Dissertations / Theses on the topic '1914-1918 Allemagne'
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Carden, Ron M. "German policy toward neutral Spain, 1914-1918." New York : Garland, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35698574t.
Full textLaparra, Jean-Claude. "Matériels de circonstances et fabrications de guerre dans l'armée allemande, 1914-1918." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010554.
Full textThe author intends to prove that the situation of the military materials shows what was insufficient in the german army during the first world war and how economically exhausted germany was. Actually, throughout this fight , german soldiers were not equipped only with materials which were modern, german, well designed, suitably made as in peace time, sufficently delivered, etc. Many others, which the german army was provided with, had a conceiving, a realization and a distribution which were issued owing to the producing conditions of this period and circumstances. This situation - combined with failures, for instance in the preparation of the mobilization - shows the imperfection of the german 'war machine'; only by itself, it does not explain the defeat of the german army but it certainly makes up one of the reasons
Roerkhol, Anne. "Hungerblockade und Heimatfront : die kommunale Lebensmittelversorgung in Westfalen während des Ersten Weltkrieges /." Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb371471725.
Full textLauter, Anna-Monika. "Sicherheit und Reparationen : die französische Öffentlichkeit, der Rhein und die Ruhr 1919-1923 /." Essen : Klartext, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41244220x.
Full textGeinitz, Christian. "Kriegsfurcht und Kampfbereitschaft : das Augusterlebnis in Freiburg : eine Studie zum Kriegsbeginn 1914 /." Essen : Klartext, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb391002459.
Full textZimmermann, Bénédicte. "La constitution du chômage en Allemagne : mise en forme d'une catégorie nationale des politiques publiques (1871-1927)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996IEPP0002.
Full textThe definition of unemployment, as consolidated by the insurance law of 1927, was a source of major controversy for germany at the turn of the century. The issue was found on the political agendas of the reich and municipalities, during the economic crisis of 1981 1894, at the same time as the word arbeitslosigkeit gained academic recognition and found its way into dictionaries. As the result of the attempted translaton of certain forms of proverty and nonlabor into a new public policy category, unemployment underwent a complex definition process characterized by the plurality of the scenes and of the actors taking part in it. Unions, municipalities and the federal state represent so many scenes on which particular interactions took place and a specific definition of the categorization's stake prevaled. Whereas unionists, as a means of effectively improve the economic situation, and municipal agents, who sought to diminish the tax burden on the treasury of public. Assistance in their charge, asked for the reich's intervention, the federal government justified its non-interventionist stand through the state's subsidiarity. When local actors attempted to elaborate a national space of intervention on unemployment by constituting a network of reform-minded individuals, their initiatives came up against the absence of a generality principle likely to transcend the plurality of their individual experiences into a national public policy category. Closely bound to the froms of government, the institutionalisation of this national category was made possible by the reconfiguration of economics and politics indudec by the first world war and
Thalmann, Heinrich. "Die Pfalz im Ersten Weltkrieg : der ehemalige bayerische Regierungskreis bis zur Besetzung Anfang Dezember 1918 /." Kaiserslautern : Institut für pfälzische Geschichte und Volkskunde, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355275759.
Full textDuménil, Anne. "Le soldat allemand de la Grande Guerre : institution militaire et expérience du combat." Amiens, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AMIE0004.
Full textBeckstein, Hermann. "Städtische Interessenpolitik : Organisation und Politik der Städtetage in Bayern, Preussen und im Deutschen Reich 1896-1923 /." Düsseldorf : Droste, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb355221332.
Full textOppelland, Torsten. "Reichstag und Aussenpolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg : die deutschen Parteien und die Politik der USA 1914-1918 /." Düsseldorf : Droste, 1995. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37115828h.
Full textBibliogr. p. 345-362. Index.
Knigge, Jobst. "Kontinuität deutscher Kriegsziele im Baltikum : deutsche Baltikum-Politik 1918/19 und das Kontinuitätsproblem /." Hamburg : Dr. Kovač, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb38994944z.
Full textDepoortere, Rolande. "La question des réparations allemandes dans la politique étrangère de la Belgique après la première guerre mondiale, 1919-1925 /." Bruxelles : Académie royale de Belgique, Classe des lettres, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37032298j.
Full textHagenlücke, Heinz. "Deutsche Vaterlandspartei : die nationale Rechte am Ende des Kaiserreiches /." Düsseldorf : Droste Verl, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb369920948.
Full textBibliogr. p. 413-434. Index.
Julien, Élise. "Paris, Berlin : la mémoire de la Première Guerre mondiale, 1914-1933." Paris 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA010655.
Full textJoschke, Christian. "Les yeux de la nation : photographie amateur et société dans l'Allemagne de Guillaume II." Paris, EHESS, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005EHES0092.
Full text1880-1910 : three decades in which images, and especially photographic images, acquired great importance inpublic life and inspired an ambitious project in the German liberal bourgeoisie : this bourgeoisie wanted liberal society to construct an enlightened visual culture on the basis of associative life, its deliberative practices and educative ideals. The bourgeoisie encouraged the spread of photography through the formation of amateur clubs, publishing journals and organizing major exhibitions which were not by any means limited to art photography. The public space that emerged around photographic practices facilitated the creation of a common culture inpost-Bismarckian Germany. Why were amateurs, and not the press, industry or even cultural institutions, situated at the heart of this project? What were the political aims of these images in a country deeply marked by the militaristic propaganda and Welpolitik of Wilhelm II? What part did images, and especially photographs of the land and folklore, play in the construction of a nation identity "from below"?
Lindemann, Thomas. "La puissance des perceptions et perceptions de puissances : le nationalisme "vo͏̈lkisch",ethno-culturel, et la crise de juillet 1914." Paris 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA010264.
Full textUntil now historians and political scientists did not write very much about the "belief systems" of the statesmen who led the european states in the first world war. They explain the conflict above all by external or domestic "pressures" without paying much attention to warlike "mentalities". Our study shows that the german "brinkmanship" during the july crisis resulted much more from nationalistic "misperceptions" than real constraints. The principal topics of social darwinism and the ideology "volkisch" propagated by the pan-german-league was indeed also shared by the german leadership. The belief of a decisive struggle between "slaves and germans", the wrong alternative between "world power or decline" and the seeming necessity of a living room disturbed the german perception of international politics and contributed to their "brinkmanship" in july 1914
Jaquand, Corinne. "Le grand Berlin et l'anticipation américaine : infrastructures, paysage et forme urbaine du IIe au IIIe Reich." Paris, EHESS, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003EHES0034.
Full textThis doctorale deals with the reception of Americanism in the field of German architecture and city- planning. The analysis focuses on the metropolis of Berlin from the Wilhems' Empire to the III Reich. The problematic is articulated to the topos of modernity, understood as a process of modernization - socially, technically and aesthetically. We have examined how the different trends of German modernity - from the radical to the conservative, have referred to American modernity. The corpus concerns the edition of architecture and urban ingineery (reviews, books, essays, exhibitions catalogues and conferences proceedings). The subject is developed with four topics : metropolitan architecture and debates on skyscrapers : urban transformations through transport infrastructures, railroad and then automobile ; development of urban and regional park systems : patterns of urban extensions relates to Fordist city. The first chapter described diachronically the German protagonists of the A mericanism in regards to three epochs : the first, the urban reform supported by experts ; the second, the years of avant-gardism which opposed radical Moderns against conservative Moderns ; the third, from the Great Depression to the end of nazism, saw the American model rejected even if the modernization of the country went forward. Methodologically, this doctorate refers to the theories of Jauss and Sulzer on reception in literature. In questions the national identity of urban design and architecture as a culture and practices. It proceeds from the hypothesis that the American model was used to formulate a cultural project on modernity, specifically German. It comes out to the notion of "geo-cultural eras" which are characterized by slow evolutions of the conceptual, legal and institutional patterns of concepts and which could be submitted, but punctually, to changing paradigms of professional contexts
Fiedler, Gudrun. "Jugend im Krieg : bürgerliche Jugendbewegung, Erster Weltkrieg und sozialer Wandel 1914-1923 /." Köln : Verlag Wissenschaft und Politik, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35495906c.
Full textSchwarzmüller, Theo. "Zwischen Kaiser und "Führer" : Generalfeldmarschall August von Mackensen : eine politische Biographie /." Paderborn ; München ; Wien [etc.] : Schöningh, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb370930138.
Full textZala, Sacha. "Geschichte unter der Schere politischer Zensur : amtliche Aktensammlungen im internationalen Vergleich /." München : Oldenbourg, 2001. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb389082800.
Full textLorrain, Sophie. "De Sedan à Locarno : les pacifistes français et allemands pionniers de l'entente franco-allemande." Paris 8, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA080947.
Full textFrench and german pacifists, who fighted for peace and international arbritation may be considered as the forerunners of the franco-german reconciliation. They have been trying to find a balance between the defense of the national interest and the construction of peace which demanded an harlonious relation between france and germany. The difficulty lied in the fact that they mostly remained caught up in their social-political context. But just after 1871, the french pacifists who could rely on a strong tradition, tried to establish contacts with their german colleagues to solve the epinous question of alsace-lorraine. The first years were not so evident but they managed until 1913 to create some franco-german comitees. Inspite of the persistant franco-german gap in the social and political influence of the two movements, they gained some attention from their governments and their populations. The first world war destructed all their work; the french pacifists adopted the hard line course of the french politics, while german pacifism turned up to a political movement. Its claim of the renewal of the domestic policy made of its leaders the first democrates of the republic of weimar. The aftermath of the war was quite difficult. Although the contact has been broken till 1921, the pacifists remained the first one to get in touch with the former ennemy; at the beginning of 1922, they met and discuss again together
Patin, Nicolas. "La guerre au Reichstag. Expériences de guerre et imaginaires politiques des députés sous la République de Weimar (1914-1933)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100152.
Full textOne half of the Weimar Republic’s Reichstag Deputies has served in the First World War. How did they manage to make this experience fit into their following political career, and in the description they were making of it? This experience could have served as a foundation, in a deeply divided Assembly, to build a community above political parties. But the political translation of this experience has been made inside the parties. Building a prosopography by searching through Deputies’ biographies helped to reveal a much more complex picture of these four years of war : not totally different from a man to another, not just as simple as general schemas, this experience has been quickly polarised, after the defeat, around political events, such as the Revolution or the Treaty of Versailles, and has struck the different parties with really different effects : centrifugal effects for the long-term politicized Deputies of the socialist party; radical politicisation for the extreme-right, strong feeling of continuity in the center. At the Reichstag, conflicts come up when the War is evoked: it reminisces to MPs antagonisms among social classes, mirrored by inequalities between officers and simple soldiers. The Weimar parties were built on those same social differences: a common view of the legacy from the trenches was impossible among the benches of the Assembly. There was a strong temptation, especially for the radical parties, to fight for this legacy not only at the Parliament, but in the streets
Jouishomme, Bernard. "Le génie français et allemand en campagne sur le front occidental d'août à novembre 1914." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010637.
Full textIn spite of lessons from past experiences , command did not use the engineers correctly in the field from august to november 1914 , specially as far as lines of communication and field fortification are concerned in the offensive and defensive tasks. Six major wars took place from 1861 to 1912 , on different theaters of operations such as america during civil war , transvaal, the balkans, europe and far east. They showed that the engineers used varied techniques, mainly field fortification which allowed some armies to save personnel strength and produced to some other armies high casualties for underestimating the value of the factor terrain. In france and germany , the general doctrine was the offensive and the corresponding field manuals are in the same way , but command was not greatly concerned by the "fourth service". Training was generally well archieved in the engineer units but less efficient in infantry and cavalry ones. Equipments to carry out the missions were varied and basically well suited to the engineer and pioneer units with some superiority in the german army. Masses of about two million soldiers are going to face in august 1914 from alsace to belgium. The german imperial staff knows what he wants ; on the French side, the lack of informations and sometimes of decisions prevent command from having an overall plan. During four months of operations, sappers and pioneers carry out their mission properly but they are not always well commanded. Nevertheless , command of both side draw many lessons concerning the employment of engineers , organization and the manufacturing of different equipments. But will agreed sacrifices and lessons for the short and medium terms serve for future generations ?
Doré, Pier-Alexandre. "La chimère polonaise : la social-démocratie allemande et la Question polonaise au cours de la Première Guerre mondiale." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66445.
Full textInherited from the 19th century, the Polish Question was one of the major challenges of the internal policies of the German Empire at the turn of the century. Far from admitting defeat,the Polish national minority, marginalized and targeted by assimilation policies, remains an object of concern which increases with the First World War. Amidst tensions between theGerman state and its Polish citizens, the German social democratic movement is gradually integrating socio-political debates concerning the Polish problems of East Prussia. Faced with domestic and foreign political environments dependent on the throes of war, the SocialDemocrats are struggling to impose their visions on the future of German-Polish communities.Repeated foreign interventions, the implosion of the social democratic movement, the Peace of Brest-Litovsk, military defeats and the German and Polish revolutions ultimately mark the failure of the German social democracy’s polish program. In many ways, the First World Warand the management of the Polish national minority in Germany desired by the SocialDemocrats marked the end of a chapter for Polish-German relations. At the end of the conflict,the German defeat and the new social-democratic government set the stage for years of PolishGerman competition, which can be seen in the numerous conflicts marking the years of theInterwar period.
Jardin, Pierre. ""Die Dolchstoßlegende" : la légende du coup de poignard." Paris 4, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA040074.
Full textThe belief of " stab in the back " presents the German defeat of November 1918 as a direct consequence of the revolution, which is considered as the victory of social-democracy. The study of the documents shows that the defeat does not occur as a consequence of the revolution: short before the end of war, the military situation of Germany is desperate, its army is collapsing and fights a guerrilla war to contain the allied forces. The idea of "stab in the back" hides the responsibility of the military leaders in the failure. It emphasizes the responsibility of the political leaders, especially Bethmann Hollweg. While trying to incorporate the social-democracy using war in that way, he would have opened her the way to political power. The expression "stab in the back" embodies a return to the anti-socialist discourse that emerged before the war: the party is un-national, it rallied only in appearance the cause of national defence and represents a permanent threat to german unity. For these reasons, social-democracy should be kept aside of it. This conception will give one of the deepest roots of Hitler's discourse
Ginsburger, Nicolas. "« La guerre, la plus terrible des érosions ». Cultures de guerre et géographes universitaires, Allemagne-France-Etats-Unis (1914-1921)." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100195/document.
Full textWhen the Great War broke out in 1914, the field of academia in geography was divided into local and national schools, connected together through publications, scientific debates and international meetings. My work in comparative history aims at showing that the three main “communities” in the field (namely Germany, France and the United States of America) were affected by the war violence, and that they took an active part in many aspects of “war cultures” in the fighting countries. Indeed, the youngest ones fought, some others did some research for the army (above all in German and American war geology), some others wrote committed books (about German and Russian atrocities, war goals, political and military geography) and geographers of the Home fronts played an important role in cultural diplomacy – every specialist in Earth Sciences mobilized in various ways. They were even to be used as experts, specially during the 1919 peace negotiations. As teachers, scholars, intellectuals and citizens, these men and women went through a very brutal and intense period as far as the shaping of their professional identity is concerned, for they had to reconcile “modern geography” with applied geography. The results proved to be quite disappointing for them: political mobilization, at first enthusiastic, soon turned sour; and their expertise could appear useless as it failed to help political leaders to frame a new map of the world based on scientific grounds. Despite these frustrations and limits, the First World War seems to be a turning point in the shaping of the collective identity of academic geography: its demobilization took a long time, and remained unfinished as long as violence and alliances persisted
Als der Erste Weltkrieg 1914 ausbrach, war die Hochschulgeographie in lokalen und nationalen Schulen organisiert, die durch Fachzeitschriften und Publikationen, wissenschaftlichen Debaten und internationalen Zusammentreffen in Verbindung waren. Diese Arbeit zeigt in einer vergleichenden Perspektive, dass die drei wichtigsten Fachgemeinschaften (Deutschland, Frankreich, Vereinigten Staaten) von der Gewalt des Konflikts erschüttert wurden und an der vielseitigen Kultur des Krieges in den Krieg führenden Mächten teilgenommen haben. Zwischen Kämpfen für die Jüngeren, wissenschaftlichen Werken für die Truppen, insbesondere im Rahmen der deutschen und amerikanischen Kriegsgeologie, politischem Engagement (über die deutschen und russischen Gräueltaten, die Kriegszielen und die Kriegs- und politische Geographie) und kulturelle Diplomatie für die Hochschulgeographen des Home fronts, mobilisieren sich die Spezialisten der Erdwissenschaften und spielen eine sehr neue Rolle von Experten, insbesondere in den Debaten über die Friedensverhandlungen, zwischen 1917 und 1919. Als Lehrer, Wissenschaftler, Intellektuellen und Bürger, erleben sie also eine brutale und intensive Etappe ihrer Berufsidentität, in der sie die „moderne Geographie“ mit einer neuen angewandten Geographie vereinbaren sollen. Die Ergebnisse sind aber enttäuschend, sowohl bei der politischen und militärischen Mobilisierung, die zuerst mit Begeisterung, dann mit Unzufriedenheit empfunden wurde, als auch bei der unbefriedigenden und unwirksamen Expertentätigkeit, insbesondere über die Neugestaltung der politischen Karte Europas und der Welt. Trotz dieser Schwierigkeiten hat der Erste Weltkrieg eine grosse Bedeutung in der kollektiven Identität der Hochschulgeographie, deren Entmobilisierung sehr langsam ist und die von dem Andauern der Kriegsbündnisse und Gewalt geprägt wird
Danguy, Laurence. "« Jugend » et son ange : regards croisés de l'anthropologie religieuse et de l'histoire de l'art sur la figure de l'ange dans la revue « Jugend » (1896-1920)." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0065.
Full textMunich, January 1896 : the arrival of "Jugend - Illustrated Magazine for Art and Life" causes a kind of cultural, aesthetic and social landslide. An unheard-of large scale mixture of texts and images, it claims to be open for all styles, anti-Wilhelmine but patriotic, liberal thus anti-clerical. Its conceptual name synonymous with coutinuous revival and eternal youth forms its platform. On a first view, the number of angels even of singular appearance and irregularly entering the scene, is perplexing. An interdisciplinary approach, regarding these angelic figures who are, at the same time, close to and distant from their religious point of reference, under a double long-term focus - of history of art and of anthropology of religion - illumates their being appropriated for reasons of the cult of art, as well as the will of situating them in the centre of a modernism with vanguard and eschatological pretense
Bonniot, Béatrice. "Homme de culture et républicain de raison : Carl Heinrich Becker serviteur de l'Etat et ministre de la République de Weimar (1918-1933)." Paris 4, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA040096.
Full textAls Vertreter des liberalen wilhelminischen Bildungsbürgertums gehörte C. H. Becker (1876-1933) jener vernunftrepublikanischen Kohorte an, die sich nach dem Zusammenbruch von 1918 pragmatisch in den Dienst des Wiederaufbaus stellte und sich in diesem Sinne für die als "Notlösung" empfundene erste deutsche Republik einsetzte. Wie beurteilte der Orientalist und baldige preußische Kultusminister, dessen politische Kultur im "unpolitischen" Obrigkeitsstaat Wilhelms II. Wurzelte, die Weimarer Republik ? Welche Rolle spielte die "Vernunft" in seinem Diskurs bzw. In seinem Selbstverständnis und seiner Praxis im Dienste des deutschen Staates ? Wie bewertete er Parlamentarismus und Demokratie ? Wie begegnete er vor 1933 der Radikalisierung des politischen Lebens, dem Aufkommen des Nationalsozialismus und der Zerstörung der deutschen Demokratie ? Die Antworten auf diese Fragen sollen nicht nur Beckers Verhältnis zur ersten deutschen Republik näher beleuchten, sondern auch dazu beitragen, den noch immer unscharfen Begriff des "ernunftrepublikanismus"zu unterfüttern
Knörzer, Heidi. "« Champion[s] de la même cause » ? : la pensée politique des rédacteurs de l’Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums et des Archives israélites entre Allemagne et France (1848-1914)." Thesis, Paris 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA030066/document.
Full textThe articles published by Ludwig Philippson, Gustav Karpeles, Isidore Cahen and Hippolyte Prague inthe Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums and the Archives Israélites between 1848 and 1914 show a constant concern for politics. Their writings deal with such topics as equal rights for – and discrimination against – Jews, the relationship between politics and religion, the new political movements of the 19th century like nationalism, socialism or zionism. The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to study the political discourse that manifests itself in the articles these journalists published in these journals. The political thought of Jewish minorities in 19thcentury Germany and France has been at the center of many scholarly works. Some of them adopt a national perspective, others – like the present study – chose a comparative framework approach, focusing essentially on the differences between the two Jewish communities’ points of view. These works are based on the assumption that Germany and France show basic structural differences, particularly with regards to the conception of nation, the role of religion and subsequently the emancipation model adopted for Jews, inferring that the same is true for the Jewish communities, their way of thinking, feeling and acting. While not denying the influence of thenational context on the way the journalists see the world, this dissertation rests on the conviction that it should not prevent us from seeing how their political discourses share a common logic. Its claim is that the political discourses of German and French Jews, far from being disconnected or opposed, did meet and influence one another to form a largely transnational discourse. The mere existence of these journals created contacts between the journalists that could, among other factors, explain the parallels and similarities in their political approaches
Angelow, Jürgen. "Kalkül und Prestige : der Zweibund am Vorabend des Ersten Weltkrieges /." Köln [u.a.] : Böhlau, 2000. http://www.h-net.org/review/hrev-a0b8y0-aa.
Full textMauran, Hervé. "Les camps d'internement et la surveillance des étrangers en France durant la Première Guerre mondiale (1914-1920)." Montpellier 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON30083.
Full textDuring the First World War, the internment of foreigners in camps called – “concentration camps” – was carried out by the French government. This internmental system, initially meant to neutralize enemy nationals who could habe been mobilized, achieved a geographical, categorical and temporal dynamic, in a context of all-out war and of state of siege : it was extended to some colonies, to persons who could not be mobilized, to foreigners coming from neutral or allied countries, to people belonging to the minority from Alsace and Lorraine. . . The procedure lasted until 1920. Those camps of civilians interned by the French Ministry of the Interior involved a vast number of social protagonists and formed a complex and fluctuating network. However, that administrative detention was only the heart of a whole surveillance system which also concerned persons placed under house arrest or detained in labour camps. With the First World War, those camps established themselves as persistent oppressive models, even within democratic states
Jonke, Philipp. "La mode en série : essor de la confection et de la grande distribution vestimentaires. Le système de la mode à Berlin des années 1880 à 1914." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEN008.
Full textAt the end of the nineteenth century, standardised serial production of clothing (Konfektion) and large retailing took off in Berlin, the capital of the new German Empire founded in 1871. Using the concept of fashion as a system, this work explores the changes ina system characterised by necessary interactions between three actors: production, retailand society.This history sheds light on fragmented sources, on the inherited traces of a mainly Jewish sector, dismantled thirty years later. Social study cases, fashion journals, Berlin directories, advertisements and the mere documents left by stores mirror how fashion changes: Konfektion produces novelties and retail attracts a diversified clientele. This context redefines the importance of social hierarchies in the fashion system. Finally, these changes transform slowly social and gender norms imposed not only on bourgeois but also on lower-middle-class women
Guillot, Hélène. "Photographier la Grande Guerre : les soldats de la mémoire, 1915-1919." Paris 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA010617.
Full textKott, Christina. "Protéger, confisquer, déplacer : le service allemand de préservation des oeuvres d'art (Kunstschutz) en Belgique et en France occupées pendant la Première Guerre mondiale, 1914-1924." Paris, EHESS, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002EHES0112.
Full textWhat was the attitude of German authorities and art historians to movable works of art during the occupation of Belgium and Northern France in 1914-18 ? Did Kunstschutz “protect” works of art, as Germans have always claimed, or was it an instrument of despoliation as the French and Belgians have maintained? What were its post-war repercussions? In its attempt to answer these questions, this chronologically and thematically structured study draws on mainly unpublished material and adopts a comparative perspective to deconstruct national memory. In response to international protest at “cultural atrocities”, the German authorities established Kunstschutz. In Belgium, the service played an integral part in cultural policy and was instrumental within the framework of the Flamenpolitik. Considering Belgium to be a future vassal country, art historians created an inventory of its works of art. In France, however, Kunstschutz was linked to a project of strategic confiscation prompted by impending peace negotiations. When the Germans retreated to the Hindenburg line, many collections were moved away from the front. Two exhibitions, with highly original museography, claimed to show the benevolence of the occupying power. The post-war period was marked by the restitution of displaced works of art and demands that artistic losses be redressed by the confiscation of works from German collections. Whereas French aspirations were disappointed, Belgium obtained the return of panels from the Adoration of the lamb altarpiece. Nonetheless, troubled relations between Germany and its two neighbours continued to affect the field of art: directly contributing to increased awareness of national cultural heritage, “nationalisation” of artistic heritage, loss of prestige for German history of art, and museographic readjustments
Schmauch, Joseph. "Réintégrer les départements annexés : le gouvernement et les services d’Alsace-Lorraine (1914-1919)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0252/document.
Full textFrom 1915, the French government develops political and administrative plans for Alsace-Lorraine in case of a victorious peace. For that purpose, different organizations are involved in the conception of orientations to be applied after war. Following the armistice, a decree puts three commissars of the French Republic, in residence at Strasbourg, Metz and Colmar, in charge of prefectural duties. This study, about the civil organizations in charge of Alsace-Lorraine during the First World War, lies within an administrative, but also political frame. It is dealing with the positioning of French authorities, facing a substitution of sovereignty: definition of an administrative system, adaptation of the existent laws, integration into the French economic space, orientations to be given in the fields of language, scholarship or religion. It questions the practices of government in a context of war and of redefinition of the relations between State and regional power. The geographical frame, in which this research is inscribed, leads necessarily to make comparisons with the reflections about the future of Alsace-Lorraine in case of an imperial victory, that are taking place in Germany in the same time. The analysis will first deal with the projects, which are developed by the organizations in charge of preparing the future of the annexed provinces. To underline this French wish of a return of Alsace-Lorraine, the study will also be handling with the organizations in charge of “inspire love toward France”. The thesis will also be dealing with the different organizations in charge to govern concretely Alsace and Lorraine, in a first time the only territories in Upper-Alsace, that are occupied by the French armies, and during the months that are following November the 11th 1918, the entire the three departments in totality
Schmidt, Anne. "Belehrung, Propaganda, Vertrauensarbeit : zum Wandel amtlicher Kommunikationspolitik in Deutschland 1914-1918 /." Essen : Klartext, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb402078492.
Full textDecker, Gilles. "The Anglo-German naval arms race and domestic politics in the United Kingdom and Germany from 1898 to 1914." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016STRAC005.
Full textThe Anglo-German naval race was one of the decisive factors in the outbreak of World War I. In particular, the years between 1906 and 1912 witnessed an intense head-to-head competition between the two powers in the building of modern capital ships, that is, battleships and large armoured cruisers, after Dreadnought had been launched by the British. So long as Germany was not prepared to accept British naval supremacy and Britain was not prepared to yield it, the competition was bound to go on until economic exhaustion compelled one side to give up. Germany tried to translate its wealth into military power, but the inefficient nature of its taxation system prevented it from doing so. The fact that Britain's Treasury had the power to both levy and increase direct and indirect taxes, while in Germany only state governments had it shows that Britain's more democratic constitutional system meant that London could react to Germany's naval challenge by punishment, mobilizing a greater share of financial resources for naval spending than Berlin
Lorrain, Sophie. "Des pacifistes français et allemands, pionniers de l'entente franco-allemande 1871-1925 /." Paris ; Montréal (Québec) : l'Harmattan, 1999. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb370854129.
Full textWüstenbecker, Katja. "Deutsch-Amerikaner im Ersten Weltkrieg : US-Politik und nationale Identitäten im Mittleren Westen /." Stuttgart : F. Steiner, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb410612281.
Full textRomanova, Mariya. "La politique étrangère française et l’Ukraine de la fin de la Première Guerre Mondiale à 1921." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040067.
Full textThe I World War’s bursting changes the political balance in the central and oriental Europe. The collapse of the Russian and Austro-Hungarian empires favours new state-nations’ birth, in particulary the one of Ukraine. The young country torn during some centuries appears on two empires’ ruins. The new Ukrainian government confronts powerful opponents: the Volunteer Army and the Red Army. On the Ukrainian politicians’ mind, Provisional Government’s politics contrary to the principle of self-determination of nations. The Russian Provisory Government’s leaders headed by Alexander Kerensky and Bolsheviks headed by Vladimir Lenin protest against the Ukrainian independent state’s constitution. Their aim consists to conserve Ukraine under the Russian guardianship. In these conditions, Ukraine is searching for the military assistance of two adverse warring camps: those of Allied nations and Central Powers. There are two political tendencies in France. Some dignitaries consider that former Russian colonies should fight with Allied countries and Russia against Central Powers. This group of politicians is favorable to the reconstruction of the one and indivisible Russian empire. Military forces’ gathering is based on the self-determination principle. Their aim is to create a permanent body to promote the cause of national self-determination. The second tendency represented by Jean Pélissier privileged the fight against bolshevist forces with the young Ukrainian country. This political camp didn’t consider Ukrainian politicians to be germanophile. At the beginning of the XX th century, two adversary camps: those of Central Powers and Allied countries use the Ukrainian political asset to achieve their aims during the First World War
Laska, Andreas. "Presse et propagande allemandes en France occupée : des "Moniteurs officiels" (1870-1871) à la "Gazette des Ardennes" (1914-1918) et à la "Pariser Zeitung" (1940-1944)." München : H. Utz, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb392251701.
Full textSowada, Léna. "Le français écrit des peu-lettrés dans des ego-documents de la région frontalière franco-allemande pendant la Première Guerre mondiale." Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30109.
Full textThe concept ‘ego-document’ with its origins in historical research was adopted and developed in historical research in France in studies about the écrits du for privé from the 16th to the 18th century or about the Livres de raison characterized as written testimonies about private life and about the human’s social existence. In linguistics, ego-documents as freely and independently written texts are an encouraging approach in sociolinguistics, because they emphasise the writers’ subjective experiences from their personal perspective. Ego-documents bring humans in conditions of everyday life into focus and therefore are suitable to analyse scriptural and discursive habits and competencies not of the literate intellectuals but those of ordinary people who have been excluded from academic research for a long time. The common characteristic of all ego-documents is that they provide information about a writer’s self-perception regarding his family, his country and his regional origins, his social status and the relations he develops to political systems and their changes. The First World War led to an expansion in written production due to increasing writing opportunities not only in the public and / or politic domain but also in the private sphere. Mobilisation obligates the soldiers to write in order to maintain the contact with their families who in turn respond to the letters from the front through writing. This evolution occurs in the totality of French society but it is particularly interesting concerning writers for which linguistic research disposes only of sparse written testimonies. These are writers who only have limited writing skills as they received an elementary school education but their pre-war everyday life did not require any regular writing practice. The PhD project deals with ego-documents, particularly diaries, letters and postcards, from soldiers as well as from those who were left behind. Letters have been subject of earlier scientific investigation but neither to this extent nor in this specific dimension. Traditionally, educated writers’ texts were subject to linguistic historiography which was therefore based on the linguistic usage of cultivated and educated writers belonging to the social elite who only represent a minority of the population at that time. The approach chosen for this work adopts a wider perspective by analysing the linguistic usage in manuscripts of middle and lower social classes while integrating authentic material, unpublished until now. The analysis of the ego-documents’ linguistic and discursive characteristics makes a valuable contribution to the actual status of investigation about (daily) French usage at the beginning of the 20th century. Considering the particularity of parts of the corpus, an important aspect of the analysis is the linguistic usage in the border region between France and Germany, involving the linguistic transfer and the linguistic interferences resulting from linguistic contact. The integration of a pragmatic perspective by means of an analysis of the information structure and the topicalisation processes as well as the discursive traditions implemented in different types of ego-documents proposes a complementary and enriching approach to less experienced writers’ texts. The analysis of the construction of the ethos in a given document not only contributes to clarify the self-representation but also to specify the ego-documents’ typology by outlining a constitutive part of the concept. From a methodological point of view, the PhD project opens up new possibilities for the treatment of authentic manuscripts in their specific dimension with respect to reproduction, format, annotation etc. in order to obtain an optimal presentation and access. The corpus in question will also be used as a basis for further linguistic and scientific works in general
Laska, Andreas. "Presse et propagande allemande en France occupée : des Moniteurs officiels (1870-1871) à la Gazette des Ardennes (1914-1918) et à la Pariser Zeitung (1940-1944." Paris 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA020130.
Full textDauss, Markus. "Die architektonische Symbolisierung politischer, sozialer und kultureller Institutionen in Berlin und Paris (1871-1918) : Studien zur politischen Ikonologie öffentlicher Architekturen im deutschen Kaiserreich und der dritten Republik." Paris, EPHE, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004EPHE4029.
Full textOur study tries to examine the role of public buildings in the capitals of the German Empire (Berlin) and the third French Republic (Paris) from 1871 to 1918. The urban space is therefore being considered as a crystallization of the national community and its construction of identity. Political history has since some time focussed on the study of collective identity and its symbolization. The approach we have adopted for our study is a crossing of this current of political history and of a more classical kind of history of architecture. It could be called political iconology of architecture in Paris and Berlin. Our study which tries to close this gap hopes to find its readers in both countries. It treats the following building types: Basilique of the Holy Heart, parliamentary assemblies, government and post offices, town halls, museums, churches and Synagogues
Pappola, Fabrice. "Le “bourrage de crâne” dans la Grande Guerre : approche socioculturelle des rapports des soldats français à l’information." Toulouse 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU20071.
Full textBeyond their human and politic aspects, national mobilizations during World War I take the form of a “dominant discourse” conveyed by whole media-related vectors in an attempt to support confidence in victory of civil and military populations. In a context of lack of information evolve, during the first months of the conflict, a news-making which diverge from war realities. Soldiers demonstrate in a constantly more visible way during the war their disinclination of what subjectively appear to them as lies purposed to hide war horrors. An expression, born in late 19th century, is soon used to qualify those practices : the “bourrage de crane” (literally “head stuffing”). Soldiers, however, feel in an acute way the need to understand and give sense to the war in which they are implicated. In a permanent seek of information, they maintain an ambivalent relation, mixing of attraction and repulsion, toward the legitimate information sources and the numerous rumors that cross front's social spaces. The purpose of this study is, by a comparative analysis and statistic examination of a corpus of intimate sources, to grasp the structure and evolutions of soldier's relations to information during war time, so as to specify the social and cultural issues inherent to the use by French soldiers of “bourrage de crane” expression and its synonyms and thus contribute to refine the comprehension of the mental environment that presided over their war experience
Zunino-Lecoq, Bérénice. "La littérature illustrée pour enfants à l’époque de la Première Guerre mondiale : origines et évolution de la culture de guerre enfantine allemande." Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040196.
Full textIn a cultural history perspective based on the methods of the “visual turn” this thesis deals with the illustrated children’s literature before and during the First World War and shows that the German children’s “war culture” did not appear ex nihilo in 1914. It had its origins in the memorial culture of pre-war time, which glorified the warfare. It relied on a heroic fantasy that came from historical paintings and used emotional reflexes. 1914 provoked an intensification and development of the “war culture”. While publishers put patriotic books on the market when the war of attrition took place, these books continued to convey familiar and reassuring images of a war of movement. As hostilities lasted, kitsch drawings with children’s characters and caricatures of the enemy used to justify the conflict, stylized in a defensive war. These fun strata of the children’s “war culture”, which came from the political iconography for adults, created an expansion of readership: children from the age of three up were concerned as well as school children. However, apologetic self-images were more important than the hatred and jeer of the enemy. Together with caricatures, they reinforced the national community and dealt with the bonds between the soldiers and the home front, which became a growing concern for permanently separated families. Because of deprivations, the books became sanctimonious and aimed at mobilizing children in the home front. In this context, albums were sold to raise funds for patriotic associations. According to the number of books printed, this patriotic literature, probably targeting children from both the middle and upper classes, were a success
Blain, Julien. "Les trains sanitaires en France pendant les guerres de 1870, de 1914-1918 et la campagne de mai-juin 1940." Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA072039.
Full textMajerus, Benoît. "Occupations et logiques policières: la police communale de Bruxelles pendant les première et deuxième guerres mondiales, 1914-1918 et 1940-1944." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211112.
Full textLe développement des appareils administratifs a pris de telles dimensions dans le XIXe siècle que l’occupant est obligé de trouver un modus vivendi avec les institutions existant sur les territoires occupés, lui-même étant incapable de gérer seul les pays sous son contrôle. Cette constellation donne une marge de manœuvres importante à la police locale, l’institution qui fait l’objet de notre étude.
Pendant les deux guerres, la police est soumise à un processus de réformes visant à améliorer son fonctionnement :centralisation du commandement, spécialisation d’unités, élargissement géographie des compétences d’intervention… Ces changements s’inspirent d’une part d’idées ambiantes en Belgique et d’autre part de projets réalisés en Allemagne dans les deux périodes procédant la guerre.
L’intégration de l’appareil policier communal à l’intérieur d’un régime d’occupation est facilitée par le professionnalisme de celui-ci qui contraste fortement avec la pratique des polices auxiliaires pour lesquelles l’ordre patriotique et/ou idéologique peut prendre le dessus sur le ‘maintien d’ordre classique’. Cette prédominance professionnalisante explique la continuité du fonctionnement de l’institution qui poursuit ses tâches entre 1914-1918 et 1940-1944.
En m’inspirant des travaux de l’historien allemand Alf Lüdtke et du sociologues français Dominique Montjardet, j’ai essayé de questionner trois postulats sous-jacents dans l’historiographie :
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Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire
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Amara, Michaël. "Des Belges à l'épreuve de l'exil: les réfugiés de la Première guerre mondiale (France, Grande-Bretagne, Pays-Bas), 1914-1918." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210703.
Full textDoctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire
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Padiou, Nicolas. "Dispersi sunt lapides sanctuarii. La reconstruction des églises de Meurthe-et-Moselle après la Premiere Guerre Mondiale (1918-1933)." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-85693.
Full textAprès la séparation des Eglises et de l’Etat (1905), les communes françaises n’étaient plus autorisées à financer la construction de nouvelles églises ou à assumer les grosses réparations des églises qui leur appartenaient déjà. Face aux critiques des catholiques, l’Etat a classé de nombreuses églises comme monuments historiques pendant les années 1905-1914, permettant ainsi aux communes de les entretenir pour des raisons patrimoniales et plus cultuelles. Investies d’une forte dimension nationale, les églises ont joué un rôle très important dans la propagande de guerre des différents pays belligérants en 1914-1918. Contrairement à ce qu’affirmait la propagande française, les églises ne semblent pas avoir fait l’objet d’un acharnement particulier de la part des armées allemandes. À l’issue du conflit, l’Etat français a mis en place un système d’indemnisation des dommages de guerre très complexe. Pour compléter ce système, le chanoine Emile Thouvenin a fondé, en 1919, une coopérative de reconstruction dans chaque commune détruite du département de Meurthe-et-Moselle. Avec l’appui de la préfecture, il a créé, en 1921, une coopérative vouée à la reconstruction des églises du diocèse de Nancy. Cette coopérative œuvra souvent en marge de la loi de séparation des Eglises et de l’Etat et de la loi sur les dommages de guerre. L’initiative du chanoine Thouvenin n’avait cependant pas pour but de contourner la législation en vigueur : il s’agissait surtout d’accélérer le processus d’indemnisation des dommages et d’approbation des projets de reconstruction des églises. L’implication des autorités officielles dans la reconstruction des églises avait par ailleurs l’avantage de rendre à l’Eglise une partie de son rôle d’institution officielle. Lors des cérémonies de consécration des églises reconstruites, les élites civiles et religieuses de Meurthe-et-Moselle se sont constamment attachées à perpétuer l’esprit de l’Union sacrée, même pendant le Cartel des Gauches (1924-1925) marqué par un regain d’anticléricalisme. Par ailleurs, le chanoine Thouvenin s’est plus intéressé aux aspects financiers et institutionnels qu’au style des églises reconstruites : certaines d’entre elles sont des copies conformes des édifices néo-romans ou néogothiques d’avant-guerre, d’autres apparaissent résolument modernes
After the separation of Church and State (1905), French towns were no longer authorized to finance the construction of new churches, or the major repairs of churches that already belonged to them. Faced with criticism from the Catholics, the French State classified many churches as official historical monuments during the years 1905-1914, thus enabling the towns to repair their churches for the purpose of preserving the nation’s heritage. Invested with a strong national dimension, churches have played an important role in the war propaganda of the various belligerent countries. Contrary to French propaganda, the churches were apparently not destroyed by the German armies in particular. After the conflict, the French State established a very complex system of compensation for war damages. In 1919, the canon Émile Thouvenin founded a reconstruction cooperative in each municipality of the department of Meurthe-et-Moselle. With the support of the préfécture, he created in 1921 a cooperative devoted to the reconstruction of churches in the diocese of Nancy. This cooperative worked often on the very edge between the Law of Separation and the Law on War Damages. This initiative’s intention, however, was not to avoid the law: It was first of all created to accelerate the process of compensation for damages and the approval of projects for rebuilding churches. The involvement of the official authorities had the additional advantage of returning the Church to its role as official institution. During the consecration ceremonies of rebuilt churches, civil and religious elites of Meurthe-et-Moselle were constantly attached to perpetuate the spirit of the Sacred Union, even during the anticlerical phase of the Left-Wing ‘Cartel des Gauches’ (1924-1925). Furthermore, canon Thouvenin had shown more interest in the financial and institutional questions than in the style of churches. Some of them are copies of the Neo-Romanesque or Neo-Gothic churches built before the war while others seems definitely modern