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Journal articles on the topic '1917-1944'
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Pachmuss, Temira, Jurij Abyzov, Lazar Fleishman, Gregory Feidin, Richard D. Schupbach, and Wojciech Zalewski. "Russkoe pecatnoe slovo v Latvii 1917-1944 gg." Slavic and East European Journal 36, no. 1 (1992): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/308365.
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Kostrzewski, Paweł. "Ks. kan. Zygmunt Zawadzki (1876-1944) - duszpasterz i działacz społeczny." Polonia Maior Orientalis 8 (December 30, 2021): 313–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/27204006pmo.21.017.15468.
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Tekst przedstawia postać pochodzącego z parafii Goszczanów a urodzonego w Sulmowie ks. kan. Zygmunta Zawadzkiego (1876-1944), gorliwego duszpasterza i działacza społecznego. Po święceniach kapłańskich pełnił on posługę wikariuszowską w następujących parafiach: św. Barbary w Częstochowie (1899-1900), w Sieradzu (1900-1905) i św. Zygmunta w Częstochowie (1905-1917). Od 1917 r. był proboszczem parafii w Zajączkach w ówczesnym dekanacie kłobuckim, a od 1923 r. w Krzepicach w tym samym dekanacie. We wszystkich tych miejscach dał się poznać jako gorliwy duszpasterz, dbający o duchowy i materialny rozwój powierzonych sobie wspólnot, ale również jako aktywny działacz społeczny, związany ze Stowarzyszeniem Robotników Chrześcijańskich, Związkiem Katolickim oraz Akcją Katolicką. Był oddanym kierownikiem duchownym sióstr zakonnych, a jego świadectwo życia przyczyniło się do obrania drogi powołania kapłańskiego m. in. przez Franciszka Musiela, późniejszego biskupa pomocniczego diecezji częstochowskiej i ks. Władysława Kasprzaka, rektora Częstochowskiego Seminarium Duchownego w Krakowie. Pełnił ważne funkcje w strukturach diecezjalnych i samorządowych, należąc m.in. Rady Konsultorów, dozoru szkolnego oraz pełniąc przez wiele lat urząd dziekański. Wyrazem uhonorowania było odznaczenie go tytułem kanonika honorowego kolegiaty kaliskiej. Ks. Kan. Zygmunt Zawadzki (1876-1944), Pastor and Social Activist The text presents the figure of Father Zygmunt Zawadzki (1876-1944), a zealous pastor and social activist, who came from the Goszczanów parish and was born in Sulmów. After his ordination to the priesthood, he served as a vicar in the following parishes: St Barbara in Częstochowa (1899-1900), Sieradz (1900-1905) and St Sigismund in Częstochowa (1905-1917). From 1917 he was pastor of the parish in Zajączki in the then Klobuck decanate and from 1923 in Krzepice in the same decanate. In all these places he became known as a zealous pastor, caring for the spiritual and material development of the communities entrusted to him, but also as an active social activist, associated with the Association of Christian Workers, the Catholic Union and Catholic Action. He was a devoted spiritual director of nuns and his life testimony contributed to the choice of a priestly vocation by Franciszek Musiel, later Auxiliary Bishop of Częstochowa Diocese and Father Władysław Kasprzak, rector of the Częstochowa Seminary in Cracow. He held important positions in diocesan and local government structures, belonging to, among others, the Council of Consultors, the school superintendent and holding the office of dean for many years. As a sign of his honour, he was awarded the title of Honorary Canon of the Collegiate Church of Kalisz.
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GRANDINETE, YURI CAMPANHOLO, FERNANDO BARBOSA NOLL, and JAMES CARPENTER. "Taxonomic Review of Eumenes Latreille, 1802 (Hymenoptera, Vespidae, Eumeninae) from the New World." Zootaxa 4459, no. 1 (August 14, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4459.1.1.
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The genus Eumenes Latreille, 1802, from the New World, is revised based on external morphology and male genitalia. New synonymy is proposed as follows: E. aureus Isely, 1917 = E. americanus de Saussure, 1852; E. bollii oregonensis Bequaert, 1838, and E. b. ehrenbergi Zavattari, 1912 = E. bollii Cresson, 1872; E. consobrinus pedalis Fox, 1894 = E. consobrinus de Saussure, 1855; E. crucifera bolliformis Viereck, 1908, E. c. nearcticus de Saussure, 1855 and E. c. stricklandi Bequaert, 1944 = E. crucifera Provancher, 1888; E. smithii belfragei Cresson, 1872 = E. smithii de Saussure, 1852; E. verticalis coloradensis Cresson, 1875, E. v. neoboreus Bequaert, 1944, E. v. tricinctus Isely, 1917 = E. verticalis Say, 1824. Eumenes flavitinctus Bohart, 1950, revised status, is no longer a subspecies of E. crucifera but elevated to specific level. Eumenes brunneus is elevated to the specific level and a new name is proposed because of homonymy, E. bequaerti Grandinete & Carpenter nom. nov. An identification key for all the species of the genus from the New World is provided and the geographical distributions are updated.
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WAICHERT, CECILIA, JUANITA RODRIGUEZ, CAROL D. VON DOHLEN, and JAMES P. PITTS. "Spider wasps (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) of the Dominican Republic." Zootaxa 3353, no. 1 (June 21, 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3353.1.1.
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We recorded 33 species in 19 genera of spider wasps from the Dominican Republic, of which four species are newlydescribed here: Auplopus charlesi Waichert & Pitts, sp. nov., Dipogon (Deuteragenia) marlowei Waichert & Pitts, sp.nov., Notocyphus anacaona Rodriguez & Pitts, sp. nov., and Priocnessus vancei Waichert & Pitts, sp. nov. Eight generaare reported from the Dominican Republic for the first time: Aporinellus Banks, 1912, Caliadurgus Pate, 1946, DipogonFox, 1897, Drepanaporus Bradley, 1944, Epipompilus Kohl, 1884, Notocyphus Smith, 1855, Priocnemis Schiødte, 1837,and Priocnessus Banks, 1925. Nine species are new records for the country: Ageniella (Ageniella) bruesi (Banks, 1928),Ageniella (Ageniella) violaceipes (Cresson, 1865), Aporinellus medianus Banks, 1917, Auplopus bellus (Cresson, 1865),Caliadurgus maestris Alayo, 1969, Drepanaporus antillarum (Bradley, 1944), Drepanaporus collaris (Cresson, 1865),Epipompilus pulcherrimus (Evans, 1955), and Priocnemis cornica (Say, 1836). Pompilus flavopictus Smith, 1862 is ajunior synonym of Poecilopompilus mixtus (Fabricius, 1794), syn. nov. and Odontaporus simulatrix (Bradley, 1944) isjunior synonym of Drepanaporus collaris (Cresson, 1865), syn. nov. New combination is proposed for Aporus (Aporus)antillarum (Bradley, 1944) which is transferred to Drepanaporus. Hitherto unknown males of Ageniella (Ageniella)domingensis (Banks, 1944) and Drepanaporus antillarum (Bradley, 1944) are described and illustrated. Ilustrated keys for subfamilies and species of the Dominican Republic pompilids are provided.Keywords:Pepsinae, Pompilinae, Ctenocerinae, Ceropalinae, key, new record, new species, Caribbean
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Kucherenko, Svitlana. "Yuri Lypa’s religiousness (1900–1944)." Bulletin of Luhansk Taras Shevchenko National University, no. 4 (352) (2022): 120–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2844-2022-4(352)-120-129.
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The article deals with the presence of religion in the life and work of Ukrainian public and cultural figure, doctor, writer and thinker Yuri Lypa. The definition of „religiousness” is given, relevant biographical facts found, non-random works are analyzed. Yuriy Lypa is a native of Poltava region (town of Stari Sanzhary, April 22, 1900, 5.05 in the new style). After the adoption by his family of his father – a doctor, writer, politician Ivan Lypa – he lived in the Odessa region (1909-1918). Participant in revolutionary events in Odessa (1917–1918), co-founder of the publishing house „Narodni Styag” (1917–1936). Yu. Lypa studied law at Odessa (1918) and Kamyanets-Podilsky (1919–1920) universities and medicine at the universities of Poznan (1922–1928) and Vilno (1932). During 1929–1943 Yu. Lypa lived in Warsaw, where he carried out his medical, literary, scientific and public activities. Member and co-organizer of the literary groups „Soncecvit” (1921) and „Tank” (1929), the Ukrainian student corporation „Chornomore” (1925–1933), the Ukrainian Economic Bureau (1933–1934); Ukrainian Black Sea Institute (1940–1944). Yu. Lypa’s creative legacy includes more than 360 poetic and prose works, publicistic and medical works. The last year of his life (1943–1944) was in the Lviv region (Yavoriv, Buniv and Ivanyky). Yu. Lypa was tortured by the enkavedysts on August 19, 1944 for being a UPA doctor. From many interpretations of religiosity as spirituality and faith, religious knowledge and practices, the subjective manifestation of the existence of religion, etc., to analyze the emergence of this worldview trait chosen understanding of the phenomenon by the Pope Ivan Pavlo II: „Religiousness originates from a deep human desire for truth and underlies the free and personal search for the divine”. Yuri Lypa’s religiousness arose and deepened under the external influence (origination, upbringing, environment) and the internal needs of personal development, as well as a result of his spiritual experience, including spiritual practices.
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Puspitosari, Retno. "Sekilas tentang Pendidikan di Praja Mangkunegaran Masa Mangkunegoro VII, 1917-1944." MUKADIMAH: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sejarah, dan Ilmu-ilmu Sosial 1, no. 2 (February 2, 2018): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/mkd.v1i2.528.
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Salah satu dampak pentingnya dari dilaksanakannya program studiefonds adalah telah munculnya golongan terpelajar baru sebagai elite modern yang berusaha mengubah tatanan masyarakat yang selama ini tertindas oleh kepentingan penjajah. Berkaitan dengan itu segera mereka memunculkan gerakan-gerakan baik politik, kultural maupun kemasyarakatan. Hal ini merupakan bentuk awal kesadaran nasional terutama pada awal abad XX, berupa kesadaran untuk melepaskan diri dari cengkeraman kolonialisme melalui golongan terpelajar yang sebagian di antaranya dibiayai dari dana studiefonds. Studiefonds berjalan lancar dan peminatnya semakin banyak, karena usaha tersebut memang benar-benar merupakan suatu fenomena baru bagi dunia pengajaran di Praja Mangkunegaran yang sangat menguntungkan bagi mereka yang berprestasi tetapi tidak mempunyai biaya untuk sekolah.Kata kunci: Pendidikan, Praja Mangkunegaran, Mangkunegoro VII.
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Hennebert, Élisabeth. "Le cas des danseurs russes de Paris entre 1917 et 1944." Relations internationales N°116, no. 4 (2003): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ri.116.0495.
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Ott, Sandra. "Denunciations, clemency and conflict resolution in the French Basque Country (1917—1944)." Journal of European Studies 38, no. 3 (September 2008): 253–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0047244108094295.
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Arlyapova, Elena, and Elena Ponomareva. "State building in Ingushetia and Chechnya (1917—1944): imperial traditions and Soviet innovations." OOO "Zhurnal "Voprosy Istorii" 2022, no. 5-2 (May 1, 2022): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31166/voprosyistorii202205statyi34.
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The article continues a series of publications on the political, socio-economic, and demographic development of Chechens and Ingush. This study raises the issues of the formation and evolution of the statehood of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. The incompleteness of this process in modern Russia gives additional relevance to the analysis. The article shows that the Soviet experience of state construction in the region has apparent similarities with previous imperial policy. They are pragmatism at the heart of the theory and practice of regulating political and socio-economic life, economic integration into the body of a large country, and the creation of conditions for the development of ethnic self-identification of the Caucasian peoples.
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Boime, Eric. "National Moat, Regional Lifeline: The Campaign for the All-American Canal, 1917–1944." Journal of Borderlands Studies 26, no. 2 (August 2011): 161–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2011.641317.
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Naumann, Francis M. "The Society of Independent Artists: The Exhibition Record 1917-1944. Clark S. Marlor." Archives of American Art Journal 26, no. 2/3 (January 1986): 36–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/aaa.26.2_3.1557190.
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Pohl, J. Otto. "Soviet Nationality Policy towards Kurds, 1917-1956." Kulturní studia 2022, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 78–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.190204.
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Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority shifted from supporting their cultural development during the 1920s and early 1930s to a more repressive policy from 1937-1956 and then back again to a more favorable position. Soviet repression of its Kurdish population reached its height in November 1944 with the deportation of a significant number of them from the areas of Georgia bordering Turkey to Central Asia. Here they were placed under special settlement restrictions limiting their movement and suffered from material deprivations resulting in a significant number of deaths. This article focuses on Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority from the time of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until several years after the death of Stalin in 1956 when the Kurds in Central Asia were released from the special settlement restrictions.
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Lähteenmäki, Maria. "A Sense of Terijoki: The Discourse of Karelia in the Karelian Borderlands." Journal of Finnish Studies 16, no. 2 (May 1, 2013): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/28315081.16.2.04.
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Abstract Karelia, the borderland between Finland and Russia, has been a “land of quarrels” for centuries. The Swedish kingdom, the Novgorod realm, and the Russian Empire, one after another, have colonized the area. In 1812 the southwest part of Karelia, the Karelian Isthmus, was incorporated into the Grand Duchy of Finland. This incorporation was practical: for hundreds of years the area had already been a region of Finnish-speaking people. After Finland's declaration of independence (1917) and civil war (1918) and the birth of Soviet Russia (1917), political tensions sharpened in the Karelian Isthmus. In those days, the borderline between Finnish Terijoki and Russian St. Petersburg became the most important ideological barrier between revolutionary Russia and Finland, where the right-wing Whites had won the civil war and begun an unequalled campaign against the Bolshevist power. In 1939 and again in 1944, Soviet troops occupied the Karelian Isthmus, and the area ever since has been a part of the Soviet Union/Russia.
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Pohl, J. Otto. "Sovětská národnostní politika vůči Kurdům v letech 1917-1956." Kulturní studia 2022, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.7160/ks.2022.190204cs.
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Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority shifted from supporting their cultural development during the 1920s and early 1930s to a more repressive policy from 1937-1956 and then back again to a more favorable position. Soviet repression of its Kurdish population reached its height in November 1944 with the deportation of a significant number of them from the areas of Georgia bordering Turkey to Central Asia. Here they were placed under special settlement restrictions limiting their movement and suffered from material deprivations resulting in a significant number of deaths. This article focuses on Soviet policy towards its Kurdish minority from the time of the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917 until several years after the death of Stalin in 1956 when the Kurds in Central Asia were released from the special settlement restrictions.
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Kiec, Izolda. "The Schoolgirl trills of Zuzanna Gincburżanka." Tekstualia 2, no. 33 (September 2, 2013): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6588.
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The article is devoted to the youthful lyrics of Zuzanna Ginczanka (1917–1944), a Polish poet of Jewish descent and a victim of the Holocaust. She was brought up in Rivnne in Volyn, in the atmopshere of social, moral and artistic changes in the 1920 s. The young poet touched upon various aspects of modernity in her earliest literary works written for the secondary-school magazine „Echo School”. Her work is a defense of the youthful lyric as a form adequately expressing emotions and identity. It is also a defense of biography, an important source of literary creation and a context of reading.
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Förster, Jürgen. "Ludendorff and Hitler in Perspective: The Battle for the German Soldier’s Mind, 1917-1944." War in History 10, no. 3 (July 2003): 321–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0968344503wh280oa.
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Nagaeva, Z. S., V. V. Zhivitsa, and A. I. Malakhovskaya. "ANALYSIS OF SANATORIUM-RESORT COMPLEXES OF THE SOUTHERN COAST OF CRIMEA IN ORDER TO DERIVE GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THEIR RECONSTRUCTION." Construction and industrial safety, no. 20(72) (2021): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1873-2021-20-5-13.
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This paper examines and analyzes the history of the development of the sanatorium and tourism industry in the Crimea, analyzes the sanatorium and resort complexes of the southern coast of Crimea and gives recommendations for their reconstruction. The paper highlights 5 characteristic periods of development of the Spa industry in the Crimea. The first period-the beginning of the XIX century. - 1917-the time of origin of the sanatorium and tourism industry in the Crimea. The appearance of the first Crimean resorts and sanatoriums mud treatment in Saki. During this period, opened: boarding house "Darsan" (1897, Yalta), sanatorium in honor of the Emperor Alexander III (1900, village. Massandra), sanatorium. Empress Maria Feodorovna (1910, Yalta). The second period-1917-1944 - was the period of formation of the socialist system of Spa treatment and recreation. At this time, palaces, cottages, mansions were given over to sanatoriums for workers and peasants. The third period-1944-1950 (post-war time) - the period of restoration of sanatorium-resort complexes. The fourth period – 1951-1990. during this period, a powerful system of planned recreation and tourism was formed in the Crimea. The fifth period-1991 – present. Since the late 90's, the number of private boarding houses, recreation centers, and hotels has increased significantly. However, many of them do not meet regulatory requirements, international standards and expectations of tourists. Considered Spa complexes are located on the territory of the southern coast of Crimea. These institutions are United by one feature: the presence in its composition of cultural heritage and buildings of the Soviet period, which do not have artistic expression. The article analyzes the shortcomings of Spa complexes and gives recommendations for their reconstruction.
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Rengifo García, Graciela. "Nuestra Revista hacia SciELO Perú." Revista del Archivo General de la Nación 34, no. 1 (June 17, 2019): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.37840/ragn.v34i1.89.
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Desde el año 1920, el Archivo General de la Nación (AGN) edita la Revista del Archivo Nacional del Perú (ahora Revista del Archivo General de la Nación), fecha en que el Dr. Horacio H. Urteaga (director del Archivo Nacional 1917-1944) inició su publicación conjuntamente con el P. Domingo Angulo; en ella se difunde la producción de artículos científicos de disciplinas como la Historia y la Archivística, trabajos desarrollados tanto por investigadores del AGN como por investigadores nacionales y extranjeros; nuestra publicación busca ser un referente en el campo y consolidarse como una herramienta de consulta para los investigadores de las áreas antes mencionadas.
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Cornejo Donayre, Alberto, Edgardo Cubas Núñez, and Manuel Cotrina Díaz. "Nuevo Caso de Enfermedad de Chagas en el Valle de Sihuas, Arequipa." Anales de la Facultad de Medicina 43, no. 1 (April 9, 2014): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/anales.v43i1.6295.
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Desde hace varios años estamos efectuando investigaciones en relación con el aspecto clínico y epidemiológico de la enfermedad de hagas en el Perú, con la finalidad de obtener información sobre la magnitud que este problema tiene entre nosotros. Los estudios realizados por Escomel (6), en 1917; Ayulo y Herrer en 1944 (1) (7); Cornejo Donayre y Lumbreras C. en 1950-1951 (2) (3) (4); Lumbreras C. en 1952 (9); Lazo Taboada y García Durand en 1953 (8); Montesinos, Náquira y otros en 1956 (10) Y últimamente nosotros en 1958 (5), han demostrado que la Trypanosomiasis Americana es endémica en los principales valles del departamento de Arequipa.
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Pohl, Jonathan Otto. "Kurds in the USSR, 1917-1956." Kurdish Studies 5, no. 2 (October 26, 2017): 157–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v5i2.442.
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Soviet policy towards its Kurds fluctuated and remained fragmented, ambivalent, and inconsistent throughout the existence of the USSR. On one hand, the Soviet government provided for the material and cultural development of Kurds in Armenia and Azerbaijan during the 1920s and 1930s. On the other hand, in 1937 it deported a number of Kurds from Azerbaijan and in 1944 an even larger number from Georgia to Kazakhstan and Central Asia as special settlers. The Soviet government only freed Kurdish special settlers from the legal restrictions limiting their movement and other rights in April 1956. Former Kurdish special settlers, however, could not return to the Caucasus. The Kurds remained a diaspora group in the USSR without any national territory and only limited cultural institutions. Only in the late 1980s did this situation change.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIKurd li Yekîtiya Komarên Sosyalîst ên Sovyetan ji 1917 heta 1956Siyaseta Sovyetan beramber kurdên xwe, di hemû tarîxa YKSS de, pir caran guherî û hergav pirserî, xumam û nelihev bû. Li milekî, salên 1920an û 1930yan, dewleta Sovyetê îmkan dabîn kirin ji bo pêşketina çandî û samanî ya kurdên Ermenistan û Azerbeycanê. Li milê din, heman dewletê sala 1937an hejmareke kurdên Azerbeycanê û sala 1944an jî hejmareke pir mezintir a kurdên Gurcistanê wek muhacirên taybet şandine Qazaxistan û Asyaya Navendî. Dewleta Sovyetê şertên taybet ên li ser kurdên muhacir, yên ku bo nimûne nedihêlan ew ji cihekî biçin cihên din, bes di nîsana 1956an de rakirin. Lê belê, muhacirên kurd ên destê pêşiyê nekarîn bizivirine Qefqazyayê. Kurd li YKSS wek cemaeteke diasporayê veman bêyî ti erdekî xwe yê neteweyî û bi tenê bi hindek dezgehên çandî. Bi tenê salên dawî yên 1980an ev rewş guherî. ABSTRACT IN SORANIKurd le Yekyetî Sovîyet 1917 ta 1956Siyasetî Yekîyetî Sovyet le beramber Kurdekanî xoyda berz û nizmî be xoyewe bînîwe û le hemû temenî Yekîyetî Sovîyetda be şêweyekî natewaw, rarrayî û neguncaw mayewe. Le layenêkewe, ḧikumetî Yekîyetî Sovîyet, le nêwan sallekanî 1920 û 1930ekan, helumercî bo geşey binerretî û kultûrîy Kurdekan le Ermeniya û Azerbaycan rexisand. Le layenêkî tirewe, le sallî 1937 jimareyek le Kurdekanî le Azerbaycan derkird û tenanet le sallî 1944 jimareyekî zor ziyatir lewanî, wekû koçerî taybet, le Corciyawe rewaney Qezaxistan û Asyay Nawendî kird. Tenya le aprîlî 1956da, ḧikumetî Yekîyetî Sovîyet berbende yasayîyekanî le ser azadî hatûçû û mafekanî tirî em koçere taybetane hellweşandewe. Bellam, ew kurdaney ke pêştir kirabûn be koçer yan nêştecêy taybet boyan nebû bigerrênewe bo nawçey Qefqaz. Kurdekan wekû grupêkî diyaspora le Yekîyetî Sovîyetda manewe, bê ewey herêmêkî nîştimanîyan hebê û tenya çend enistîtoyekî kultûrîy sinûrdaryan pê dra. Tenya le kotayî heştakanî sedey bîstemda doxeke gorrankarî beserda hat.
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Bathó, Gábor. "Government Acting on Itself: Hungarian Cabinet in the Interwar Period." Studia Iuridica 80 (September 17, 2019): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.4700.
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Act XI of 1917 gave the opportunity to the Hungarian government to increase the number of the government members with four ministers without portfolio. This was meant to be a temporary opportunity almost at the end of World War I. The act declared that four ministers without portfolio may be appointed “for the time of the war and the transition to peace”. The determination of the temporal effect seems to be inaccurate and loose. Especially this characteristic gave the base of my paper. In my paper, I am showing the expressed reasons for such a regulation, and the original interpretation of the act and the practice based on it. According to the Hungarian constitutional tradition, an act was the only tool to change the ministerial structure of the government, and changing ministries and competencies could only be done by acts. Later the practice changed, which meant the contemporaneous change in the interpretation of Act XI of 1917 as well. These mutual effects lead to a situation in which it was totally acceptable to appoint a minister without portfolio in 1944 legally based on an act that was meant to solve the extraordinary questions of World War I.
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Contreras, Joyce. "La reivindicación de las demandas feministas en los ensayos de Martina Barros." América sin nombre, no. 25 (January 21, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/amesn.2021.25.03.
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El estudio se centra en el análisis de dos ensayos de la escritora y salonnière chilena Martina Barros (1850-1944) los cuales reflexionan en torno al estatus de la mujer. El primero de ellos es el «Prólogo a La Esclavitud de la Mujer», escrito en 1872. Este (para)texto compaña la traducción que hizo Barros del estudio de John Stuart Mill, The Subjection of women. El segundo corresponde a «El voto femenino», conferencia que fue dictada y publicada en 1917. Interesa examinar ambos trabajos con el objetivo de ver la evolución del pensamiento feminista de Barros, sus ideas de avanzadas, ambigüedades y contradicciones, así como el despliegue de las estrategias que utilizó para visibilizar su voz y posicionarse en el campo cultural.
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Bi, Peng, Sue Walker, Kevin A Parton, and Michael Whitby. "Secular Change of the Australian All-Cause Mortality, 1907-1998." Australian Journal of Primary Health 8, no. 3 (2002): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py02044.
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The objective of this study was to identify secular change in Australian all-cause mortality over the period 1907-1998. The authors found that there was a decreasing trend in all-cause mortality, with five phases, over the study period. Phase I: 1907 to 1916, with relatively stable, but high, mortality rates. Phase II: 1917 to 1929, with great variations. Phase III: 1930 to 1943, a more stable period with lower mortality. Phase IV: 1944 to 1970, a slightly decreasing trend, with stagnation over the period 1958-69. Phase V: 1971 to 1998, with continuous decline. The mortality trends for major causes of death including infectious diseases, respiratory diseases, circulatory diseases, cancers, and injury are discussed. Possible reasons for the secular changes are explored.
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Andreev, Alexander Alekseevich, and Anton Petrovich Ostroushko. "VOYNO-YASENETSKY Valentin Feliksovich (1877-1961). To the 140th of the birthday." Vestnik of Experimental and Clinical Surgery 10, no. 2 (September 23, 2017): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.18499/2070-478x-2017-10-2-174.
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Voyno-Yasenetsky Valentin Feliksovich (Archbishop Luka) Archbishop of Crimea and Simferopol, Russian and Soviet surgeon, the author of works in anesthesiology, doctor of medical Sciences (1916), Professor (1917); doctor of theology (1959), winner of the Stalin prize, first degree (1946).
F. Voino-Yasenetsky was born 27 APR 1877. After graduating from high school and Kiev art school, studied painting in Munich. In 1898 he became a student of the medical faculty of Kiev University, after which he worked as a surgeon in Chita, the town of Ardatov in Simbirsk province S. Verkhniy Lyubazh, Kursk region, town of Fatezh, Moscow. In 1915 he published in Saint Petersburg the book "Regional anesthesia", and in 1916 he defended it as his thesis and received the degree of doctor of medicine. Until 1917 the doctor in some of the provincial hospitals of Russia, and later the chief doctor of Tashkent city hospital, Professor of Central Asian state University. In 1921 he was ordained to the diaconate, a week a priest in 1923 he was tonsured a monk and consecrated a Bishop with the name Luca, a week later arrested. In 1926 V. F. Voyno-Yasenetsky returned to Tashkent, but in 1930 he was arrested again and transported to Arkhangelsk. In 1934 he published a monograph "Sketches of purulent surgery". In 1937 he was arrested for the third time. Since 1940, works as a surgeon in the link in Bolshaya Murta, 110 kilometers from Krasnoyarsk. 1941 – consultant to all hospitals in the Krasnoyarsk territory and the chief surgeon of the hospital. In 1942 was elevated to the rank of Archbishop and appointed to the chair of Krasnoyarsk. In 1944, published the monograph "On the course of chronic empyema and hundreth" and "Late resections of infected gunshot wounds of the joints." In 1944, Archbishop Luke was headed by the Department of Tambov. In 1945, awarded the Patriarch Alexy I right to wear the diamond cross, wrote the book "Spirit, soul and body." In 1946 he headed the Crimean Department in Simferopol. In 1946 he was awarded the Stalin prize. In 1955, was blind. Died V. F. Voyno-Yasenetsky June 11, 1961, Archbishop of Crimea and Simferopol.
Author of 55 scientific papers on surgery and anatomy, ten volumes of sermons. His most famous book "Sketches of purulent surgery". Awarded Pointscore (1916), the diamond cross from the Patriarch of all Russia (1944), medal "For valiant labor in the great Patriotic war" (1945), Stalin prize first degree (1944).
Archbishop Luka monuments in Krasnoyarsk, Tambov, and Simferopol, is an honorary citizen of Pereslavl-Zalessky (posthumously). In 1995, St Luke canonized as locally venerated saints of the Crimean diocese, in 2000, the definition of the Council of bishops of the Russian Orthodox Church glorified as a Confessor (Saint) in the Assembly of new martyrs and Confessors of Russia. His relics are installed for worship at Holy Trinity Cathedral in Simferopol.
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Assis, F. Neto de, and N. A. Villa Nova. "Modelagem da ocorrência e da quantidade de chuva em Piracicaba." Scientia Agricola 52, no. 1 (April 1995): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90161995000100030.
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É proposto um modelo para descrever chuva diária de Piracicaba-SP em termos da sua ocorrência e da quantidade. Ambos, a ocorrência de dias com e sem chuva, quando considerados como seqüências de 31 dias a partir de determinada data, puderam ser bem representadas pela distribuição binomial negativa truncada, com parâmetros ajustados a uma função periódica com dois harmônicos. A quantidade de chuva nos dias com chuva, foi adequadamente ajustada à distribuição gama com o seu parâmetro de forma (gama) permanecendo constante mas o parâmetro de escala (beta) apresentando variação periódica que pode ser descrita por uma função com dois harmônicos. A análise dos dados mostrou que as séries de chuva de 1917 a 1944 e de 1945 a 1989, resultantes da mudança dos postos de observação, são homogêneas.
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WAICHERT, CECILIA, WESLEY DONDONI COLOMBO, CAROL D. VON DOHLEN, and JAMES P. PITTS. "Taxonomic contributions to Ageniella Banks, 1912 (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae) from Brazil." Zootaxa 4403, no. 1 (April 3, 2018): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4403.1.8.
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Ageniella Banks is the second most diverse genus in the tribe Ageniellini (Pompilidae: Pepsinae) with about 200 valid names. Ageniella is known to be paraphyletic; yet, no revision has been made. Lack of a taxonomic catalogue and of identification keys has further delayed taxonomic studies. Additionally, many of the currently valid names should be treated as synonyms. This present study is the first attempt to organize the species of Ageniella, focusing on the species occurring in Brazil. A total of six subgenera and 40 species of Ageniella occur in Brazil. Of these, 25 species are endemic to Brazil. The new synonyms are proposed for (valid names are first): Alasagenia Banks, 1944 =Lissagenia Banks, 1946, syn. nov.; Ageniella (Alasagenia) erichsoni Banks, 1944 =Priophanes major Banks, 1945, syn. nov.; Ageniella (Ameragenia) zeteki (Banks, 1925) =Priophanes marcida Banks, 1946, syn. nov.; Ageniella (Ameragenia) agitata (Smith, 1873), comb. nov. =Salius (Priocnemis) setaceicornis Fox, 1897, syn. nov.; Ageniella (Ameragenia) sanguinolenta (Smith, 1864) =Agenia ruficeps Smith, 1864, syn. nov.; =Ageniella alternata Banks, 1946, syn. nov.; Ageniella (Priophanes) dolorosa (Banks, 1946), comb. nov. =Priophanes plagosa Banks, 1946, syn. nov.; Ageniella (Ameragenia) fabricii (Banks, 1944) =Ameragenia notabilis Banks, 1946, syn. nov. A new combination is proposed for: Ageniella (Alasagenia) cursor (Smith, 1873), comb. nov. (from Agenia Schiødte); Ageniella (Ameragenia) clypeata (Fox, 1897), comb. nov. (from Salius Fabricius), Ageniella (Ameragenia) rutila (Fox, 1897), comb. nov. (from Salius), Ageniella (Priophanes) tegularis (Fox, 1897), comb. nov. (from Salius), Ageniella (Priophanes) rufitarsis (Fox, 1897), comb. nov. (from Salius), Ageniella (Ameragenia) citricornis (Fox, 1897), comb. nov. (from Salius), Ageniella (Ameragenia) serrula (Fox, 1897), comb. nov. (from Salius), Ageniella (Priophanes) cingulata (Fox, 1897), comb. nov. (from Agenia). A new name Ageniella (Ameragenia) banksii Waichert, nom. nov. is proposed for Ameragenia festina Banks, 1946, secondary homonym of Ageniella festina Banks, 1917, and Ageniella (Priophanes) otiosa is reinstate, stat. resurr.
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Yekelchyk, Serhy. "The Crimean Exception: Modern Politics as Hostage of the Imperial Past." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 46, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 304–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-04603005.
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The author proposes a new perspective on the political mobilization of ethnic Russians in the Crimea as reactive settler nationalism. After the Russian imperial conquest of the peninsula and the gradual displacement of the Crimean Tatars, the 1917 Revolution galvanized the Tatar national movement, which entered into an alliance with the Ukrainian one. A similar situation developed in the late 1980s, when the peninsula’s Russian ethnic majority found itself threatened by the loss of status and land in what could become a Tatar autonomy within Ukraine. Based on the implicit approval of Stalin’s genocidal deportation of the Crimean Tatars in 1944, the political mobilization of ethnic Russians in the 1990s made the Crimea an easy target for Russian annexation, which, however, took place twenty years later because of Russia’s internal reasons and the Euromaidan Revolution being perceived as a threat to the Putin regime.
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Mischuk, S., and K. Matselyukh. "Studies of Peter Abramovich (1881 - 1944) on the history of the Ukrainian Revolution of 1917 - 1921 in Volhynia." Ukraïnsʹka bìografìstika, no. 15 (April 30, 2018): 89–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ub.15.089.
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Zaytseva, Elena A. "The Origins of Creativity of P. G. Chesnokov." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 66 (2022): 313–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-66-313-319.
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The paper addresses the life and work of the outstanding Russian choir director, choir conductor, composer and teacher Pavel Grigoryevich Chesnokov (1877–1944) and is dedicated to the 145th anniversary of his birth. It touches upon the biographical, historical-contextual, stylistic, and performing aspects of his heritage. The life and creative path of Chesnokov fell into two eras, split by the events of 1917. As a student of Danilin and Golovanov, Taneyev and Vasilenko, Chesnokov, together with a group of like-minded people, participated in the creation of conducting and choral faculty of the Moscow Conservatory. Implementing Russian song folklore in his compositions, the composer turned to archaic genres: labor artel, round dance and more. His secular compositions — in particular over sixty choirs to verses by Russian and European poets — are enjoying great popularity up to this day. Among the academic genres as a significant component of the master's heritage, one should mention one-act opera or poem “Flood” (“Heaven and Earth”) to the composer's libretto after Byron. Created in 1917, it was performed for the first time more than a century later in 2019. Over four hundred choral compositions made it into the golden fund of Russian sacred music. In the book “Chorus and its Management” Chesnokov left his will as a mentor. Russian song folklore, temple music, traditions of domestic and foreign musical culture — these are the origins of the composer's melos which are of enduring significance to this day.
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Karaman, V. N. "«Преступление в наказании»: Повесть-исповедь незаконно репрессированного." Известия Восточного института 45, no. 1 (2020): 73–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.24866/2542-1611/2020-1/73-107.
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Oriental Institute journal publishes the memoirs of Mikhail Petrovich Sayapin, a political prisoner and writer. These memoirs were given for publication by his former student, Yuri Ivanovich Trifonov-Repin, who until the death headed the Primorsky branch of the Memorial Society. Mikhail Petrovich Sayapin was born in 1917 in the village of Beloyarovo, Amur Region. He received incomplete higher education at the Blagoveshchensk and Saratov colleges. In 1938, Sayapin was arrested on charges of creating an illegal literary section. In 1944, Mikhail Sayapin was released, and in 1956 he was rehabilitated. Mikhail Petrovich devoted 20 years to teaching and raising children, he was a freelance correspondent for the newspaper “Udarnyi Front” (“Shock Front”) in Dalnegorsk (Primorsky Territory). In 1989, the newspaper “Udarnyi Front” published his story-confession, “Crime in Punishment”. Mikhail Petrovich died in 1990. The text is given according to the manuscript, verified with the publication in the newspaper “Udarnyi Front” with preservation of author`s spelling and punctuation. Only explicit typos fixed
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Brintlinger, Angela. "Fiction as Mapmaking: Moscow as Ivan Bunin's Russian Memory Palace." Slavic Review 73, no. 01 (2014): 36–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.73.1.0036.
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In his fiction written from the 1920s through 1940s Ivan Bunin set a number of stories in Moscow, naming specific places, many of which were closed or destroyed after the 1917 Revolution by the Soviet regime or by Nazi bombing during World War II. In so doing, Bunin used Moscow to map the cultural memory of the Russian emigration, with the ancient city of Moscow standing as its “memory palace” while contributing to the “Moscow text.“ In his 1944 story “Cleansing Monday,” in particular, Bunin conducted this mnemonic project on three levels: historical, spiritual, and didactic. He did so for both a Russian readership—his compatriots abroad and potential (future) readers back home—and a foreign audience increasingly interested in Russia. Through close reading of the story, diary entries, and Bunin's biography, this article explores the idea of a memory palace and four specific memory images, comparing Bunin's depiction of Russia to a 1915 depiction by English traveler Stephen Graham.
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GAFAROVA, Ranetta. "ANALYSIS OF THE POEM-HYMN OF THE CRIMEA TATARS «ANT ETKENMAN» («I SWORN») NOMAN CHELEBIDZHIKHAN IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE." Linguistic and Conceptual Views of the World, no. 71(1) (2022): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2520-6397.2022.1.04.
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Crimean Tatar’s history is that of agony, exile, sorrow, oppression and persecution, but it is also the history of Crimean Tatar nation’s national struggle. Crimean Tatars’ history has 5 stages: 1. Crimean Khanate Period (1441-1783), 2. Russian Domination: Invasion of Crimea (1783-1917), Crimea during Russian Revolution and Early Bolshevik Reign: Crimean Tatar Republic (1917-1918), 4. Exile Period (1944-1987), 5. Return to Homeland (1987 – up to the present), 6. Repeated annexation of Crimea by Russia (2014 – up to the present). The first three periods are presented in Crimean Tatar National Anthem. National anthems have a significant importance in the histories of nations, as they reflect the national identities. Crimean Tatar National Anthem has been sung and listened with high zest by the majority of the nation in different times and places. So what does it tell to us? What values does it advice us to maintain? What kind of targets does it point out? In order to give satisfactory answers for such questions, we will handle “Ant Etkenmen” in quartets, making use of past studies on History and Linguistics. The name of Crimean Tatar National Anthem is “Ant Etkenmen”, and it was written by Numan Çelebi Cihan, the first president of Crimean Tatar People’s Republic. In our study, important poems in the history of Crimean Tatars, mainly “Ant Etkenmen” (I Vowed) the national anthem of Crimean Tatars written in 1917 by Numan Çelebi Cihan, will be analysed in terms of vowing motif. Our study is based on the both the symbolic languge analysis and the aesthetic aspects of the national anthem in terms of its sound, words, harmony, the world of sense, dream and thought, its lyricism, meter, rhyme, rhtym, language and style. The first three quartets of the anthem focus on the agonies in the history of Crimean Tatars. In the analysis of the poem data received in the field of History will also be made use of.
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Grebenyuk, Pavel S. "Russian Gold Mining Output in 1901-1917: A Source Studies Aspect." Herald of an archivist, no. 3 (2018): 679–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2018-3-679-691.
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This paper explores the problem of gold mining output in the Russian empire in 1901-1917 drawing on published and archival data. The aim of the study is to clarify indicators of gold mining production, since in the leading studies the data vary due to the peculiarities of metal accounting. It draws on published materials and archival documents of the State Institute for Design of Enterprises of Gold and Platinum Industry of the Glavzoloto of the People's Commissariat of Nonferrous Metallurgy (Giprozoloto), prepared in 1944 as a ‘Collection of Materials on the Gold Industry: 1493 - 1943’ and stored in the State Archive of the Magadan Region. Materials of the Giprozoloto Institute contain calculations of gold production in Russia and the USSR from 1745 to 1943, as well as technical and economic information on national gold mining industry in the early 20th century. The analysis shows that gold mining indices in scientific literature and sources are given according to data from gold log-books or gold-smelting laboratories. Gold log-books did not reflect the volume of actual mining, they only showed the gold registered in mines; moreover, some gold was withheld, and then came in to laboratories for alloy. Accounting for metal in the gold-smelting laboratories showed higher and more accurate production figures, since it included artisanal mining gold. However, as the source study demonstrates, figures of gold production in 1901-1917 according to the Giprozoloto Institute (805.4 tons) and according to L.B. Kafengauz (814.6 tons) based on data of gold-smelting laboratories and incorporated volumes of uncleaned bullion gold entered in there. The results of the study change the views on the volume of gold mining in Russia in this period that prevail in the historiography. It should be noted, that according to calculations, confirmed indicators of industrial production of chemically pure gold in Russia in 1901-1917 amounted to 682.5 tons. Final figures of gold industry of the period in amount of chemically pure gold obtained in gold-smelting laboratories corresponded to indices of value of gold production used in the analysis industry dynamics, and is considered correct, when compared with the USSR gold-mining indices.
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Poliszczuk, Jarosław. "Przypadek Zuzanny Ginczanki." Bibliotekarz Podlaski. Ogólnopolskie Naukowe Pismo Bibliotekoznawcze i Bibliologiczne 41, no. 4 (December 20, 2018): 63–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.36770/bp.63.
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Przedmiotem obserwacji badawczej pozostaje w artykule postać artystyczna Zuzanny Ginczanki (wł. Zuzanny Poliny Gincburg, 1917–1944). Była to polska poetka pochodzenia żydowskiego. Zadebiutowała w Warszawie w latach 30. XX wieku. W okresie II wojny światowej stała się jedną z ofiar Holocaustu. Legenda Ginczanki skupia uwagę na jej tragicznym losie i wczesnej śmierci w wieku zaledwie 27 lat. Niemniej jednak, twórczość poetycka tej autorki zasługuje na nasze uznanie. Jest ostatnimi laty doceniana przez badaczy. Poliszczuk rozważa w swoim tekście artystyczno-płciowy kryzys tożsamości Ginczanki, wyraźnie obecny w jej twórczości. Językowa i kulturowa orientacja Ginczanki skłaniała ją do wyboru polskości. Doznane przez poetkę prześladowanie na gruncie rasowym, a także potrzeba poznania korzeni kierowały ją w stronę kultury żydowskiej. Natomiast język rodzinny łączył ze światem kultury rosyjskiej, którą traktowała z dystansem. Tak czy inaczej, Zuzanna Ginczanka doznała swego rodzaju stanu „heroicznej zdrady”, zarówno wobec swego pochodzenia, jak i języka. Obecnie jej oryginalna postać po raz kolejny intryguje badaczy oraz interpretatorów, a poezję artystki warto dziś odczytywać jako szczególny rodzaj palimpsestu kulturowego.
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Kantoříková, Jana. "Melancholy, Hanuš Jelínek and Miloš Marten." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 61, no. 1-2 (2016): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amnpsc-2017-0022.
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The aim of this article is to present the roles of Miloš Marten (1883–1917) in the Czech–French cultural events of the first decade of the 20th century in the background of his contacts with Hanuš Jelínek (1878–1944). The first part of the article deals with Marten’s artistic and life experience during his stays in Paris (1907–1908). The consequences of those two stays to the artist’s life and work will be accentuated. The second part takes a close look at Miloš Marten’s critique of Hanuš Jelínek’s doctoral thesis Melancholics. Studies from the History of Sensibility in French Literature. To interpretate Marten’s reasons for such a negative criticism is our main pursued objective. Such criticism results not only from the rivality between Czech critics oriented to France, but also from different conceptions of the role of critical method and the role of the critic and the artist in the international cultural politics. The third part concludes with the critics’ „reconciliation‟ around 1913 by means of the common interest in the work and personality of Paul Claudel.
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MacKenzie, K., and M. Longshaw. "Parasites of the hakes Merluccius australis and M. hubbsi in the waters around the Falkland Islands, southern Chile, and Argentina, with an assessment of their potential value as biological tags." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 52, S1 (August 1, 1995): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f95-529.
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Samples of Merluccius australis (113 fish) and of M. hubbsi (195 fish) were collected from 16 positions on the Falklands and Argentine shelves and 1 off southern Chile. Twenty-eight fungal, protozoan, and metazoan parasite taxa, of which 19 were identified to the species level, and cysts of unknown etiology, were found. These included one new species of myxosporean protozoan found in both host species, three species that are new to both species of hake, three species not previously reported from M. australis, and one not previously reported from M. hubbsi. The most promising biological tags for stock identification, where long life spans are important, are an unidentified fungus; the protozoans Alatospora merluccii Kalavati, Longshaw and MacKenzie, 1995, Goussia sp., Kudoa rosenbuschi (Gelormini, 1944), Microsporidium ovoideum (Thélohan, 1895), Myxidium baueri Kovaleva and Gaevskaya, 1982, and Myxoproteus meridianalis Evdokimova, 1977; the metacestodes Grillotia sp. and Hepatoxylon trichiuri (Holten, 1802); and the parasitic copepod Trifur tortuosus Wilson, 1917. The adult digenean Elytrophalloides oatesi (Leiper and Atkinson, 1914) showed some potential as a tag for following seasonal migrations of hake.
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El-Feki, Sameh, and Taher Abdel-Ghani. "The architectural features of socio-spatial transformation in Hassan Al-Imam’s Cairo Trilogy." Journal of Urban Cultural Studies 9, no. 2 (December 1, 2022): 199–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jucs_00055_1.
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The urban scenery that dominated Cairo since the nineteenth century was a spatial superimposition of tradition and modernity, represented in the social and architectural composition of the city. The cinematic medium in Egypt attempted to visualize such overlap through a vivid depiction of spatial transformations occurring within the micro and macro urban levels revealing hidden aspects of social order and organizational behaviour. This article sheds light on Egyptian filmmaker Hassan Al-Imam’s Cairo Trilogy films, based on the critically acclaimed novels by Nobel Prize laureate Naguib Mahfouz, where the story takes place in the heart of early twentieth-century Cairo spanning from 1917 to 1944. The films’ physical features illustrate the morphology of time and urban space constituting to the socio-spatial narratives of the local setting, a theoretical framework adopted by the authors named cine-spatial representation. Through the examination of such connection within the settings across the three films, the article reveals the influence of non-physical elements on the physicality of architectural and urban space, creating a visual narrative from social collectivism to individualist fragmentation.
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Mazyrin, A. V. "Patriarch Sergius (Stragorodsky) on the Difficulties of Restoring Communion with the Georgian Church in the Light of Overcoming the Renovationist Schism (1944)." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 1 (January 20, 2022): 137–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-1-137-144.
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Written in early 1944, a letter of confidence from Patriarch Sergius (Stragorodsky) to bishop Dimitri (Gradusov) reveals the nature of the friction between the head of the Moscow Patriarchate and the Georgian Catholicos-Patriarch Kallistratus (Tsintsadze). The solemn announcement at the end of 1943 of the overcoming of the division between the Russian and Georgian Orthodox Churches, which had lasted since 1917, did not put an end to the mutual perplexities. The difficulty arose due to the fact that in 1927–1943 the Georgian Catholicosate was officially in ecclesiastical communion with the Russian schismatics, also known as Renovationists. But in the changed circumstances, the head of the Georgian Church preferred to keep in secret this historical fact, so as not to raise doubts about the Orthodoxy of the Georgians. The embarrassment of Catholicos Kallistratus led to the fact that the documents on the restoration of canonical communion between the Russian and Georgian Churches, which had already been prepared for publication in the Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate in December 1943, were removed from the almost finished issue and replaced with other materials. However, for Patriarch Sergius, the canonical aspect of the problem was crucial. The break of the Georgian Catholicosate with the Russian schismatic Renovationists was required to be documented and made public. Otherwise, according to Patriarch Sergius, the Russian Church itself could be schismatic. As a result, the head of the Moscow Patriarchate was able to convincingly argue his position and achieve the official publication of the necessary documents in the Journal of the Moscow Patriarchate in March 1944. Such persistence of Patriarch Sergius did not harm the further positive development of relations between the Russian and Georgian Churches.
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Morgoshia, Temuri Sh. "THE LIFE AND BIOGRAPHY OF THE LEGENDARY PROFESSOR V.F. VOYNO-YASENETSKY, THE ARCHBISHOP AND SURGEON (TO THE HUNDRED FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY: 1877-1961)." Medical Journal of the Russian Federation 24, no. 2 (April 15, 2018): 109–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2106-2018-24-2-109-112.
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V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky, after receiving diploma of physician, improved in the clinic of P.I. Diakov, and in the Institute of topographic anatomy and operative surgery at F.A. Rein. In 1905-1914 V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky worked as Zemstvo physician in hospitals of the Simbirsk, Kursk and Vladimir gubernias and during the First world War he was a surgeon and chief physician of infirmary for the wounded. In 1915 V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky published in St. Petersburg the book «The regional anesthesia» with one's own illustrations. In 1919 he defended the doctoral dissertation about regional anesthesia in the Moscow University. The dissertation was awarded by the Warsaw University. In 1917-1930 he worked as a surgeon of municipal hospital in Tashkent and from March 1917 he became the chief physician. From 1920 V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky is a professor of the Chair of Topographic Anatomy and Operative Surgery in the Turkestan University. His input into practical surgery is analyzed. The operation of removal of sacroiliac symphysis with rear part of wing of ilium affected by purulent process belongs to him (resection of pelvis according Voyno-Yasenetsky). The original mode of closure of wound positioned at periphery of diaphragm also belong to him (Voyno-Yasenetsky mode ). He proposed original mode of mobilization of spleen and ligation of vessels under splenectomy (Voyno-Yasenetsky mode). V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky described such important for surgeons topographic anatomic reference points as a projection of sciatic nerve on skin of a rear surface of thigh (Voyno-Yasenetsky line) and area of outlet of sciatic nerve from under gluteal fold (Voyno-Yasenetsky point). In 1946, V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky was honored with the Stalin Award Degree I for books «The essays of contaminated surgery» (1943) and «The late resections under infected gunshot wounds of joints» (1944).
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Nwaubani, Ebere. "Kenneth Onwuka Dike, Trade and Politics, and the Restoration of the African in History." History in Africa 27 (January 2000): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172115.
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The removal from history follows logically from the loss of power which colonialism represented. The power to act independently is the guarantee to participate actively and consciously in history. To be colonized is to be removed from history except in the most passive sense.Kenneth Onwuka Dike (1917-1983) is a definite turning point in African historical scholarship. West Africa (28 September 1957) appropriately called him “The Pioneer Historian.” Robert July credits Dike with being “responsible for many of the advances in historical scholarship that marked the two decades following the conclusion of the Second World War.”Dike was born in Awka, Nigeria, on 17 December 1917. In 1933 he entered Dennis Memorial Grammar School (DMGS), Onitsha, Nigeria. After three years at DMGS, Dike spent another two years at Achimota College in the Gold Coast. From Achimota he moved on to Fourah Bay College, Sierra Leone. At the time, Fourah Bay was affiliated to, and awarding the degrees of, Durham University. This meant that through Fourah Bay, Dike took the B.A. (in English, Geography, and Latin) of Durham University. In 1943, he went home to Nigeria, but not to stay for long. In November 1944 he left, on a British Council scholarship, for the M.A. degree in History at University of Aberdeen. In June 1947 he graduated, taking a first-class honors (the best of his year) at Aberdeen. Four months later, Dike registered for his Ph.D. at King's College, University of London. Under the supervision of Vincent Harlow and Gerald S. Graham, he did a dissertation entitled “Trade and Politics in the Niger Delta, 1830-1879.” He earned his Ph.D. degree on 28 July 1950. With it he became the first African to “pass through professional training” in Western historical scholarship.
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Вељковић, Жарко Б. "Битољска плоча — ново читање." Theological Views – Religious and Scientific Journal / Теолошки погледи – версконаучни часопис LV, no. 2 (September 30, 2022): 359–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.46825/tv/2022-2-359-378.
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Битољска плоча је један од најстаријих са- чуваних споменика словенског језика и ћириличке писме- ности из XI века, највероватније из времена владавине по- следњег цара Самуиловога Бугарског царства Словенâ, Срба и Бугара, Јована Владислава (1015 – фебруар 1018). У раду је дат преглед претходних читања с реконструкцијама овога натписа, као и наша запажања, од којих је најваж- није то да је у првоме делу натписа приметно одсуство било каквог конзистентнога правописа у писању танког и дебелог јера, док, у другом делу натписа јесте приметан као скоро конзистентан онај правопис настао у преводи- лачком кругу везаном за преславски двор Симеоновог Првог бугарског царства, који се, као спољашње обележје словен- ске државности, у XII веку појављује и као рашко-хумски државни правопис. То би онда упућивало јасно на следећи закључак: Можда је могуће да се изворни натпис налазио или био сачуван само у доњем делу Битољске плоче па да је накнадно искоришћен као модел за додавање горњих ре- дова, и то врло могуће од стране специјалног одељења оба- вештајне службе у оквиру бугарске војске из периода 1915– 1917. г. које се бавило прикупљањем артефаката што би наводно доказало наводна етничка права Бугара и Бугарс- ке на Северну Македонију, у време двају бугарских окупа- ција Битоља, 1915–1917. и 1941–1944. г. Све изложено и доводи до аргументованог одбацивања горње половине натписа Битољске плоче (редови 1–6), тј. аутоматски до поновнога читања и тумачења шест сачуваних редова у доњем делу Битољске плоче. Даје се њихово ново, предло- жено читање, уз минималну, односно најминималнију ре- конструкцију текста. Као коначни закључак, може се са сигурношћу или извесношћу казати да је реч о владарском ктиторском натпису који поставља „благоверни цар“ Бу- гарског царства Словенâ, Срба и Бугара, Јован Владислав, поводом завршетка у грађевинском смислу извесне цркве или манастира у Битољу или његовој најближој околини, по претпоставци старе предтурске православне цркве Светог Спаса у Битољу.
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Węgrzyniak, Rafał. "Wojna i zagłada: Odbicie doświadczeń z lat 1939–1945 w przedstawieniach i pisarstwie Erwina Axera." Pamiętnik Teatralny 68, no. 2 (September 1, 2019): 5–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.36744/pt.36.
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Szkic jest próbą odtworzenia doświadczeń reżysera Erwina Axera (1917–2012), realizującego spektakle nie tylko na scenach polskich, ale też niemieckojęzycznych, w czasie wojny z lat 1939–1945. Od września 1939 do czerwca 1941 był on zatrudniony, także jako aktor, w polskim teatrze we Lwowie włączonym do Związku Sowieckiego. W lipcu 1941 uznany przez Niemców za Żyda został zamknięty we lwowskim getcie, gdzie pracował jako robotnik. Po ucieczce z getta w grudniu 1942 do Warszawy był ukrywany w prywatnych mieszkaniach. Od sierpnia do października 1944 uczestniczył w Powstaniu Warszawskim. Po jego klęsce wraz z żołnierzami Armii Krajowej wywieziony został do obozu jenieckiego na terenie Niemiec w maju 1945 wyzwolonego przez armię USA. Axer wielokrotnie powracał do owych doświadczeń w tekstach wspomnieniowych oraz pośrednio w przedstawieniach takich jak "Niemcy" i "Pierwszy dzień wolności" Kruczkowskiego, "Kariera Artura Ui" Brechta czy "Dochodzenie" Weissa. Chociaż był powściągliwy w przywoływaniu swych doświadczeń jako niedoszłej ofiary Holocaustu. Mając skomplikowaną tożsamość polsko-żydowsko-niemiecką, w swoich spektaklach nie pozbawiał człowieczeństwa katów – włącznie z Adolfem Hitlerem. Dokonywał rozrachunku ze zbrodniami dokonanymi w trakcie panowania ideologii narodowego socjalizmu właściwie z wewnętrznej perspektywy kultury niemieckiej
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Zaytsev, Aleksandr V. "INVESTIGATIVE BODIES IN THE TERRITORY OF KOSTROMA PROVINCE IN SOVIET RUSSIA (before the formation of Kostroma Region)." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 2 (2020): 265–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2020-26-2-265-269.
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The article examines the process of formation of investigative bodies in the territory of modern Kostroma Region from 1917 to August 1944, that is, from the fi rst post-revolutionary years until the re-establishment of Kostroma Region. Based on the study of archival and memoir sources, the author introduces into the scientifi c circulation new, previously unknown information about the activities of the investigative apparatus and individual local investigators. The article provides the names of specifi c investigative workers who functioned in the prosecution authorities in the studied period of time. Separate criminal cases are described that were in the proceedings of the investigators who worked in Kostroma Region. When writing the article, the author used such research methods as comparative analysis, elements of a systemic, dialectic and historical approaches. The main conclusion is the thesis that the establishment of the investigative apparatus in the territory of Kostroma Region was diffi cult, due to a lack of qualifi ed personnel and a large amount of work. However, this process took place in strict accordance with the laws and other regulations in force at that time.
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Fuchs, Dieter, and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. "LA TEORIA POLITICA DELL'ANALISI DEI SISTEMI: DAVID EASTON." Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana di Scienza Politica 33, no. 3 (December 2003): 427–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0048840200027416.
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IntroduzioneNato, il 24 giugno del 1917, e cresciuto in Canada, David Easton ha completato la sua formazione universitaria all'Università di Toronto (B.A. nel 1939, M.A. nel 1943). La sua successiva carriera accademica è legata a tre delle più importanti università americane, Harvard, Chicago e la University of California. Nel 1947 ha conseguito il Ph. D. ad Harvard, dove era teaching fellow dal 1944. Per quasi un quarto di secolo è stato uno dei più eminenti scienziati politici della University of Chigago (1947-1982), dove divenne full professor nel 1955 e fu nominato Andrei MacLeish Distinguished Service Professor nel 1969. Nel 1981 entrò a far parte del Department of Politics and Society della University of California ad Irvine, dove insegna ancora oggi. Non è possibile, nei limiti di quest'articolo, ricapitolare tutte le sue cariche accademiche, partecipazioni a comitati editoriali, o i suoi incarichi come consulente politico. Basti dire che è stato Presidente della American Political Science Association (1968-89), e membro e vicepresidente della American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1985-88). David Easton ha ricevuto tre lauree ad honorem (dalla McMaster University, dal Kalamazoo College e dalla Free University of Berlin).
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Holewińska-Łapińska, Elżbieta. "SĄDOWE USTALENIE OJCOSTWA W FEDERACJI ROSYJSKIEJ." Zeszyty Prawnicze 3, no. 2 (May 10, 2017): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2003.3.2.06.
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Judicial Establishing of Paternity in the Russian FederationSummary The article discusses the judicial establishing of paternity pursuant to the Family Code of the Russian Federation in force from March 1, 1996 against a background of former regulations of the Soviet Law starting from 1917.In the years 1917-1944 judicial establishing of paternity in USSR was admissible without restrictions. In the period from July 8, 1944 to October 1, 1968 prohibition of judicial establishing of paternity was in force.In the period from October 1, 1968 to March 1, 1996 establishing of paternity could occur if in a case one of the following was true: (1) A child’s mother and a defendant lived together before the birth of a child and managed a common household. (2) A child’s mother and a defendant raised a child together. (3) A child’s mother and a defendant provided jointly for a child. It was not required that a defendant contributed significantly to the cost of living of a child but that he did it systematically. (4) There was reliable evidence that a defendant admitted his paternity.If a child was born in the period from October 1, 1968 to March 1, 1996, his parentage was not as yet affiliated to a father, and a man whose paternity was to be established was alive - still one of the aforementioned conditions has to be proved in a lawsuit.Judicial establishing of paternity of a child who was born starting from March 1, 1996 may occur on a demand of a child’s mother, a man who claims he is a child’s father, a child’s custodian (guardian), a person who keeps a child, a child of age. Judicial establishing of paternity may be demanded in person by a parent who has turned fourteen. A child of age has to give his/her assent to establishing of paternity. If s/he was incapacitated - a consent should be given by a custodian or a care agency.One has to prove, presenting evidence of any nature, that this particular man is a father of a child. In practice evidence taken into account shall either prove the paternity in a scientifically dependable manner (a DNA test) or prove indirectly a validity of a suit (e.g. a child’s mother and a man pointed out as a father stayed in a common-law marriage during the period of a probable conception of a child).After father’s death a court may establish paternity on the grounds of the fact, that during his life a the said man expressed by his conduct a conviction that he believes himself a father of a child in question. If a child was born before October 1, 1968 additionally it has to be proven that a man deeming himself a father did keep his extra-marital child.
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Lomakin, D. A. "«THE STATION OF DESTINATION IS SIMFEROPOL»: THE FIRST POST-WAR ACADEMIC YEAR AT THE M. V. FRUNZE CRIMEAN TEACHER TRAINING INSTITUTE." Scientific Notes of V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University. Historical science 7 (73), no. 2 (2021): 94–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2413-1741-2021-7-2-94-111.
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On the basis of extensive archival material from the fund of People’s Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR (file A-2306 «People’s Commissariat of Education of the RSFSR: 1917–1945, Ministry of Education of the RSFSR: 1946–1988») of the State Archives of the Russian Federation (SARF, Moscow), the history of M. V. Frunze Crimean State Pedagogical Institute after its return to Simferopol in 1944 has been restored. Various groups of documents have been widely used: correspondence of the director of the institute V. M. Borovsky with numerous authorities on the functioning of the university; directives, decisions of state institutions, reflected in the activities of the CSPI; reporting and planning documentation of the Institute; materials of inspections of the educational institution by the supervising bodies for its readiness to conduct training sessions during the period under review. The stage of restoration of the activity of the university after its re-evacuation to Simferopol has been examined in detail; the measures for preparing for the beginning of the first academic year in the Crimea have been examined. The unrealized project on restoration of the university on the peninsula on the basis of M. V. Frunze Crimean State Pedagogical Institute is analyzed.
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Morgoshiya, T. Sh, and V. Ya Apchel. "To the 140th anniversary of the legendary Professor of surgery V.F. Voyno-Yasenetsky (Archbishop Luka)." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 20, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma12364.
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The main milestones of life and professional path of an outstanding surgeon of the 20th century Voyno-Yasenetsky (Archbishop Luka) are considered. In 1915, Voino-Yasenetsky published a book «Regional anesthesia» in Staint Petersburg with his own illustrations, and in 1916 he defended his doctoral dissertation in Moscow University on regional anesthesia: the thesis was awarded the prize of the University of Warsaw. In 1917-1930s he worked in Tashkent - the first doctor-surgeon of the city hospital, and from March 1917 - a chief doctor. Since 1920 Voyno-Yasenetsky became a Professor of topographical anatomy and operative surgery at newly established Turkestan University. Voyno-Yasenetsky made great contributions to practical surgery. In his honor several operation were named: resection of affected by purulent process in the sacroiliac joint, the posterior part of the Ilium (pelvic resection by Voyno-Yasenetsky), operation of excision of the affected skin and fatty tissue of the axillary fossa when multiple hidradenitis (Voyno-Yasenetsky operation), incision in the popliteal fossa, supplementing arthrotomy purulent chase (cut by Voyno- Yasenetsky). Also he worked on other problems of clinical surgery. Voyno-Yasenetsky invented the original closure method of the wound located on the periphery of the diaphragm (Voyno-Yasenetsky method). He proposed a new method of spleen mobilization and ligation of blood vessels during splenectomy (Voyno-Yasenetsky method). He described important for surgeons topographic- anatomical landmarks - the projection of the sciatic nerve on the skin back of thigh (Voyno-Yasenetsky line) and the place of exit of the sciatic nerve under the gluteal folds (Voyno-Yasenetsky point). For the books «Sketches of purulent surgery» (1943) and «Late resections of infected gunshot wounds of the joints» (1944) in 1946 he was awarded the Stalin prize of the first degree. Since 1946, in connection with the illness, he departed from surgical activity and before the end of his life he lived in Simferopol (Crimea).
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ØSTERGÅRD, UFFE. "The history of Europe seen from the North." European Review 14, no. 2 (April 12, 2006): 281–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798706000263.
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The Nordic or Scandinavian countries represent variations on general European patterns of state and nation-building and political culture. Denmark and Sweden rank among the oldest and most typical of nation-states together with France, Britain and Spain and should be studied with the same questions in mind. Today, however, a sort of trans-state common Nordic identity coexists with independent national identifications among the Scandinavians. Nordic unity is regarded as a viable alternative to European culture and integration by large numbers of the populations. There has never existed a ‘Scandinavian model’ worthy of the name ‘model’. Because of a series of changes in great power politics in the 18th and 19th centuries, the major conflicts in Europe were relocated away from Northern Europe. This resulted in a virtual ‘neutralization’ of the Scandinavian countries north of the Baltic Sea. Today, the much promoted ‘Nordic identity’ reveals itself only through the nation-states. The ‘Association for Nordic Unity’ (Foreningerne Norden) was set up in 1919 only after all five Nordic countries had achieved independent nationhood: Norway in 1905, Finland in 1917, and Iceland in 1918 (the latter only as home rule to be followed by independence in 1944). The very different roads to independent nationhood among the Nordic countries and the idea of a common Nordic identity can be traced back to its beginnings in the 19th century
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Velimirovic, Dusan. "dr Jovan Mijuskovic, precursor of cardiac surgery in Serbia." Srpski arhiv za celokupno lekarstvo 148, no. 1-2 (2020): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/sarh181228128v.
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The beginnings of cardiac surgery in Serbia date back to the aftermath of World War II, when the first ?closed heart surgery? was performed in Belgrade. It was done by Professor Vojislav Stojanovic at the Second Surgical Clinic, and shortly afterwards, during the 1950s, by Professor Izidor Papo at the Medical Military Academy, also in Belgrade. ?Open heart surgery,? using heart-lung machine, was introduced in Serbia in 1960, and performed by the same cardiac surgery pioneers. Some of the very first heart operations in the world had been done before cardiac surgery was even officially recognized as a surgical discipline. Therefore, they were performed only as lifesaving procedures in patients with heart wounds. This article describes the first successful surgical treatment of heart wound in Serbia. It was a penetrating revolver wound, and the operation took place on April 7, 1928, at Valjevo City hospital, performed by Dr. Jovan Mijuskovic, who had received his degree from the School of Medicine in Vienna in 1917, and over the years worked as director and chief of surgical departments in various hospitals ? Cuprija, Valjevo, as well as in the City Hospital in Belgrade. He was elected Professor of History of Medicine at Belgrade School of Medicine in 1936. In 1941 he was appointed Minister of Health in the pre-war Serbian Government. Sadly, upon liberation of Belgrade in 1944, this surgical pioneer was arrested and executed.
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Norkus, Zenonas. "Kiek kartų Lietuvoje buvo restauruotas kapitalizmas? Apie dvi Lietuvos okupacijas ir jų žalos skaičiavimus." Sociologija. Mintis ir veiksmas 33, no. 2 (January 1, 2013): 91–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/socmintvei.2013.2.3807.
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Santrauka. Straipsnyje lyginamos kaizerinės (1915–1918 m.) ir sovietinės (1940–1941, 1944–1990 m.) okupacijų laikais Lietuvoje susikūrusios politinės ekonominės Oberosto (Vokietijos Rytų fronto vadui pavaldžios okupacinės zonos, kurios didžiąją dalį sudarė Lietuvos teritorija) ir LTSR politinės ekonominės sistemos. Oberoste Vokietijos Rytų fronto kariuomenės vadai Paulius Hindenburgas ir Erichas Ludendorffas sukūrė pirmąją moderniausiais laikais planuojamo komandinio administracinio ūkio sistemą, kurios pirmąja laboratorija tapo okupuota Lietuva. 1917–1918 m. tapę faktiniais Vokietijos diktatoriais, Oberosto įkūrėjai Lietuvoje išbandytą ūkio sistemą mėgino įdiegti metropolijoje. Nors šis mėginimas iki galo nepavyko, karinio socializmo kūrimas Vokietijoje jau 1917 m. pažengė pakankamai toli, kad taptų inspiracijos šaltiniu bolševikams, kuriant sovietinį valstybinio socializmo modelį, kuris 1940 m. „sugrįžo“ į Lietuvą. Kai 1990–1992 m. Lietuvoje buvo atkuriama kapitalistinė ūkio santvarka, tai mūsų šalies istorijoje įvyko jau antrą kartą, nes taip pat ir 1918–1922 m. kartu su nepriklausomos valstybės kūrimu buvo atkuriama kapitalistinė ūkio santvarka. Šiuolaikinė Lietuva yra pateikusi okupacijos žalos atlyginimo sąskaitą SSRS teisių perėmėjai Rusijai, o tarpukario Lietuva okupacijos žalos atlyginimo reikalavo iš Weimaro Vokietijos. Tačiau jeigu tarpukario Lietuva reikalavo atlyginti tik tiesioginę žalą, šiuolaikinė Lietuva siekia taip pat ir netiesioginės žalos atlyginimo. Pagrindinę šios žalos dalį sudaro 1940–1990 m. Lietuvos negautos nacionalinės pajamos, kurių dydžio įvertinimas priklauso nuo prielaidų, kokie būtų kontrafaktinės nepriklausomos kapitalistinės Lietuvos ūkio raidos rezultatai 1990 m. Straipsnyje pateikiami du – optimistinis (1990 m. „dausų Lietuvos“ kaip „antrosios Suomijos“) ir pesimistinis (1990 m. kontrafaktinė Lietuva kaip „Baltijos Urugvajus“) modeliai.
Pagrindiniai žodžiai: kapitalizmo restauracija, komandinė administracinė sistema, Hindenburgo programa, okupacijos žalos atlyginimas, kapitalizmo įvairovė.
Key words: command administrative system, Hindenburg programme, restoration of capitalism, compensation of occupation damage, varieties of capitalism.
SUMMARY
HOW MANY TIMES CAPITALISM WAS RESTORED IN LITHUANIA? ON TWO OCCUPATIONS OF LITHUANIA AND THEIR DAMAGE CALCULATIONS
The paper compares the political economic systems under German (1915–1918) and Soviet (1940–1941, 1944–1990 m.) occupations in Lithuania. During the World War I, Lithuania was part of the German occupation zone Ober Ost, ruled by the higher commando of the German Eastern front (Oberbefehlshaber Ost). The German military command of Eastern front under Paul Hindenburg and Erich Ludendorff used Lithuania as a laboratory for large scale social experiment, creating the first planned command administrative economy in the world. After they were promoted to the higher commando of all German armed forced and established in 1917–1918 de facto military dictatorship over Germany, they made the attempt to establish the Ober Ost system in the metropole. Although the realization of the complete „Hindenburg programme“ did fail, by 1917 Germany lived under military socialism (Kriegssozialismus) and coercive economy, which became the example and source of inspiration for Bolsheviks constructing Soviet model of state socialism. In 1940, this model came back to Lithuania, history making the full circle. This means that the market transition in 1990–1992 was second restoration of capitalism in Lithuania, because in 1918–1922 the capitalist economic system also was restored here jointly with the establishment of national state. Contemporary Lithuania demands from Russia to pay for damage inflicted on Lithuanian economy by Soviet occupation, and interwar Lithuania did demand the same form Weimar Germany in 1922–1923. However, while interwar Lithuania did ask to pay only direct occupation damage, contemporary Lithuania demands to compensate also the indirect damage. The main part of this damage is the loss of the national income which Lithuania did not receive in 1940–1990 because the efficient capitalist economic system was replaced by the less productive state socialist system during this time. However, the calculations of the indirect damage incorrectly assume that all varieties of capitalism are more efficient in the developing countries in comparison with command administrative system. The assumption that the variety of capitalism which existed in Lithuania by 1940 (state cooperative capitalism) was not less efficient than Stalinist Soviet socialism is politically correct one, as much as the expectation that under this system independent Lithuania would become advanced technological frontier country („second Finland“) by 1990. Nevertheless, the counterfactual development path of the independent capitalist Lithuania in 1940–1990 would include critical conjunctures and crossroads, which could end with Lithuania entering „low road“ development path. Tellingly, Latin American capitalist country Uruguay (similar to Lithuania and other Baltic culture by its size and economc structure) had higher GDP per capita level than Lithuania in 1940, but by 1990 this level was lower than in Soviet Lithuania. Importantly, Uruguay never was under Soviet Russian occupation, did not construct socialism or suffered war damage.
Pastaba: Tyrimas finansuotas Europos socialinio fondo lėšomis pagal visuotinės dotacijos priemonę (Nr. VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-K-01-010).
The research for this paper was funded by European Social Fund under the Global Grant measure (Nr. VP1-3.1-ŠMM-07-K-01-010).