Dissertations / Theses on the topic '1920-1936'

This dissertation examines representations of the distinction between new and old money in 1920s American novels. New money is earned or acquired, while old money is inherited. The distinction itself reveals the ethos out of which it emerges; the sources of money only become important when money appears to be on the loose, circulating, and ending up in unpredictable hands. In the context of increased access to liquidity, the distinction of new and old money expresses a conflict over social legitimacy and the definition of an American elite. This concern with legitimation, in turn, gives rise to a set of binaries pertaining to social position, including the distinction of born versus inherited, authentic versus artificial, and historical versus fictional. I argue that representations of money, or “money stories,” become a legible discourse of social legitimation in this period. Bringing together texts typically segmented by the modes of naturalism, realism, and modernism, I reveal the dominance of this legitimating discourse and, in particular, the centrality of the distinction between new and old money across novels of the period. The project consists of readings articulating the distinction between new and old money. Chapter one situates Sinclair Lewis’ Main Street and Babbitt within the context of 1920s ambivalence around the frontier myth, arguing that, in Lewis, the problem of the loss of land is the problem of the loss of a legitimating ground for a moneyed elite. Chapter two reads Edith Wharton’s The Age of Innocence as a study in the dialectical relationship of new and old money, revealing old money’s account of genealogical inheritance as a carefully constructed response to new money’s power of purchase. Chapter three argues that new money is a particularly rich site for fiction in F. Scott Fitzgerald, who continually restaged the confrontation between old money’s silent, assumed history and new money’s profusion of fictional accounts of its past. Chapter four treatsJohn Dos Passos’ U.S.A. trilogy as a reflection on the biographical form in the context of liquidity, taking stock of the money story, that peculiar genre of legitimation so prevalent in this period’s novels.

L’Hispanité naît au début du xxème siècle et aspire à la création d’un empire culturel hispanique, destiné à se substituer aux colonies territoriales perdues. Dans son sillage émerge peu à peu un courant tourné vers les Séphardim (descendants des Juifs expulsés de la Péninsule Ibérique en 1492) qui vivent, principalement, au Maroc et dans les Balkans. Ce mouvement trouve sa source dans la pensée libérale du siècle précédent. Il s’agit, pour les séphardistes, d’arriver à un rapprochement entre l’Espagne et ses « enfants perdus », ce qui implique une modification de la représentation des Juifs dans la Péninsule, ainsi que la réhabilitation de Sepharad dans la mémoire judéo-espagnole. Il atteint sa pleine maturité au cours de la quinzaine d’années qui précède la Guerre Civile. Outre la dimension culturelle et humaniste, les promoteurs du mouvement mettent l’accent sur les bénéfices matériels que leur pays pourrait retirer d’un tel rapprochement. Malgré quelques réussites remarquables, le séphardisme est confronté à un certain nombre d’obstacles qui précipiteront son échec : d’une part, des circonstances politico-économiques défavorables ; d’autre part, un sentiment de rejet des Juifs profondément ancré dans la société qui se voit, de plus, alimenté par l’antisémitisme qui gagne l’Europe à l’époque ; enfin, la concurrence du sionisme, mouvement nationaliste juif qui s’épanouit à la même époque
Hispanidad appeared at the beginning of the XXth century. Its aim was the creation of an hispanic cultural empire, that was supposed to replace lost colonized territories. Another intellectual stream progressivly emerged in its wake, turned on Sephardic Jews (descendants of Jews expelled from Iberian Peninsula in 1492), who used to live in Morocco and the Balkans. This movement originated in liberal thinking of the XIXth century. The sephardists hoped to achieve a rapprochement between Spain and her «lost sons». It involved changing Spaniards’ representation of Jews, together with renewing the image of Sepharad in Judeo-Spanish collective memory. Sephardism got its maturity during the fifteen years preceeding Spanish Civil War. In addition to its cultural and humanist meanings, intellectuals who promoted this movement stressed the material benefits their country could get from this rapprochement. Despite a few remarquable successes, Sephardism had to deal with some difficulties that would hasten its failure: first, unfavourable politic and economic conditions; then, the deep rejection of Jews in Spanish society, that grew at the time when European antisemitism was strengthening; last, rivalry with Sionism, the Jewish nationalist movement that was raising strongly at that time

En Galice, la récupération identitaire puise ses racines dans le passé celtique local. Les quelques caractéristiques d'une origine à peine explorée deviennent un élément fondamental, censé définir, en défiant le temps, un profil identitaire présent. D'abord, assumée par les historiographes et les poètes du Rexurdimento, sous l'influence romantique européenne, cette récupération va, au début du XXème siècle nourrir l'argumentation du nationalisme galicien. Le celtisme galicien trouve alors son assise dans la revue Nós (1920-1936), fondée par Vicente Risco, théoricien du nationalisme, au sein de laquelle il a réuni de nombreux intellectuels. Malgré des intentions culturelles, la revue devient le porte-parole des idées galicianistes revendiquées par la plupart des rédacteurs. Développé dans des disciplines variées, le celtisme constitue un argument de la défense de la singularité galicienne. L'étude présente démontre que, premièrement, s'érigeant en héritiers de leurs pères du Rexurdimento, les intellectuels de Nós procèdent à une justification des revendications par une approche archéologique puis intuitive du passé. Ensuite, ils tentent, par une révision des mythes celtiques, de réactualiser, au moyen de la poésie et d'études etnographiques, les caractéristiques de ce passé lointain. La lecture minutieuse de la rhétorique développée dans les articles, révèle que chacune des démarches pseudo-scientifiques, culturels et littéraires convergent vers un même objectif : inventer une identité galicienne ressemblant le plus possible aux modèles irlandais et breton et se distinguant en tous points de celle de la Castille, désignée comme l'ennemie politique de la Galice
In Galicia, identity recovery took his arguments in the local Celtic past. The few characteristics of a hardly explored origin became a fundamental element supposed to determine, by defying time, the Galician identity of present. Initially, assumed by the historographers and the poets of Rexurdimento, under the European romantic influence, this recovery started at the beginning of the XXth century to argue Galician nationalism. The Galician celtism then found his base in the review Nós (1920-1936), created by Vicente Risco, theorist of the nationalism, in the bosom of which he brought together many intellectuals. In spite of cultural intentions, the review became the organ of the galicianist ideas asserted by the majority of the writers. Developed in different disciplines, the celtism constitued an argument of the defence of the Galician singularity. This study shows that, firstly, heirs to Rexurdimento, the intellectuals of Nós proceeded to a justification of the claims by an archaeological approach, then intuitive, of the past. Then, they try, by a revision of the Celtics myths, to reactualize, by the poetry and ethnographic studies, the characteristics of this remote past. The meticulous reading of the rhetoric developed in the articles, reveals that each pseudo-scientific, cultural and literary steps converge towards the same objective : to build a Galician identity ressembling the Irish and Breton models as much as possible and being distnguished in all points from Castile, indicated like the politic enemy of Galicia

This thesis examines how ideals of trusteeship influenced British administration of the Palestine mandate. The Covenant of the League of Nations described the mandate system as a 'sacred trust of civilisation'; because of this, the powers who held mandates were obligated to govern the territories they occupied during the First World War with the long-term aim of establishing them as independent members of the international community. British fulfilment of that trust drew on wider influences that had informed its rule elsewhere in the colonial empire; notions of liberalism, utilitarianism, and rationalism, core elements in a British philosophy of colonial rule, profoundly shaped British governance in Palestine. In utilising a model of trusteeship to explore the Palestine mandate, this study also explores how colonial policy-making was shaped by Orientalist representations. Cultural preconceptions enabled the basic premise of trusteeship by providing a binary image of 'backward', inferior subject populations in need of assistance and of progressive, superior Western powers capable of delivering the required 'tutelage'. The influence of trusteeship and Orientalism in Palestine is examined in five key administrative areas: self-government, immigration, land, education, and law and order. Under trusteeship, various forms of local and communal self-government were advanced to provide administrative experience and create a foundation for eventual participation in national self-government; reform ofland tenure and the facilitation of Jewish immigration were intended to promote economic growth and increase prosperity amongst all sections of the population; the government school system was expanded to encourage basic levels of mass literacy and develop vocational knowledge of modern agricultural techniques; and the mandatory administration sought to create local, self-sufficient civilian forces to uphold public security. Such policies allowed British officials to justify their presence in Palestine through discourses of 'progress' and 'improvement', which were required irrespective of any British commitments made to support Zionism.

Texte remanié de: Thèse de doctorat--Langues, littératures et civilisations romanes--Paris 3, 2006. Titre de soutenance : Le séphardisme, avatar de l'hispanité, 1920-1936.
Bibliogr. p. 367-397. Notes bibliogr. Index. PUPS = Presses de l'Université Paris-Sorbonne.

Orientador: Maria Cristina Menezes
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual Campinas, Faculdade de Educação
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Mestrado

In 1921, 1924 and 1929-1934, markets for the future delivery of wheat went through periods of extreme volatility and/or significant depression, and in all three cases there were significant and long-lasting changes to both the institutional and regulatory framework of these Chicago-dominated grain markets. There was no real change after these key reforms until 1974, while indeed much of the original regulatory and market innovation remains. The result of the severe depression of 1921 was the Futures Trading Act of 1921. In 1924-25, the so-called ‘Cutten corner’ market turmoil was followed by three key institutional innovations brought about in 1926 by US federal government coercion of the grain futures trading industry in collusion with industry leaders. The Great Depression gave birth to the 1936 Commodity Exchange Act. This Act was based on research done by the government and/or with government-mandated evidence that essentially saw the small grain gambler as needing protection from the grain futures industry, and was pushed through by a coalition of farmers’ organisations and the agency responsible for the 1922 Act’s administration. The government demanded information that was begrudgingly provided, and the studies of this data formed the basis of a political and intellectual justification of the usefulness of futures markets to the marketing of farm products that influenced the Act of 1936 and – more importantly - continues to today. My key thesis is that government worked closely with the futures industry to the extent that the agency was captured by special interests for much of the interwar period, and I claim that government intervention was responsible for the essential changes that assured the dominance of futures markets, with the Chicago Board of Trade as their hub. The lasting institutions created in the 1920s and 1930s continue to immensely influence the financial markets of today, including being incorporated into the Dodd-Frank Act of 2010. My study differs from the accepted account that sees federal regulation as an irrational ‘populist’ attempt at controlling or even banning the markets, with the new institutions developed during the interwar period as the result of effective industry self-regulation in spite of state interference. The findings are based on a theory-driven reading of archives of the Chicago Board of Trade, its regulator the Grain Futures Administration, and the other key government agencies engaging with the grain trade, the USDA, the Federal Farm Board and the Federal Trade Commission. The approach here differs from the accepted accounts in that it is based mostly on my archival work, including the newly reorganised (in 2014) Chicago Board of Trade archive, rather than on public sources such as Congressional hearings and newspaper stories.

La question à laquelle tente de répondre la recherche est celle de savoir si le développement de l’activité indépendante des immigrés originaires de Grèce et de Turquie dépend de leur origine géographique et de leur origine communautaire. Le corpus comprend l’ensemble des immigrés nés en Grèce ou en Turquie à chacun des recensements de mars 1926, mars 1931 et mars 1936 ainsi que les immigrés nés en Grèce ou en Turquie, immatriculés au registre du commerce de la Seine de 1920 à 1936. Les cinq groupes définis en croisant l’origine communautaire et l’origine géographique, soit les Arméniens de Turquie, les Grecs de Grèce, les Grecs de Turquie, les Juifs de Grèce et les Juifs de Turquie ont des raisons d’émigrer et des possibilités de retour différentes. Il existe de nombreux points communs à l’activité indépendante dans les différents groupes, notamment l’augmentation continue du taux d’indépendance pendant la période ainsi que les moteurs et le processus de développement de l’activité indépendante. Mais il y aussi des différences sensibles. Il y a d’abord des différences de taux d’indépendance. Le taux d’indépendance de plus élevé est celui des Juifs de Grèce devant celui des Juifs de Turquie, celui des Grecs de Grèce, celui des Grecs de Turquie celui des Arméniens de Turquie. On observe aussi des différences dans la répartition géographique et la concentration résidentielle des différents groupes. Les indépendants Arméniens de Turquie et les Grecs de Grèce et de Turquie sont plus nombreux dans l’artisanat que dans le commerce, les Juifs de Grèce et de Turquie plus nombreux dans le commerce
This research attemps to answer the question of whether the development of independent activity on the part of immigrants from Greece and Turkey depended on their geographical origin and/or their community origin. The main portion covers all the immigrants born in Greece or Turkey and shown on each of the censuses of March 1926, March 1931 and March 1936 as well as immigrants borns in Greece or Turkey, and registered on the Register of Commerce of the Seine Department from 1920 to 1936. The five groups defined by cross-referencing their geographical and community origins - Armenians from Turkey, Greeks from Greece, Greeks from Turkey, Jews from Greece and Jews from Turkey - had differing reasons to emigrate and options to return. There are many points in common as regards independent activity in the various groups, in particular the continuous increase in their rate of independence during the period as well as the driving forces and the process of development of the independent activity. However there are also significant differences. Firstly, there are differences in the rate of independence. The highest rate of independence is seen among Jews from Greece, followed by Jews from Turkey, then Greeks from Greece, Greeks from Turkey and finally Armenians from Turkey. Differences may also be seen in the geographical distribution and residential concentration of the various groups. Independent Armenians from Turkey and Greeks from Greece and Turkey are more numerous in the trades than in commerce; Jews from Greece and Turkey are more numerous in commerce

Tese (doutorado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2015 Bibliografia: f. 271-285
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A crise política e social no Brasil da Primeira República ativou uma geração de intelectuais cuja proposta é a construção da nação tendo como bases a Educação. Nesse contexto, ocorreram Reformas nos estados e as Escolas Normais se consolidaram como instituições oficiais formadoras de professores primários. Com o objetivo de compreender as mudanças ocorridas na formação matemática dos professores primários do Paraná no período de 1920 a 1936, o estudo analisa os saberes matemáticos contemplados nos cursos de formação de professores das Escolas Normais paranaenses e orientados para a prática no Ensino Primário. A questão ?Que mudanças ocorreram na formação matemática dos professores primários paranaenses, no período de 1920 a 1936?? norteou a investigação, que amparada pelo referencial teórico metodológico da história cultural, destaca o antes e o depois da Reforma da Escola Normal do Paraná e a ênfase dada à melhoria do ensino primário do período estudado, contemplando conceitos históricos como operação historiográfica (CERTEAU, 1986); representações e apropriação (CHARTIER, 1990); história das disciplinas escolares (CHERVEL, 1990) e cultura escolar (JULIA, 2001). As fontes constituíram-se de documentos oficiais como Relatórios da Instrução Pública, de Secretários de Governo, de Diretores da Instrução Pública, de Diretores de Grupos Escolares e de Programas de Ensino; documentos escolares como Atas e Livros de Registros e Avisos; além de livros didáticos e Revistas Pedagógicas que circulavam no período em estudo e de documentos pessoais como o caderno de uma aluna e futura professora e do diário pessoal de outra professora. O estudo apontou que a formação matemática dos professores primários do Paraná, ao longo de quase duas décadas (1920-1936), apresentou mudanças e dualidade constante no ensino presente nas Instituições formadoras desses professores. Evidenciou também, que as mudanças operadas ao longo de 16 anos na formação matemática dos professores primários do Paraná, ocorreram em relação aos métodos de ensino, uso dos recursos didáticos e reorganização dos programas, mas essencialmente nas concepções do ensino dessa matéria, que se adaptou às finalidades da Escola Normal em cada tempo.

En marge des graves difficultes rencontrees par les autorites francaises pour le controle des territoires syro-libanais dont elle assumait le mandat, la conquete et l'organisation de la gazira, au moins jusqu'au traite franco-syrian de 1936, representent une tentative originale d'administration regionale dirigee par les militaires. A travers l'histoire de cette region, ce sont les questions d'identite regionale et d'integration nationale qui se trouvent posees, telles qu'elles se presentaient alors au jeune etat syrien en formation
Beside the serious difficulties met by the french authorities to control the syrian and lebanese territories under french mandate, the conquest and development of gazira, at least until the french and syrian treaty of 1936, represent an original attempts of regional administration ruled by the military. Through the history of that region, the question of regional identity and national integration are posed, as the then presented themselves to the young syrian state in formation

El propósito de esta investigación es analizar las teorías sociológicas clásicas de la comunidad. En particular, aquellas que más han contribuido a establecer el sentido de lo que actualmente llamamos ―comunidad‖, y cuya influencia continúa siendo patente en una variedad de discursos del presente. Para ello nos servimos de una serie de textos emblemáticos de tres autores clásicos del pensamiento sociológico: Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tönnies y Max Weber. Nuestra atención está dirigida fundamentalmente a aquellos textos que mejor ilustran sus planteos acerca del problema en cuestión y donde a su vez intentamos leer una serie de afinidades y correspondencias no siempre reconocidas entre sus respectivas teorías. Si bien el pensamiento de la comunidad, en el sentido amplio y general de la palabra, tiene raíces profundas y remotas en el tiempo, aquí nos interesa el punto de inflexión a partir del cual la comunidad fue redescubierta como problema por las nuevas ciencias sociales y, en el mismo acto, proclamada por las teorías sociológicas emergentes como uno de sus conceptos fundamentales. El rasgo común entre los enfoques de Marx, Tönnies y Weber respecto del problema que abordamos —ni el único ni el primero, sino simplemente aquel que privilegiamos— es que en todos ellos la comunidad (Gemeinschaft) es inseparable y por lo demás incomprensible sin su otro conceptual: la sociedad (Gesellschaft). La hipótesis que sometemos a consideración es que el concepto de comunidad se determina por oposición al concepto de sociedad del que es estructuralmente solidario. La estructura binaria a la que se encuentra subordinado este par conceptual no se limita a oponer dos términos formalmente iguales, sino que supone y arrastra consigo toda una serie de oposiciones metafísicas fuertemente jerarquizadas lógica y axiológicamente (natural / artificial, originario / derivado, auténtico / inauténtico, unidad / separación, interior / exterior, cerrado / abierto, sentimiento / razón, etc. ), cuya impronta, asumida en parte como propia o incluso rechazada, es ampliamente reconocible en los tres discursos que son objeto de este trabajo. A la prevalencia de la comunidad sobre la sociedad basada en una supuesta proximidad entre la comunidad por una parte, y la naturaleza, el origen y la verdad por la otra, a ese privilegio lo hemos denominado ―comunocentrismo‖. Privilegio mayor de una época en ciernes cuyas implicancias teóricas, muchas veces estratégicamente disimuladas por los propios autores o sus intérpretes, corrieron y corren a la par de sus implicancias prácticas. Lo que nos proponemos, en suma, es una lectura en clave deconstructiva del privilegio de la comunidad en el esquema oposicional que domina los discursos fundacionales de la tradición sociológica alemana. Para nosotros, esto significa una lectura crítica y afirmativa a la vez: una lectura o una interpretación que sea capaz de localizar en los textos y poner de relieve en toda su problematicidad tanto aquello que resulta indisociable de ciertas presuposiciones metafísicas como aquello que las excede, oponiéndoles resistencia y propiciando nuevas formas de pensamiento sobre la sociabilidad
L’intention de cette recherche est d’analyser les théories sociologiques classiques de la communauté, plus particulièrement celles qui ont fortement contribué à forger le sens de ce que nous appelons aujourd’hui « communauté » et dont l’influence continue d’être patente dans un grand nombre des divers discours actuels. Nous nous servons pour ce faire d’une série de textes emblématiques de trois auteurs classiques de la pensée sociologique : Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tönnies et Max Weber. Notre attention se porte fondamentalement sur les textes qui illustrent le mieux leurs positions sur le problème en question et dans lesquels nous essayons de lire une série, pas toujours reconnue, d’affinités et de correspondances entre leurs théories respectives. S’il est certain que la pensée de la communauté dans le sens large et général du terme a des racines profondes et éloignées dans le temps, nous nous intéressons ici au point d’inflexion à partir duquel la communauté a été redécouverte comme un problème par les nouvelles sciences sociales et a été, du même coup, proclamée comme un de leurs concepts fondamentaux par les théories sociologiques émergentes. Le trait commun entre les perspectives de Marx, Tönnies et Weber sur le problème que nous abordons ici –qui n’est ni le seul, ni le premier, mais simplement celui que nous privilégions- tient à ce que, chez les trois, la communauté (Gemeinschaft) est inséparable de, et par la même incompréhensible sans, son autre conceptuel : la société (Gesellschaft). L’hypothèse que nous soumettons à considération est la suivante : le concept de communauté se détermine par opposition au concept de société duquel il est structurellement solidaire. La structure binaire à laquelle se trouve subordonné ce couple conceptuel ne se limite pas à opposer deux termes formellement égaux : elle suppose et entraîne dans son sillage toute une série d’oppositions métaphysiques fortement hiérarchisées, logiquement et axiologiquement parlant (naturel / artificiel, originaire / dérivé, authentique / inauthentique, unité / séparation, intérieur / extérieur, fermé / ouvert, sentiment/raison, etc. ) dont on peut largement reconnaître l’empreinte dans les trois discours qui constituent l’objet de ce travail, qu’ils l’assument, en partie, ou qu’ils la rejettent. Cette prévalence de la communauté sur la société, basée sur une soi-disant proximité entre la communauté d’un côté, et la nature, l’origine et la vérité d’un autre, ce privilège donc, nous l’avons appelé « communocentrisme ». Privilège majeur d’une époque bourgeonnante dont les implications théoriques, souvent dissimulées stratégiquement par les auteurs eux-mêmes ou par leurs interprètes, se sont déployées et se déploient encore, parallèlement à leurs implications pratiques. Nous nous proposons, en somme, de lire dans une perspective déconstructrice ce privilège de la communauté dans le schéma oppositionnel qui domine les discours fondateurs de la tradition sociologique allemande, ce qui signifie, selon nous, d’en faire une lecture à la fois critique et affirmative : une lecture ou une interprétation qui soit capable de localiser dans les textes et de mettre en relief dans toute leur dimension problématique tant les aspects qui semblent indissociables de certains présupposés métaphysiques que ceux qui les dépassent, leur opposant par là même une résistance et favorisant de nouvelles formes de pensée de la sociabilité
The purpose of this investigation is to analyze the classical sociological theories of the community. In particular, those who have most contributed to establish the sense of what we currently call “community”, and whose influence is still evident in a variety of discourses from the present times. For this we have served from a series of emblematic texts belonging to three authors of the classical sociological thinking: Karl Marx, Ferdinand Tönnies and Max Weber. Our attention is mainly directed to those texts that best illustrate their approaches about the problem in question, and where in turn try to read a series of affinities and correspondences not always recognized between their respective theories. Although the thinking of the community, in the wide and general aspect of the word, has roots deep and remote in time, here we are interested in the turning point from which the community was rediscovered as a problem for the new social sciences and, in the same act, claimed by the emergent sociological theories as one of their main concepts. The common feature between the approaches of Marx, Tönnies and Weber to the problem we address –neither the only nor the first, but simply that which we privileged- is that in all of them the community (Gemeinschaft) is inseparable and otherwise incomprehensible without its conceptual other: the society (Gesellschaft). The hypothesis we put to consideration is that the concept of community is determined by opposition to the concept of society, from which it is structurally supportive. The binary structure to which this conceptual pair is subordinated does not limit to oppose two formally equal terms, but it implies and drags with itself a whole series of metaphysical oppositions, that are strongly hierarchical logically and axiologically (natural/artificial, originary/derivative, authentic/unauthentic, unity/separation, interior/exterior, closed/opened, feeling/reason, etc. ), whose imprint, partly assumed as their own or even rejected, is widely recognizable among the three discourses that are object of this work. The prevalence of the community over the society based on a supposed proximity between the community on one side, and nature, origin, and truth on the other, that privileged we have named it “communicentrism”. A major privilege from a time where its theoretical implications, strategically concealed many times by the same authors or their interpreters, were and are on par with their practical implications. In sum, what we proposed here is a reading in a deconstructive key of the privilege of the community in the oppositional scheme that dominates the foundational discourses of the german sociological tradition. For us, this means both a critic and affirmative reading: a reading or interpretation that can be capable of localize in the texts and put into account in its whole problematicity both what results inseparable from certain metaphysical presuppositions and what it exceeds them, resisting and encouraging new ways of thinking regarding sociability

On désigne par l'expression de « Synthèse Moderne » la renaissance du darwinisme au sein d'un certain nombre de sciences biologiques entre les années 1930 et les années 1950, et dont le généticien T. Dobzhansky a exprimé l'orientation majeure en disant que « plus rien en biologie n'a de sens qu'à la lumière de l'évolution ». Cette Synthèse s'est effectuée dans le sillage d'une nouvelle discipline, la génétique des populations : l'évolution a été dès lors comprise comme une modification de la composition génétique des espèces. Dans ce travail d'histoire des sciences centré sur les recherches de William D. Hamilton, John Maynard Smith et George C. Williams entre les années 1960 et les années 1980, je décris un épisode postérieur à la Synthèse Moderne, au cours duquel les approches évolutionnistes éclairent un nouveau domaine des sciences du vivant, les comportements des animaux. Ces approches sont néo¬darwiniennes, parce qu'elles placent la sélection naturelle au cœur du raisonnement évolutionniste. En un sens, ce programme est conservateur : les outils de la génétique des populations sont employés pour développer une théorie évolutionniste des comportements. Mais ces recherches entraînent une importante clarification des fondements de la théorie de la sélection naturelle. Elles conduisent enfin à renouveler le discours évolutionniste, en introduisant de nouvelles méthodes de modélisation désormais émancipées de la génétique des populations, qui traitent le comportement au niveau du phénotype, comme une stratégie adaptative, susceptible d'une analyse en termes de coûts et de bénéfices. Elles favorisent la constitution d'une nouvelle discipline, l'écologie du comportement
During the Modem Synthesis (1930-1950), several biological sciences were integrated into a common evolutionary framework, which gave a central status to a new formal science, population genetics. In this work, I study an episode following the Modem Synthesis, the integration of the study of animal behaviour in an evolutionary framework between the 1960s and the 1980s. I follow in close detail the works and careers of William D. Hamilton (1936-2000), John Maynard Smith (1920-2004) and George C. Williams (1926-2010) who developed an evolutionary theory of behaviour. These new approaches were neo-Darwinian, since natural selection became the core of evolutionary reasoning. This program was conservative: the classical tools of population genetics were used to develop an evolutionary theory of behaviour. But this research led also to an important clarification of the central tenets of the theory of natural selection. Finally, these theoreticians were able to build new models without mentioning genes: in phenotype-centred models, behaviours were considered as adaptive strategies, and developed a cost / benefit analysis. This research catalysed the birth of a new field, behavioural ecology

Les oeuvres romanesques de Mohammed Dib et de Gassan Kanafani véhiculent différentes quêtes qui ont pour objet, l'espace, l'identité, l'affranchissement. . . Pour aboutir au sens. Cette quête multiple va de pair avec une théâtralité qui incarne le côté représentatif et dramaturgique du système romanesque. Notre étude essaie de montrer comment ces thèmes se manifestent dans les deux écritures, et de mettre en évidence les modalités d'une telle rencontre
The works of Mohammed Dib and Gassan kanafani employ different kinds of artistic search as to objects, space, identity, emancipation. . . To translate the sense. This multiple search goes in line with theatrality which embodies representative and dramaturgical aspects of the novels. This study is an attempt to show how these appear and meet in the two writers' works

Este trabajo aporta conocimiento novedoso sobre el Estado, la Iglesia católica, las asociaciones de seglares, la Acción Católica (AC) y el Movimiento Católico (MC) del Perú contemporáneo. Nuestra investigación se ha fundamentado en abundante documentación inédita y la aplicación del esquema explicativo de la escuela histórica discursiva. Con carácter general, este estudio sirve a dos propósitos interrelacionados. Por un lado, analiza la aparición y desarrollo de un agente histórico colectivo denominado Movimiento Católico peruano (MCP). Examina su composición, diferencias internas y actividad en el ámbito público; prestando especial atención, de entre sus integrantes, a la jerarquía eclesiástica y al apostolado seglar. Por otro, indaga en una de las categorías del imaginario social del Perú; concretamente aquella conocida como acción católica. De esta última, estudia su aparición y los diferentes significados y movilización que produjo al interior del susodicho agente colectivo (MCP). Con carácter particular y para el periodo entre 1920 y 1936, esta investigación aborda los siguientes asuntos: Uno, la labor y evolución del asociacionismo seglar católico en Perú, y especialmente de una asociación denominada Acción Católica Peruana (ACP); dos, la relación entre la Iglesia católica y el Estado peruanos; tres, la administración y situación financiera de la arquidiócesis de Lima bajo el mandato del arzobispo Lissón; y cuatro, la movilización de las mujeres pertenecientes a la rama femenina de la ACP.
This work provides new knowledge about the State, the Catholic Church, lay associations, Catholic Action (CA) and the Catholic Movement (CM) in contemporary Peru. Our research has been based on abundant unpublished documentation and application of explanatory scheme of discursive historical school. In general, this study serves two interrelated purposes. On one hand, it analyzes the emergence and development of a collective historical agent called Peruvian Catholic Movement (PCM). Examines its composition, internal differences and activity in the public sphere; paying special attention, from among its members, to the church hierarchy and the lay apostolate. Furthermore, explores one of the categories of social imaginary of Peru; specifically the one known as catholic action. Of the latter, this work studies his appearance and the different meanings and mobilization that produced within the group aforementioned agent PCM. For the period between 1920 and 1936, this research addresses the following issues: One, the work and evolution of Catholic lay associations in Peru, and especially a Peruvian association called Catholic Action (PCA); two, the relationship between the Catholic Church and the Peruvian State; three, management and financial situation of the archdiocese of Lima under the leadership of Archbishop Liss6ó; and four, the mobilization of women belonging to the female branch of the PCA.

In the course of the twentieth century, art became increasingly dominated by market forces. Private corporations and public administrations, including cities, used art as a development tool. In the post-industrial era, art was assimilated to a cultural industry and those whom we label "black collars" succeeded to the blue collar workers of the industrial era and to the white collar workers of the modern city.
In the late 1960s, public sculpture spread in the urban landscape. In the same period, a new generation of artists was trying to create ecological works of art, forms that are associated with post-modernism in art. But there were few works of art that were linked to nature, when compared with the quantity of sculptures exhibited in the plazas of skyscrapers. Why? To answer this question, this research uses the sociology of art as a methodology, particularly the methodology developed by Pierre Bourdieu. The thesis presents the case of Montreal, and compares it to that of New York City. It includes case studies of Viger Square and of the Canadian Centre for Architecture (CCA) Garden, two public spaces designed by Montreal artists. We examine the factors that contributed to the predominance of a specific art form, the sculpture in a plaza, and to the rarity of the garden: the characteristics of the genre (garden versus sculpture); the relationships between the main actors; the art market and the manipulation of demand; the various policies associated with art/culture and with urban development; the interests of patrons (be they public or private). All these factors had an influence on the art forms in the city, often labelled "public art" or "art integrated with architecture." The study reveals that the post-modern economy exhibited works of art that are seldom associated with post-modernism in art. The model of the sculpture in a plaza did not dominate the modernist urban development, but it reflects more a post-modernist morphology.

Le « tournant du siècle » (1890-1914) est marqué en Allemagne par le développement de la « critique culturelle ». A côté de la « critique sociale » d’inspiration marxiste et en partie contre elle, la Kulturkritik s’inspire de Nietzsche pour mettre en doute le progrès en général et les bienfaits de la révolution industrielle en particulier. C’est dans le contexte de ce vaste débat sur les origines et les dangers du capitalisme moderne que les « pères fondateurs » de la sociologie allemande (Simmel et Weber, mais aussi Tönnies, Troeltsch et Sombart) ont voulu intervenir. Ce qui les caractérise est d’avoir cherché à dépasser l’opposition entre critique sociale et critique culturelle en fondant leur « diagnostic historique » sur une analyse des tendances structurelles qui définissent la civilisation industrielle. Comme cette problématique est reprise par la Théorie critique, on peut dire qu’elle est constitutive de la sociologie allemande
In Germany, the turn of the century (1890-1914) was marked by the developement of a « cultural criticism ». Closely related to marxist « social criticism » and partly formed against the latter, this Kulturkritik, under Nietzsche’s influence, casted doubts over the idea of progress and particularly over the merits of the industrial revolution. The « fathers » of German sociology (such as Simmel and Weber, but also Tönnies, Troeltsch and Sombart) wished to play a part in this larger debate about the origins and threats of modern capitalism. Characteristic to their approach was an attempt to go beyond the traditional opposition between social criticism and cultural criticism. They did so by rooting their « historical diagnosis » in an analysis of the structural tendencies which define industrial civilization. As the Critical Theory used this very approach, we might say it is inherent to German sociology

Cette étude se propose d’analyser la dimension visuelle de trois pièces de Federico García Lorca, écrites entre 1925 et 1931 : Amor de don Perlimplín con Belisa en su jardín, El Público et Así que pasen cinco años. Partant des liens privilégiés qui ont uni le théâtre et les arts plastiques – particulièrement la peinture –, dès le milieu du XIXe siècle, je resitue l’Espagne dans le contexte culturel européen cosmopolite des années 20. Je m’intéresse aux relations que cet artiste protéiforme entretient avec les arts et les artistes de son époque, ainsi qu’aux diverses influences qu’il reçoit et qui ransparaissent autant dans les thèmes que dans la conception plastique de ses pièces. Baroque et Rococo, Symbolisme, Expressionnisme et Surréalisme s’interpénètrent et se répondent, dans des oeuvres qui stimulent sans cesse l’imagination du lecteur et du spectateur, activement associés au processus de création. Véritable « poésie plastique », comme Lorca se plaisait lui-même à la définir, son écriture dramatique devient le lieu de toutes les analogies, un lieu propice à la fusion des sensations et des émotions au coeur même des mots, l’écran de projection d’une multitude d’images, poétiques et plastiques, dont la fonction semble bien être de nous faire accéder aux mystères insondables de l’Homme. Mais Lorca ne se limite pas à une rénovation du théâtre par le texte. Dans la lignée de metteurs en scène de premier plan comme Appia, Craig, Copeau, Meyerhold et Artaud, c’est par l’utilisation de l’espace, de la lumière et par le jeu de l’acteur, par tous les moyens plastiques à sa disposition sur scène, qu’il réconcilie le verbe et le corps
This study aims to analyze the visual dimension present in three plays written by Federico García Lorca between 1925 and 1931: Amor de don Perlimplín con Belisa en su jardín, El Público and Así que pasen cinco años. Taking as a point of departure the aspects that linked theatre and plastic arts (particularly that of painting) from the mid nineteenth century, an attempt is made to resituate Spain in the vaster cosmopolitan European cultural context of the Twenties. The study is also concerned with the relationships wraught by this versatile writer with the different arts and artists of the period, as well as with the diverse influences that he received and that can be seen not only at a thematic level but also in the plastic conception of his plays. Baroque and rococo, symbolism, expressionism and surrealism interact and respond to one another in works that constantly stimulate the reader or spectator’s imagination, actively linked to the creative process. Veritable « plastic poetry », as Lorca himself liked to call it, his dramatic writings become the place to which all analogies converge, a propitious place for the fusion of sensations and emotions at the very heart of the words he employs; a screen where an infinite number of images are projected, both poetic and plastic, whose function seems to be that of allowing us to fathom the deepest mysteries of Man. But Lorca does not stop at the renovation of the theatre by way of the text. In the line of stage managers of renown such as Appia, Craig, Copeau, Meyerhold and Artaud, it is by way of the use of space, of lighting, of the actors performance, and by all the other means at his disposal, that he is able to reconcile the body with the verb

Cette thèse de doctorat a pour objectif, à travers l'étude de l'activité diplomatique des postes consulaires de Mascate (1894-1920) et de Djeddah (19161936), de dresser un tableau de la présence et de l'influence française dans le golfe persique et le péninsule arabique de la fin du XIXe siècle jusqu'à l'entre-deux-guerres. On y trouvera le détail du fonctionnement de ces deux consulats mais aussi les relations politiques que leurs titulaires ont entretenues avec les autorités locales : le sultan Seyyid Feycal en Oman, les hachémites au Hedjaz et Ibn Sa'oud, le fondateur de l’Arabie saoudite moderne. Cette étude sera replacée dans le contexte diplomatique de l'époque : les rivalités entre puissances, l'entente cordiale avec l’Angleterre et l'importance croissante de la dimension musulmane de l'empire colonial français en Afrique du nord et au Levant. Un intérêt particulier sera donc apporté à la gestion politique du hajj par les autorités françaises de l'époque.

This dissertation attempts to determine what Britain expected from participation in the Supreme Economic Council (SEC) of the 1919 Paris Peace Conference and to what extent its expectations were realized. An investigation of available sources reveals that access to European markets and raw materials and a balance of power to prevent French, German, or Russian hegemony in Europe were British foreign policy goals that SEC delegates sought to advance. Primary sources for this study include unpublished British Foreign Office and Cabinet records, published British, United States, and German government documents, unpublished personal papers of people directing SEC efforts, such as David Lloyd George, Austen Chamberlain, Cecil Harmsworth, Harry Osborne Mance, and John Maynard Keynes, and published memoirs and accounts of persons who were directly or indirectly involved with the SEC. Secondary accounts include biographies and histories or studies of the Peace Conference and of countries affected by its work. Primarily concerned with the first half of 1919, this dissertation focuses on British participation in Inter-allied war-time economic efforts, in post-war Rhineland control, in the creation of the SEC, and in the SEC endeavors of revictualling Germany, providing food and medical relief for eastern Europe, and reconstructing European communications. It concludes with Britain's role in the attempt to convert the SEC into an International Economic Council in the last half of 1919 and with the transfer of SEC duties to the Reparations Commission and to the League of Nations. Through participation in the SEC, Britain led in negotiating the Brussels Agreement and in establishing the Rhineland Commission and the German Economic Commission, reversing French attempts to control the Rhenish economy, preventing French hegemony in Europe, and gaining access to German markets for British goods. Although it failed to achieve its goals of strong eastern European states and access to markets and raw materials there, Britain led in restoration of communications and participated in the relief effort which saved the new states from anarchy in 1919.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Florida State University, 2005.
Advisor: Dr. John Fenstermaker, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of English. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Sept. 21, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains iv, 150 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

No
This is an extended study of the achievement of cultural auonomty in Estonia (1925) and of attempts by national minoriites in Europe to promote minority rights internationally, not least by lobbying the League of Nations.
British Academy

This thesis is divided in three parts that describe an theoretical itinerary: at first it is proposed a relation between film and historiography, then it is addressed the specificities of reenacting past events in a film, and finally, historical fictions that reveal distinct cinematic forms of history are analyzed. In the first chapter historiographical practices are compared with the making of an historical fiction, measuring film’s capacity to transmit knowledge about the past. Modes of visibility of the past are investigated in the second chapter, departing from the question: what is the “real” of historical fiction? The focus is the problem of reenacting the past and portraying an historical event within a fictional narrative. The third chapter presents four trends of cinematic forms of history, in films of Eric Rohmer, Clint Eastwood, Roberto Rossellini, and Danièle Huillet and Jean-Marie Straub