Academic literature on the topic '1907-1979'

Esse texto tem como objetivo apresentar a história do carnaval de clubes de Rio Novo – MG, entre 1907 e 1979, período no qual a sociedade rionovense foi marcada por forte segregação socioeconômica e racial, utilizando como fonte principal a memória dos foliões rionovenses.

Three cuttlefish belonging to the ‘doratosepion’ species complex (Sepia braggi Verco, 1907, S. cottoni Adam, 1979 and S. vercoi Adam, 1979) were recognised in the most recent review of the Australian Sepiidae (Lu 1998). Five additional species are recorded here for the Australian fauna, S. bidhaia, sp. nov., S. koilados, sp. nov. and S. tanybracheia, sp. nov., together with two species previously known only from cuttlebones (and, therefore, of uncertain status), S. limata (Iredale, 1926a) and S. rhoda (Iredale, 1954). Sepia braggi and S. vercoi are also redescribed. A key to these eight species, and a table of diagnostic characters for all ‘doratosepion’ species are provided.

Oncodostigma Diels (1912: 143) was erected by Diels (1912) based on the type species O. leptoneura Diels (1912: 143). Five additional species were subsequently added to the genus, viz.: O. wilsonii Guillaumin (1931: 224), O. monosperma (Hooker & Thomson 1872: 57) Sinclair (1951: 605), O. mindorense (Merrill 1907: 273) Bân (1974: 1779), O. hainanense (Merrill 1925: 131) Tsiang & Li (1979: 81) and O. microflorum Okada (1996: 8). Van Heusden (1992) conducted a detailed comparative study of the floral morphology of Annonaceae and noted that Oncodostigma is not clearly distinct from Meiogyne Miquel (1865: 12). She subsequently transferred O. mindorense and O. monosperma to Meiogyne and reduced O. wilsonii to synonymy with M. cylindrocarpa (Burck 1911: 433) Heusden (1994: 499). The name Oncodostigma hainanense (Merrill 1925: 131) Tsiang & Li (1979: 81) had previously been transferred to Meiogyne by Bân (1973).

The genus Ctenothrips (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) was proposed by Franklin in 1907 with C. bridwelli as the type species from North America (Franklin, 1907). Up to now, eleven species have been known, all from the Holarctic region (Mound, 2011; Haga & Okajima, 1989; Kudo, 1977; Bhatti, 1976), and six of these have been described from China (Chen, 1979; Feng et al., 2003; Tong & Zhang, 1992). Though related to one of the most popular genera, Taeniothrips Amyot and Serville, by having similar head and antennae, Ctenothrips is distinctly characterized with polygonally reticulated body surface of abdomen and tube-like abdominal segment X. Species of the genus Ctenothrips have been found mainly in alpine regions, but we collected the new species described here from an area only as high as altitude of 900m in the southwest of China. In this paper, C. guizhouensis sp. n., is added as the twelfth member to this genus, and an identification key is provided to all 12 species, based mainly on descriptions. The new species was collected in the flowers of a species of Galium (Rubiaceae) at the Donggong temple, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province. The type specimens are preserved in Yunnan Agricultural University.

Abstract In her coming-of-age memoir, A Time to Remember: Growing Up in New York before the Great War (1979), Marie Jastrow, a Jewish-American immigrant woman, cleverly captures the daily life of her family in Yorkville, New York City, in the early decades of the twentieth century. Jastrow recalls the difficulties she and her parents had to face during their first years in the United States, between 1907 and 1918, and the ways in which they managed to adapt to the social, economic, political, and cultural circumstances of the new environment. Therefore, this essay sets out to explore how Jastrow’s family members succeeded in negotiating the challenges of a gendered immigrant experience.

Em sete municípios do Amazonas, um de Rondônia e um de Roraima, foram examinadas 71 colônias de 24 espécies de Passalidae (Coleoptera), pertencentes aos gêneros: Passalus Fabricius, 1792 (14 espécies); Paxillus Mac Leay, 1819 (três); Popilius Kaup, 1871 (três); Spasalus Kaup, 1869 (uma); Verres Kaup, 1871 (uma); Veturius Kaup, 1871 (duas). Foram registradas doze espécies de pseudoscorpiões, incluindo nove gêneros e cinco famílias, listadas a seguir: Chernetidae - Americhernes aff. incertus Mahnert, 1979, Cordylochernes scorpioides (Linnaeus 1758), Lustrochenes similis (Balzan 1892), L. aff. reimoseri Beier, 1932, L. intermedius (Balzan 1892), Phymatochernes crassimanus Mahnert 1979; Chthoniidae - Pseudochthonius homodentatus Chamberlin, 1929; Lechytiidae - Lechytia chthoniiformis (Balzan 1887); Tridenchthoniidae - Tridenchthonius mexicanus Chamberlin & Chamberlin 1945; Withiidae - Cacodemonius sp., Dolichowithius (D.) emigrans (Tullgren 1907), D. (D.) mediofasciatus Mahnert, 1979. Dentre as espécies mais freqüentes (T. mexicanus, L. intermedius e L. aff. reimoseri), ocorreram todos os estágios de desenvolvimento. Foram coletadas de uma a três espécies de pseudoscorpiões em cada colônia individual de besouros passalídeos. T. mexicanus foi a única espécie encontrada em todos os municípios, ocorrendo em 45 colônias de dezenove espécies de passalídeos, sendo a maioria dos exemplares encontrado no subcórtex. L. intermedius foi a segunda espécie mais abundante, ocorrendo em colônias de 11 espécies de Passalidae, a maioria também no subcórtex. L. aff reimoseri ocorreu em 13 colônias de Passalidae, sob a casca, alburno e cerne. L. aff. reimoseri foi a única espécie coletada somente no cerne.

The Bupleurum feeding species of Trifurcula (Glaucolepis) Braun, 1917 are revised. Five species are recognised: T. bupleurella (Chrétien, 1907), T. sanctibenedicti Klimesch, 1979, T. megaphallus van Nieukerken, Z. Laštůvka & A. Laštůvka sp. n. feeding on Bupleurum gibraltarium in southern Spain, T. chretieni Z. Laštůvka, A. Laštůvka & van Nieukerken sp. n. feeding on Bupleurum rigidum in southern France, Spain and Portugal, and T. siciliae Z. Laštůvka, A. Laštůvka & van Nieukerken sp. n. feeding on B. fruticosum in Sicily. The group is restricted to southwestern Europe and northern Africa, the area where most shrubby Bupleurum species occur. A NJ and Bayesian analysis of DNA barcodes of four out of five species suggest a single origin of Bupleurum feeding in the subgenus Glaucolepis.

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Esta dissertação é fruto de uma pesquisa sobre o carnaval de Rio Novo (pequena cidade da Zona da Mata Mineira), de 1907, quando houve a fundação do primeiro Clube Carnavalesco, à 1979, período em que vejo a consolidação de um novo carnaval, promovido pelas Escolas de Samba. Isto através das representações construídas nas memórias dos depoentes, nos jornais, estatutos e nos livros de ouro e de atas, entre outros documentos. Primeiramente, resgato o passado do zé-pereira, folgança que anunciou o carnaval da cidade durante todo o século XX. São objetos do capítulo inicial a apresentação da cidade de Rio Novo, a chegada da manifestação em Rio Novo e as diversas facetas que este folguedo tomou dentro da cidade. Além disto, debato o exercício de reinvenção dessa tradição, com o resgate de seu passado nas últimas décadas do século XX e início do século XIX. No segundo capítulo enveredo para o estudo do carnaval promovido pelos Clubes Carnavalescos de Rio Novo, com sua típica divisão social. Através das representações reconstituo os perfis dos clubes carnavalescos, a circulação dos foliões nestes grêmios, as rivalidades, o policiamento e o polimento do comportamento que, corriqueiramente, se inseriam num espaço conflituoso. No terceiro capítulo abordo o processo de reorganização do carnaval de Rio Novo, com o fortalecimento das Escolas de Samba. Estas agremiações que, a princípio foram marginalizadas, paulatinamente tomaram proporções de destaque no carnaval da década de 1970, se tornando hegemônicas nos festejos, dando uma nova faceta para o carnaval rionovense, em um período de transformações sociais em que a velha segregação “racial” começava a ruir.
This thesis is the result of research into the carnival of Rio Novo, a small city in the Zona da Mata of Minas Gerais, between 1907 - when the first “Carnival Club” was founded, to 1979 - which saw the consolidation of a new carnival in the city, one promoted by the new Samba Schools. This research was conducted via means of interviews with witnesses, newspaper articles, statute laws, donation registries and minutes of meetings, amongst other documents. Firstly, the past of the “zé-pereira”, a merriment that announced the beginning of carnival in the city throughout the entire 20th Century, is rescued. The objectives of this initial chapter is to present the township of Rio Novo, the arrival of this manifestation in the city, and the diverse facets that this frolic or merriment took on within the same. Furthermore, the exercise of reinventing this tradition, with focus on rescuing it’s past in the last decades of the 20th Century and the beginning of the 19th Century, is debated. The second chapter focuses on the study of the carnival which was promoted by the “Carnival Clubs” of Rio Novo , with their typical social divisions. By means of personal accounts, the profiles of the clubs, the distribution of the revellers in these guilds, their rivalries, behaviour and consequent policing, which usually resulted in conflict, are reconstructed. In the third chapter, the process of the reorganization of the carnival in Rio Novo, with the strengthening of the Samba Schools, is tackled. These guilds, which, at first were marginalized, gradually took on distinctive proportions in the carnival of the 1970s, becoming hegemonic in festivities and giving new facets to the city’s carnival in a period of social transformations in which the ancient racial segregation had began to crumble.

Angelos Terzakis, romancier grec, est l'un des principaux représentants de la génération de 1930, mais aussi et surtout un grand humaniste qui a vécu une époque tumultueuse, marquée de longues guerres, de bouleversements sociaux, politiques et intellectuels. Excellent connaisseur de la littérature grecque, il découvre très vite les enseignements occidentaux. Sous l'influence des auteurs européens, il crée des oeuvres neuves ou se reflète avec de plus en plus d'intensité et de profondeur son histoire personnelle, intimement liée à celle de sa patrie. Le destin tragique du peuple grec le rend grave, l'obscurité qui l'entoure le pousse à la recherche d'une liberté rédemptrice. Il veut ainsi mettre son oeuvre au service de la jeunesse de son pays. Ses romans, qui oscillent entre la sérénité et la souffrance, marquent un tournant pour la prose néohellénique et lui ouvrent le chemin du succès. La joie et la paix étroitement imbriquées terminent son oeuvre romanesque et l'amènent à la révélation intérieure, à la vérité

Cette thèse a pour objet premier le mouvement des nouveaux intellectuels musulmans qui émerge dans l'Iran postrévolutionnaire et créé un nouveau rapport, très créatif, entre la tradition religieuse et la modernité occidentale. Dans un premier temps les différents discours qui ont marqué la période prérévolutionnaire ont été présentés et analysées. Dans un deuxième temps la recherche porte sur la période postrévolutionnaire et aborde le contexte de l'émergence de ces nouveaux intellectuels. Quatre aspects sont pris en considération : l'expérience de la révolution, le particularisme du système constitutionnel, la mort de Khomeiny et l'évolution de l'Etat islamique. Ensuite trois courants sont distingués : les néo-traditionalistes héritiers de Motahari, les réformistes ambivalents héritiers de Shariati et les réformistes libéraux qui sont les enfants de la révolution. Enfin deux thématiques qui sont l'occident et la question de la démocratie font l'objet des dernières parties de cette recherche
The main interest of this thesis is to explain the movement of new intellectuals who emerge in post-revolutionary society and to create new links between religious tradition and western modernity. First of all, we presented and analysed the different discours who marked the pre-revolutionary period. Secondy, we nesearched the post-revolutionary period and appwached the emergance of these new intellectualism for aspects have been taken into consideration, the experience of the revolution the particulary of the constitutional system the death of Khomeiny and the evolution of the islamic state. Afterwords three courants were distinguished : the neo-traditionalists heritants of Motahari, the ambivalent reformists heritants of Shariati and the liberal heritants that are the children of the revolution. Finally we approched the two following : the westerne word and the question of democracy

En 1945, alors qu'il s'agit de reconstruire et de moderniser l'économie française afin de rattraper les hauts niveaux de vie américains, la productivité est au cœur des stratégies des chefs d'entreprise comme des modernisateurs qui peuplent cabinets ministériels ou commissions para-étatiques. Cette consécration est le fruit d'un long processus qui, au gré de la conjoncture et des particularités françaises, a associé plusieurs groupes d'acteurs aux préoccupations différentes : la productivité guide d'abord l'action des ingénieurs et des patrons de l'entre-deux-guerres ; elle est ensuite l'objet de réflexions théoriques de la part de statisticiens et d'économistes qui réfléchissent au progrès technique, à la comptabilité nationale et à l'information économique pendant l'Occupation ; elle sert enfin de discours mobilisateur ambigu à un « Bataillon Sacré de la productivité » animé par Jean Fourastié et Robert Buron et composé de technocrates ou d’ingénieurs qui, avec l'aide des Etats-Unis, grâce au support conceptuel fourni par Fourastié et au « choc psychologique » des missions de productivité, veulent convaincre les Français de la nécessité d'importer de nouvelles méthodes de travail et de pacifier les relations sociales
The recognition of productivity in France is the fruit of a long process which, depending on the economic situation and the particular French context, involved several groups of people with different concerns. Productivity first guided the work of engineers and company directors between the two World Wars. Productivity then entered into theories of statisticians and economists who, like André L. A. Vincent at the “Institut de Conjoncture”, thought deeply about technical progress, national accounting and economic information during World War II. Finally, in 1945, when efforts are made to rebuild and modernize the French economy to catch up with America's high living standards, productivity is at the core of the strategies implemented by technocrats like Jean Fourastié, Fourth Republic politicians like Robert Buron, company directors and trade-unions officials who peopled ministerial cabinets and semi-official commissions like the “Commissariat du Plan”. With the help of the United States Technical Assistance Program (USTAP), of the Bureau of Labor Statistics and thanks to the “psychological shock” of the productivity missions, this small but influent “bataillon sacré de la productivité” sought to convince the French of the need to import new working methods and to pacify industrial relations

Le sujet de cette thèse est la politique culturelle grecque dans l'Europe occidentale ainsi que le développement des efforts sur l'approche et l'intégration dans la famille européenne, du lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale jusqu’à l’adhésion de la Grèce à la CEE. Dès sa fondation, pour l’État néo-hellénique, son passé historique et glorieux constituait le point central de référence. Dans ce cadre, la question qui se pose est celle de savoir quand et pourquoi le leadership politique décida d’exploiter ce passé au niveau politique. La politique culturelle utilise l’histoire et la civilisation d’une nation au profit de la politique. Dans la plupart des cas quant à la Grèce, les ‘messages’ de la politique culturelle ont pour ‘destinataires’ les Européens, phénomène notamment visible pendant la période des négociations d’adhésion. Couvrant l’ensemble de ces tentatives, à partir d’un niveau théorique par un groupe d’intellectuels (par exemple Tsatsos, Canellopoulos) à un niveau pratique par le monde politique (par exemple Caramanlis), l’ampleur de cette période, comprenant plus de trente ans, permet d’examiner et de mettre en valeur l’évolution des relations entre la Grèce et l’Europe ainsi que les initiatives et l’organisation de la politique culturelle de manière globale, dans un contexte européen et international. La politique culturelle extérieure que la Grèce exerça face aux Européens jusqu’en 1979, renvoie aux idées d’identité nationale, au sentiment d’appartenance, voire à l’image approfondie de l’Europe, mais, parallèlement, dans la mesure où elle fait partie de la politique européenne de la Grèce, inextricablement liée à l’histoire de l’intégration européenne
This thesis discusses Greek cultural policy in Western Europe as well as its place in the country’s effort to participate in European integration from the aftermath of the Second World War until the accession of Greece to the EEC. From its foundation, the neo-Hellenic state used its historic past as a central point of reference. In this context, the question arises as to when and how the political leadership decided to project this past on the level of its political relations with the post-war European institutions. Cultural policy uses the history and civilization of a nation for the benefit of politics. In most cases involving Greece, the 'messages' of its cultural policy were 'addressed' to the Europeans, a phenomenon that is particularly visible during the period of accession negotiations. This was projected both at the intellectual level (for example by people such as Tsatsos, Kanellopoulos) and at the realm of practical politics by the political world (for example Karamanlis). This study, extending to a period longer than thirty years, examines the development of cultural relations between Greece and Europe, the initiatives and organization of Greek cultural policy within a European and international context as well as the role of cultural policy and Greece’s cultural arguments in the effort to achieve accession to the EEC.The foreign cultural policy that Greece exercised towards the Europeans until 1979 refers to national identity, the sentiment of belonging, the cultural connotations of the European project. Thus, to the extent that it is part of Greece's European policy, it is inextricably linked to the history of European integration

Le sujet de cette thèse est la politique culturelle grecque dans l'Europe occidentale ainsi que le développement des efforts sur l'approche et l'intégration dans la famille européenne, du lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale jusqu’à l’adhésion de la Grèce à la CEE. Dès sa fondation, pour l’État néo-hellénique, son passé historique et glorieux constituait le point central de référence. Dans ce cadre, la question qui se pose est celle de savoir quand et pourquoi le leadership politique décida d’exploiter ce passé au niveau politique. La politique culturelle utilise l’histoire et la civilisation d’une nation au profit de la politique. Dans la plupart des cas quant à la Grèce, les ‘messages’ de la politique culturelle ont pour ‘destinataires’ les Européens, phénomène notamment visible pendant la période des négociations d’adhésion. Couvrant l’ensemble de ces tentatives, à partir d’un niveau théorique par un groupe d’intellectuels (par exemple Tsatsos, Canellopoulos) à un niveau pratique par le monde politique (par exemple Caramanlis), l’ampleur de cette période, comprenant plus de trente ans, permet d’examiner et de mettre en valeur l’évolution des relations entre la Grèce et l’Europe ainsi que les initiatives et l’organisation de la politique culturelle de manière globale, dans un contexte européen et international. La politique culturelle extérieure que la Grèce exerça face aux Européens jusqu’en 1979, renvoie aux idées d’identité nationale, au sentiment d’appartenance, voire à l’image approfondie de l’Europe, mais, parallèlement, dans la mesure où elle fait partie de la politique européenne de la Grèce, inextricablement liée à l’histoire de l’intégration européenne
This thesis discusses Greek cultural policy in Western Europe as well as its place in the country’s effort to participate in European integration from the aftermath of the Second World War until the accession of Greece to the EEC. From its foundation, the neo-Hellenic state used its historic past as a central point of reference. In this context, the question arises as to when and how the political leadership decided to project this past on the level of its political relations with the post-war European institutions. Cultural policy uses the history and civilization of a nation for the benefit of politics. In most cases involving Greece, the 'messages' of its cultural policy were 'addressed' to the Europeans, a phenomenon that is particularly visible during the period of accession negotiations. This was projected both at the intellectual level (for example by people such as Tsatsos, Kanellopoulos) and at the realm of practical politics by the political world (for example Karamanlis). This study, extending to a period longer than thirty years, examines the development of cultural relations between Greece and Europe, the initiatives and organization of Greek cultural policy within a European and international context as well as the role of cultural policy and Greece’s cultural arguments in the effort to achieve accession to the EEC.The foreign cultural policy that Greece exercised towards the Europeans until 1979 refers to national identity, the sentiment of belonging, the cultural connotations of the European project. Thus, to the extent that it is part of Greece's European policy, it is inextricably linked to the history of European integration

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Inserida no campo da história social da infância na Amazônia, a tese intitulada Infância, Educação e Criança: um estudo histórico-literário nas obras Serões da Mãe Preta e Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira (1897-1920), é norteada pela seguinte questão de pesquisa: Que lugar a criança ocupa, enquanto sujeito, nas obras Serões da Mãe Preta, de Juvenal Tavares e Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira, de Dalcídio Jurandir, a partir da relação com os contextos histórico, econômico, cultural e educacional no Pará, entre os anos de 1897 a 1920? Para responder a essa questão o estudo teve como principal objetivo analisar a infância, a educação e o lugar que a criança ocupa, enquanto sujeito, nas obras Serões da Mãe Preta, de Juvenal Tavares e Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira, de Dalcídio Jurandir, a partir dos contextos histórico, sociopolítico, econômico, cultural e educacional no Pará, entre os anos de 1897 a 1920. O estudo se amparou nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Nova História Cultural, com ênfase nos conceitos de representação, práticas e apropriação, e nas relações estabelecidas entre história e literatura associadas à concepção sociológica de infância. O recorte temporal abrange o período de 1897 a 1920. O marco inicial demarca o auge do ciclo da borracha com favorecimento aos investimentos do governo republicano na formação da criança, o que ocasionou a publicação da obra Serões da Mãe Preta para a leitura infantil nas escolas do Pará. O marco final reside em retratar o pós-ciclo da borracha, contexto político de ambientação da obra Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira. Em constante diálogo com a bibliografia e com o contexto histórico, sociopolítico, econômico, cultural e educacional, a análise do corpus formado pelas referidas obras, considerou a proposição de articular o autor, o lugar do seu discurso, suas ideias, suas produções e suas relações sociais mais amplas, ultrapassando os limites de uma caracterização biográfica, sendo imprescindível, ainda, o uso subsidiário de fontes documentais para dialogar com os textos literários. A partir das análises, a tese aponta que os escritores fazem diferentes representações de infância, pelos diferentes lugares que a criança ocupa no discurso literário. Em Serões da Mãe Preta, há pistas de que o autor se reporta, por meio de seus personagens, a uma infância em construção, amparada por uma confortável situação econômica em que a criança é (re) apresentada como um sujeito que precisa apreender valores morais e sociais para ser reconhecida e aceita socialmente. Já em Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira, a miséria do lugar remete a uma infância pobre, em que a criança é (re) apresentada como conhecedora do seu meio, da sua situação de opressão e da vontade de romper com tudo o que lhe aflige, usando o imaginário como pano de fundo para se ausentar do mundo real caracterizado pela ausência do direito de viver e se educar dignamente.
In the field of social history of childhood in the Amazon, the thesis titled Childhood Education and Children a historical-literary study Serões da Mãe Preta and Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira (1897-1920) is guided by the following research question: Which place the child take, as a subject, in Firesides works Serões da Mãe Preta, de Juvenal Tavares and Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira,de Dalcídio Jurandir, from the relationship with the historical contexts, economic, cultural and educational in State o Para, between the years 1897 to 1920? To answer this question, the study’s main idea was to examine childhood, education and the place that the child occupies, as a subject, in Firesides works of Serões da Mae Preta, de Juvenal Tavares and Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira, de Dalcídio Jurandir, the from the historical contexts, socio-political, economic, cultural and educational in State of Para, between the years 1897-1920. The study was based on the theoretical and methodological assumptions of the New Cultural History, with an emphasis on the concepts of representation, practices and ownership, and the relationships established between history and literature associated with the sociological concept of childhood. The first milestone marks the height of the rubber boom, favoring the republican government’s investment in childhood education, leading to the publication of the fireside work Mãe Preta for children's reading in schools in the state of Pará. The end of cycle rubber shows political context of firesides work of Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira. In constant dialogue with the literature and the historical, political, economic, cultural and educational context, the corpus of analysis made by these works considers the proposition articulated by the author. The place of his speech, his ideas, his productions and his broader social relations overtaking the limits of a biographical characterization are indispensable. Also, it uses subsidiary documentary sources to dialogue with literary texts. From the analysis, the thesis points out that those writers do different childhood representations displaying the different places that the child occupies in the literary discourse. In Serões da Mãe Preta, there are clues that the author reports, through his characters, to a childhood under construction supported by a comfortable economic situation in which the child is represented as a person who needs to learn moral values and social to be recognized and accepted socially. Already in the Chove nos Campos de Cachoeira, the misery of the place refers to a poor childhood. The child is represented as knowledgeable of their environment, their situation of oppression and the will to break away from that which ails them, using imagery as a backdrop to leave the real world, characterized by the absence of the right to live and educate in dignity.

Cette étude se propose de répondre à la question concernant l'existence, en Italie, d'une littérature surréaliste. En effet, il est indubitable que le surréalisme n’a jamais pris une forme définie en Italie, en se différenciant ainsi de la situation en France; cependant, des influences et la proximité de certains auteurs italiens à la poétique du surréalisme sont évidentes. Dans ma thèse, je démontre qu'à certains moments, il est même possible de parler d'un proto-surréalisme italien, qui anticipe l'explosion française. Nous avons étudié, en particulier, l'oeuvre de Alberto Savinio, Antonio Delfini e Tommaso Landolfi, mai aussi l'expérience artistique et littéraire de l'école métaphysique que joue un rôle important dans la définition des paradigmes théoriques du surréalisme tant pour la France que pour l'Italie. Chez chacun des auteurs qui nous avons étudiés, nous avons cerné et mis en exergue les points de contact et d'adhésion à la littérature surréaliste, notamment en ce qui concerne les travaux du théoricien français André Breton. Il est évident que, pour chacun de ces auteurs, le discours a suivi des lignes autonome et en fait, nous n'avions pas l'intention de théoriser l'appartenance hypothétique de ces écrivains à un groupe soudé et uni comme en France, mais nous avions l'intention d'évaluer l'impact possible de la poétique surréaliste sur les œuvres de ces auteurs. Malgré toutes les différences entre les cas, nous pensons pouvoir affirmer, à la fin de notre travail de recherche, qu'il y a eu, en Italie, un moment où un certain groupe d’auteurs a produit une littérature surréaliste ; ils n'ont peut-être pas repris pleinement les dictées théoriques brétoniennes, mais certainement ils les connaissaient et ils en ont exploité certains éléments
In this work, the issue about the existence of Surrealist Literature in Italy will be analysed. It is obvious that, differently from the French environment where it was born and developed following precise theoretical rules, Surrealism has never taken a clear shape in Italy. Having said that, some influences and a certain affinity to Surrealist poetics is evident in some authors. In this work, the possible existence of an Italian Proto-surrealism which anticipates the 'French explosion' is taken into consideration. In particular, the works of Alberto Savinio, Antonio Delfini and Tommaso Landolfi, have been studied together with the artistic and literary experience of the Metaphysical 'School' which plays an important role in the definition of theoretical standards of Surrealism both in France and in Italy. In every author taken into consideration, the contact points and the adherence to Surrealist Literature, specifically in relation with André Breton's theoretical works, have been highlighted. It is clear that, for every author, the study followed autonomous lines. There was no intention, indeed, to theorise a possible belonging of these writers to a close and harmonious groups as in France. There was, instead, the aim of considering the possible impact of Surrealist poetic on the works of these authors. At the end of the work, it might be stated that, despite the several differences, there was a moment in Italy in which a certain group of authors produced a Surrealist Literature. They did not completely follow Breton's theoretical treatise, but they surely knew it and explored some of its elements
In questo studio ci siamo proposti di rispondere alla questione concernente l'esistenza, in Italia, di una letteratura surrealista. É fuori di dubbio che il surrealismo in Italia non ha mai preso una forma definita, differenziandosi in questo rispetto alla Francia dove è nato e si è sviluppato seguendo delle regole teoriche precise; nonostante questo, alcune influenze e una certa vicinanza alla poetica surrealista è evidente in alcuni autori. In questa tesi si prova a dimostrare che, in certi momenti, è possibile parlare anche di un protosurrealismo italiano che anticipa l'esplosione francese. Si sono studiate, in particolare, le opere di Alberto Savinio, Antonio Delfini e Tommaso Landolfi, ma anche l'esperienza artistica e letteraria della scuola metafisica che gioca un ruolo importante nella definizione dei paradigmi teorici del surrealismo sia in Francia che in Italia. In ognuno degli autori che si sono studiati, abbiamo messo in luce i punti di contatto e l'adesione alla letteratura surrealista, in particolare in relazione ai lavori teorici di André Breton. È evidente che, per ognuno degli autori, il discorso ha seguito delle linee autonome e, in effetti, non si aveva l'intenzione di teorizzare un'appartenenza ipotetica di questi scrittori a un gruppo unito e affiatato come in Francia, ma di valutare il possibile impatto della poetica surrealista nelle opere di questi autori. Malgrado tutte le differenze, si pensa di poter affermare, alla fine del lavoro, che c'è stato, in Italia, un momento dove un certo gruppo di autori ha prodotto una letteratura surrealista. Essi non hanno ripreso pienamente il dettato teorico di Breton, ma certo conoscendolo e esplorando alcuni elementi

Abstract In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the butterfly fauna of the Neotropics, and particularly that of Central America. A number of workers in this area have indicated to us that up-to-date information on the composition of the fauna of the Republic of Panama would be useful. Little has been published on the Panamanian butterflies since the classical work of Godman and Salvin (1879-1901) and the references to it in Seitz (1907-1924). Although Panamanian butterflies have been collected since at least the latter part of the 18th century (Brown and Heineman 1972; Lamas 1979), the only comprehensive works devoted specifically to this fauna are restricted to the area of the former Canal Zone and its vicinity, and were published in this century (Dyar 1914; Bell 1931; Huntington 1932; Emmel and Leck 1970). During the last 25 years much more information has become available as the result of field trips made by the junior author, Annette Aiello, Francisco Delgado, and others. This information, together with that obtained by examination of the collections of several major museums, has enabled us.to get a clearer idea of the composition and extent of the fauna.

The mathematical study of flow in porous media is typically based on the 1856 empirical result of Henri Darcy. This result, known as Darcy’s law, states that the velocity of a single-phase flow through a porous medium is proportional to the hydraulic gradient. The publication of Darcy’s work has been referred to as “the birth of groundwater hydrology as a quantitative science” (Freeze and Cherry, 1979). Although Darcy’s original equation was found to be valid for slow, steady, one-dimensional, single-phase flow through a homogeneous and isotropic sand, it has been applied in the succeeding 140 years to complex transient flows that involve multiple phases in heterogeneous media. To attain this generality, a modification has been made to the original formula, such that the constant of proportionality between flow and hydraulic gradient is allowed to be a spatially varying function of the system properties. The extended version of Darcy’s law is expressed in the following form: qα=-Kα . Jα (2.1) where qα is the volumetric flow rate per unit area vector of the α-phase fluid, Kα is the hydraulic conductivity tensor of the α-phase and is a function of the viscosity and saturation of the α-phase and of the solid matrix, and Jα is the vector hydraulic gradient that drives the flow. The quantities Jα and Kα account for pressure and gravitational effects as well as the interactions that occur between adjacent phases. Although this generalization is occasionally criticized for its shortcomings, equation (2.1) is considered today to be a fundamental principle in analysis of porous media flows (e.g., McWhorter and Sunada, 1977). If, indeed, Darcy’s experimental result is the birth of quantitative hydrology, a need still remains to build quantitative analysis of porous media flow on a strong theoretical foundation. The problem of unsaturated flow of water has been attacked using experimental and theoretical tools since the early part of this century. Sposito (1986) attributes the beginnings of the study of soil water flow as a subdiscipline of physics to the fundamental work of Buckingham (1907), which uses a saturation-dependent hydraulic conductivity and a capillary potential for the hydraulic gradient.