Journal articles on the topic '1912-1975'

Les lois de l’extension des frontières de 1898 et de 1912 ont défini, en bonne partie, le territoire du Québec. Des auteurs ont considéré ces lois sous l’angle des droits des Indiens, plaidant, en vertu de l’article 2 de la loi de 1912, l’obligation du Québec à cet égard. Le Québec a reconnu son obligation au moment de signer avec les Cris et les Inuits, en 1975, la Convention de la Baie James et du Nord québécois. Les Anichinabés/ Algonquins, les Attikameks et les Innus, qui habitaient aussi les territoires annexés en 1898 et en 1912, virent leurs droits éteints unilatéralement. Si la loi de 1912 servit d’argument juridique d’importance au moment de la Convention, peu d’auteurs ont cherché à replacer cet acte législatif dans son contexte. La relecture des documents de cette époque ramène au premier plan la question des droits des nations indiennes laissées de côté, comme c’est le cas pour la Première Nation Abitibiwinni.

The genus Nemoura Latreille is distributed widely in the Holarctic and Oriental regions (Baumann 1975, Aubert 1967, Zwick & Sivec 1980). A total of 31 species from China have been described by Klapálek (1907, 1912), Okamoto (1922), Chu (1928), Uéno (1941), Wu (1938, 1949, 1962, 1973), Shimizu (1997), Sicec (1981), Zhu & Yang (2003), Wang & Du (2006), Li & Yang (2006, 2007), and Du et al. (2008). Currently, only one species of nemourid, Amphinemura tricintusidens, Wang & Zhu, 2007 is known from Xinjiang province, China (Wang et al. 2007). A second species from Xinjiang, Nemoura bidentata, is described as new to science in this paper. Types of the new species are placed in the Insect Collection of Yangzhou University and are stored in 75% ethanol. Morphological terminology is that of Baumann (1975).

The Brahmaputra River flows through Assam, India, for about 670 km along an alluvial valley as a wide braided river. The width of the river varies with time along its course. The braiding intensity of this river is estimated using the braiding index (BI) of Brice (1964), which also changes with space and time along the course of the river. Temporal changes of both width and BI have been studied using topographic maps of 1912–1928 and 1963–1975, and dry season satellite data of 1996, 2000, 2007 and 2009. The mean widths of the Brahmaputra River channel in Assam during 1912–1928, 1963–1975, 1996, 2000, 2007 and 2009 were 5949 m, 7455 m, 7505 m, 8008 m, 8308 m and 9012 m, respectively, confirming an overall increase in width with time. Both the width and variation of width are lowest in four short narrower segments of the river. Three of these segments represent hard points comprising gneissic rock, and one segment is on alluvium comprising cohesive clay. The increase in width is correlated to enormous sediment load produced by the great Assam earthquake of 1950 and large-scale deforestation in the Himalayas. The mean BIs for the Brahmaputra for 1963–1975, 1996, 2000, 2007 and 2009 were 8.59, 8.43, 6.67, 6.58 and 7.70, respectively, indicating in general a decreasing trend up to 2007. The BI showed low variation at the four narrow segments where there is also a minimum variation of the channel width. The BI has increased significantly in the upstream part of the river. Very high fluctuation of discharge (17,000 m 3 / s − 1 in 24 h) and high sediment loads of the Brahmaputra (daily mean sediment discharge of 2.0 million tonnes during monsoon), erodible alluvial banks and high width/depth ratios are the main causes of development of braiding. The interrelationship between channel width and BI of the Brahmaputra shows a positive correlation, indicating an increase in BI with increasing channel width.

The acoel genus Anaperus was established by Graff in 1911 for Amphiscolops gardineri Graff, 1910, making Anaperus gardineri (Graff, 1910) its type species. Since then, six more valid species were described: A. tvaerminnensis (Luther, 1912); A. sulcatus Beklemischev, 1914; A. rubellus Westblad, 1945; A. biaculeatus Boguta, 1970; A. ornatus Beltagi, 2001; A. singularis Hooge & Smith, 2004. A seventh species, A. australis Westblad, 1952, is incertae sedis (Dörjes & Karling, 1975). The genus was placed to family Convolutidae Graff, 1905, until Dörjes (1968) erected the family Anaperidae on the basis of a distinctive male copulatory apparatus. Jondelius et al. (2011) returned it to Convolutidae on the basis of molecular–sequence data.

In the study dedicated to Pēteris Sauleskalns (1876–1975), a graduate of Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI), an agronomist, pedagogue, and teacher, the author used archival and library materials describing the family of Sauleskalns and the childhood of his son Pēteris, his study and work life, and pedagogical activities at Priekuļi (1912–19) and Latgale (1921–1936) / Malnava (1936–1940) Agricultural Secondary Schools, evaluating his contribution to the establishment and management of the Malnava Agricultural Secondary School. The teacher with a long-term experience, P. Sauleskalns also participated in political life – he represented the Latvian Farmers’ Union at the Latvian Constitutional Assembly (1920–1922). For his successful work in the area of agricultural education, he was twice awarded the highest Latvian state award – the Order of the Three Stars. After World War II, he lived in exile in the United States.

In the study dedicated to Pēteris Sauleskalns (1876–1975), a graduate of Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI), an agronomist, pedagogue, and teacher, the author used archival and library materials describing the family of Sauleskalns and the childhood of his son Pēteris, his study and work life, and pedagogical activities at Priekuļi (1912–1918) and Latgale (1921–1936) / Malnava (1936– 1940) Agricultural Secondary Schools, evaluating his contribution to the establishment and management of the Malnava Agricultural Secondary School. The teacher with a long-term experience, P. Sauleskalns also participated in political life – he represented the Latvian Farmers’ Union at the Latvian Constitutional Assembly (1920–1922). For his successful work in the area of agricultural education, he was twice awarded the highest Latvian state award – the Order of the Three Stars. After World War II, he lived in exile in the United States.

<p>En los quince años transcurridos entre los editoriales de André Chastel (1975) y de Françoise Hamon (1990) publicados en la Revue de l’art, diversas iniciativas<br />y proyectos alimentaron en Francia el debate en torno a los archivos de arquitectos y de arquitectura y su rol en el estudio de la historia de la arquitectura. El presente texto aborda la experiencia francesa –iniciada tardíamente<br />con respecto a los desarrollos observados en otros países europeos y en Norteamérica–, la cual encontró en historiadores del arte y de la arquitectura como André Chastel (1912-1990), Maurice Culot (1937) o Jean-Louis Cohen (1949) el impulso que permitió poner a prueba y desarrollar iniciativas entre las cuales se destaca hoy el Centre d’archives d’architecture du XXe siècle.</p>

Eurotas Distant, 1884 is transferred from Mirinae, Mirini to Orthotylinae, Orthotylini (new subfamily placement) and Femurocoris Carvalho, 1977 is transferred from Mirinae, Mirini to Deraeocorinae, Hyaliodini (new subfamily placement). The following new combinations are suggested: Apolygus biannulatus (Poppius, 1915) comb. n. [Lygus], Apolygus bruneinensis (Carvalho, 1980) comb. n. [Lygus], Apolygus longirostris (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Apolygus umbratus (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Guisardinus lineatus (Carvalho in Carvalho & Gross, 1979) comb. n. [Chrysorrhanis], Gutrida mocquerysi (Poppius, 1912) comb. n. [Lygus], Lampethusa attenuata (Distant, 1883). comb. n. [Taedia], Lygidolon vittatum (Reuter, 1903) comb. n. [Lygus], Lygocoris viridiflavus (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Lygocoris vittulatus (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Neolygus indicus (Poppius, 1914) comb. nov. [Lygus], Neolygus sondaicus (Poppius, 1914) [Lygus], Pleurochilophorus sexlineatus (Delattre, 1949) n. comb. [Corizidolon], Sabactiopus laevipennis (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Sabactiopus sublaevis (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Sabactus exiguus (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus], Schoutedenomiris schmitzi (Chérot, 1996) comb. n. [Trigonotylus], and Taylorilygus oceanicus (Poppius, 1914) comb. n. [Lygus]. Lectotypes are designated for Corizidolon sexlineatum Delattre, 1949, Lygus exiguus Poppius, 1914, Lygus indicus Poppius, 1914, Lygus laevipennis Poppius, 1914, Lygus nebulosus Poppius, 1914, Lygus oceanicus Poppius, 1914, Lygus sondaicus Poppius, 1914, Lygus vittatus Reuter, 1903, and Miris cruentatus Brullé, 1832. Two replacement names – Tropidosteptes costai Schwartz & Chérot (nomen novum) and Phytocoris garyi Schwartz & Chérot (nomen novum) – are given respectively to Tropidosteptes scutellatus Carvalho & Costa, 1993 nec Tropidosteptes scutellatus Distant, 1893 and Phytocoris falcatus Stonedahl, 1995 nec Phytocoris falcatus Linnavuori, 1984. The following taxa are raised to species level: Neostenotus confluentus Carvalho & Fontes, 1972 stat. n., Neostenotus itatiaianus Carvalho & Fontes, 1972 stat. n., Neostenotus serranus Carvalho & Fontes, 1972 stat. n., Neostenotus similimus Carvalho & Fontes, 1972 stat. n., Neostenotus sulinus Carvalho & Fontes, 1972 stat. n., Poeas alvarengai Carvalho, 1975 stat. n., Poeas atlantica Carvalho, 1975 stat. n, Poeas caatinga Carvalho, 1975 stat. n., Poeas chapada Carvalho, 1975 stat. n., and Poeas2© 2005 Magnolia Presscipoa Carvalho, 1975 stat. n. The subgeneric classification of Hyalopeplus cuneatus Carvalho in Carvalho & Gross, 1979 is discussed.

Abstract A monotypic genus Proparadilepis Kornyushin et Greben, gen. n. (type species: Proparadilepis plegadissaakovae sp. n.) is erected. It is similar to the genera Paradilepis Hsu, 1935, Ascodilepis Guildal, 1960 and Dendrouterina Fuhrmann, 1912 and differs from them by the number and shape of rostellar hooks, armament of the cirrus and shape of gravid uterus. Its type species, P. plegadissaakovae sp. n. is described from Plegadis falcinellus L. It was found by Е. О. Saakova and assigned as Paradilepis plegadis nomen nudum because its description was not published according to the criteria of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The additions to the keys of gryporhynchid tapeworms (Bona, 1994) are proposed. The genus Dendrouterina is divided, according to the existing groups “herodiae” and “macrosphincter” distinguished by Bona (1975) into two valid genera, Dendrouterina and Mashonalepis Beverley-Burton, 1960.

AbstractThe Brechin Lagerstätte (Katian, Ordovician) from the Lake Simcoe region of Ontario, Canada contains a diverse array of echinoderms. Here, we describe seven disparid and two hybocrinid crinoids (subclass Pentacrinoidea, infraclass Inadunata), including a new disparid species belonging to the Anomalocrinidae (order Homocrinida). In total, the disparids include Anomalocrinus astrictus n. sp.; Cremacrinus guttenbergensis Kolata, 1975; C. inaequalis Billings, 1859; Daedalocrinus bellevillensis Billings, 1883; Eustenocrinus springeri Ulrich, 1925; Iocrinus trentonensis Walcott, 1883; and Isotomocrinus tenuis Billings, 1857b. The hybocrinids include Hybocrinus tumidus Billings, 1857a and Hybocystites problematicus Wetherby, 1880. Previously known from only the holotype, three additional specimens of E. springeri expand our understanding of this unusual crinoid. Nomenclatural acts include: (1) the recommended designation of D. kirki Ulrich, 1925 as a junior synonym of D. bellevillensis is followed; (2) Hybocrinus pristinus Billings, 1858 is designated as a junior synonym of H. tumidus, and previous decisions are followed to retain Hybocystites eldonensis (Parks, 1908) as a junior synonym of H. problematicus; (3) although probably assignable to Anomalocrinus Meek and Worthen, 1865, the aberrant crinoid Glaucocrinus falconeri Parks and Alcock, 1912, and its genus Glaucocrinus Parks and Alcock, 1912, are designated as nomena dubia; (4) Iocrinus similis (Billings, 1857) is also designated as a nomen dubium; and (5) Iocrinus subcrassus torontoensis Fritz, 1925 is designated a junior synonym of I. subcrassus Meek and Worthen, 1865.UUID: http://zoobank.org/90f8580b-ed7e-4405-97b2-73c9069de7f5

Questo articolo propone al pubblico di lingua italiana una nuova traduzione in verso e rima, commentata e ragionata, della classica poesia blokiana “Notte, strada, lampione, farmacia,” anche nota come Danza macabra II (1912), tratta dalla raccolta Un mondo terribile (Strashnyi mir). La mia proposta viene presentata analiticamente attraverso un confronto puntuale con quattro preesistenti traduzioni in italiano: in primo luogo quella di Renato Poggioli, ne Il fiore del verso russo (1949), e successivamente quelle di Angelo Maria Ripellino (1975), Bruno Carnevali (1977) e Sergio Pescatori (1981). La caratteristica precipua di questa mia proposta è la presentazione di una traduzione poetica, ovvero una traduzione “multidimensionale” che nella lingua destinataria conservi, oltre ovviamente ad un massimo possibile della dimensione semantica (il “senso” strettamente letterale), anche tratti di verso e rima quanto più possibile simili a quelli che il testo di partenza possiede nella propria veste originale.

A revisão taxonômica do gênero Roeboides grupo-affinis é apresentada. Sete espécies são reconhecidas: R. affinis (Günther, 1868) das drenagens dos rios Amazonas, Orinoco e Paraná-Paraguai, rios da Guiana, Suriname e sistema Tocantins-Araguaia; R. biserialis Garman, 1890 da drenagem do rio Amazonas; R. descalvadensis Fowler, 1932 das drenagens dos rios Amazonas e Paraná-Paraguai; R. oligistos Lucena, 2000 da bacia do rio Amazonas; R. numerosus Lucena, 2000 da bacia do rio Orinoco; R. xenodon (Reinhardt, 1851) da bacia do rio São Francisco e R. sazimai sp. nov., conhecida dos rios Parnaíba and Pindaré-Mearim, nordeste do Brasil. Roeboides paranensis Pignalberi, 1975 é considerado sinônimo de R. descalvadensis; Roeboides prognathus e R. thurni Eigenmann, 1912 sinônimos de R. affinis. Lectótipos são designados para R. affinis, R. biserialis e R. francisci Steindachner, 1908. Uma chave de identificação das espécies de Roeboides grupo-affinis é fornecida.

Revisou-se a taxonomia das espécies incluídas em Pseudoparlatoria Cockerell, 1892, através do exame das séries tipo, exemplares obtidos nas localidades-tipo e material disponível em coleções científicas. Foram redescritas: P. argentata Hempel, 1912; P. browni McKenzie, 1963; P. campinensis Lepage & Giannotti, 1946; P. carolilehmanni Balachowsky, 1959; P. caucae Balachowsky, 1959; P. circularis Lepage, 1942; P. constricta Fonseca, 1975; P. elongata Ferris, 1941; P. fuscaFerris, 1941; P. fusiformisFonseca, 1969; P. lentigo Ferris, 1942; P. maculata Ferris, 1942; P. noacki Cockerell, 1898; P. occultata (Hempel, 1937); P. ostreataCockerell, 1892; P. parlatorioides(Comstock, 1883); P. perparvula Ferris, 1942; P. pisai (Hempel, 1904); P. punctata Ferris, 1942; P. rossetae Fonseca, 1969; P. serrulata Townsend & Cockerell, 1898; P. subcircularis Balachowsky, 1959; P. tillandsiae Tippins, 1970; P. trimaculata Lepage & Giannotti, 1946; P. turgida Ferris, 1941. Duas novas combinações são estabelecidas, P. mammata(Ferris, 1941); P. sculpta (Ferris, 1941). Uma chave para identificação das espécies é apresentada.

The paper analyses the spatial distribution of common wild oat (<i>Avena fatua</i> L.) on cultivated fields in the Olsztyn and Suwałki Districts. Data are presented on the occurrence of this species in 1908-1909, based on works of a German scientist Z a d e (1912), and the present author's own data for two periods: 1966-1975 and 1976-1982. Analysis of the data points to the invasive character of <i>Auena fatua</i> in north-eastern Poland in the period 1976-1982. At present, the distribution of common wild oat is very similar to that at the beginning of the 20 century (1908-1909). In the area under study common wild oat (<i>Avena fatua</i> L.) seems to be most dangerous for spring cereals cultivated upon soils of good wheat complex. The data confirm suggestions by many authors that common wild oat belongs to calciphilous species.

Resumo O artigo apresenta a trajetória dos arquivos dos escritores baianos Camillo de Jesus Lima (1912-1975), cujo estado toponomológico atual (DERRIDA, 2001) é considerado em movimento ou, como classificaria Marques (2015), no trânsito do privado ao público, em um “espaço intervalar”; e de Carlos Vasconcelos Maia (1923-1988), escritor que negava a prática do autoarquivamento, afirmação não confirmada por seus familiares. Em comum, os arquivos dos escritores têm as situações de ocultamento, de risco, de vulnerabilidade, mas, acima de tudo, sua manutenção pela vontade de preservação. O texto destaca a importância e valor dos documentos no conjunto arquivístico em que memória e história se imbricam em favor do conhecimento sobre os processos de produção, circulação e recepção do texto literário e o seu valor como documento da memória cultural. Considera-se a noção de documento como fato relativo à contemporaneidade, não mais limitando-o ao texto em si, mas em sentido amplo (LE GOFF, 1990; NORA, 1993; RICOEUR, 2007), seja ele escrito, ilustrado, sonoro, imagético ou expresso de qualquer outra forma, vale considerar as circunstâncias em que são produzidos, pesquisados, analisados. Palavras-chave: Acervos. Memória Literária. Documentos. Camillo de Jesus Lima. Vasconcelos Maia. Resumen El artículo presenta la trayectoria de los archivos de los escritores baianos Camillo de Jesus Lima (1912-1975) cuyo estado actual (DERRIDA, 2001) es considerado en movimiento o, como clasificó Marques (2015), en el tránsito del privado al público, en un "espacio de intervalos"; y de Carlos Vasconcelos Maia (1923-1988), escritor que negaba la práctica del autoarquivamiento, afirmación no confirmada por sus familiares. En común, los archivos de los escritores tienen las situaciones de ocultamiento, de riesgo, de vulnerabilidad, pero, encima de todo, su mantenimiento por la voluntad de preservación. El texto destaca la importancia y valor de los documentos en el conjunto archivístico en que memoria e historia se imbrican a favor del conocimiento sobre los procesos de producción, circulación y recepción del texto literario y su valor como documento de la memoria cultural. Se considera la noción de documento como un hecho relativo a la contemporaneidad, no más limitándolo al texto en sí, sino en sentido amplio (LE GOFF, 1990; NORA, 1993), sea escrito, ilustrado, sonoro, imagético o expreso en cualquier otra forma, vale considerar las circunstancias en que son producidos, investigados, analizados. Palabras clave: Acervos. Memoria Literaria. Documentos. Camillo de Jesus Lima. Vasconcelos Maia.

21 мая исполняется 100 лет со дня рождения академика Андрея Дмитриевича Сахарова, физика-теоретика, одного из создателей первой советской водородной бомбы, диссидента и правозащитника, лауреата Нобелевской премии мира (1975) «за бесстрашную поддержку фундаментальных принципов мира между людьми и мужественную борьбу со злоупотреблением властью и любыми формами подавления человеческого достоинства». Андрей Дмитриевич был членом редколлегии «Природы» с 1959 по 1962 г. Ему посвящен специальный номер нашего журнала (1990. №8) под названием «Этюды к научному портрету А.Д.Сахарова», публикация «этюдов» продолжилась его к 70-летию (1991. №5. С.89–104). Эти материалы легли в основу книг, вышедших в те годы. В этом году, к 100-летию Андрея Дмитриевича, готовятся к изданию новые книги. Здесь мы воспроизводим один из «этюдов», автор которого, академик РАН Евгений Львович Фейнберг (1912–2005), был близким другом Сахарова и его коллегой по Физическому институту имени П.Н.Лебедева АН СССР (ФИАНу), и публикуем главу из готовящейся к изданию в Сарове книги «Из поколения победителей. Академик А.Д.Сахаров в Атомном проекте СССР» члена-корреспондента РАН Александра Константиновича Чернышёва (Российский федеральный ядерный центр — Всероссийский научно-исследовательский институт экспериментальной физики).

The capture of the cornich blackfish, Schedophilus medusophagus, larvae from the Adriatic Sea represents an easterly extension in range of this species, and the first larval record in Adriatic waters.Schedophilus medusophagus Cocco, 1839, is a mesopelagic species from temperate waters of the north-eastern and north-western Atlantic and the western Mediterranean (Bini, 1968; Tortonese, 1975; Haedrich, 1986). The first record of this fish from the Adriatic Sea was reported in 1880 according to Ninni (1912). The second record was during the invasion of medusae Pelagia noctiluca (Malej, 1982; Rottini-Sandrini & Stravisi, 1982; Vučetić, 1982,1983) in Pelješac channel near the town of Korčula-island Koršula (central Adriatic) in 1982 (Onofri, 1986). Ten juvenile specimens, from 10·0 to 20·0cm total length (TL), were collected with medusae at 2m depth. This record Onofri (1986) connected with the ingression of inter-median waters (50–100 m) in the central Adriatic influenced the increase of salinity and temperature in 1982. Jardas (1996) noted that S. medusophagus is a very rare species in the Adriatic Sea.

Eggs of the syllid polychaete Atnblyosyllis speciosa are deposited in benthic gelatinous masses. Embryos and larvae develop within these masses until about three weeks after fertilization, after which they crawl or swim away and metamorphose. Only one other syllid, the Mediterranean Syllides edentula, has been reported to form benthic egg masses.While some syllid polychaetes spawn gametes freely into the water column where they are fertilized and develop without additional parental care, most species protect developing embryos in some fashion. Four modes of brood protection have been reported in the syllids. Protection of embryos within the ventral brood chamber of a planktonic adult is characteristic of members of the subfamily Autolytinae, and of some members of the Eusyllinae (Garwood, 1991). Physical attachment of embryos to the body of the maternal parent (external gestation) occurs in all members of the Exogoninae and in a few eusyllines (Heacox & Schroeder, 1978; Garwood, 1991). Viviparity is less common, having been reported in a few species in the subfamily Syllinae (Schroeder & Hermans, 1975; Ben-Eliahu, 1975) and in one exogonine (Pocklington & Hutcheson, 1983). Finally, the formation of benthic egg masses has been described in only one species, the eusylline Syllides edentula Claparède (Cognetti-Varriale, 1971).In this study the benthic egg masses and development of another eusylline, Amblyosyllis speciosa Izuka, 1912, are described. In December 1995, at the Friday Harbor Laboratories (FHL), Washington, USA, five adult worms were found on a bivalve shell heavily infested with the boring sponge Cliona sp. Additional specimens and egg masses were collected in June 1996 and April-June 1997 from encrusting sponges on the FHL breakwater.

An updated checklist of Croatian flesh flies is presented based on the literature, on material collected from 2004 to 2017, and on specimens in museum collections. The checklist comprises 22 genera and 148 species (two left unnamed), 105 of which are represented by new Croatian records. Twenty-five species are recorded from Croatia with certainty for the first time:Amobiapelopei(Rondani, 1859),ApodacraseriemaculataMacquart, 1854,Craticulinatabaniformis(Fabricius, 1805),Macronychiastriginervis(Zetterstedt, 1838),Metopiacampestris(Fallén, 1810),MiltogrammabrevipilaVilleneuve, 1911,MiltogrammaibericaVilleneuve, 1912,Miltogrammaoestracea(Fallén, 1820),MiltogrammapunctataMeigen, 1824,Oebalia cylindrica(Fallén, 1810),PhyllotelespictipennisLoew, 1844,Senotainiaconica(Fallén, 1810),Taxigrammahilarella(Zetterstedt, 1844),Taxigrammastictica(Meigen, 1830),Agriamonachae(Kramer, 1908),Nyctialugubris(Macquart, 1843), Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) aurulenta Rohdendorf, 1937, Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) batilligera Séguy, 1941, Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) plumicornis (Zetterstedt, 1859), Sarcophaga (Helicophagella) okaliana (Lehrer, 1975), Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) amita Rondani, 1860, Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) ancilla Rondani, 1865, Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) pseudobenaci (Baranov, 1942), Sarcophaga (Myorhina) lunigera Böttcher, 1914 and Sarcophaga (Stackelbergeola) mehadiensis Böttcher, 1912.Taxigrammahilarella,Nyctialugubris,Agriamonachae, Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) aurulenta and Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) amita are recorded from Southeast Europe with certainty for the first time. The species Sarcophaga (Sarcophaga) hennigi Lehrer, 1978 is omitted from the list, as previous records from Croatia are shown to be based on an erroneous synonymy withSarcophaganovakiBaranov, 1941 (= Sarcophaga (Sarcophaga) croatica Baranov, 1941). Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) rufipes (Macquart, 1839) could not be confirmed from Croatia and is not included in the checklist. Three new synonymies are proposed:GolaniaLehrer, 2000 =ThyrsocnemaEnderlein, 1928,syn. nov., Parasarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) kovatschevitchi Strukan, 1970 = Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) marshalli Parker, 1923,syn. nov., and Sarcophagasubvicinassp.novaki Baranov, 1941 = Sarcophaga (Sarcophaga) croatica Baranov, 1941,syn. nov.As part of an effort to update the European distributions of all Croatian species, the following new national and regional records are also provided:Miltogrammabrevipila,MiltogrammataeniataMeigen, 1824 and Sarcophaga (Heteronychia) pandellei (Rohdendorf, 1937) new to Greece; Sarcophaga (Liosarcophaga) harpax Pandellé, 1896 and Sarcophaga (Sarcophaga) croatica new to Italy (respectively mainland and mainland and Sicily);Miltogrammaibericanew to Bulgaria and Sardinia;Pterellaconvergens(Pandellé, 1895) new to mainland Italy and Sicily;Nyctialugubrisnew to mainland Italy and Sardinia; Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) litoralis (Villeneuve, 1911) new to Sardinia and thus confirmed for Italy;Apodacraseriemaculata,Macronychiastriginervis,Protomiltogrammafasciata(Meigen, 1824) and Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) ungulata (Pandellé, 1896) new to Sardinia and Sicily;MacronychiadoliniVerves &amp; Khrokalo, 2006,Macronychiapolyodon(Meigen, 1824),Metopiaargyrocephala(Meigen, 1824),Senotainiaalbifrons(Rondani, 1859),Taxigrammamultipunctata(Rondani, 1859),Taxigrammastictica, Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) unicolor (Villeneuve, 1912) and Sarcophaga (Helicophagella) agnata Rondani, 1860 new to Sardinia;Metopodiapilicornis(Pandellé, 1895),Miltogrammaoestracea,MiltogrammarutilansMeigen, 1824,Nyctiahalterata(Panzer, 1798), Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) lapidosa Pape, 1994 and Blaesoxipha (Blaesoxipha) plumicornis new to Sicily.

Study of over 1000 specimens of Marrella splendens Walcott, 1912, out of the more than 9000 collected by the Royal Ontario Museum (ROM) since 1975, has produced new information on the anatomy, functional morphology, and behaviour of this most common arthropod in the Burgess Shale fauna. Among the new features recognized is the distinction between the alimentary canal and circulatory system; where the former is generally three-dimensional and slightly reflective, the latter never presents any relief and is very reflective. A larger range of size is now known, from 2.4 to 24.5 mm in length, with small individuals possessing 17 body segments to large specimens with more than 26 body segments, representing an almost complete ontogenetic series. The second pair of "antennae" is now interpreted as swimming appendages, since the five distal segments are dorsoventrally compressed, fringed with setae and with a considerable blood supply, providing a paddlelike appendage capable of producing a considerable propelling force. The ROM collections extend the geographical distribution of Marrella 13 km to the southeast and the stratigraphical range through the lowest five members of the Burgess Shale Formation.

Durante o século XX, o comércio internacional de peles foi responsável pelo abate de milhões de mamíferos e répteis na Amazônia. Negociadas no regime de comércio fluvial e aviamento, as peles seguiam dos portos e seringais, localizados no interior, para as casas aviadoras e exportadoras de Manaus e Belém, de onde eram exportadas principalmente para os Estados Unidos, a Europa e o sul brasileiro. Neste artigo, analisamos documentos fiscais inéditos liberados pelo extinto império econômico do aviamento - a empresa J. G. Araujo -, bem como periódicos da Associação Comercial do Amazonas e os registros portuários da Manáos Harbour Ltd. O comércio internacional de peles silvestres intensificou-se imediatamente após a crise da borracha (1912) e atingiu seu auge entre 1935 e 1946, com o pico durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O segundo pico ocorreu na década de 1960, principal e ironicamente logo após a publicação da Lei de Proteção à Fauna (1967). Ao longo do período que antecedeu a aprovação da Convenção sobre o Comércio Internacional de Espécies Ameaçadas (CITES), em 1973-1975, não houve depreciação significativa no preço ou na demanda internacional por peles silvestres, sugerindo um esforço de caça constante e intenso por quase meio século.

Based on a study of types and additional material, 11 species of Xantholinini from the Eastern Mediterranean are (re-)described and illustrated, 8 of them as new: Vulda ottomana (Cameron, 1912), V. cangalica sp. n. (Turkey: Sinop), Xantholinus (Typhlolinus) gridellii Coiffait, 1956, X. (Calolinus) puthzi Bordoni, 1979, X. (C.) ibex sp. n. (Turkey: Muğla, Antalya), X. (C.) marasicus sp. n. (Turkey: Kahramanmaraş), X. (C.) penicillatus sp. n. (Turkey: Muğla, Konya), X. (Helicophallus) multispinosus sp. n. (Turkey: Mersin), X. (H.) brevispinosus sp. n. (Turkey: Antalya), X. (H.) bitlisicus sp. n. (Turkey: Bitlis), and X. (H.) chersonesicus sp. n. (Turkey: Çanakkale). The male sexual characters of 6 additional species are illustrated. The following synonymies are proposed: Megalinus Mulsant & Rey, 1877 = Leptophius Coiffait, 1983, syn. n.; Vulda ottomana (Cameron, 1912) = Xantholinus anatolicus Coiffait, 1965, syn. n.; Xantholinus reitteri Coiffait, 1966 = X. svanetskiensis Coiffait, 1973, syn. n., = X. motschulskyi Bordoni, 1999, syn. n.; X. rufipennis Erichson, 1839 = X. phenicius Coiffait, 1971, syn. n.; X. nicolasi Coiffait, 1972 = X. pantokratoris Bordoni, 1975, syn. n.; X. crassicornis Hochhuth, 1851 = X. lederi Coiffait, 1966, syn. n., = X. martensi Bordoni, 1983, syn. n., Megalinus scutellaris (Fauvel, 1900) = Lepidophallus denticulatus Bordoni, 2004, syn. n. Lectotypes are designated for Xantholinus motschulskyi Bordoni, X. rufipennis Erichson, and X. procerus Erichson, 1839. The binomen Megalinus flavocinctus (Hochhuth, 1849), comb. n. (ex Leptophius) is established. Numerous additional records of Xantholinini are reported from the Eastern Mediterranean and adjacent regions, among them first country records from Turkey (5 species), Greece (2 species), Bosnia-Herzegovina (1 species), Albania (1 species), Jordan (1 species), Israel (5 species), Georgia (2 species), Azerbaijan (2 species), Turkmenistan (1 species), and Iran (3 species). An annotated checklist of the species of Xantholinini recorded from Turkey is compiled. The distributions of 23 species are mapped; the distribution of X. procerus is discussed. Vulda ottomana is the first example of a Vulda species with a pronounced dimorphism of the wings (elytra and hind wings), head shape, and eye size.

When the British painter Keith Vaughan (1912–77) ingested a lethal cocktail of barbiturates, having made the decision to end his life after a long struggle with cancer, there was only one thing left to do: write one final entry in his journal, the lifelong literary account he had commenced in 1939 and maintained ever since. Vaughan’s journal is an extraordinary document, its 61 volumes spanning 38 years of impassioned ideas and personal development from his difficult wartime years as a conscientious objector through his post-war life as a successful but troubled artist. This paper focuses on the final volume of Vaughan’s journal, commenced in August 1975 and ending on the morning of 4 November 1977. It considers how Vaughan used journal-writing at a time of great suffering to reflect upon his life and his reasons for leaving it. By revealing the crucial role that Vaughan’s final volume played in justifying that his life had ceased to have forward momentum or meaning, this paper argues for the close relationship between the practice of journal-writing and questions of futurity, positing Vaughan as an exemplary author-subject who uses diary or journal forms to postulate a potential future and their relationship to it.

Catenulida are mostly inhabitants of freshwater ecosystems, like ponds, streams, though the marine species are few (Larsson and Willems, 2010). About 110 species of catenulids are known worldwide, with most of the studies conducted in South America (Marcus, 1945a, 1945b; Noreña et al., 2005), North America (Kepner and Carter 1931; Nuttycombe and Waters, 1938) and Scandinavian Peninsula (Luther, 1960, Larsson and Willems, 2010; Larsson et al., 2008). The diversity of catenulids from India has not been studied intensively; however some reports on other turbellaria exists for the country (Annandale, 1912; Whitehouse, 1913; Kapadia, 1947; Basil and Fernando, 1975; Apte and Pitale, 2011; Kalita and Goswami, 2012; Venkataraman et al., 2015). The genus Stenostomum, however, has been studied extensively around the world with identification of over 60 species (Tyler et al., 2006-2016). This is first report of the genus from India. The present study was part of the project to catalogue the diversity of free living protozoan ciliates from the Hooghly stretch of the Ganga River during which the flatworms were found. The worms were studied based on the live observations, with recognition of characters which led to its identification. This study serves to fill knowledge gap in the freshwater flatworms from India.

The period of greatest socialist strength in the United States, the second decade of the twentieth century, coincided with the final decade of a great wave of immigration. This phenomenon has attracted the attention both of scholars seeking to understand the basis of support for the American Socialist party and of those seeking to address the more general question of the sources of immigrant radicalism (Bodnar 1985; Lipset 1977). Both perspectives pose a basic empirical question: What role did ethnicity play in support for the Socialist party, or, more specifically, which immigrant groups supported the party and which groups opposed it?The attempt to answer this question has spawned a vast scholarship on the part of historians and social scientists, but a definitive answer remains elusive. Part of the reason for this is that we lack sufficiently detailed and disaggregated data on the political orientations and activities of immigrants themselves. The smallest units of electoral return are at the ward or county level, and information at this aggregate level can never allow us to draw conclusions about individual behavior with any certainty. But it also seems to be the case that the analysis of currently available data has not been taken as far as possible. Previous research has explored the relationship between ethnicity and socialism by examining particular immigrant groups in individual states, cities, or towns (e.g., Critchlow 1986; Gorenstein 1961; Leinenweber 1981; Lorence 1982; Miller 1975; Wolfle and Hodge 1983). Such case studies provide invaluable accounts of the diversity of immigrant politics, but they do not provide a reliable basis for generalization. In this article we take a step back from the wealth of illustrative analysis and try to gain a broader, more systematic, overview of immigrant support for socialism across a wide range of contexts by examining voting among eight immigrant groups—Germans, English, Finns, Irish, Italians, Norwegians, Russians, and Swedes—in the presidential elections of 1912 and 1920, elections in which the American Socialist party received its highest levels of support.

ZusammenfassungDie Idee, Poesie maschinell zu generieren, ist so alt wie die Maschinen selbst. Sie lässt sich seit dem Mittelalter beobachten und setzt sich fort bis in die Gegenwart, in der Storytelling-Experimente Algorithmen zur natürlichsprachigen Textgenerierung (NLG) nutzen. Die weltweit ersten Versuche, Poesie digital herzustellen, gelangen in den 1950er Jahren den Mathematikern Christopher Strachey (1916–1975) in Manchester und Theo Lutz (1932–2010) in Stuttgart. Durch zufallsmäßige Auswahl passfähiger Wörter und Sätze erzeugte Strachey 1952 auf einer Ferranti Mark I kurze Liebesbriefe. Dazu verwendete er das Programmierhandbuch von Alan Turing (1912–1954). Daneben schrieb Strachey Programme für das Dame-Spiel und zur computationellen Erzeugung von Musik. Lutz stellte 1959 mithilfe eines Programms im Freiburger Code auf einer Zuse Z 22 seine Stochastischen Texte her, wofür er Wortmaterial aus Franz Kafkas Roman Das Schloss (1926) verwendete und wobei er mit dem Philosophen Max Bense (1910–1990) und dem späteren Informatik-Pionier Rul Gunzenhäuser (1933–2018) kooperierte. Weil Lutz’ Arbeitsunterlagen nahezu vollständig erhalten und im Deutschen Literaturarchiv Marbach für die Forschung zugänglich sind, gilt Lutz als ein literatur- und informatikgeschichtlich bedeutsamer Vertreter früher digitaler Poesie, die lange Zeit fast nur in avantgardistischen Zirkeln diskutiert wurde und kaum den Weg in eine breitere Öffentlichkeit fand. Erst aktuelle Debatten um sogenannte Künstliche Intelligenz (KI) lenken wieder die Aufmerksamkeit auf diese frühen Experimente, die ein faszinierender Mosaikstein der Technik‑, Kultur- und Literaturgeschichte sind.

В серии «ЖЗЛ» опубликованы четыре биографии Ф. М. Достоевского: Е.А. Соловьева (96 стр., 1891; перепечатана в 1890 гг., в 1912 и в 1922 гг.); Л.П. Гроссмана (525 стр., 1962; перепечатана в 1965 г); Ю.И. Селезнева (543 стр., 1981); и Л.И. Сараскиной (824 стр., 2011). Учитывая враждебное отношение Горького к Достоевскому, не удивительно, что после биографии Соловьева прошло семь десятилетий до появления на свет биографии Гроссмана. К концу 1950 гг. роман «Преступление и наказание» вошел в программу школьных чтений, и Достоевский был признан «замечательным». Исследования Гроссмана, его летопись жизни и творчества Достоевского и вышедшее под его общей редакцией десятитомное собрание сочинений Достоевского (1956) стали необходимыми научными источниками для ученых. Его биография в серии «ЖЗЛ» авторитетна, основательна и доступна пониманию любого образованного читателя (англ. перев. 1975 г.). В книге Селезнева патриотические и религиозные мотивы звучат настойчивей, чем у Гроссмана, и она имеет более продуманную литературную структуру. И Гроссман и Селезнев смело передают внутренние мысли Достоевского, как принято у писателей, обращающихся к общему читателю. Оба автора уделяют серьезное внимание находившемуся в немилости у советских властей роману «Бесы». Гроссман утверждает, что психология революционных героев романа передана глубоко и правдиво; Селезнев называет героем романа «Народ». По сравнению со своими предшественниками, превосходная биография Сараскиной является наиболее научной по форме и отличается обилием примечаний. Ее интерпретации романов Достоевского оригинальны, научно обоснованы и опираются на тщательно проверенные факты жизни писателя.

In the conversation, two of the most prominent New Zealand authors in the field of photography talk about the body of work of Anne Noble’s Antarctica photography projects. Had we lived is a re-photographic project reflecting on the tragedies of heroic age exploration (commemorating the centenary of the deaths of Robert Falcon Scott and his men on their return from the South Pole – Terra Nova Expedition or British Antarctic Expedition to the South Pole, 1912) and on the memory of Erebus tragedy of 1975, when a tourist plane flying over Antarctica crashed into Mt Erebus, killing all 257 people on board. Anne Noble re-photographed image taken by Herbert Bowers at the South Pole – the photograph of Scott and his men taken after they arrived at the South Pole to find Amundsen had already been and gone. Phantasms and Nieves Penitentes projects hint at the triumph of Antarctica over human endeavour and as a non-explorer type herself photographer Anne Noble states: “I rather liked this perverse reversal”. Both tragic events have a notable relationship to photography – Erebus in particular, as those who died were likely looking out of the aeroplane windows taking photographs at the time of impact. This relationship is addressed throughout the conversation between the two, providing an insightful commentary on the questions of authenticity, documentary value and the capacity of photography to exist in the in-between spaces of thoughtful imagining, and rational dreaming. Keywords: Antarctica, authenticity, documentary, photographic imaginary, re-photographing

Abstract Hidden within the seminal 1914 publication by Johan Hjort, we find what is probably one of the first comprehensive teleost time-series ever published. The series is liver size and fat content of northeast Arctic (NEA) cod measured during the traditional winter fishery in Lofoten, Northern Norway, in 1880–1912 and 1883–1913, respectively. The data were collected well before the advent of the great industrialized fisheries in the 1930s. The raw data used by Hjort originate from annual reports of the Lofoten fishery, initiated by Member of Parliament and pioneer fishery inspector of Northern Norway, Ketil Motzfeldt, in 1859. Based on these reports and following various calibration exercises, we present robust estimates of the hepatosomatic index (HSI) from 1859 to 2012 (except 1863), i.e. over 153 years—extending Hjort's analysis both backwards (1859–1879) and forwards (1913–present). This series of bulk HSI contained five major periods: 1859–1880, 1881–1919, 1920–1974, 1975–2003, and 2004–2012; the highest HSI was recorded 1920–1974, whereas the lowest was from the most recent period. Despite variability, total length was a significant predictor of HSI, 1932–2012. A weak but significant relationship existed with both total-stock biomass and ocean temperature, as well as with the North Atlantic Oscillation winter index under a 1-year lag. The present exceptionally long HSI series will give an excellent opportunity for further research on the “quality of the cod” in a historic perspective.

The article analyzes how studies of the Samogitian crosses and chapels, conducted in 1911–1940 by the physicist and ethnographer Ignas Končius (1886–1975) correlate with the global problematics of statistics and ethnography. Throughout the 19th century and in the beginning of the 20th century, the Lithuanian research on folklore and ethnography followed the canonic trends of statistics in the Russian Empire. While working for the Imperial Russian Geographic Society, the Latvian linguist and ethnographer Eduard Volter (1856–1941) developed his ethnographic-statistical studies aimed at defining the “tribal” constitution of the inhabitants, along with the research of their material culture. The Lithuanian scholar Končius assisted Volter in his fieldwork, absorbing his ideas and making statistical accounts of the Samogitian crosses and chapels in 1911–1940. He presented his discoveries and defined his concept of statistics in seven small books titled “Statistics of Crosses and Chapels under the Samogitian Sky”. The author of the article elucidates the connections between the statistical investigation of the Samogitian cultural heritage by Končius and the scholarly cannons of the Russian Empire, as well as the global ethnographic theory.By using the comparative historical analytical approach, she addresses the following issues: (1) characteristics of the Končius’ statistical investigation of 1912, (2) statistical accounts of the years 1932–1940, and (3) his academic connections. The author concludes that the works of Končius have many similarities with German statistics, Johann Gottfried Herder’s anthropology, and in their own way they reveal the history of Samogitia cultural heritage.

Este artigo apresenta parte dos resultados de um estudo sobre Camillo de Jesus Lima (1912 - 1975), escritor de contos, críticas, romances, crônicas e poesias. Teve sete livros publicados entre 1941 e 1973, sendo vencedor do prêmio Raul de Leoni, em 1942, pela Academia Carioca de Letras, com o livro Poemas, mas grande parte de sua extensa obra em prosa e em verso permanece inédita. A escrita camilliana ocupou as páginas dos jornais em meados do século XX, quando atuou como redator, crítico de rodapé e cronista. Por algum tempo esteve engajado na luta socialista, fazendo sempre da pena uma arma de combate. Lutou contra a exploração, defendendo a liberdade e a igualdade social, tanto em sua militância política, como na sua produção literária. O propósito deste recorte é reconhecer a sua concepção crítica de mundo, uma revelação da memória histórica e de uma obra silenciada e esquecida. A análise da relação entre literatura e história que aqui realizamos fundamenta-se na dialética marxista, tomando como fonte documentos do arquivo pessoal do escritor, em especial, crônicas publicadas no jornal O Combate, nos anos 1944 e 1947. Trata-se de um convite à leitura da crítica que o autor fez da história do seu momento histórico (final da segunda guerra mundial e imediato pós-guerra) sob uma perspectiva socialista ou, como dito por ele, “de esquerda”. O artigo busca resgatar a intensa participação do intelectual Camillo de Jesus Lima no panorama literário brasileiro do século XX, voz que reverbera atual nos nossos dias, por meio de sua obra, principalmente, no concernente à relação história e literatura.

An ongoing study of the ambrosia beetle tribe Xyleborini has resulted in numerous taxonomic changes mostly representing new generic/species combinations which remove species from the once all-encompassing Xyleborus Eichhoff, 1864 to other genera based on revised taxonomic concepts. These changes are here listed. Terminalinus Hopkins, 1915 is removed from synonymy with Cyclorhipidion Hagedorn, 1912 and reinstated as a valid genus. Five species are removed from synonymy and reinstated as valid species: Amasa brevipennis (Schedl, 1971), Amasa fulgens (Schedl, 1975), Ambrosiophilus immitatrix (Schedl, 1975), Ambrosiophilus semirufus (Schedl, 1959), Microperus leprosulus (Schedl, 1936). The following 97 new or restored combinations are proposed: Ambrosiophilus bispinosulus (Schedl, 1961) comb. nov., Ambrosiophilus compressus (Lea, 1894) comb. nov., Ambrosiophilus latecompressus (Schedl, 1936) comb. nov., Ambrosiophilus pertortuosus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov., Ambrosiophilus tomicoides (Eggers, 1923) comb. nov., Ambrosiophilus tortuosus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov., Euwallacea obliquecauda (Motschulsky, 1863) comb. nov., all from Ambrosiodmus Hopkins, 1915; Coptodryas decepta (Schedl, 1979) comb. nov., Microperus pusillus (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov., both from Arixyleborus Hopkins, 1915; Coptodryas pseudopunctula (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov., from Cnestus Sampson, 1911; Microperus abbreviatus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov., Microperus amphicauda (Browne, 1986) comb. nov., Microperus borneensis (Browne, 1986) comb. nov., Microperus comptus (Sampson, 1919) comb. nov., Microperus gorontalosus (Schedl, 1939) comb. nov., Microperus pullus (Schedl, 1952) comb. nov., Microperus tenellus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov., Microperus vafer Schedl, 1957 comb. nov., all from Coptodryas Hopkins, 1915; Ambrosiophilus pityogenes (Schedl, 1936) comb. nov., Arixyleborus scapularis (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov., Beaverium dihingicum (Wood, 1992) comb. nov., Beaverium rufonitidus (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov., Coptodryas brevior (Eggers) comb. nov., Terminalinus dipterocarpi Hopkins, 1915 comb. res., Terminalinus sexspinatus (Schedl, 1935) comb. nov., Terminalinus terminaliae (Hopkins, 1915) comb. res., Truncaudum leverensis (Browne, 1986) comb. nov., all from Cyclorhipidion Hagedorn, 1912; Planiculus kororensis (Wood, 1960) comb. nov., Planiculus loricatus (Schedl, 1933) comb. nov., Planiculus murudensis (Browne, 1965) comb. nov., all from Euwallacea Reitter, 1915; Terminalinus anisopterae (Browne, 1983) comb. nov., Terminalinus indigens (Schedl, 1955) comb. nov., Terminalinus macropterus (Schedl, 1935) comb. nov., Terminalinus major (Stebbing, 1909) comb. nov., Terminalinus pilifer (Eggers, 1923) comb. nov., Terminalinus posticepilosus (Schedl, 1951) comb. res., Terminalinus pseudopilifer (Schedl, 1936) comb. nov., Terminalinus sulcinoides (Schedl, 1974) comb. nov., all from Fortiborus Hulcr & Cognato, 2010; Microperus micrographus (Schedl, 1958) comb. nov., Microperus truncatipennis (Schedl, 1961) comb. nov., both from Xyleborinus Reitter, 1913; Ambrosiophilus immitatrix (Schedl, 1975) comb. nov., Ambrosiophilus semirufus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov., Arixyleborus crenulatus (Eggers, 1920) comb. nov., Arixyleborus strombosiopsis (Schedl, 1957) comb. nov., Beaverium batoensis (Eggers, 1923) comb. nov., Beaverium calvus (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov., Beaverium obstipus (Schedl, 1935) comb. nov., Beaverium rufus (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov., Coptodryas cuneola (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov., Cyclorhipidion amanicum (Hagedorn, 1910) comb. nov., Cyclorhipidion impar (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov., Cyclorhipidion inaequale (Schedl, 1934) comb. nov., Cyclorhipidion kajangensis (Schedl, 1942) comb. nov., Cyclorhipidion obiensis (Browne, 1980) comb. nov., Cyclorhipidion obtusatum (Schedl, 1972) comb. nov., Cyclorhipidion perpunctatum (Schedl, 1971) comb. nov., Cyclorhipidion repositum (Schedl) comb. nov., Cyclorhipidion separandum (Schedl, 1971) comb. nov., Debus abscissus (Browne, 1974) comb. nov., Debus amplexicauda (Hagedorn, 1910) comb. nov., Debus armillatus (Schedl, 1933) comb. nov., Debus balbalanus (Eggers 1927) comb. nov., Debus blandus (Schedl, 1954) comb. nov., Debus cavatus (Browne, 1980) comb. nov., Debus cylindromorphus (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov., Debus dentatus (Blandford, 1895) comb. nov., Debus excavus (Schedl, 1964) comb. nov., Debus fischeri (Hagedorn, 1908) comb. nov., Debus hatanakai (Browne, 1983) comb. nov., Debus insitivus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov., Debus persimilis (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov., Debus subdentatus (Browne, 1974) comb. nov., Debus trispinatus (Browne, 1981) comb. nov., Diuncus taxicornis (Schedl, 1971) comb. nov., Euwallacea agathis (Browne, 1984) comb. nov., Euwallacea assimilis (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov., Euwallacea bryanti (Sampson, 1919) comb. nov., Euwallacea latecarinatus (Schedl, 1936) comb. nov., Euwallacea pseudorudis (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov., Euwallacea semipolitus (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov., Euwallacea temetiuicus (Beeson, 1935) comb. nov., Immanus duploarmatus (Browne, 1962) comb. nov., Leptoxyleborus sublinearis (Eggers, 1940) comb. nov., Peridryocoetes pinguis (Browne, 1983) (Dryocoetini) comb. nov., Stictodex halli (Schedl, 1954) comb. nov., Stictodex rimulosus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov., Terminalinus granurum (Browne, 1980) comb. nov., Terminalinus indonesianus (Browne, 1984) comb. nov., Terminalinus moluccanus (Browne, 1985) comb. nov., Terminalinus pseudomajor (Schedl, 1951) comb. nov., Terminalinus sublongus (Eggers, 1927) comb. nov., Terminalinus takeharai (Browne) comb. nov., Terminalinus xanthophyllus (Schedl, 1942) comb. res., Tricosa abberrans (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov., Xenoxylebora truncatula (Schedl, 1957) comb. nov., Xyleborinus figuratus (Schedl, 1959) comb. nov., Xylosandrus cancellatus (Eggers, 1936) comb. nov., all from Xyleborus. Fifteen new synonyms are proposed: Anisandrus ursulus (Eggers, 1923)(= Xyleborus lativentris Schedl, 1942 syn. nov.); Cyclorhipidion amanicus (Hagedorn, 1910)(= Xyleborus jongaensis Schedl, 1941 syn. nov.); Cyclorhipidion bodoanum (Reitter, 1913) (= Xyleborus takinoyensis Murayama, 1953 syn. nov.); Cyclorhipidion pelliculosum (Eichhoff, 1878) (= Xyleborus okinosenensis Murayama, 1961 syn. nov.); Cyclorhipidion repositum (Schedl, 1942) (= Xyleborus pruinosulus Browne, 1979 syn. nov.); Debus persimilis (Eggers, 1927) (= Xyleborus subdolosus Schedl, 1942c syn. nov.); Debus robustipennis (Schedl, 1954) (= Xyleborus interponens Schedl, 1954 syn. nov.); Euwallacea destruens (Blandford, 1896) (= Xyleborus procerior Schedl, 1942 syn. nov.); Euwallacea nigrosetosus (Schedl, 1939) (= Xyleborus nigripennis Schedl, 1951 syn. nov.); Euwallacea siporanus (Hagedorn, 1910) (= Xyleborus perakensis Schedl, 1942 syn. nov.); Microperus quercicola (Eggers, 1926) (= Xyleborus semistriatus Schedl, 1971 syn. nov.); Stictodex dimidiatus (Eggers, 1927) (= Xyleborus spicatus Browne, 1986 syn. nov.); Stictodex halli (Schedl, 1954) (= Xyleborus cuspidus Schedl, 1975 syn. nov.); Terminalinus Hopkins, 1915 (= Fortiborus Hulcr & Cognato 2010 syn. nov.); Terminalinus moluccanus (Browne, 1985) (= Xyleborus teminabani Browne, 1986 syn. nov.).

The nomenclatural notes, discussed in the present communication, are based on the revision of Iris Linnaeus (1753: 38) names described from Turkey, considering this genus in its wide sense (e.g., Dykes 1924, Mathew 1989, Güner 2012). Iris haussknechtii Bornm. ex Baker (1892: 4) is a species endemic to Turkey referred to I. ser. Spuriae (Diels 1930: 502) Lawrence (1953: 361) of I. sect. Limniris Tausch (1823: without pagination), treated at the generic level under the name Chamaeiris Medikus (1790: 417) (Crespo 2011, Crespo et al. 2015). It is a rhizomatous, perennial herbaceous, compact plant, with two terminal pale yellow or yellow and white flowers on single stem, the perianth segments with only yellow veins, and the narrow, rather tough leaves slightly shorter than flowers. According to some authors (Dykes 1912, 1924, Peckham 1939, Mathew 1984), it is a close relative to I. sintenisii Janka (1877: 244), except for the colour of the flowers, the shape of the outer perianth segments, the fact that the spathe valves are not sharply keeled (Dykes 1924), and the reported chromosome number: 2n = 18 in I. haussknechtii (Özkan et al. 2001, as “I. kerneriana”) vs 2n = 16 in I. sintenisii (Popova & Ceschmedjiev 1975). Based on herbarium specimens examination (deposited at E, K, and P; acronym according to Thiers 2019), we conclude that I. haussknechtii is distributed in the following northern Turkey provinces: Canakkale, Balikesir, Bolu, Kastamonu, Cankiri, Ankara, Corum, Sinop, Amasya, Tokat, Erzincan, as well as in Eskisehir, Afyonkarahisar, Kirikkale, Kirsehir, and Sivas (A. Güner, pers. comm.). This plant usually occurs in open sites, on stony soil amongst woodland, in dry meadows, scrubland, and on steep stony slopes at elevations ranging from 1150 to 2350 m (Mathew 1984). At the best of our knowledge, the name I. haussknechtii has not yet been typified. After the examination of all the original material and protologue, we designated the lectotype for this name.

Abstract Currently, 1464 species of Curculionid beetles (Nemonychydae – 1, Anthribidae – 76, Rhynchitidae – 78, Attelabidae – 28, Brentidae – 131 and Curculionidae – 1150) are recorded from Siberia and the Russian Far East. Forty species are found in Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 84 species in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, 313 species in Tyumen Oblast, 182 species in Chelyabinsk Oblast, 129 species in Kurgan Oblast, 172 species in Omsk Oblast, 299 species in Tomsk Oblast, 439 species in Novosibirsk Oblast, 324 species in Kemerovo Oblast, 356 species in Altay Krai, 296 species in Altai Republic, 182 species in Krasnoyarsk Krai, 114 species in Republic of Khakassia, 244 species in Tyva Republic, 283 species in Irkutsk Oblast, 239 species in Buryatiya Republic, 286 species in Zabaikalskii Krai, 153 species in Sakha (Yakutia) Republic, 74 species in Far East: Kamchatka Oblast, 43 species in Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, 105 species in Magadan Oblast, 325 species in Amur Oblast, 312 species in Khabarovsk Krai, 599 species in Primorsky Krai, 225 species in Sakhalin Is. and 218 species in Kuriles Isl. 112 species are excluded from the fauna of Siberia and the Russian Far East. New synonyms, Trichosmobodes L. Arnoldi, 1975, syn. nov. to Holomrasus Reitter, 1912, Notaris illibata Faust, 1882, syn. nov. to N. acridulus (Linnaeus, 1758), Larinus ruber Motschulsky, 1845, syn. nov. to L. impressus Gebler, 1829, Lixus maculatus Roelofs, 1873, syn. nov. to L. fasciculatus Boheman, 1835, Stephanocleonus jakovlevi Faust, 1893, syn. nov. and S. jenisseicus Ter-Minassian, 1978, syn. nov. to S. leucopterus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1823), Curculio budjumkanensis Legalov, 2007, syn. nov. to C. betulae (Stephens, 1831), Curculio parasiticus Morimoto, 1962, syn. nov. to Archarius salicivorus (Paykull, 1792), Otiorhynchus buchtarmensis Bajtenov, 1977, syn. nov. and O. rhododendroni Bajtenov, 1977, syn. nov. to O. grandineus Germar, 1823, O. perplexus Gyllenhal, 1834, syn. nov. to O. obscurus Gyllenhal, 1834, Tanymecus argentatus Gyllenhal, 1840, syn. nov. to Megamecus bidentatus (Gebler, 1829), comb. nov. are established.

N. Blokhin was born in 1912 in the town of Lukoyanov in the Nizhny Novgorod region now. In 1934 he graduated from the Gorky medical Institute. From 1934 to 1937 – postgraduate, 1937 assistant Professor of the Gorky medical Institute. From 1941 to 1946 – the leading surgeon of evacuation hospitals. From 1946 to 1947, head of the clinic of the Gorky research Institute of reconstructive surgery, traumatology and orthopedics. From 1948 to 1951, Director of the Institute of reconstructive surgery, traumatology and orthopedics, Ministry of health of the RSFSR, and then from 1951 to 1952 – Director of the Gorky medical Institute. S. M. Kirov. At the same time from 1948 to 1950 – Professor, Department of surgery, University hospital and from 1950 to 1951 – head of the Department of General surgery of the Gorky medical Institute. S. M. Kirov. Since 1952 Director of the Institute of experimental pathology and therapy of the USSR Academy of medical Sciences. In 1953 N. N. Blokhin was elected a corresponding member, and in 1960 a full member, 1960-1968 from 1977 to 1987 and was the President of the USSR AMS. In 1966 N. N. Blokhin was elected President, since 1970, former President, since 1974 – life member of the Council of the International anticancer Union. Since 1975, academician N. N. Blokhin was Director of the all-Union oncological scientific center, Academy of medical Sciences of the USSR (now the Russian oncological scientific center named. N. N. Blokhin of the RAMS). In 1979 he was elected academician of the USSR. From March 1988 — honorary Director of the Russian oncological scientific center, Academy of medical Sciences of the USSR, since 1991 — the adviser of the Presidium of the USSR AMS. He died on 16 may 1993 in Moscow. Blokhin – President of RAMS, academician of (1960) and the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1979), RAS (1991), Honored scientist of the RSFSR (1975), Chairman of the Committee on international Lenin prize, President of the society "USSR – USA", honorary member of several foreign academies of Sciences and scientific societies, honorary citizen of the city of Gorky (1983), and Texas (1970), Hero of Socialist labor (1972), laureate of the State prize of the USSR (1982) and the prize of the Presidium of the Academy of medical Sciences of the USSR (1956), awarded with orders of red Star (1942), the Lenin (1961, 1962, 1972, 1982), the red banner of Labour (1969), the October revolution (1987), was a Deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the seven convocations, a delegate to three congresses of the CPSU. Academician N. N. Blokhin is the author of over 300 scientific papers and several monographs. Under his leadership, has trained more than 60 doctors and candidates of Sciences. The name of academician N. N. Rated Blokhin Russian cancer research center RAMS (1993), Diveevsky district Central hospital. A memorial plaque with his name was set on the buildings of the Nizhny Novgorod state medical Academy and Nizhny Novgorod scientific research Institute of traumatology and orthopedics.

Мета цього дослідження – проаналізувати можливість використовувати погляди Р. В. Ленекера на когнітивну семантику як семантико-текстологічну модель перекладознавчого аналізу. Матеріалом для розгляду обрано твір «Слово некоего калугера о чьтьи книг» із «Ізборника Святослава» 1076 р. та його три переклади: два переклади сучасною українською мовою (повний – В. Яременка, частковий – Є. Карпіловської й Л. Тарновецької) та один переклад англійською мовою (В. Федера). Теорія когнітивної семантики Р. Ленекера орієнтується здебільшого на граматичні проблеми й опис мови через параметри простору. Параметрам опису образности, які пропонує когнітивна семантика, бракує чіткости, які мають аналітичні методи структуралізму. Однак, вони виконують головну аналітичну функцію: вони дозволяють усвідомити наявні в перекладі порушення й відхилення від першотвору та намагатися усвідомити їхню природу й межі. Література References Бычков В. 2000 лет христианской культуры sub specie aesthetica : в 2 т. 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A list of available taxonomic names in Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae in familyand genus-groups is given, together with some remarks on unavailable nominal taxa. Comments are provided on their status and nomenclature, and additions and corrections to extant catalogues given, as a first step for their inclusion in the electronic catalogue ‘WTaxa’. Available names, not recognised as such in current published catalogues, are: Mecopelminae Thompson, 1992; Trypodendrina Nunberg, 1954; Archaeoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Camptocerus Dejean, 1821; Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Coptogaster Illiger, 1804; Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Cryptoxyleborus Wood & Bright, 1992; Cylindra Illiger, 1802; Dendrochilus Schedl, 1963; Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1938; Doliopygus Browne, 1962; Doliopygus Schedl, 1972; Erioschidias Wood, 1960; Ernopocerus Wood, 1954; Idophelus Rye, 1877; Lepicerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Lepidocerus Rye, 1880; Miocryphalus Schedl, 1963; Ozopemon Hagedorn, 1910; Phloeoditica Schedl, 1963; Pinetoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Pygmaeoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Spinuloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Stephanopodius Schedl, 1963; Stylotentus Schedl, 1963; Thamnophthorus Blackman, 1942; Trachyostus Browne, 1962; Treptoplatypus Schedl, 1972; Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Trypodendrum Agassiz, 1846; Tubuloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Xelyborus Schedl, 1939. Unavailable names, not recognised as such in the current published catalogues, are: Chaetophloeini Schedl, 1966; Eidophelinae Murayama, 1954; Mecopelmini Wood, 1966; Strombophorini Schedl, 1960; Tomicidae Shuckard, 1840; Trypodendrinae Trédl, 1907; Acryphalus Tsai & Li, 1963; Adryocoetes Schedl, 1952; Asetus Nunberg, 1958; Carphoborites Schedl, 1947; Charphoborites Schedl, 1947; Cryptoxyleborus Schedl, 1937; Cylindrotomicus Eggers, 1936; Damicerus Dejean, 1835; Damicerus Dejean, 1836; Dendrochilus Schedl, 1957; Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1937; Doliopygus Schedl, 1939; Erioschidias Schedl, 1938; Ernopocerus Balachowsky, 1949; Gnathotrichoides Blackman, 1931; Ipites Karpiński, 1962; Isophthorus Schedl, 1938; Jugocryphalus Tsai & Li, 1963; Landolphianus Schedl, 1950; Mesopygus Nunberg, 1966; Micraciops Schedl, 1953; Miocryphalus Schedl, 1939; Mixopygus Nunberg, 1966; Neohyorrhynchus Schedl, 1962; Neophloeotribus Eggers, 1943; Neopityophthorus Schedl, 1938; Neoxyleborus Wood, 1982; Phloeoditica Schedl, 1962; Platypinus Schedl, 1939; Platyscapulus Schedl, 1957; Platyscapus Schedl, 1939; Pygodolius Nunberg, 1966; Scutopygus Nunberg, 1966; Stephanopodius Schedl, 1941; Stylotentus Schedl, 1939; Taphrostenoxis Schedl, 1965; Tesseroplatypus Schedl, 1935; Thamnophthorus Schedl, 1938; Thylurcos Schedl, 1939; Trachyostus Schedl, 1939; Treptoplatus Schedl, 1939. The name Tesseroceri Blandford, 1896, incorrectly given as “Tesserocerini genuini” in current catalogues, is unavailable as basionym for the family-group name, since it was proposed as a genusgroup name. Resurrected names from synonymy are: Hexacolini Eichhoff, 1878 from synonymy under Ctenophorini Chapuis, 1869 (invalid name because its type genus is a homonym) and given precedence over Problechilidae Eichhoff, 1878 under Art. 24.2; Hylurgini Gistel, 1848 from virtual synonymy under Tomicini C.G. Thomson, 1859 (unavailable name); Afromicracis Schedl, 1959 from synonymy under Miocryphalus Schedl, 1939 (an unavailable name) to valid genus; Costaroplatus Nunberg, 1963 from synonymy under Platyscapulus Schedl, 1957 (an unavailable name) to valid genus; Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867 from synonymy under Ips DeGeer, 1775 to valid subgenus of the same; Hapalogenius Hagedorn, 1912 from synonymy under Rhopalopselion Hagedorn, 1909 to valid genus; Pseudips Cognato, 2000, from synonymy under Orthotomicus Ferrari, 1867 to valid genus. New synonyms are: Hexacolini Eichhoff, 1878 (= Erineophilides Hopkins, 1920, syn. nov.); Hypoborini Nuesslin, 1911 (= Chaetophloeini Schedl, 1966, unavailable name, syn. nov.); Scolytini Latreille, 1804 (= Minulini Reitter, 1913, syn. nov.); Afromicracis Schedl, 1959 (= Miocryphalus Schedl, 1963, syn. nov.); Aphanarthrum Wollaston, 1854 (= Coleobothrus Enderlein, 1929, syn. nov.); Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867 (=Emarips Cognato, 2001, syn. nov.); Doliopygus Browne, 1962 (=Doliopygus Schedl, 1972, syn. nov.); Eidophelus Eichhoff, 1875 (= Idophelus Rye, 1877, syn. nov.); Hapalogenius Hagedorn, 1912 (= Hylesinopsis Eggers, 1920, syn. nov.); Phloeoborus Erichson, 1836 (= Phloeotrypes Agassiz, 1846, syn. nov.); Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (December) = Lepicerus Eichhoff, 1878 (December) = Lepidocerus Rye, 1880, synn. nov.); Trypodendron Stephens, 1830 (=Xylotrophus Gistel, 1848 = Trypodendrum Gistel, 1856, synn. nov.); Xylechinus Chapuis, 1869 (= Chilodendron Schedl, 1953, syn. nov.); Cosmoderes monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Cosmoderes monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Hylastes pumilus Mannerheim, 1843 (= Dolurgus pumilus Eichhoff, 1868, syn. nov.); Hypoborus hispidus Ferrari, 1867 (= Pycnarthrum gracile Eichhoff, 1878 (April) syn. nov.); Miocryphalus agnatus Schedl, 1939 (= Miocryphalus agnatus Schedl, 1942, syn. nov.); Miocryphalus congonus Schedl, 1939 (= Miocryphalus congonus Eggers, 1940, syn. nov.); Lepicerus aspericollis Eichhoff, 1878 (April) = Lepicerus aspericollis Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Spathicranuloides moikui Schedl, 1972 (June) (= Spathicranuloides moikui Schedl, 1972 (December), syn. nov.); Triarmocerus cryphalo-ides Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Scolytogenes darvini Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Scolytogenes darwinii Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.). New type species designations are: Bostrichus dactyliperda Fabricius, 1801 for Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878 (April) for Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Ozopemon regius Hagedorn, 1908 for Ozopemon Hagedorn, 1910 (non 1908); Dermestes typographus Linnaeus, 1758 for Bostrichus Fabricius, 1775 (non Geoffroy, 1762). New combinations are: Afromicracis agnata (Schedl, 1939), A. attenuata (Eggers, 1935), A. ciliatipennis (Schedl, 1979), A. congona (Schedl, 1939), A. dubia (Schedl, 1950), A. elongata (Schedl, 1965), A. grobleri (Schedl, 1961), A. klainedoxae (Schedl, 1957), A. longa (Nunberg, 1964), A. natalensis (Eggers, 1936), A. nigrina (Schedl, 1957), A. nitida (Schedl, 1965), A. pennata (Schedl, 1953) and A. punctipennis (Schedl, 1965) all from Miocryphalus; Costaroplatus abditulus (Wood, 1966), C. abditus (Schedl, 1936), C. carinulatus (Chapuis, 1865), C. clunalis (Wood, 1966), C. cluniculus (Wood, 1966), C. clunis (Wood, 1966), C. costellatus (Schedl, 1933), C. frontalis (Blandford, 1896), C. imitatrix (Schedl, 1972), C. manus (Schedl, 1936), C. occipitis (Wood, 1966), C. pulchellus (Chapuis, 1865), C. pulcher (Chapuis, 1865), C. pusillimus (Chapuis, 1865), C. subabditus (Schedl, 1935), C. turgifrons (Schedl, 1935) and C. umbrosus (Schedl, 1936) all from Platyscapulus; Hapalogenius africanus (Eggers, 1933), H. alluaudi (Lepesme, 1942), H. angolanus (Wood, 1988), H. angolensis (Schedl, 1959), H. arabiae (Schedl, 1975), H. atakorae (Schedl, 1951), H. ater (Nunberg, 1967), H. baphiae (Schedl, 1954), H. brincki (Schedl, 1957), H. confusus (Eggers, 1935), H. decellei (Nunberg, 1969), H. dimorphus (Schedl, 1937), H. dubius (Eggers, 1920), H. emarginatus (Nunberg, 1973), H. endroedyi (Schedl, 1967), H. fasciatus (Hagedorn, 1909), H. ficus (Schedl, 1954), H. fuscipennis (Chapuis, 1869), H. granulatus (Lepesme, 1942), H. hirsutus (Schedl, 1957), H. hispidus (Eggers, 1924), H. horridus (Eggers, 1924), H. joveri (Schedl, 1950), H. kenyae (Wood, 1986), H. oblongus (Eggers, 1935), H. orientalis (Eggers, 1943), H. pauliani (Lepesme, 1942), H. punctatus (Eggers, 1932), H. quadrituberculatus (Schedl, 1957), H. rhodesianus (Eggers, 1933), H. saudiarabiae (Schedl, 1971), H. seriatus (Eggers, 1940), H. squamosus (Eggers, 1936), H. striatus (Schedl, 1957), H. sulcatus Eggers, 1944), H. togonus (Eggers, 1919), H. ugandae (Wood, 1986) and H. variegatus (Eggers, 1936), all from Hylesinopsis. New ranks are: Diapodina Strohmeyer, 1914, downgraded from tribe of Tesserocerinae to subtribe of Tesserocerini; Tesserocerina Strohmeyer, 1914, downgraded from tribe of Tesserocerinae to subtribe of Tesserocerini. New placements are: Coptonotini Chapuis, 1869 from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Scolytinae; Mecopelmini Thompson, 1992, from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Platypodinae; Schedlariini Wood & Bright, 1992, from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Platypodinae; Spathicranuloides Schedl, 1972, from Platypodinae s.l. to Tesserocerina; Toxophthorus Wood, 1962 from Scolytinae incertae sedis to Dryocoetini. Confirmed placements are: Onychiini Chapuis, 1869 to tribe of Cossoninae (including single genus Onychius Chapuis, 1869); Sciatrophus Sampson, 1914 in Cossoninae incertae sedis; Cryphalites Cockerell, 1917 in Zopheridae Colydiinae. Corrected spellings are: Micracidini LeConte, 1876 for Micracini; Phrixosomatini Wood, 1978 for Phrixosomini. Gender agreements are corrected for species of several genera.

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RESUMENDe entre todos los objetos, tiempos, espacios, palabras y seres que componen el mundo físico, algunos están investidos de un valor especial por cuanto se les atribuye la virtud de visibilizar las instancias invisibles de las que dependemos los mortales. Es lo sagrado. A lo sagrado se le depara un trato singular hecho de respeto, veneración o miedo, pero en ocasiones también de rencor y de odio por lo que encarna o representa. Es adorado, pero también, y acaso por las mismas razones, puede ser insultado, destruido, objeto de burla y, si tiene forma humana, martirizado o asesinado. La violencia contra lo sagrado puede caber en sistemas religiosos que le otorgan a la agresión un papel central en su universo mítico o ritual. También se ofende u agrede lo santo para grupos o pueblos a someter, puesto que en ello está resumido su orden del mundo. Desde esta perspectiva, el agravio, la irreverencia y el daño pasan a reclamar un lugar protagonista en los estudios sobre la institución religiosa de la cultura bajo las figuras del sacrilegio y la profanación.PALABRAS CLAVE: sagrado, profanación, sacrilegio, violencia religiosa, iconoclastia.ABSTRACTOf all the objects, times, spaces, words and beings that make up the physical world, some are invested with a special value because they are attributed the virtue of making visible the invisible instances on which we mortals depend. This is the sacred. The sacred is given a singular treatment combining respect, veneration or fear, but sometimes also resentment and hatred of what it embodies or represents. It is adored, but also, and perhaps for the same reasons, it can be insulted,destroyed, mocked and, if it has a human form, martyred or killed. Violence against the sacred can fit into religious systems that give aggression a central role in their mythical or ritual universe. 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La institución romana del domicilium convierte al sujeto en residente. Suele designar el lugar de residencia prolongada del incola o habitante que ha emigrado a una comunidad, por contraposición al municeps; por lo tanto, es un vínculo jurídico entre la ciudad y la persona que ha emigrado a ella. Frente a la expresión de la origo en los textos epigráficos, que es muy abundante, la manifestación del domicilo solo se hace de forma excepcional, en atención al escaso número de referencias conservadas, y su enunciación es muy similar a la que marca el origen. Palabras clave: domicilium, origo, ciudadano, epigrafía, latina.Topónimos: Imperio Romano.Periodo: Principado (27 a. C. – 284 d. C.) ABSTRACTThe Roman institution of the domicilium turns the subject into a resident. It usually designates the place of prolonged residence of the incola or inhabitant who has emigrated to a community, as opposed to the municeps. Therefore, it is a legal link between the city and the person who emigrates there. As opposed to the expression of the origo in epigraphic texts, which is very common, the manifestation of the domicile occurs only exceptionally, in view of the scant number of surviving references, and its enunciation is very similar to that which indicates provenance. Keywords: domicilium, origo, citizen, epigraphy, Latin.Place names: Roman EmpirePeriod: Principate (27 BC - 284 AD) REFERENCIASAncelle, A. (1875), Du Domicile, Paris, these pour le doctorat, Faculte de droit de Paris.Andreu, J., (2008), “Sentimiento y orgullo cívico en Hispania: en torno a las menciones de origo en la Hispania Citerior”, Gerión, 26(1), pp. 349-378.Ayiter, K. (1962),“Einige Bemerkungen zum Domicilium des Filius Familias im römischen Recht“, en Studi in onore di Emilio Betti, vol. II, Milano, pp. 71-84.Baccari, M. P. (1996), Cittadini, popoli e comunione nella legislazione dei secoli IV-VI, Torino, G. 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RESUMENEl objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los mecanismos de financiación y de control de las instituciones religiosas por los laicos en las primeras décadas de la conquista y colonización de Hispanoamérica. Investigar sobre la inversión laica en lo sagrado supone en un primer lugar aclarar la historiografía sobre laicos, religión y dinero en las sociedades de Antiguo Régimen y su trasposición en América, planteando una mirada desde el punto de vista de las motivaciones múltiples de los actores seglares. A través del ejemplo de restituciones, donaciones y legados en losAndes, se explora el papel de los laicos españoles, y también de las poblaciones indígenas, en el establecimiento de la densa red de instituciones católicas que se construye entonces. La propuesta postula el protagonismo de actores laicos en la construcción de un espacio cristiano en los Andes peruanos en el siglo XVI y principios del XVII, donde la inversión económica permite contribuir a la transición de una sociedad de guerra y conquista a una sociedad corporativa pacificada.PALABRAS CLAVE: Hispanoamérica-Andes, religión, economía, encomienda, siglos XVI y XVII.ABSTRACTThis article aims to reflect on the mechanisms of financing and control of religious institutions by the laity in the first decades of the conquest and colonization of Spanish America. Investigating lay investment in the sacred sphere means first of all to clarifying historiography on laity, religion and money within Ancien Régime societies and their transposition to America, taking into account the multiple motivations of secular actors. The example of restitutions, donations and legacies inthe Andes enables us to explore the role of the Spanish laity and indigenous populations in the establishment of the dense network of Catholic institutions that was established during this period. The proposal postulates the role of lay actors in the construction of a Christian space in the Peruvian Andes in the sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, when economic investment contributed to the transition from a society of war and conquest to a pacified, corporate society.KEY WORDS: Hispanic America-Andes, religion, economics, encomienda, 16th and 17th centuries. BIBLIOGRAFIAAbercrombie, T., “Tributes to Bad Conscience: Charity, Restitution, and Inheritance in Cacique and Encomendero Testaments of 16th-Century Charcas”, en Kellogg, S. y Restall, M. (eds.), Dead Giveaways, Indigenous Testaments of Colonial Mesoamerica end the Andes, Salt Lake city, University of Utah Press, 1998, pp. 249-289.Aladjidi, P., Le roi, père des pauvres: France XIIIe-XVe siècle, Rennes, Presses universitaires de Rennes, 2008.Alberro, S., Les Espagnols dans le Mexique colonial: histoire d’une acculturation, Paris, A. Colin, 1992.Alden, D., The making of an enterprise: the Society of Jesus in Portugal, its empire, and beyond 1540-1750, Stanford California, Stanford University Press, 1996.Angulo, D., “El capitán Gómez de León, vecino fundador de la ciudad de Arequipa. Probança e información de los servicios que hizo a S. M. en estos Reynos del Piru el Cap. Gomez de León, vecino que fue de cibdad de Ariquipa, fecha el año MCXXXI a pedimento de sus hijos y herederos”, Revista del archivo nacional del Perú, Tomo VI, entrega II, Julio-diciembre 1928, pp. 95-148.Atienza López, Á., Tiempos de conventos: una historia social de las fundaciones en la España moderna, Madrid, Marcial Pons Historia, 2008.Azpilcueta Navarro, M. de, Manual de penitentes, Estella, Adrián de Anvers, 1566.Baschet, J., “Un Moyen Âge mondialisé? Remarques sur les ressorts précoces de la dynamique occidentale”, en Renaud, O., Schaub, J.-F., Thireau, I. (eds.), Faire des sciences sociales, comparer, Paris, éditions de l’EHESS, 2012, pp. 23-59.Boltanski, A. y Maldavsky, A., “Laity and Procurement of Funds», en Fabre, P.-A., Rurale, F. (eds.), Claudio Acquaviva SJ (1581-1615). A Jesuit Generalship at the time of the invention of the modern Catholicism, Leyden, Brill, 2017, pp. 191-216.Borges Morán, P., El envío de misioneros a América durante la época española, Salamanca, Universidad Pontifícia, 1977.Bourdieu, P., “L’économie des biens symboliques», Raisons pratiques: sur la théorie de l’action, Paris, Seuil, [1994] 1996, pp. 177-213.Brizuela Molina, S., “¿Cómo se funda un convento? Algunas consideraciones en torno al surgimiento de la vida monástica femenina en Santa Fe de Bogotá (1578-1645)”, Anuario de historia regional y de las Fronteras, vol. 22, n. 2, 2017, pp. 165-192.Brown, P., Le prix du salut. Les chrétiens, l’argent et l’au-delà en Occident (IIIe-VIIIe siècle), Paris, Belin, 2016.Burke, P., La Renaissance européenne, Paris, Seuil, 2000.Burns, K., Hábitos coloniales: los conventos y la economía espiritual del Cuzco, Lima, Quellca, IFEA, 2008.Cabanes, B y Piketty, G., “Sortir de la guerre: jalons pour une histoire en chantier”, Histoire@Politique. 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The poets Jorge de Sena (1919-1978) and Dionisio Ridruejo (1912-1975) met as professors at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in 1968 and began a friendship that would last until the end of their lives, sharing the literary and cultural life of their home countries with other Portuguese and Spanish writers and intellectuals. This work presents the unpublished correspondence between Sena and Ridruejo, establishing a relationship with other evidence of their mutual coexistence and admiration, which is closely tied to the common destiny of the two Iberian countries. Resumen Los poetas Jorge de Sena (1919-1978) y Dionisio Ridruejo (1912-1975) se conocen como profesores de la Universidad de Wisconsin en Madison en 1968 y establecen una amistad que durará hasta el final de sus vidas, compartiendo con otros escritores e intelectuales de Portugal y España la vida literaria y cultural de ambos países. En este trabajo se presenta la correspondencia inédita entre Sena y Ridruejo estableciendo una relación con otras muestras de su convivencia y admiración mutuas, que no puede separarse de los destinos comunes de los dos países ibéricos.

We examined trends in legal responsibilities, budgets and staffing, primarily for the BC government’s renewable resource ministries (forests, fish, wildlife, and parks). Legal responsibilities (complexity) of forest management expanded substantially from 1912 to 2011, almost tripling in the last 25 years. Government expenditures on renewable resources increased steadily from 1975 to 1997, but decreased by approximately half since then. However, the budgets for the remaining “non-resource” sectors of government more than doubled since 1997. The number of professional foresters employed in both government and industry has declined in recent years, more so in industry. Although the total number of professional biologists in the province has increased steadily since 1980, the Ministry of Environment has lost nearly 30 percent of its biologists since 2002. These decreases in funding and staffing jeopardize key management functions, and put the province’s renewable natural resources at increasing risk

A complex biography of Ivo Andrić (1892–1975) was shaped in a wide net of identity references: ethnocultural, religious, political, and linguistic. He was born to a Croatian Catholic family in Bosnia, he was a convinced supporter of Yugoslavism and a writer of the language defined as Croato-Serbian / Serbo-Croatian diasystem. In the period of his links with the cultural environment of Zagreb (1912–1919), he was writing according to the Croatian standard, later basically, in Serbian, but using environmental and stylistic diversity of the diasystem in order to stress its cognitive and artistic potential. Currently, when four national language standards are developing on the basis of the diasystem: Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian and Montenegrin, reading Andrić in accordance with post-Yugoslav linguistic ideas, that is with the awareness and conviction about the „break-up” of the Serbo-Croatian language, would necessarily lead to an absurd conclusion that the writer created his works using the content of various languages. Literary heritage of the great writer of Serbo-Croatian language, which remains a sociocultural fact, has been used not only by Serbian culture and language, but also by global culture – thanks to translations of the works of this Nobel laureate into numerous world languages.

This paper is a first attempt to provide an overview of the main lexicographic works of the most spoken Angolan languages of African origin, which were written by missionaries of Portuguese Patronage and laymen who were living in the current territory of Angola (western Africa), from the beginning of Portuguese colonization until its independence in 1975. The current Republic of Angola encompasses old African kingdoms, specifically those of Kongo, Lunda, Matamba, Ngola-Ndongo, and Benguela, and has almost 50 African languages, but Portuguese is the only official language. The Angolan languages of African origin most studied and described by the Portuguese were initially Kimbundu, and, more recently, Umbundu and Nyaneka. The first dictionary of a Bantu language was written in mid-1648 by Italian and Spanish Capuchins led by the Portuguese–Congolese mestizo secular priest Manuel de Roboredo (later, Francisco de São Salvador, O. F. M. Cap., d. 1665). However, the regular linguistic description of the Angolan languages was initiated at the beginning of the 19th century by the Italian Bernardo Maria [Cassaro] da Canicattì, O. F. M. Cap. (1749–1834). In addition, after the “re-establishment” (which was never officially assumed) of the religious orders in Portugal (ca. 1870), the Portuguese Province of the Congregatio Sancti Spiritus (C.S.Sp.) [Congregation of the Holy Spirit] was formed in 1867 mainly because of the evangelization of Angola. In point of fact, the most relevant dictionaries of the Angolan languages in the 20th century were written by the Holy Ghost Fathers [João] Albino Alves [Manso] (1908–1956) (Kimbundu, 1951), António Joaquim da Silva (1909–1995) (Nyaneka, 1966), and José Francisco Valente (1912–1993) (Umbundu, 1972). There are also relevant lexicographic works by laymen, such as the Brazilian Doctor Saturnino de Souza e Oliveira (1820–1871), the Angolan poet, writer, and journalist Joaquim Dias Cordeiro da Matta (1857–1894) for Kimbundu, and the Portuguese medical officer José Pereira do Nascimento (1861–1913) for Umbundu.

This article investigates the prosthesis of identity through the process of branding. It examines cross-cultural manifestations of this phenomena from sixth millennium BCE Syria to twelfth century Japan and Britain. From the Neolithic Era, humanity has sort to extend their identities using pictorial signs that were characteristically simple. Designed to be distinctive and instantly recognisable, the totemic symbols served to signal the origin of the bearer. Subsequently, the development of branding coincided with periods of increased in mobility both in respect to geography and social strata. This includes fifth millennium Mesopotamia, nineteenth century Britain, and America during the 1920s.There are fewer articles of greater influence on contemporary culture than A Theory of Human Motivation written by Abraham Maslow in 1943. Nearly seventy-five years later, his theories about the societal need for “belongingness” and “esteem” remain a mainstay of advertising campaigns (Maslow). Although the principles are used to sell a broad range of products from shampoo to breakfast cereal they are epitomised by apparel. This is with refence to garments and accessories bearing corporation logos. Whereas other purchased items, imbued with abstract products, are intended for personal consumption the public display of these symbols may be interpreted as a form of signalling. The intention of the wearers is to literally seek the fulfilment of the aforementioned social needs. This article investigates the use of brands as prosthesis.Coats and Crests: Identity Garnered on Garments in the Middle Ages and the Muromachi PeriodA logo, at its most basic, is a pictorial sign. In his essay, The Visual Language, Ernest Gombrich described the principle as reducing images to “distinctive features” (Gombrich 46). They represent a “simplification of code,” the meaning of which we are conditioned to recognise (Gombrich 46). Logos may also be interpreted as a manifestation of totemism. According to anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss, the principle exists in all civilisations and reflects an effort to evoke the power of nature (71-127). Totemism is also a method of population distribution (Levi-Strauss 166).This principle, in a form garnered on garments, is manifested in Mon Kiri. The practice of cutting out family crests evolved into a form of corporate branding in Japan during the Meiji Period (1868-1912) (Christensen 14). During the Muromachi period (1336-1573) the crests provided an integral means of identification on the battlefield (Christensen 13). The adorning of crests on armour was also exercised in Europe during the twelfth century, when the faces of knights were similarly obscured by helmets (Family Crests of Japan 8). Both Mon Kiri and “Coat[s] of Arms” utilised totemic symbols (Family Crests of Japan 8; Elven 14; Christensen 13). The mon for the imperial family (figs. 1 & 2) during the Muromachi Period featured chrysanthemum and paulownia flowers (Goin’ Japaneque). “Coat[s] of Arms” in Britain featured a menagerie of animals including lions (fig. 3), horses and eagles (Elven).The prothesis of identity through garnering symbols on the battlefield provided “safety” through demonstrating “belongingness”. This constituted a conflation of two separate “needs” in the “hierarchy of prepotency” propositioned by Maslow. Fig. 1. The mon symbolising the Imperial Family during the Muromachi Period featured chrysanthemum and paulownia. "Kamon (Japanese Family Crests): Ancient Key to Samurai Culture." Goin' Japaneque! 15 Nov. 2015. 27 July 2019 <http://goinjapanesque.com/05983/>.Fig. 2. An example of the crest being utilised on a garment can be found in this portrait of samurai Oda Nobunaga. "Japan's 12 Most Famous Samurai." All About Japan. 27 Aug. 2018. 27 July 2019 <https://allabout-japan.com/en/article/5818/>.Fig. 3. A detail from the “Index of Subjects of Crests.” Elven, John Peter. The Book of Family Crests: Comprising Nearly Every Family Bearing, Properly Blazoned and Explained, Accompanied by Upwards of Four Thousand Engravings. Henry Washbourne, 1847.The Pursuit of Prestige: Prosthetic Pedigree from the Late Georgian to the Victorian Eras In 1817, the seal engraver to Prince Regent, Alexander Deuchar, described the function of family crests in British Crests: Containing The Crest and Mottos of The Families of Great Britain and Ireland; Together with Those of The Principal Cities and Heraldic Terms as follows: The first approach to civilization is the distinction of ranks. So necessary is this to the welfare and existence of society, that, without it, anarchy and confusion must prevail… In an early stage, heraldic emblems were characteristic of the bearer… Certain ordinances were made, regulating the mode of bearing arms, and who were entitled to bear them. (i-v)The partitioning of social classes in Britain had deteriorated by the time this compendium was published, with displays of “conspicuous consumption” displacing “heraldic emblems” as a primary method of status signalling (Deuchar 2; Han et al. 18). A consumerism born of newfound affluence, and the desire to signify this wealth through luxury goods, was as integral to the Industrial Revolution as technological development. In Rebels against the Future, published in 1996, Kirkpatrick Sale described the phenomenon:A substantial part of the new population, though still a distinct minority, was made modestly affluent, in some places quite wealthy, by privatization of of the countryside and the industrialization of the cities, and by the sorts of commercial and other services that this called forth. The new money stimulated the consumer demand… that allowed a market economy of a scope not known before. (40)This also reflected improvements in the provision of “health, food [and] education” (Maslow; Snow 25-28). With their “physiological needs” accommodated, this ”substantial part” of the population were able to prioritised their “esteem needs” including the pursuit for prestige (Sale 40; Maslow).In Britain during the Middle Ages laws “specified in minute detail” what each class was permitted to wear (Han et al. 15). A groom, for example, was not able to wear clothing that exceeded two marks in value (Han et al. 15). In a distinct departure during the Industrial Era, it was common for the “middling and lower classes” to “ape” the “fashionable vices of their superiors” (Sale 41). Although mon-like labels that were “simplified so as to be conspicuous and instantly recognisable” emerged in Europe during the nineteenth century their application on garments remained discrete up until the early twentieth century (Christensen 13-14; Moore and Reid 24). During the 1920s, the French companies Hermes and Coco Chanel were amongst the clothing manufacturers to pioneer this principle (Chaney; Icon).During the 1860s, Lincolnshire-born Charles Frederick Worth affixed gold stamped labels to the insides of his garments (Polan et al. 9; Press). Operating from Paris, the innovation was consistent with the introduction of trademark laws in France in 1857 (Lopes et al.). He would become known as the “Father of Haute Couture”, creating dresses for royalty and celebrities including Empress Eugene from Constantinople, French actress Sarah Bernhardt and Australian Opera Singer Nellie Melba (Lopes et al.; Krick). The clothing labels proved and ineffective deterrent to counterfeit, and by the 1890s the House of Worth implemented other measures to authenticate their products (Press). The legitimisation of the origin of a product is, arguably, the primary function of branding. This principle is also applicable to subjects. The prothesis of brands, as totemic symbols, assisted consumers to relocate themselves within a new system of population distribution (Levi-Strauss 166). It was one born of commerce as opposed to heraldry.Selling of Self: Conferring Identity from the Neolithic to Modern ErasIn his 1817 compendium on family crests, Deuchar elaborated on heraldry by writing:Ignoble birth was considered as a stain almost indelible… Illustrious parentage, on the other hand, constituted the very basis of honour: it communicated peculiar rights and privileges, to which the meaner born man might not aspire. (v-vi)The Twinings Logo (fig. 4) has remained unchanged since the design was commissioned by the grandson of the company founder Richard Twining in 1787 (Twining). In addition to reflecting the heritage of the family-owned company, the brand indicated the origin of the tea. This became pertinent during the nineteenth century. Plantations began to operate from Assam to Ceylon (Jones 267-269). Amidst the rampant diversification of tea sources in the Victorian era, concerns about the “unhygienic practices” of Chinese producers were proliferated (Wengrow 11). Subsequently, the brand also offered consumers assurance in quality. Fig. 4. The Twinings Logo reproduced from "History of Twinings." Twinings. 24 July 2019 <https://www.twinings.co.uk/about-twinings/history-of-twinings>.The term ‘brand’, adapted from the Norse “brandr”, was introduced into the English language during the sixteenth century (Starcevic 179). At its most literal, it translates as to “burn down” (Starcevic 179). Using hot elements to singe markings onto animals been recorded as early as 2700 BCE in Egypt (Starcevic 182). However, archaeologists concur that the modern principle of branding predates this practice. The implementation of carved seals or stamps to make indelible impressions of handcrafted objects dates back to Prehistoric Mesopotamia (Starcevic 183; Wengrow 13). Similar traditions developed during the Bronze Age in both China and the Indus Valley (Starcevic 185). In all three civilisations branding facilitated both commerce and aspects of Totemism. In the sixth millennium BCE in “Prehistoric” Mesopotamia, referred to as the Halaf period, stone seals were carved to emulate organic form such as animal teeth (Wengrow 13-14). They were used to safeguard objects by “confer[ring] part of the bearer’s personality” (Wengrow 14). They were concurrently applied to secure the contents of vessels containing “exotic goods” used in transactions (Wengrow 15). Worn as amulets (figs. 5 & 6) the seals, and the symbols they produced, were a physical extension of their owners (Wengrow 14).Fig. 5. Recreation of stamp seal amulets from Neolithic Mesopotamia during the sixth millennium BCE. Wengrow, David. "Prehistories of Commodity Branding." Current Anthropology 49.1 (2008): 14.Fig. 6. “Lot 25Y: Rare Syrian Steatite Amulet – Fertility God 5000 BCE.” The Salesroom. 27 July 2019 <https://www.the-saleroom.com/en-gb/auction-catalogues/artemis-gallery-ancient-art/catalogue-id-srartem10006/lot-a850d229-a303-4bae-b68c-a6130005c48a>. Fig. 7. Recreation of stamp seal designs from Mesopotamia from the late fifth to fourth millennium BCE. Wengrow, David. "Prehistories of Commodity Branding." Current Anthropology 49. 1 (2008): 16.In the following millennia, the seals would increase exponentially in application and aesthetic complexity (fig. 7) to support the development of household cum cottage industries (Wengrow 15). In addition to handcrafts, sealed vessels would transport consumables such as wine, aromatic oils and animal fats (Wengrow 18). The illustrations on the seals included depictions of rituals undertaken by human figures and/or allegories using animals. It can be ascertained that the transition in the Victorian Era from heraldry to commerce, from family to corporation, had precedence. By extension, consumers were able to participate in this process of value attribution using brands as signifiers. The principle remained prevalent during the modern and post-modern eras and can be respectively interpreted using structuralist and post-structuralist theory.Totemism to Simulacrum: The Evolution of Advertising from the Modern to Post-Modern Eras In 2011, Lisa Chaney wrote of the inception of the Coco Chanel logo (fig. 8) in her biography Chanel: An Intimate Life: A crucial element in the signature design of the Chanel No.5 bottle is the small black ‘C’ within a black circle set as the seal at the neck. On the top of the lid are two more ‘C’s, intertwined back to back… from at least 1924, the No5 bottles sported the unmistakable logo… these two ‘C’s referred to Gabrielle, – in other words Coco Chanel herself, and would become the logo for the House of Chanel. Chaney continued by describing Chanel’s fascination of totemic symbols as expressed through her use of tarot cards. She also “surrounded herself with objects ripe with meaning” such as representations of wheat and lions in reference prosperity and to her zodiac symbol ‘Leo’ respectively. Fig. 8. No5 Chanel Perfume, released in 1924, featured a seal-like logo attached to the bottle neck. “No5.” Chanel. 25 July 2019 <https://www.chanel.com/us/fragrance/p/120450/n5-parfum-grand-extrait/>.Fig. 9. This illustration of the bottle by Georges Goursat was published in a women’s magazine circa 1920s. “1921 Chanel No5.” Inside Chanel. 26 July 2019 <http://inside.chanel.com/en/timeline/1921_no5>; “La 4éme Fête de l’Histoire Samedi 16 et dimache 17 juin.” Ville de Perigueux. Musée d’art et d’archéologie du Périgord. 28 Mar. 2018. 26 July 2019 <https://www.perigueux-maap.fr/category/archives/page/5/>. This product was considered the “financial basis” of the Chanel “empire” which emerged during the second and third decades of the twentieth century (Tikkanen). Chanel is credited for revolutionising Haute Couture by introducing chic modern designs that emphasised “simplicity and comfort.” This was as opposed to the corseted highly embellished fashion that characterised the Victorian Era (Tikkanen). The lavish designs released by the House of Worth were, in and of themselves, “conspicuous” displays of “consumption” (Veblen 17). In contrast, the prestige and status associated with the “poor girl” look introduced by Chanel was invested in the story of the designer (Tikkanen). A primary example is her marinière or sailor’s blouse with a Breton stripe that epitomised her ascension from café singer to couturier (Tikkanen; Burstein 8). This signifier might have gone unobserved by less discerning consumers of fashion if it were not for branding. Not unlike the Prehistoric Mesopotamians, this iteration of branding is a process which “confer[s]” the “personality” of the designer into the garment (Wengrow 13 -14). The wearer of the garment is, in turn, is imbued by extension. Advertisers in the post-structuralist era embraced Levi-Strauss’s structuralist anthropological theories (Williamson 50). This is with particular reference to “bricolage” or the “preconditioning” of totemic symbols (Williamson 173; Pool 50). Subsequently, advertising creatives cum “bricoleur” employed his principles to imbue the brands with symbolic power. This symbolic capital was, arguably, transferable to the product and, ultimately, to its consumer (Williamson 173).Post-structuralist and semiotician Jean Baudrillard “exhaustively” critiqued brands and the advertising, or simulacrum, that embellished them between the late 1960s and early 1980s (Wengrow 10-11). In Simulacra and Simulation he wrote,it is the reflection of a profound reality; it masks and denatures a profound reality; it masks the absence of a profound reality; it has no relation to any reality whatsoever: it is its own pure simulacrum. (6)The symbolic power of the Chanel brand resonates in the ‘profound reality’ of her story. It is efficiently ‘denatured’ through becoming simplified, conspicuous and instantly recognisable. It is, as a logo, physically juxtaposed as simulacra onto apparel. This simulacrum, in turn, effects the ‘profound reality’ of the consumer. In 1899, economist Thorstein Veblen wrote in The Theory of the Leisure Class:Conspicuous consumption of valuable goods it the means of reputability to the gentleman of leisure… costly entertainments, such as potlatch or the ball, are peculiarly adapted to serve this end… he consumes vicariously for his host at the same time that he is witness to the consumption… he is also made to witness his host’s facility in etiquette. (47)Therefore, according to Veblen, it was the witnessing of “wasteful” consumption that “confers status” as opposed the primary conspicuous act (Han et al. 18). Despite television being in its experimental infancy advertising was at “the height of its powers” during the 1920s (Clark et al. 18; Hill 30). Post-World War I consumers, in America, experienced an unaccustomed level of prosperity and were unsuspecting of the motives of the newly formed advertising agencies (Clark et al. 18). Subsequently, the ‘witnessing’ of consumption could be constructed across a plethora of media from the newly emerged commercial radio to billboards (Hill viii–25). The resulting ‘status’ was ‘conferred’ onto brand logos. Women’s magazines, with a legacy dating back to 1828, were a primary locus (Hill 10).Belonging in a Post-Structuralist WorldIt is significant to note that, in a post-structuralist world, consumers do not exclusively seek upward mobility in their selection of brands. The establishment of counter-culture icon Levi-Strauss and Co. was concurrent to the emergence of both The House of Worth and Coco Chanel. The Bavarian-born Levi Strauss commenced selling apparel in San Francisco in 1853 (Levi’s). Two decades later, in partnership with Nevada born tailor Jacob Davis, he patented the “riveted-for-strength” workwear using blue denim (Levi’s). Although the ontology of ‘jeans’ is contested, references to “Jene Fustyan” date back the sixteenth century (Snyder 139). It involved the combining cotton, wool and linen to create “vestments” for Geonese sailors (Snyder 138). The Two Horse Logo (fig. 10), depicting them unable to pull apart a pair of jeans to symbolise strength, has been in continuous use by Levi Strauss & Co. company since its design in 1886 (Levi’s). Fig. 10. The Two Horse Logo by Levi Strauss & Co. has been in continuous use since 1886. Staff Unzipped. "Two Horses. One Message." Heritage. Levi Strauss & Co. 1 July 2011. 25 July 2019 <https://www.levistrauss.com/2011/07/01/two-horses-many-versions-one-message/>.The “rugged wear” would become the favoured apparel amongst miners at American Gold Rush (Muthu 6). Subsequently, between the 1930s – 1960s Hollywood films cultivated jeans as a symbol of “defiance” from Stage Coach staring John Wayne in 1939 to Rebel without A Cause staring James Dean in 1955 (Muthu 6; Edgar). Consequently, during the 1960s college students protesting in America (fig. 11) against the draft chose the attire to symbolise their solidarity with the working class (Hedarty). Notwithstanding a 1990s fashion revision of denim into a diversity of garments ranging from jackets to skirts, jeans have remained a wardrobe mainstay for the past half century (Hedarty; Muthu 10). Fig. 11. Although the brand label is not visible, jeans as initially introduced to the American Goldfields in the nineteenth century by Levi Strauss & Co. were cultivated as a symbol of defiance from the 1930s – 1960s. It documents an anti-war protest that occurred at the Pentagon in 1967. Cox, Savannah. "The Anti-Vietnam War Movement." ATI. 14 Dec. 2016. 16 July 2019 <https://allthatsinteresting.com/vietnam-war-protests#7>.In 2003, the journal Science published an article “Does Rejection Hurt? An Fmri Study of Social Exclusion” (Eisenberger et al.). The cross-institutional study demonstrated that the neurological reaction to rejection is indistinguishable to physical pain. Whereas during the 1940s Maslow classified the desire for “belonging” as secondary to “physiological needs,” early twenty-first century psychologists would suggest “[social] acceptance is a mechanism for survival” (Weir 50). In Simulacra and Simulation, Jean Baudrillard wrote: Today abstraction is no longer that of the map, the double, the mirror or the concept. Simulation is no longer that of a territory, a referential being or a substance. It is the generation by models of a real without origin or reality: a hyperreal… (1)In the intervening thirty-eight years since this document was published the artifice of our interactions has increased exponentially. In order to locate ‘belongness’ in this hyperreality, the identities of the seekers require a level of encoding. Brands, as signifiers, provide a vehicle.Whereas in Prehistoric Mesopotamia carved seals, worn as amulets, were used to extend the identity of a person, in post-digital China WeChat QR codes (fig. 12), stored in mobile phones, are used to facilitate transactions from exchanging contact details to commerce. Like other totems, they provide access to information such as locations, preferences, beliefs, marital status and financial circumstances. These individualised brands are the most recent incarnation of a technology that has developed over the past eight thousand years. The intermediary iteration, emblems affixed to garments, has remained prevalent since the twelfth century. Their continued salience is due to their visibility and, subsequent, accessibility as signifiers. Fig. 12. It may be posited that Wechat QR codes are a form individualised branding. Like other totems, they store information pertaining to the owner’s location, beliefs, preferences, marital status and financial circumstances. “Join Wechat groups using QR code on 2019.” Techwebsites. 26 July 2019 <https://techwebsites.net/join-wechat-group-qr-code/>.Fig. 13. Brands function effectively as signifiers is due to the international distribution of multinational corporations. This is the shopfront of Chanel in Dubai, which offers customers apparel bearing consistent insignia as the Parisian outlet at on Rue Cambon. Customers of Chanel can signify to each other with the confidence that their products will be recognised. “Chanel.” The Dubai Mall. 26 July 2019 <https://thedubaimall.com/en/shop/chanel>.Navigating a post-structuralist world of increasing mobility necessitates a rudimental understanding of these symbols. Whereas in the nineteenth century status was conveyed through consumption and witnessing consumption, from the twentieth century onwards the garnering of brands made this transaction immediate (Veblen 47; Han et al. 18). The bricolage of the brands is constructed by bricoleurs working in any number of contemporary creative fields such as advertising, filmmaking or song writing. They provide a system by which individuals can convey and recognise identities at prima facie. They enable the prosthesis of identity.ReferencesBaudrillard, Jean. Simulacra and Simulation. Trans. Sheila Faria Glaser. United States: University of Michigan Press, 1994.Burstein, Jessica. Cold Modernism: Literature, Fashion, Art. United States: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2012.Chaney, Lisa. Chanel: An Intimate Life. United Kingdom: Penguin Books Limited, 2011.Christensen, J.A. Cut-Art: An Introduction to Chung-Hua and Kiri-E. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, 1989. Clark, Eddie M., Timothy C. 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