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Journal articles on the topic '18th century – 19th century'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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1

Chavarría, Vicente. "18th-century explorers in the 19th century." Early Music 46, no. 4 (2018): 702–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/cay077.

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2

Milne, I. "18th and 19th century dietary advice." Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh 44, no. 4 (2014): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.4997/jrcpe.2014.421.

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3

chine, Blanc de. "Photographs: Lao Tze Chinese 18th-19th century." World Literature Today 75, no. 1 (2001): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40156309.

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4

Hewson, John. "An 18th-century Missionary Grammarian." Historiographia Linguistica 21, no. 1-2 (1994): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.21.1-2.04hew.

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Summary Until the publication of the Micmac grammar of Father Pacifique (1939, 1990), the only published grammar of Micmac was that of Father Pierre-Antoine Maillard (c. 1710–1762), which although it was written early in the 18th century, was not published until the middle of the 19th century (1864). This work has formed the basis of all subsequent linguistic analysis of Micmac, since the missionary priests used it to help them learn the language, and Father Pacifique, in his 1939 grammar (which is today used as a handbook by those learning the language) acknowledges his profound debt to his distinguished predecessor.
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5

Schroeder, Paul W. "The 19th-Century International System: Changes in the Structure." World Politics 39, no. 1 (1986): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010296.

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Conventional accounts of the 19th-century international system describe it as a conservative restoration of the 18th-century system and account for the general stability of the 19th century primarily on the basis of the actors' peaceful dispositions. They fail to recognize or explain the profound structural changes in 19th-century politics. Problems that could not be successfully dealt with in the 18th century were solved or managed by 19th-century statesmen by means of three new systemic arrangements: a system of intertwined guarantees and duties for the great powers; arrangements for shielding European politics from extra-European quarrels; and a network of intermediary bodies, separating and linking the great powers, to serve as buffers and spheres of influence.
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6

Zacharopoulos, George. "The sabre in 19th century Greece." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 6, no. 2 (2020): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/apd-2018-012.

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This article gives a brief overview on Greek sabre sources with a special focus on Philipp Müller’s and Nikolaos Pyrgos’ treatises. The article does not aim to give a complete list of treatises neither to analyze the any of the mentioned books in details – rather it aims to give an insight in those two books which might have had the most important impact on the development of the Greek sabre fencing in the 18th and 19th Centuries.
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7

Faoite, Colm de, and Vivian Uíbh Eachach. "Féile Zozimus Volume 1 18th/19th Century Dublin." Comhar 51, no. 11 (1992): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25571931.

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8

Kletter, Christa. "Austrian Pharmacy in the 18th and 19th Century." Scientia Pharmaceutica 78, no. 3 (2010): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3797/scipharm.1004-06.

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9

Sidiropoulou, K., A. Diamantis, and E. Magiorkinis. "Hallmarks in 18th- and 19th-century epilepsy research." Epilepsy & Behavior 18, no. 3 (2010): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.04.004.

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10

Hardy, K. J. "BOWEL SURGERY SOME 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY EXPERIENCE." ANZ Journal of Surgery 58, no. 4 (1988): 335–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.1988.tb01065.x.

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11

Fornasin, A. "Escaping the Crisis. Friulan Mountains 18th–19th Century." International Journal of Anthropology 20, no. 3-4 (2005): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02443065.

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12

Battaner Moro, Elena. "A 19th-century speaking machine." Historiographia Linguistica 34, no. 1 (2007): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.34.1.03bat.

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Summary The Tecnefón is a speaking machine developed in Spain in the 1860s by Severino Pérez y Vázquez. Pérez’s main book on the Tecnefón was published in 1868. Within the context of speaking machines designed from the 18th century onwards, the Tecnefón is built on an acoustical basis; hence it is different from W. von Kempelen’s device, which tried to ‘replicate’ the phonatory system. The Tecnefón has three main parts: a drum that generates sound (the source), an air chamber to hold such sound, and a set of tubes, chambers, and other artefacts propelled by a keyboard. Pérez created a prototype of a speaking machine that performed five vowels and six consonants, so it could ‘speak’ many sentences in Spanish. To this he added accent and intonation with a lever. However, the Tecnefón was never finished due to institutional circumstances that prevented Pérez from pursuing his research.
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13

Košutar, Petra. "Europski uzori i hrvatski jezični priručnici u 18. stoljeću." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 48 (June 16, 2015): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2013.010.

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European models for the Croatian language handbooks in the 18th centuryUntil the 19th century Croatian language handbooks, namely grammars, dictionaries and ortography books, were mostly bilingual and multilingual. Only at the begining of the 19th century was the first grammar of Croatian written in Croatian published, and in the second half of the same century the first monolingual dictionary – Academy’s Dictionary was published. The origin of this is not in the language itself. When writing these multilanguage handbooks, the authors followed domestic predecessors, as well as foreign. This work is an attempt to reveal those foreign language models that Croatian linguists in the 18th century followed and on the example of one metalexicographic theme – usage labels – to show development of Croatian 18th century lexicography within the European lexicography.
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14

Hacijeva, Ulvia Sh. "ABOUT THE CRITICAL APPROACH TO THE HISTORICAL SOURCE (Review on the article: Hakobyan H.E., Khapizov Sh.M. “A Journey to Armenia, Turkey and Cilicia” by the Bishop Vardan Odznetsi as an important source on the history of the Caucasus of the 18th – 19th centuries // History, archeology and ethnography of the Caucasus. Vol. 16. No. 1. 2020. P. 76-84)." History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Caucasus 16, no. 3 (2020): 830–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32653/ch163830-841.

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This publication is a response to the article by H.E. Hakobyan and Sh.M. Khapizov “A Journey to Armenia, Turkey and Cilicia” by the Bishop Vardan Odznetsi as an important source on the history of the Caucasus of the 18th–19th centuries”. The information given in the article refers exclusively to ethno-political events in the South Caucasus at the end of the 18th century, which does not allow us to evaluate the work of Odznetsi as “an important source on the history of the Caucasus of the 18th–19th centuries.” The authors consider this source outside the historical geography of the region of the 18th century, when a number of khanates and sultanates existed in the eastern part of the South Caucasus, headed until the beginning of the 19th century Azerbaijani Turkic dynasties, and the territory of historical Armenia was the region of Ottoman Turkey in Anatolia.
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15

Bobrov, L. A. "SHAKAN: KAZAKH 18TH–19TH CENTURY NARROW-BLADED BATTLE AXES." Archaeology, Ethnology and Anthropology of Eurasia (Russian-language). 43, no. 4 (2015): 106–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0102.2015.43.4.106-113.

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16

Augerson, Christopher. "Copal Varnishes Used on 18th- and 19th-century Carriages." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 50, no. 1 (2011): 14–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/019713611804488928.

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17

Skordoulis, Constantine, and Gianna Katsiampoura. "Teaching Experiments in 18th-19th Century Greek Physics Textbooks." Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences 60, no. 164 (2010): 79–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.arihs.5.101815.

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18

Wiślicki, Alfred. "Building and construction of the 18th and 19th century." History and Technology 7, no. 3-4 (1991): 321–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341519108581783.

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19

Grcic, Mirko. "Migrations and origin of the population in the Jadar region - western Serbia." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 84, no. 1 (2004): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd0401041g.

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Complete population of Jadar region was disturbed by migrations and re-migrations during the 18th and 19th century. Great majority of the population do not originate from Jadar, but represent a kind of "complex", population settled in certain historical circumstances from different Serbian regions. That was influenced by transit and border location of the Jadar region between Turkish and Austrian Empires in the 18th century, and between Serbia and Turkish Empire in the 19th century. Considerable number of refugees was settled in this area from the war-affected Bosnia and Croatia in the late 20th century. The paper statistically analyzes the origin and migrations of the population.
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20

Popelková, Renata. "Changes in woodland cover in the Karviná district from the second half of the 18th century to the beginning of the 21st century." Ekológia (Bratislava) 37, no. 2 (2018): 134–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eko-2018-0013.

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AbstractThis study analyses the changes in woodland cover from the mid-18th century to the turn of the 21st century in a distinctive region of the Czech Republic – the Karviná district. This region has been substantially affected by the process of industrialisation during the 19th and 20th centuries, which transformed a formerly agricultural landscape into a landscape heavily impacted by underground coal mining and related landscape processes. The occurrence of woodland cover in the Karviná district was determined from historical military maps (second half of the 18th century, first half of the 19th century, second half of the 19th century, first half of the 20th century) and from a colour orthophoto (2017) verified with reference to a contemporary map. The article interprets the occurrence of woodland cover depicted in the abovementioned sources and presents an interpretative key. The vectorisation of the woodland cover and the analysis of temporal–spatial changes in woodland cover were conducted using ArcGIS 10 software.
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21

Borges, Humberto, and Acrisio Pires. "The emergence of Brazilian Portuguese: Earlier evidence for the development of a partial null subject grammar." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 2 (June 12, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v2i0.4096.

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Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth, BP) is currently analyzed as a partial null subject language (NSL). This work shows the earliest attested changes in the properties of null subjects in the Goiás dialect of Brazilian Portuguese. We analyze original data from colonial period manuscripts written in Goiás, a state located in Brazil’s center-west region, and provide empirical evidence of the loss of null subjects in BP grammars in historical data between the 18th and 19th century, preceding the period for which these changes have been reported regarding other dialects of BP. The analysis of our 18th and 19th century corpus shows an early significant rise in the realization of overt subjects. In addition, the loss of verb-subject (VS) free inversion, a property common to NSLs, drops from 57% in the 18th century to only 22.5% in the 19th century. On the other hand, a potential impoverishment of theverbal paradigm did not play a significant role in this early rise of overt subjects: only 15% of the clauses with a plural external argument in the 19th century data did not show overt agreement between the verb and the external argument, and all of them occur strictly with unaccusative or existential verbs. We take this as evidence that the loss of null subjects in BP was primarily linked to the loss of free VS-inversion, and not to the loss of clausal agreement. We propose that D-feature in T (an EPP-feature) was valued by V-movement to T in the 18th century, yielding a consistent NSL (Holmberg 2010). We argue that the loss of the requirement of the D-feature in T(tense) was a primary trigger for the partial loss of null subjects and parallel loss of free inversion from the 18th to the 19th century in Goiás BP, giving then rise to a partial NSL (without a D-feature in T).
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22

Sinitsyna, Mariya V. "I. A. Kovanko’s Odes: Poetics in the Literary Context." Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Philology. Journalism 20, no. 4 (2020): 429–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2020-20-4-429-433.

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The paper considers the peculiarities of I. A. Kovanko’s odes written at the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century. The reminiscences from G. R. Derzhavin’s and M. V. Lomonosov’s poetry are revealed. The article focuses on the influence of classicism and sentimentalism on Kovanko’s work and the synthesis of heterogeneous elements that trace back to the 18th century poets.
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23

Kuzovic, Dusko. "Uzice urban development in the 18th and early 19th century." Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Pristini 45, no. 3 (2015): 183–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrffp45-9563.

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24

Trinder, Barrie. "18th- and 19th-Century Market Town Industry: An analytical model." Industrial Archaeology Review 24, no. 2 (2002): 75–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/iar.2002.24.2.75.

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25

Fletcher, Helen A., Helen D. Donoghue, John Holton, Ildik� Pap, and Mark Spigelman. "Widespread occurrence ofMycobacterium tuberculosis DNA from 18th-19th century Hungarians." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 120, no. 2 (2003): 144–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.10114.

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26

Plotnikova, Maria Mihailovna. "CULTURAL LANDSCAPES AND LOCAL IDENTITIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF EASTERN SIBERIAN CITIES (FROM LATE 18TH TO EARLY 19TH CENTURY)." CBU International Conference Proceedings 3 (September 19, 2015): 289–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v3.614.

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This article considers the interaction of geographical and cultural landscape in identity formation of the East-Siberian cities of Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Kirensk in the late 18th century and early 19th century. The comparative analysis of the European city of Valga with the East-Siberian city of Kirensk revealed that, while most of the citizens of the European city were artisans, the military personnel played a significant role in the outskirts of the Russian Empire. At the end of 18th century and during the early 19th century, the Eastern Siberian cities collected taxes as revenue for the city, using the advantage of their geographical position. The author concludes that the study into the essence of the "genius loci" of a city gives insight into the origins of the local identity formation.
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27

김태웅. "compiling of anthology and value of donggookgasa from late 18th century to early 19th century." Korean Classical Poetry Studies 37, no. ll (2014): 305–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32428/poetry.37..201411.305.

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28

Hicks, Peter. "Late 18th-century and very early 19th-century British writings on Napoleon: myth and history." Napoleonica La Revue 9, no. 3 (2010): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/napo.103.0105.

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29

Slovik-Vávrová, Hana, and Radomír Slovik. "All-Metal Book Bindings in the 19th Century." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 63, no. 3-4 (2019): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnpsc-2018-0013.

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The article presents the results of the research activities of Hana Slovik-Vávrová concerning the mapping of preserved all-metal brass book bindings in the collections of institutions in the Czech Republic. She has recorded a total of 145 of these exceptional book bindings from between the end of the 18th century and the 1920s, coming from 18 organisations. All-metal book bindings have not been devoted enough attention although they represent a very interesting chapter in the history of book binding. An outcome of this work is a comprehensive description and detailed documentation of all researched all-metal book bindings. A valuable part is a catalogue of book bindings and of ornaments used in the decoration of all-metal book bindings.
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30

Khromov, Oleg. "TWO PRINTS BY LEONTY BUNIN IN THE 18TH CENTURY SERBIAN GRAPHIC." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 16, no. 2 (2020): 100–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2020-16-2-100-113.

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The article is devoted to two engravings depicting Jesus Christ and the Mother of God in lush ornamental cartouches. They are well known to Serbian art critics and are published in the catalogs of Serbian metal engravings of the 18th century. Copper engraved boards of these engravings, which Serbian researchers attribute to the end of the 18th or the beginning of the 19th century, are preserved in the Krka Monastery. Prints from them of the 18th-19th centuries are unknown in Serbian collections. In Serbia, the first prints from these boards were made in the 20th century. However, prints from these engravings were well known in Russia in the 17th-18th centuries. They were primarily used as illustrations in Russian manuscript books. The engravings were made by a Russian master at the end of the 17th century. According to the features of engraving, manner, and stylistics, they can be attributed to Moscow engraver Leonty Bunin. In Russian manuscripts, they were usually used as illustrations in the book The Passion of Christ along with the 14-sheet series The Passion of Christ by Leonty Bunin. Cases of using them as independent illustrations are known. In the 1730s, these engravings disappeared from the illustrations in The Passion of Christ series in Russian manuscript books. Their later prints are unknown in Russia. The history of their appearance in Serbia, in the Krka Monastery, remains unknown. Perhaps they appeared there as gifts from Russia which the monastery regularly received. In the 18th century, Serbian religious art experienced a powerful influence from Dutch graphics. As iconographic sources, Serbian masters used Flemish and Dutch engravings of the 16th and 17th centuries. They were the same ones that were used by Russian masters of the 17th century, especially of the second half of the century, as iconographic examples. The identity of the artistic processes that took place in the art of Serbia in the 18th century and Russia of the 17th century turned out to be so close that Serbian art historians regarded the Russian prints of the 17th century by Leonty Bunin as Serbian works of an unknown engraver of the late 17th - early 19th centuries. The biography of Leonty Bunin is considered in detail in the article, some facts of his life are presented for the first time.
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31

Athoillah, Ahmad. "Pembentukan Identitas Sosial Komunitas Hadhrami di Batavia Abad XVIII-XX." Lembaran Sejarah 14, no. 2 (2019): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/lembaran-sejarah.45437.

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This paper discusses the process of forming identities carried out by the Hadhrami community in Batavia throughout the late 18th century until the beginning of the 20th century. The taking of the topic was motivated by the strong social identity of the Hadhrami community in Batavia, especially in religion and economy since the 19th century to the present. The problem of this research is about the form and process of forming Hadhrami social identity from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. To answer these problems, a critical historical method is used by using various historical sources and relevant reference studies.Some of the results obtained from this study are various historical realities, such as the formation of social religious symbols including mosques and religious teaching forum. Some important things are the formation of economic identities such as wholesale trade, shipping businesses and property businesses. In addition, there were also shifting settlements from Hadhrami over the Koja people in Pekojan in the early 19th century, as well as the shift of the Hadhrami to the inland of Batavia in the late 19th century. These various realities ultimately affected various forms and processes of forming the social identity of the Hadhrami community, such as the material aspects, language, behavior, and collective ideas of the Hadhrami community especially at the beginning of the 19th century. Generally the Hadhrami community had transformed themselves and their collective parts into colonial society in Batavia until the beginning of the 20th century.
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32

Turner, Matthew A., Jeffrey S. Rosenthal, Jian Chen, and Chunyan Hao. "Adaptation to Climate Change in Preindustrial Iceland." American Economic Review 102, no. 3 (2012): 250–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.3.250.

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We investigate the effect of climate change on population growth in 18th and 19th century Iceland. We find that annual temperature changes help determine the population growth rate in pre-industrial Iceland: a year 1 degree Celsius cooler than average drives down population growth rates by 1.14%. We also find that 18th and 19th century Icelanders adapt to prolonged changes in climate after 20 years. These adaptations reduce the short run effect of annual change in temperature by about 60%. Finally, a 1 degree Celsius sustained decrease in temperature decreases the steady state population by 10% to 26%.
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33

Hawk, Barry E. "English Competition Law Before 1900." Antitrust Bulletin 63, no. 3 (2018): 350–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003603x18781397.

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English competition law before 1900 developed over many centuries and reflected changes in political conditions, economic theories and social values. It mirrored the historical movements in England, from the medieval ideal of fair prices and just wages to 16th and 17th century nation-state mercantilism to the 18th and 19th century Industrial Revolution and notions of laissez faire capitalism and freedom of contract. English competition law at varying times articulated three fundamental principles: monopolies were disfavored; freedom to trade was emphasized; and fair or reasonable prices were sought. The Sherman Act truly was a watershed that significantly took a different path from English law as it had evolved. In England, legal challenges to monopolization were limited to the royal creation of monopolies and were concentrated in the 17th and early 18th centuries. A prominent element of English competition law—bans on forestalling—was repealed in the first half of the 19th century. Enforcement of English law against cartels was largely emasculated by the end of the 19th century with the ascendancy of freedom of contract and laissez faire political theory.
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Zawadzki, Mateusz. "Sources and methods of reconstruction of postal roads in the second half of the 18th century on the example of the former Lublin Voivodeship." Polish Cartographical Review 50, no. 4 (2018): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcr-2018-0013.

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Abstract The subject of the article is reconstructing the routes of postal roads within the borders of the Lublin Voivodeship in the second half of the 18th century. The author has attempted to reconstruct the routes of postal roads, using the retrogression method and a cartographic research method with the use of GIS tools. For this purpose, manuscript cartographic and descriptive sources from the late 18th and 19th centuries were used. Cartographic material from the end of the 18th century in connection with descriptive sources constituted the basis for determining the existence of a postal connection. However, maps from the beginning of the 19th century constituted the basis for the reconstruction of the routes of postal roads. The obtained results allowed for the determination of the role of the Lublin Voivodeship in the old Polish communication system. The research has made us aware of the need for further in-depth work on communication in the pre--partition era (before 1795).
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35

Galindo Martín, Miguel Ángel, and María Teresa Méndez Picazo. "“All´idea di quel metallo”: Ideas económicas en algunas óperas de comienzos del XIX." Studies of Applied Economics 32, no. 1 (2020): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/eea.v32i1.3204.

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From the century 18th and especially 19th century, the economy is considered as a social science, separating from other forms of human knowledge. Publications in this field supply principles and laws of behavior, to a society that was experiencing major social changes. The aim of this article is to explain how some operas have introduced economic ideas in their arguments, focusing in the case of the operas of beginning of the 19th century and Italian authors, exposing their contributions with regard to the entrepreneur, prices and governance.
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36

Ljøgodt, Knut. "‘Northern Gods in Marble’: the Romantic Rediscovery of Norse Mythology." Romantik: Journal for the Study of Romanticisms 1, no. 1 (2012): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/rom.v1i1.15854.

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The Norse myths were rediscovered in the late 18th century, and became important to contemporary culture during the first half of the 19th century. The Romantics discussed the usage of themes from Norse mythology; soon, these themes became widespread in art and literature. Their popularity is closely connected with the national ideals and political situations of the period, but they were often given individual artistic interpretations. The Romantic interest in Norse myths and heroes held sway over artists and writers throughout the 19th century.
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37

Cottias, Myriam. "A note on 18th- and 19th-century plantation inventories from Martinique." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 64, no. 1-2 (1990): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002022.

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Exploration of Martiniquan slave inventories in the 18th and 19th centuries. The author shows that each plantation had its own mode of classifying slaves: by age, by age and sex, by family groups or following some other order.
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38

Szczepański, Seweryn, and Piotr Lasek. "Iława (Deutsch Eylau) in the light of cartographic sources from the 17th until the 18th century." Masuro-⁠Warmian Bulletin 292, no. 2 (2016): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-135024.

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This article aims to present the urban space of Iława (former Deutsch Eylau). The authors mainly draw on cartographic sources from the 17th and 18th centuries. The first source – a map of Jeziorak Lake (formerlyGeserich See) from 1620, allows many conclusions to be reached about the view of the town in modern times. The authors also discuss two plans from the second half of the 18th century. In order to complement our knowledge of the items that appear in the 17th and 18th centuries, it was necessary to use several plans from the 19th century
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39

Ernst, Carl W. "Reconfiguring South Asian Islam: From the 18th to the 19th Century." Comparative Islamic Studies 5, no. 2 (2011): 247–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cis.v5i2.247.

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Distinctive shifts in the character of South Asian Islamic culture took place between eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. This article tracks these changes through two notable examples, Ghulam ‘Ali Azad Bilgrami (d. 1786) and Hajji Imdad Allah Muhajir Makki (d. 1899). Analysis of writings by and about these two figures demonstrates shifting models of what it meant to be a South Asian Muslim intellectual. The confident cosmopolitanism of Bilgrami, on the cusp of the British colonial conquest, yields to a much more defensive posture in Hajji Imdad Allah, who was indeed engaged in resistance against the ultimately victorious British rule. Loss of traditional Muslim patronage coincided with the decline of philosophical traditions and interest in Hindu culture, along with the rise of the scriptural reformism typified by the Deoband school, which addressed a broader Muslim public. The relatively short time during which these changes occurred emphasizes the significant cultural gap between the pre- and post-colonial periods of South Asian Islam.
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40

Toft, Robert. "Action and Singing in Late 18th and Early 19th Century England." Performance Practice Review 9, no. 2 (1996): 146–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/perfpr.199609.02.03.

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41

Brown, Clive. "Dots and strokes in the late 18th- and 19th-century music." Early Music XXI, no. 4 (1993): 593–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/earlyj/xxi.4.593.

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42

Simon, Alíz, Heikki Matiskainen, Imre Uzonyi, et al. "PIXE analysis of Middle European 18th and 19th century glass seals." X-Ray Spectrometry 40, no. 3 (2011): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/xrs.1328.

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43

Martin, Alexander M. "The Invention of “Russianness” in the Late 18th-Early 19th Century." Ab Imperio 2003, no. 3 (2003): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/imp.2003.0133.

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44

Khramchenkova, R. Kh, P. Degryze, A. G. Sitdikov, and P. Yu Kaplan. "Dynamics of Chemical Composition Variation of 18th – 19th Century Russian Glass." Glass and Ceramics 74, no. 5-6 (2017): 180–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10717-017-9957-5.

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45

Barreiros, Maria Helena. "Urban Landscapes: Houses, Streets and Squares of 18th Century Lisbon." Journal of Early Modern History 12, no. 3-4 (2008): 205–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006508x369866.

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AbstractThis article retraces Lisbon's urban evolution, both planned and spontaneous, from the beginning of the Age of Discovery until the first decades of the 19th century. It highlights the 1755 earthquake as a powerful agent of transformation of Lisbon, both of the city's image and architecture and of street life. The article begins by summing up urban policies and urban planning from Manuel I's reign (1495-1521) to João V's (1707-1750); it goes on to depict Lisbon's daily life during the Ancien Regime, focusing on the uses of public and private spaces by common people. The Pombaline plans for the rebuilding of Lisbon after the 1755 earthquake are reappraised, stressing the radically original morphology and functions of the new streets and housing types. The contrast between pre- and post-1755 Lisbon's public spaces is sharp, in both their design and use, and gradually streetscape became increasely regulated in accordance with emergent bourgeois social and urban values. More than a century later, the city's late 19th- and early 20th-century urban development still bore the mark of Pombaline plans, made just after 1755, for the revived Portuguese capital.
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46

Supady, Jerzy. "The development of nursing care of the sick in Western Europe in the 18th and the first half of the 19th centuries." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 6, no. 1 (2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.1552.

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The Enlightenment ideology and the French Revolution had a very negative impact on the activities of religious congregations in respect of nursing care of the sick in hospitals in the 18th century. Emperor Napoleon I attempted to improve the existing situation by restoring the right for nursing care to nuns. In the first half of the 19th century, in Germany catholic religious orders had the obligation to provide nursing care and in the 30’s of the 19th century the Evangelical Church also joined charity work in hospitals by employing laywomen, i.e. deaconesses.
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Bonamin, Leoni Villano, and Silvia Waisse. "Explanatory models for homeopathy: from the vital force to the current paradigm." Homeopathy 105, no. 03 (2016): 280–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.homp.2016.02.003.

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Facing claims for and against the scientific status of homeopathy, one is entitled to ask: is there a scientific model for homeopathy? In this study we reconstructed the model put forward by Hahnemann. The results showed that it was essentially based on the assumption of a ‘vital force’ exclusive to living beings. While the vital force was a basic element of 18th-century science, the existence of such a sui generis force of nature was refuted with the formulation of the law of the conservation of energy by mid-19th century. As a function of that fact for homeopathic theory, we discuss the history of the rise and demise of the theory of the vital force from the last quarter of the 18th century to 1830. Finally, we call the attention to the paradigm shift biology underwent starting at the end of the 19th century as the framework for contemporary views on the functioning of living beings and consequently, of the effects of pharmacological agents on them.
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Southcott, Jane E. "Early 19th century music pedagogy – German and English connections." British Journal of Music Education 24, no. 3 (2007): 313–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0265051707007607.

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Calls to improve congregational psalmody in 18th century England strongly influenced early music pedagogy. In the first decades of the 19th century English music educators, concerned with psalmody and music in charitable schools, looked to Germany for models of successful practice. The Musikalisches Schulgesangbuch (1826) by Carl Gotthelf Gläser (1784–1829) influenced the music materials designed by Sarah Anna Glover (1786–1867). These, in turn, directly influenced John Turner (dates unknown), William Hickson (1803–1870) and, indirectly, John Curwen (1816–1880). It is illuminating to explore how influential a small collection of German didactic songs could be during an early and very active phase of the development of English school music curricula.
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Todros, Rossella. "The Carlo Gamba collection of fashion plates in the Biblioteca Maruceluana." Art Libraries Journal 14, no. 4 (1989): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200006490.

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The Biblioteca Marucelliana, a public amenity and a reflection of Florentine cultural life since its foundation early in the 18th century, is the home of a collection of 19th century and early 20th century fashion plates, donated in 1965 by Count Carlo Gamba. This collection is used by both scholars and students, including students training to be theatre and fashion designers.
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Nordli, Ø., E. Lundstad, and A. E. J. Ogilvie. "A late-winter to early-spring temperature reconstruction for southeastern Norway from 1758 to 2006." Annals of Glaciology 46 (2007): 404–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756407782871657.

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AbstractSystematic temperature observations were not undertaken in Norway until the early 19th century, and even then only sporadically. Climate-proxy data may be used to reconstruct temperatures before this period, but until now there have not been any climate proxies available for late winter. This situation has recently changed, as a diary containing historical ice break-up data from a farm near lake Randsfjord in southeastern Norway has been discovered. These data, together with observations from lake Mjøsa in the same region, make it possible to reconstruct temperature back to 1758. The reconstructed series, combined with instrumental series from the area near the lake, were merged into one composite time series covering the period 1758–2006. The lowest temperatures are seen during the Dalton sunspot minimum in the early 19th century. The 20th century was 1.3˚C warmer than the 19th century, whereas the 19th century was 0.4˚C warmer than the last 43 years of the 18th century. During the period 1758–1850, the mean temperature was 1.4˚C lower than the mean value of the 20th century. The warmth observed in the 1990s and at the start of the 21st century is unprecedented during the whole series.
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