Academic literature on the topic '1915-1997'

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Teoria Literária e Literaturas, 2017.<br>Submitted by Raquel Almeida (raquel.df13@gmail.com) on 2017-06-12T18:23:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_MarcosViníciusCaetanodaSilva.pdf: 1272461 bytes, checksum: 1152014c5146ab115d6d6ddb88ae2fe2 (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline (jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2017-07-19T12:10:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_MarcosViníciusCaetanodaSilva.pdf: 1272461 bytes, checksum: 1152014c5146ab115d6d6ddb88ae2fe2 (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-19T12:10:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2017_MarcosViníciusCaetanodaSilva.pdf: 1272461 bytes, checksum: 1152014c5146ab115d6d6ddb88ae2fe2 (MD5)<br>O trabalho apresenta uma leitura comparativa de contos selecionados do escritor brasileiro Bernardo Élis (1915-1997) e do autor moçambicano Mia Couto (1955), considerando como fundamentos da análise crítica as conformações dialéticas campo e cidade, litoral e sertão, mito e religiosidade, razão e loucura, para figurar os impasses da formação nacional do Brasil e de Moçambique. Esses enfoques contrastivos revelam a complexidade dos dilemas históricos dos países em causa, apreendidos na forma artística do conto, de modo a problematizar literariamente os desafios oriundos do subdesenvolvimento e do antigo domínio colonial: um passado que continua a repercutir no presente de tais nações periféricas como história viva.<br>This paper presents a comparative analysis of selected short stories of the brazilian writer Bernardo Elis (1915-1997) and of the mozambican writer Mia Couto (1955), considering the acknowledgements of the country and the city, the shore and the hinterland, the myth and the religiosity, the reason and the madness as arguments that reveal the complexities of historic dilemmas of refered countries seized into art form of short story as a way to question the literature about the challenges originated from underdevelopment and from old colonial domain: a past that keeps resounding at these peripheral nations at current time as living History.

La thématique de l’esclavage aux États-Unis nous a toujours interpellés, interrogés et nous a toujours donné envie d’en savoir plus et de comprendre comment un tel système a pu perdurer pendant plus de deux cents ans, provoquer la division profonde d’une nation et une guerre civile pour finalement laisser des traces et des marques indélébiles sur les États-Unis. Cet intérêt nous a poussés à nous intéresser tout d’abord à la notion du traumatisme culturel de l’esclavage, puis, à sa représentation cinématographique dans le cinéma américain par trois cinéastes américains (D. W. Griffith, né en 1875 dans le Kentucky, Steven Spielberg, né en 1946 dans l’Ohio et Tate Taylor né en 1969 dans le Mississippi), qui traitent de trois périodes historiques différentes à des époques distinctes. Nous nous sommes alors posé la question du lien qu’il existe entre la réalité physique, vécue, d’un événement et sa représentation cinématographique qui est forcément distanciée, temporellement et/ou spatialement. Comment les réalisateurs peuvent-ils représenter fidèlement la réalité historique ? Comment évitent-ils (ou non) d’insérer des « filtres », qu’ils soient personnels ou sociologiques, et, comment ne pas transformer l’histoire, la modeler, en occultant par exemple les éléments qui n’abondent pas dans le sens du message que l’on souhaite véhiculer ? Dans l’hypothèse où le réalisateur est de parti-pris, comment le spectateur peut-il en avoir conscience au moment où il regarde le film ? Ce travail est donc né d’une réflexion sur l’importance culturelle et civilisationnelle de la notion de traumatisme culturel dans la représentation cinématographique de l’esclavage aux États-Unis. Les trois films que nous avons choisis pour notre corpus sont The Birth of a Nation de D.W. Griffith (1915), Amistad de Steven Spielberg (1997) et The Help, de Tate Taylor (2011). Ces films représentent trois époques distinctes de la vie et de la société américaine puisque The Birth of a Nation raconte le déroulement de la Guerre de Sécession en se plaçant dans la vie d’une famille sudiste. Amistad prend pour contexte les années 1839 à 1841 et The Help se déroule à Jackson, dans le Mississippi des années 60.En choisissant des films qui représentent des époques historiques distinctes mais qui ont également été réalisés à des périodes différentes les unes des autres, nous avons souhaité prendre en compte cette question de la réadaptation et de la réinterprétation de l’événement traumatique.Nous avons souhaité montrer, à travers notre travail, comment les cinéastes adaptent un fait réel ou un ouvrage littéraire, en supprimant certains éléments ou en rajoutant, en adaptant la réalité historique pour en faire une fiction qui cherche à montrer une représentation du réel. Nous avons aussi et surtout démontré comment la notion de « traumatisme culturel » influence le travail des cinéastes qui se sont penchés sur l'héritage culturel qu'est l'esclavage. Nous avons souhaité voir dans quelle mesure cette notion de traumatisme culturel influe sur la création artistique filmique, et dans quelle mesure ses caractéristiques pouvaient s’appliquer à notre corpus. Quels en sont les aspects les plus représentés et prégnants ? Nous avons fait l’analyse de notre corpus dans un ordre chronologique de création, en premier lieu nous nous sommes penchés sur The Birth of a Nation de D.W. Griffith, sorti en 1915, puis nous avons analysé Amistad de Spielberg, sorti en 1997, pour finir avec l’étude de The Help, réalisé par Tate Taylor et sorti en salle en 2011.Pour chacun de ces films, nous avons étudié le contexte historique et géopolitique inhérent à l’époque représentée, puis, le passage de la réalité historique à l’œuvre de fiction, le processus d’adaptation cinématographique, (éléments fidèles, ajouts, simplifications et suppressions) pour analyser la globalité de chacun en regard de cette notion de traumatisme culturel<br>Slavery in the USA has always been an interesting thematic to us. We have always wanted to learn more about it thus understanding how such a system could have been implemented for more than 200 years, have caused the division and a fracture in a nation, have led to the Civil War and have left permanent scars ont the United States of America. This particular interest led us to look into the concept of cultural trauma, and into its representation by three American film directors (D. W. Griffith, born in Kentucky in 1915, Steven Spielberg, born in Ohio in 1946 and Tate Taylor born in Mississippi in 1969), who picture at various distinct periods three different historical eras. We have considered the link existing between the physical reality of an event and its cinematographic representation, which is spatially or temporally distanced from the event. How can film directors faithfully represent historical reality ? How do (or don’t) they avoid to insert in their work personal or sociological filters ? How don’t they transform history, or shape it by not mentionning the elements that do not concur to the message one wants to deliver ? What if the director’s views are biased? How can the viewer be conscious of it and keep it in mind as he or she watches the film?Our work initiated from a reflexion upon the cultural and socialogical importance of the notion of cultural trauma in the cinematographic representation of slavery in the United States. The three movies we have chosen to work on are : The Birth of a Nation, (D.W. Griffith, 1915), Amistad (Steven Spielberg, 1997) and The Help (Tate Taylor, 2011). These films represent three distinct periods in the life of the American society since The Birth of a Nation pictures the progress of the American Civil War inside a Confederate family, Amistad is set between the years 1839 and 1841, and The Help takes place in the sixties, in Jackson, Mississippi.In choosing films that represent various historical periods and that have been directed at different periods of time, we wanted to take into account both the notions of re-adapting and re-interpreting the traumatic event. We have wished to demonstrate, through our work, how film directors adapt a real fact or a book by deleting some elements or adding some others, by adapting historical reality to turn it into a fiction showing a representation of reality. We have also tried to show how « cultural trauma » acts upon the audiovisual work of film directors who choose to picture the cultural heritage of slavery. We have analyzed to what extent cultural trauma has an influence on filmic creation and how its characteristics can be applied to our corpus. What aspects of it are most represented ?We have decided to analyze our corpus in a chronological order. We have started with D. W. Griffith’s The Birth of a Nation (1915), we have then analyzed S. Spielberg’s Amistad, (1997), and ended with T. Taylor’s (2011). For each of these films, we have first studied the historic and geopolitic contexts of the historical periods represented, we’ve then dealt with the transition from historical reality to fiction and we’ve analyzed the entirety of each movie compared to to the notion of cultural trauma. How and to what extent can it be found into these artitic works ? As a mass media, cinema has an educational role and we have demonstrated its link with cultural trauma

A presente dissertação parte do princípio da relevância da produção arquitetônica para uso residencial no contexto das mudanças sociais ocorridas entre as primeiras décadas do século XX e o período do segundo pós-guerra, bem como da observação de que inúmeras obras residenciais paradigmáticas deste período foram projetadas e executadas por arquitetos para uso próprio. Buscou-se, através do recorte do objeto, estudar a arquitetura que resultou de situações que, embora possam ser consideradas excepcionais na atividade produtiva do arquiteto - e talvez até pelo mesmo motivo - puderam propiciar aos autores estudados a oportunidade de elaborar questões pertinentes à disciplina com mais liberdade, do ponto de vista de condicionantes mercadológicas e sócio-culturais vigentes, do que em situações convencionais de produção. Procuramos também, através da comparação entre as residências próprias de arquitetos e o conjunto de sua produção, compreender em que medida as condicionantes do projeto representadas pela figura do cliente podem interferir no resultado final da obra. O objetivo geral do trabalho consiste no levantamento e classificação de obras residenciais de arquitetos (projetadas e construídas para uso próprio) consideradas relevantes na historiografia da arquitetura mundial e brasileira do período estudado, bem como na análise de sua representatividade no conjunto da obra de seus autores, sua relação com as principais correntes arquitetônicas identificadas para a época e suas contribuições ao pensamento e à cultura arquitetônica do período. Apresentamos também a análise aprofundada de alguns casos individuais, com o objetivo de revelar elementos do programa, processo projetual, linguagem, e valores dos arquitetos estudados - além de sua representatividade em relação ao contexto histórico da disciplina.<br>This dissertation begins with the relevance of residential architecture within the context of the social transformations of the first decades of the 20th century and the period following World War II. It is noted that many of the milestone residences of that time were designed and built by architects for their own use. This work aims to study the architecture resulting from arguably exceptional situations of architectural production, which provided its architects with the opportunity to elaborate issues pertinent to the discipline with greater freedom - in terms of the market and socio-cultural conditions in force at the time - than would have been possible if these situations had been conventional. We have also sought to understand the measure to which the design constraints imposed by clients can impact on the final result, by comparing the architects\' own homes to their output as a whole. The main objective of this work is to survey and classify the residential projects designed and built by architects for their own use that are considered important in global and Brazilian architectural history for the period under study, as well as analyze them within the context of all their architectural production, their relationships with the main architectural movements at the time and their contributions to architectural thinking and culture. In depth analyses of certain cases are employed to reveal elements of the brief, design process, language and values of the architects in question, as well as their representativeness in relation to the discipline\'s historical context.

Afin d'expliquer la métamorphose de l'écriture diariste dans les années 1970-1990, les journaux de Julien Green, Albert Cohen, Claude Roy, Nicolae Steinhardt et Ion D. Sirbu ont été choisis, parce qu'on a estimé que les domaines français et roumain sont significatifs de deux modalités distinctes de l'évolution de la littérature du moi. Ce processus de métamorphose se déroule sur plusieurs niveaux chez chaque auteur. Ainsi la démarche est-elle tour à tour une identification de l'événement qui déclenche l'écriture, une lecture des expériences de l'exil, une analyse du besoin de tenir un journal , une investigation textuelle et une reconstitution du trajet suivi par chaque écrivain. L'écriture diariste s'avère être non seulement une représentation d'intériorité mais aussi une pratique existentielle double : personnelle, car exigée par l'expérience que fait le moi qui s'écrit ; littéraire, car reflétant dans sa structure la perte du sens et l'éclatement des valeurs<br>In order to understand diary writing in the 70s and 80s the following writers were chosen : Julien Green, Albert Cohen, Claude Roy Nicolae Steinhardt and Ion D. Sîrbu. The French and Romanian areas were thought compatible and relevant of the two ways of autobiography evolution The approach is, in turn, and identification of the triggering event; an interpretation of exile experiences; an analysis of the needs motivating diary keeping; a textual investigation and, finally, a reconstruction of identity evolution leading to a definition of diary as a form of self-representation. Contemporary diary writing results in a twofold existential practice: personal – a routine required by the writing experience of the self; literary – a writing that reflects in its own structure the loss of meaning and traditional values

This chapter charts the politics involved in the decline and post 1997 growth in the private landlord sector of the housing market. Slum landlord politics in the 19^th and early 20^th centuries are examined with particular reference to landlord involvement in local politics and labour movement attitudes to private landlords, culminating in the Glasgow rent strike. The electoral politics of rent control from 1915 are explored with the 1957 Rent Act given detailed consideration. The political reasons for the growth in private landlordism post 1997 are investigated with the role of Buy to Let highlighted. The contemporary politics of private landlordism are considered in relationship to the growth of generation rent, Housing Benefit expenditure, rent regulation and institutional investment in private landlordism.

The long history of research at the Jornada Basin (through the Agricultural Research Service [ARS] since 1912, New Mexico State University in the late 1920s, and joined by the Long-Term Ecological Research [LTER] program in 1981) has provided a wealth of information on the dynamics of arid and semiarid ecosystems. However, gaps in our knowledge still remain. One of the most perplexing issues is the variation in ecosystem dynamics across landscapes. In this concluding chapter to this volume, we propose a new conceptual model of arid and semiarid landscapes that focuses explicitly on the processes and properties that generate spatial variation in ecosystem dynamics. We also describe how our framework leads to future research directions. Many studies have documented variable rates and patterns of shrub invasion at the Jornada as well as at other semiarid and arid regions of the world, including the Western United States, northern Mexico, southern Africa, South America, New Zealand, Australia, and China (York and Dick-Peddie 1969; Grover and Musick 1990; McPherson 1997; Scholes and Archer 1997; see also chapter 10). In some cases, shrub invasion occurred very rapidly: At the Jornada, areas dominated by perennial grasses decreased from 25% to &lt; 7% from 1915 to 1998 with most of this conversion occurring prior to 1950 (Gibbens et al. 2005; Yao et al. 2002a). In other cases, shrub invasion occurred slowly, and sites were very resistant to invasion; for example, perennial grasses still dominate on 12 out of 57 research quadrats originally established in black grama (Bouteloua eropoda) grasslands in the early twentieth century (Yao et al. 2002b). Soil texture, grazing history, and precipitation patterns are insufficient to account for this variation in grass persistence through time (Yao et al. 2002a). It is equally perplexing that although many attempts to remediate these shrublands back to perennial grasses have led to failure, some methods worked well, albeit with long (&gt; 50 year) time lags (Rango et al. 2002; see also chapter 14). Although variations in vegetation dynamics and shrub invasion are the most well known, other lesser known aspects of arid and semiarid systems have been found to be quite variable as well.

Agriculture is the mainstay of more than 70% of India’s more than 1 billion population. Indian agriculture is predominantly rain-fed and depends on the spatial and temporal distribution of rains from southwest (June– September) and northeast (October–December) monsoons. A monsoon refers to seasonal alteration of atmospheric flow. The Indian subcontinent is predominantly characterized by a tropical monsoon climate, where climatic regimes are governed by rainfall rather than by temperature. The southwest monsoon accounts for 70–90% of the annual rainfall. The Technical Committee on Drought Prone Areas Program (DPAP) and the Desert Development Program (DDP) identified about 120 million ha of the country’s land spread in 185 districts as drought prone (DPAP/DDP,1994). Though the country as a whole receives an average annual rainfall of 1100 mm, the arid regions receive between 100 and 500 mm, and semiarid regions receive between 350 and 1500 mm of rainfall. Arid and semiarid regions of the country experience frequent droughts. The arid region in Rajasthan state produces 76% of pearl millet production of the country, but the average productivity is only 267 kg/ha for the whole of Rajasthan compared to 452 kg/ha for the country. Drought frequency is once in 2.5 years in arid zones and once in 4 years in semiarid regions (table 23.1). India experienced droughts in 1792, 1804, 1812–13, 1833–34, 1838– 39, 1848–49, 1850–51, 1853–54, 1868–69, 1877, 1891, 1896, 1899, 1905, 1911, 1915, 1918, 1920, 1941, 1951, 1965, 1966, 1972, 1974, 1979, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1999, and 2000. A higher frequency of drought occurred during 1891 –20, 1965–90, 1997 –2000, and 2002. The main food crops affected by drought are rice, wheat, pearl millet, sorghum, and pegion pea that are grown during southwest monsoon season under rain-fed conditions. Legumes and pulses, which are short-duration crops, are less affected. Persistent droughts cause crop failures and lead to acute shortage of food, fodder, and water (for drinking or irrigation), affecting human and livestock health. During drought years, people and livestock in the arid parts of Rajasthan migrate to neighboring states in search of food, fodder, drinking water, and employment.