complex psychological states. The most famous from Argento’s spiritual compositions is “Te Deum” (1988), where the Latin text is combined with medieval English folk poetry, was recorded and nominated for a Grammy Award. Among the works of Samuel Barber’s (1910–1981) vocal and choral music were dominating. His cantata “Prayers of Kierkegaard”, based on the lyrics of four prayers by this Danish philosopher and theologian, for solo soprano, mixed choir and symphony orchestra is an example of an eclectic trend. Chapter I “Thou Who art unchangeable” traces the imitation of a traditional Gregorian male choral singing a cappella. Chapter II “Lord Jesus Christ, Who suffered all lifelong” for solo soprano accompanied by oboe solo is an example of minimalism. Chapter III “Father in Heaven, well we know that it is Thou” reflects the traditions of Russian choral writing. William Schumann (1910–1992) stands among the most honorable and prominent American composers. In 1943, he received the first Pulitzer Prize for Music for Cantata No 2 “A Free Song”, based on lyrics from the poems by Walt Whitman. In his choral works, Schumann emphasized the lyrics of American poetry. Norman Luboff (1917–1987), the founder and conductor of one of the leading American choirs in the 1950–1970s, is one of the great American musicians who dared to dedicate most of their lives to the popular media cultures of the time. Holiday albums of Christmas Songs with the Norman Luboff Choir have been bestselling for many years. In 1961, Norman Luboff Choir received the Grammy Award for Best Performance by a Chorus. Luboff’s productive work on folk song arrangements, which helped to preserve these popular melodies from generation to generation, is considered to be his main heritage. The choral work by Leonard Bernstein (1918–1990) – a great musician – composer, pianist, brilliant conductor – is represented by such works as “Chichester Psalms”, “Hashkiveinu”, “Kaddish” Symphony No 3)”,”The Lark (French & Latin Choruses)”, “Make Our Garden Grow (from Candide)”, “Mass”. “Chichester Psalms”, where the choir sings lyrics in Hebrew, became Bernstein’s most famous choral work and one of the most successfully performed choral masterpieces in America. An equally popular composition by Bernstein is “Mass: A Theater Piece for Singers, Players, and Dancers”, which was dedicated to the memory of John F. Kennedy, the stage drama written in the style of a musical about American youth in searching of the Lord. More than 200 singers, actors, dancers, musicians of two orchestras, three choirs are involved in the performance of “Mass”: a four-part mixed “street” choir, a four-part mixed academic choir and a two-part boys’ choir. The eclecticism of the music in the “Mass” shows the versatility of the composer’s work. The composer skillfully mixes Latin texts with English poetry, Broadway musical with rock, jazz and avant-garde music. Choral cycles by Conrad Susa (1935–2013), whose entire creative life was focused on vocal and dramatic music, are written along a story line or related thematically. Bright examples of his work are “Landscapes and Silly Songs” and “Hymns for the Amusement of Children”; the last cycle is an fascinating staging of Christopher Smart’s poetry (the18 century). The composer’s music is based on a synthesis of tonal basis, baroque counterpoint, polyphony and many modern techniques and idioms drawn from popular music. The cycle “Songs of Innocence and of Experience”, created by a composer and a pianist William Bolcom (b. 1938) on the similar-titled poems by W. Blake, represents musical styles from romantic to modern, from country to rock. More than 200 vocalists take part in the performance of this work, in academic choruses (mixed, children’s choirs) and as soloists; as well as country, rock and folk singers, and the orchestral musicians. This composition successfully synthesizes an impressive range of musical styles: reggae, classical music, western, rock, opera and other styles. Morten Lauridsen (b. 1943) was named “American Choral Master” by the National Endowment for the Arts (2006). The musical language of Lauridsen’s compositions is very diverse: in his Latin sacred works, such as “Lux Aeterna” and “Motets”, he often refers to Gregorian chant, polyphonic techniques of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, and mixes them with modern sound. Lauridsen’s “Lux Aeterna” is a striking example of the organic synthesis of the old and the new traditions, or more precisely, the presentation of the old in a new way. At the same time, his other compositions, such as “Madrigali” and “Cuatro Canciones”, are chromatic or atonal, addressing us to the technique of the Renaissance and the style of postmodernism. Conclusions. Analysis of the choral work of American composers proves the idea of moving the meaningful centers of professional choral music, the gradual disappearance of the contrast, which had previously existed between consumer audiences, the convergence of positions of “third direction” music and professional choral music. In the context of globalization of society and media culture, genre and stylistic content, spiritual meanings of choral works gradually tend to acquire new features such as interaction of ancient and modern musical systems, traditional and new, modified folklore and pop. There is a tendency to use pop instruments or some stylistic components of jazz, such as rhythm and intonation formula, in choral compositions. Innovative processes, metamorphosis and transformations in modern American choral music reveal its integration specificity, which is defined by meta-language, which is formed basing on interaction and dialogue of different types of thinking and musical systems, expansion of the musical sound environment, enrichment of acoustic possibilities of choral music, globalization intentions. Thus, the actualization of new cultural dominants and the synthesis of various stylistic origins determine the specificity of American choral music.

RESUMENEl propósito de este artículo es analizar cómo las parias: tributos pagados por los musulmanes, en este caso de las taifas de Zaragoza, Lérida y Tortosa principalmente al conde de Barcelona, tienen un papel esencial a la hora de situar a este condado en un lugar preeminente en Cataluña durante el gobierno del conde Ramón Berenguer I (1035-1076). Después de una pequeña introducción veremos cómo mediante la inclusión de ciertas cláusulas en los juramentos de vasallaje el conde barcelonés se aseguraba el monopolio de los ingresos de parias y cómo formaba una red clientelarredistribuyendo el dinero que recibía. También utilizaba el dinero procedente de las parias para expandir su territorio: por un lado compraba condados de manera directa y por otro incentivaba el establecimiento de nobles en peligrosas zonas fronterizas.PALABRAS CLAVE: Parias, Barcelona, Siglo XI, Ramón Berenguer I, taifas.ABSTRACTThe aim of this article is to analyse how the parias, which are tributes paid by the Muslims, in this example from the taifas of Zaragoza, Lérida and Tortosa, mainly to the Count of Barcelona, played an essential role in establishing this county’s prominence during the government of Count Ramón Berenguer I (1035-1076). After an introduction, we will see how by including certain terms and conditions in the vows of vassalage the Count ensured the monopoly of the income produced by theparias and how he redistributed the money among his vassals, thereby creating patronage networks. The Count also used the money from the parias to expand his territory: on the one hand he bought counties directly, and on the other and he used the money to help nobles establish themselves in dangerous frontier zones.KEY WORDS: Parias, Barcelona, Siglo XI, Ramón Berenguer I, Taifas. BIBLIOGRAFÍA:Balañá i Abadía, P., Els musulmans à Catalunya (713-1153): assaig de síntesi orientativa, Sabadell, Ausa, 1993.Balari Jovany, J., Orígenes Históricos de Cataluña, San Cugat del Vallès, Instituto internacional de cultura románica, 1964, (1º ed. 1899).Baraut, C., “Els documents, dels anys 1051-1075, de l’Arxiu Capitular de la Seu d’Urgell” en Urgellia, 6 (1983), p. 239Bonnassie, P., La Catalogne du milieu du Xe a la fin du XIe Siècle, Croissance et mutations d’une sociètè, Tome II, Tolouse, Université de Tolouse-Le Mirail, 1975.Bonnassie, P. Cataluña mil años atrás (siglos X-XI), Barcelona, Península, 1988.Chesé Lapeña, R., Col·lecció diplomàtica de Sant Pere d’Ager fins 1198, Volum I, Barcelona, Fundación Noguera, 2011Dèbax, H., “Les feudalitats al Llenguadoc i Catalunya. Algunes observacions sobre les divergències de l’evolució”, L’Avenç, 202, 1996, pp. 30-35.Falqué, E. (trad,), “Chronicón Compostellanum”, Habis, 14 (1983), pp. 73-84.Feliú de la Peña, N., Puyol, J. y Sobrequés i Callicó, J., Anales de Cataluña, Barcelona, Base, 1999.Feliu i Montfort, G. y Salrach, J.M., Els pergamins de l’Arxiu Comtal de Barcelona de Ramon Borrell a Ramon Berenguer I, Lérida, Fundación Noguera-Pagés, 1999.Fité i Llevot, F. y González i Montardit, E., Arnau Mir de Tost: Un señor de frontera al segle XI, Lérida, Universidad de Lérida.Joranson, E., The Danegeld in France, Rock Island (Illinois), Augustana Printers, 1923.Kosto, A.J., Making agreements in medieval Catalonia: power, order and the written world, 1000-1200, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2001Laliena, C., La formación del Estado feudal: Aragón y Navarra en la época de Pedro I, Huesca, Colección de estudios Altoaragoneses, 1996.Mínguez Fernández, J. M., La España de los siglos VI al XIII: guerra, expansión y transformaciones, Nerea, Pamplona, 2004.Negro Cortés, A. E., “Las parias abonadas por el reino de Granada (1246-1464). Aproximación a su estudio”, Roda da Fortuna, 2, 1-1 (2013), pp. 382-396.Negro Cortés, A.E., “Las parias: una introducción general” en F. Sabaté y J. Brufal (ed.) Investigar l’edat mitjana, Lérida, Pagés Editors, 2018, pp. 43-53.Negro Cortés, A. E., “Las parias en la historia medieval española” en M. Urraco y S. López (ed.) Catálogo de Investigación Joven de Extremadura, Cáceres, Universidad de Extremadura, 2017, pp. 255-258.Negro Cortés, A. E., “Explotación económica de los musulmanes del valle del Ebro: parias y almotexenas abonadas a los reinos de Aragón y Navarra durante el siglo XI”, Aragón en la Edad Media, 28 (2018), pp. 4-17.Puig i Cadafalch, J., Falguera, A. y Goday i Casals, J., L’Arquitectura romanica a Catalunya, Vol II, Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Barberà del Vallés, 2001, (ed. facsímil).Rosell, F. M., Liber Feudorum Maior: cartulario real que se conserva en el Archivo de la Corona de Aragón, Barcelona, CSIC, 1945.Ruiz-Doménec, J. E., “Cataluña en 1025: los orígenes de una organización social”, Estudi General, 1-1 (1996), pp. 93-98.Ruiz-Domènec, J. E., L’Estructura feudal: sistema de parenitu i teoria de l’aliança en la societat catalana (c. 980-c. 1220), Edicions del Mall, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 1985.Sabaté, F., La feudalización de la sociedad catalana, Granada, Universidad de Granada, 2007.Sabaté, F., Història de Lleida. Volum 2: Alta Edad Mitjana, Pagès, Lérida, 2003.Salrach, J. M., Història de Catalunya, Volum II: El procés de feudalització (segles III-XII), Barcelona, Edicions 62, 1987.Sobrequés, S., Els grans comtes de Barcelona, Barcelona, Vincens Vives, 1961.Villanueva, J., Viage literario á las iglesias de España, Tomo 10, Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, 1821,Zimmermann, M., “Et je t’empouvoirrai (potestativum te farei), à propos des relations entre fidélité et pouvoir en Catalogne au XIe siècle”, Mediévales, 10, 1986, pp, 17-36.Zurita, J., Anales de Aragón, (ed. A. Canellas), Institución Fernando el Católico, CSIC, Zaragoza, 1976.

Sra. Editora: La investigación básica es cuestionada por los aportes que genera, debido a que muchas veces no se tienen resultados evidentes que se puedan aplicar para el beneficio de la sociedad a corto plazo. Sin embargo, resulta una controversia que en la actualidad sea inadmisible concebir a una sociedad sin ciencia.La vivencia de la pandemia por SARSCoV-2 ha recordado el papel esencial que tiene el nuevo conocimiento en la toma de decisiones de manera asertiva, tanto en las cotidianidades individuales como en las apuestas de los que toman las decisiones. Ahora más que nunca el conocimiento obtiene un valor incalculable en la sociedad.La respuesta generada hacia la pandemia por COVID-19 surge del aporte científico enriquecido desde siglos atrás, a partir de diferentes campos de la investigación básica. Por ejemplo, fue en el área de la virología, en 1892, donde se descubrió que los virus son los causantes de muchas enfermedades. Es así que en 1965 se describe el primer coronavirus. También, gracias a la investigación básica, en 1978, se conoció que la proteína S es la requerida para causar infección y actualmente es la diana de muchas vacunas.En el campo de la Inmunología, en 1798, se descubrió que las vacunas protegen contra enfermedades, pero fue hasta 1890 donde se identificó que son los anticuerpos los que protegen contra la infección. La investigación en ciencias fundamentales como la Biología Celular permitió que en 1899 se descubriera que las membranas celulares están constituidas a partir de lípidos y forman una barrera de moléculas en la parte externa de la célula. Esto dio paso a que en 1972 se identificara que las gotas de lípidos pueden ser utilizadas para transportar material dentro de la célula; conocimiento que ha sido relevante para el transporte del ARN mensajero en las vacunas contra la COVID-19.Han sido mucho los aportes de la Biología Molecular para el combate actual contra la pandemia. Desde que el ARNm fue descubierto en 1961, los científicos a partir de 1966 pueden leer el modelo de ARNm para la producción de proteínas1, la base para la producción de biológicos.Así, también, gracias a la teoría de los gérmenes nacida de investigación básica de muchos científicos, se impusieron las técnicas asépticas y antisépticas, una de las intervenciones más eficaces y baratas de la salud pública como el descubrimiento en el siglo XIX del beneficio de lavado de manos para prevenir enfermedades2.La investigación básica ha ido contestando diferentes preguntas: ¿qué?, ¿cómo?, ¿por qué?, a diversos mecanismos de la vida. Debido a su finalidad de analizar cómo funcionan los procesos o conceptos, ha ido proporcionando aportes sobre la causalidad de las enfermedades.Lo que pareciera ser un producto sencillo, es en realidad un conocimiento obtenido no de forma lineal, donde se han tenido que relacionar diferentes áreas. En la medida que surgen nuevos conocimientos, estos se retoman para mejorar planteamientos y propuestas sobre posibilidades innovadoras que complementan conceptos y desarrollan el conocimiento de la investigación translacional y la clínica. La primera es la encargada de recolectar y aplicar los datos e información obtenida de la investigación básica para realizar una “traducción” para la búsqueda de terapias potenciales; la segunda recoge los logros de la investigación traslacional y prueba si son seguros y efectivos en el tratamiento de enfermedades en ensayos clínicos en humanos. Este flujo constante de nuevos descubrimientos es sinérgico para impulsar investigación innovadora.La COVID-19 ha aparecido en un momento en el que el sistema científico es más sofisticado y con respuestas globales más rápidas que en el pasado. Internet, la creciente cultura de ciencia abierta y la convergencia de las tecnologías digitales y la biotecnología, ha transformado este panorama de la investigación.Enfrentar una crisis sanitaria de la dimensión de la pandemia de COVID-19 ha requerido disponer de sistemas científicos capaces de desarrollar pruebas de detección rápidas y efectivas (tanto en sensibilidad como en especificidad), buscar terapias eficaces, desarrollar vacunas y perfeccionar algoritmos predictivos de la evolución de la pandemia. Esto no es posible sin el conocimiento de los mecanismos biológicos de virus similares, lo cual requiere varios años de investigación básica; además contar con las condiciones habilitantes para investigar, como acceso a reactivos, equipamiento y personal especializado, laboratorios con niveles de bioseguridad adecuados y grandes bases de datos sobre patrones de movilidad y características de la población3. Comprender cómo funciona esta enfermedad es básico para poder encontrar la manera de combatirla.Las vacunas de ARNm contra COVID-19 (como las fabricadas por Moderna y PfizerBioNTech) son buenos ejemplos de cómo la investigación básica sienta las bases para tecnologías innovadoras para mejorar la salud humana. Estas vacunas son gotitas de lípidos que entregan un conjunto de instrucciones (el ARNm) a las células para entrenar al cuerpo a combatir la infección por coronavirus y, en ensayos con humanos, han demostrado ser altamente protectoras contra el COVID-19 grave. Los ingredientes de estas vacunas son bastante simples, pero nunca podrían haberse fabricado sin el conocimiento fundamental de la biología molecular, virología, inmunología y biología celular que los científicos han acumulado durante siglos de investigación científica básica1.Ante la experiencia que estamos adquiriendo a partir de la pandemia de COVID-19, como país y dentro de la región de Latinoamérica, debería servir para reconocer las lecciones que nos deja, entre ellas la importancia de invertir en la generación de mayores capacidades científicas, así como también sobre la intensidad y la forma que debe adoptar ese esfuerzo.Se debe redefinir el financiamiento a largo plazo para el fortalecimiento de competencias científicas, condiciones para las alianzas colaborativas regionales, fomentar una ciencia y tecnología proactiva; al mismo tiempo que se mejora la disponibilidad y acceso a datos para el desarrollo de soluciones tecnológicas y que aporten para una toma de decisiones basada en un respaldo objetivo con base científica.

Нечаева Могила – единственный сохранившийся до наших дней скифский царский курган-гигант в Северном Причерноморье. С 1853 г. он известен российским археологам. Его высота на сегодняшний день составляет 14–15 м. За последние два века курган претерпел существенные изменения. В середине 19 ст. были отмечены просадки насыпи, затем на вершине был вырыт глубокий колодец, позднее засыпанный, и на его месте выстроена беседка. Особо трагическую роль курган сыграл в годы Великой Отечественной войны, когда он был одним из узловых опорных пунктов войск вермахта в Никопольско-Криворожской наступательной операции Красной армии в декабре 1943 г. – январе 1944 г., в ходе которой была разгромлена криворожско–никопольская группировка, пытавшаяся удержать любой ценой Никопольский марганцевый и Криворожский железорудный бассейны. В боях за Нечаеву Могилу полегло более полутора тысяч советских воинов. Сам курган, в особенности его вершина, был изрыт блиндажами и ходами сообщений, а также сотнями воронок от снарядов. После войны вершина кургана была полностью перепланирована и на ней был установлен триангуляционный пункт высшей категории. Все факты указывают на то, что ранее курган входил в число крупнейших скифских царских курганов Северного Причерноморья и имел высоту не менее 20 м. Библиографические ссылки Артамонов М.И. Из истории методики археологических раскопок // ПИДО. 1935. № 1–2. С. 142–164. Бидзиля В.И., Полин С.В. Скифский царский курган Гайманова Могила. Киев: Скиф, 2012. 814 с. Бобринский А.А. Вновь открытая могила скифского царя // ИТУАК. 1913. № 50. Браун Ф.А. Разыскания в области гото-славянских отношений. СПб.: Тип. Имп. Акад. наук, 1899. ХХ, 392 с. Брун Ф.И. Черноморье. Сборник исследований по исторической географии Южной России. Одесса: Тип. Г. Ульриха, 1880. Ч. 2. 422 с. Бурачков П. О местоположении древнего города Каркинитеса и монетах ему принадлежащих // Записки Одесского общества истории древностей (ЗООИД). Одесса,1875. Т. 9. С. 1–133. Вертильяк Н. Описание Белозерского городища // Записки Одесского общества истории древностей (ЗООИД). Одесса,1858. Т. IV. С. 143–145. Виноградов Ю.Г., Яценко І.В. Археологічна діяльність Б.М. Гракова на Україні // Археологія. 1990. № 3. С. 86–92. Граков Б.Н. Отчет Никопольской археологической экспедиции за 1939 г. // НА ИА НАНУ. Фонд ИИМК. № 30–33. Граков Б. Нікопольська експедиція // Археологія. 1947. № 1. С. 191. Граков Б.Н. Отчет Скифской (Никопольской) экспедиции ИИМК АН СССР за 1947 г. // НА ИА НАНУ. № 1947/36-А Граков Б.Н. Никопольская экспедиция // КСИИМК. 1947б. Вып. XXI. С. 73–74. Граков Б.Н. Каменское городище на Днепре / МИА. № 36. М.: АН СССР, 1954. 238 с. Дараган М.Н. 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e3293014Current Brazilian legislation defines the gifted as those who have high ability and high involvement in areas of human knowledge (intellectual, leadership, psychomotor, arts, and creativity), whether in isolation or in combined areas. The law nº 9.394/1996, integrates these students to the public of Special Education and assures them education appropriate to their needs, the possibility of acceleration of studies, specialized educational assistance, and special education for work. However, the estimates indicate that a large number of these students are unassisted, without them being at least identified by the educational systems. The historical recovery of the legal guidelines that guided and guide the educational service of the gifted in Brazil reveals that the national legislation was preceded by isolated pedagogical practices, which began in the first half of the twentieth century. Initiatives in favor of the gifted have gained strength after the law nº 5.692/1971 explicitly mention this pupil. At that time, the Federal Council of Education issued opinions aimed at meeting the needs of this public, but the expansion of care has occurred in a gradual and modest way, so that, despite a series of legal documents issued in the last decades, the gifted remain with their potentialities and needs ignored.ResumoA legislação brasileira atual define os estudantes com altas habilidades/superdotação como aqueles que possuem alta potencialidade e elevado envolvimento em áreas do conhecimento humano (intelectual, de liderança, psicomotora, de artes e criatividade), seja isoladamente, seja em áreas combinadas. A Lei nº 9.394/1996 integra esses discentes ao público da Educação Especial e assegura-lhes ensino adequado às suas necessidades, possibilidade de aceleração de estudos, atendimento educacional especializado e educação especial para o trabalho. No entanto, as estimativas apontam que grande parcela desses estudantes se encontra desassistida, sem que eles sejam, ao menos, identificados pelos sistemas de ensino. O resgate histórico das diretrizes legais que orientaram e orientam o atendimento educacional dos estudantes com altas habilidades/superdotação, no Brasil, objetivo deste ensaio teórico, revela que a legislação nacional foi antecedida por práticas pedagógicas isoladas, as quais tiveram início na primeira metade do século XX. As iniciativas em favor desse alunado ganharam força após a Lei nº 5.692/1971, sem mencioná-los, explicitamente. Nessa época, o Conselho Federal de Educação emitiu pareceres voltados à atenção das necessidades desse público, mas a ampliação do atendimento tem ocorrido de modo gradativo e modesto, de maneira que, a despeito de uma série de documentos legais expedidos nas últimas décadas, tais estudantes permanecem com suas potencialidades e necessidades ignoradas.ResumenLa legislación brasileña actual define a los superdotados como aquellos que poseen alta potencialidad y alto involucramiento en áreas del conocimiento humano (intelectual, liderazgo, psicomotora, artes y creatividad), sea aisladamente o en áreas combinadas. La Ley nº 9.394/1996, integra estos discentes al público de la Educación Especial y les asegura una enseñanza adecuada a sus necesidades, posibilidad de aceleración de estudios, atención educativa especializada y educación especial para el trabajo. Sin embargo, las estimaciones apuntan que una gran parte de estos estudiantes se encuentra desasistida, sin que ellos, al menos, sean identificados por los sistemas de enseñanza. El rescate histórico de las directrices legales que orientaron y orientan la atención educativa de los superdotados en Brasil revela que la legislación nacional fue precedida por prácticas pedagógicas aisladas, las cuales comenzaron en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Las iniciativas en favor de los superdotados ganaron fuerza después de la Ley nº 5.692/1971 mencionar, explícitamente, ese alunado. En esa época, el Consejo Federal de Educación emitió opiniones orientadas a la atención de las necesidades de ese público, pero la ampliación de la atención ha ocurrido de modo gradual y modesto, de manera que, a pesar de una serie de documentos legales expedidos en las últimas décadas, los superdotados permanecen con sus potencialidades y necesidades ignoradas.Palavras-chave: Educação especial, Diretrizes da educação, Superdotação.Keywords: Special education, Education guidelines, Giftedness.Palabra clave: Educación especial, Pautas educativas, Superdotación.ReferencesALMEIDA, L. S.; ARAÚJO, A. M.; SAINZ-GÓMES, M.; PRIETO, M. D. Challenges in the identification of giftedness: Issues related to psychological assessment. Anales de psicologia, v. 32, n. 3, p. 621-627, 2016.ALMEIDA, M. A.; CAPELLINI, V. L. M. F. Alunos talentosos: possíveis superdotados não notados. Educação, Porto Alegre, v. 55, n. 1, p. 45-64, 2005.ALVARENGA, R. 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Institui Diretrizes Operacionais para o Atendimento Educacional Especializado na Educação Básica, modalidade Educação Especial. Disponível em: http://portal.mec.gov.br/dmdocuments/rceb004_09.pdf. Acesso em: 16 fev. 2019.BRASIL. Ministério da Educação. Secretaria de Educação Especial. Marcos Político-Legais da Educação Especial na Perspectiva da Educação Inclusiva/Secretaria de Educação Especial. Brasília: Secretaria de Educação Especial. 73 p. 2010. Disponível em http://pfdc.pgr.mpf.mp.br/atuacao-e-conteudos-de-apoio/publicacoes/educacao/marcos-politico-legais.pdf. Acesso em: 16 out. 2015.BRASIL. Decreto nº 7.611, de 17 de novembro de 2011. Dispõe sobre a educação especial, o atendimento educacional especializado e dá outras providências. Disponível em http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2011/decreto/d7611.htm. Acesso em: 17 out. 2015.BRASIL. Lei nº 12.764, de 27 de dezembro de 2012. 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В работе описаны структура и часть материалов фонда Сераи Шапшала, хранящегося в библиотеке Академии наук Литвы имени Врублевских. Разобрано содержание всех семи разделов фонда, состоящих в большинстве своем из материалов за период пребы-вания Шапшала в Литве (1928-1961 гг.), небольшого количества материалов студенче-ских лет (1898-1899 гг.), персидского периода (1900-1908 гг.), периода (1908-1919 гг.) и турецкого периода (1920-1928 гг.). На основе изученного материала сделаны уточнения биографии С. Шапшала.

يتضح لنا من الدراسة أن هناك عدة خطوات وإجراءات، ساعدت الكويت على الاستقلال والتخلص من اتفاقية 1899 مع بريطانيا، وتحقق الاستقلال في 19 يوليو 1961، لكن ما لبثت أن بدأت أزمة كبرى، تمثلت بالتهديدات العراقية للكويت ومطالبة الرئيس العراقي عبدالكريم قاسم في 25 يونيو 1961، بضمها إلى العراق. ولم تقتصر هذه الأزمة على البلدين بل شملت دولاً عربية أخرى، أهمها المملكة العربية السعودية التي عملت بكل ما تملك من قوة عسكرية ودبلوماسية على الحد من التهديدات العراقية مؤكدة استقلال الكويت. وقد ترجمت المملكة العربية السعودية موقفها المؤيد للكويت بعدة طرق دبلوماسية وعسكرية؛ فمن الناحية الدبلوماسية عملت على تكثيف دورها ونشاطها في أروقة الجامعة العربية لانضمام الكويت إليها، وأخذت تتحرك مع الدول العربية الأخرى لإعداد مشروع لانضمام الكويت، وفعلاً تحقق ذلك، وصوت على المشروع السعودي في 20 يوليو 1961، الذي ينص على انضمام الكويت للجامعة العربية كدولة مستقلة. أما الجانب العسكري فقد أعلنت السعودية حالة الطوارئ في جيشها وأرسلت قوات برية فوراً إلى الكويت لحمايتها من التهديدات العراقية، وفي الوقت نفسه طلبت من الجامعة العربية تشكيل قوة عسكرية عربية للحد من التهديدات العراقية للكويت، وفعلاً صدر قرار من مجلس الجامعة العربية ينص على تشكيل قوة عسكرية عربية؛ لتحل محل القوات البريطانية، وبهذا استطاعت السعودية أن تجعل المشكلة بين العراق والجامعة العربية وليس بين العراق والكويت. وهذا يدل على الدور السعودي الدبلوماسي والعسكري القوي والمؤثر في قرارات الجامعة العربية، وهو ما هيّأ لانضمام الكويت للجامعة العربية وتشكيل قوة طوارئ عسكرية عربية لحماية الكويت والحد من التهديدات العراقية لها، ويدل كذلك على قوة العلاقات الكويتية السعودية الأخوية، التي تمثلت كذلك في فترة الغزو العراقي الغاشم على الكويت عام 1990؛ إذ كان للسعودية دور مهم في تحرير الكويت، وكأن التاريخ يعيد نفسه وتتشابه الأحداث ما بين عام 1961 وعام 1990، وهذا هو التاريخ عبرة واعتبار.

Georg von Békésy (1899-1972), as a Hungarian citizen, was awarded the 1961 Nobel Prize in Medicine for his experiments in Hungary (1923-1946) “for his discoveries of the physical mechanisms of stimulation within the cochlea”. The most significant element of Békésy’s oeuvre is the observation and description of the mechanical processes in the inner ear and the creation of a new theory on the nature of hearing. He was the first to produce a model that truly resembles the inner ear. His success is due to detailed studies on the constituents of the cochlea and a large number of measurements. It is also very important to identify how the mechanism of neural inhibition in the ear contributes to the distinction of “signal” from “noise”. For Békésy, the biophysical approach was decisive, and he connected the three sense organs (ear, skin, eye) with each other. In his oeuvre, he also combined his research in physics, communications and medicine, as well as his scientific work with art.