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Journal articles on the topic '1930s-2000s'
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Bruggraber, Sylvaine F. A., Thomas P. E. Chapman, Christopher W. Thane, Ashley Olson, Ravin Jugdaohsingh, and Jonathan J. Powell. "A re-analysis of the iron content of plant-based foods in the United Kingdom." British Journal of Nutrition 108, no. 12 (2012): 2221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114512000360.
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In the UK contemporary estimates of dietary Fe intakes rely upon food Fe content data from the 1980s or before. Moreover, there has been speculation that the natural Fe content of foods has fallen over time, predominantly due to changes in agricultural practices. Therefore, we re-analysed common plant-based foods of the UK diet for their Fe content (the ‘2000s analyses’) and compared the values with the most recent published values (the ‘1980s analyses’) and the much older published values (the ‘1930s analyses’), the latter two being from different editions of the McCance and Widdowson food tables. Overall, there was remarkable consistency between analytical data for foods spanning the 70 years. There was a marginal, but significant, apparent decrease in natural food Fe content from the 1930s to 1980s/2000s. Whether this represents a true difference or is analytical error between the eras is unclear and how it could translate into differences in intake requires clarification. However, fortificant Fe levels (and fortificant Fe intake based upon linked national data) did appear to have increased between the 1980s and 2000s, and deserve further attention in light of recent potential concerns over the long-term safety and effectiveness of fortificant Fe. In conclusion, the overall Fe content of plant-based foods is largely consistent between the 1930s and 2000s, with a fall in natural dietary Fe content negated or even surpassed by a rise in fortificant Fe but for which the long-term effects are uncertain.
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ANI, SALIS MUSTA, and AMELIA OKTRIVINA SIREGAR. "DATA AKUNTANSI DALAM MEMPREDIKSI KEBANGKRUTAN: PERSPEKTIF HISTORIS DAN KONTEMPORER." Jurnal Bisnis dan Akuntansi 21, no. 1 (2019): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.34208/jba.v21i1.422.
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This paper discusses the development of the use of accounting data in predicting corporate bankruptcy (financial distress) and the role of accounting data in predicting bankruptcy. Research completion will be divided into several developments, covering the 1930s until the 2000s.
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van Bergeijk, Peter A. G. "Heterogeneity and Geography of the World Trade Collapses of the 1930s and 2000s." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 109, no. 1 (2017): 36–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12265.
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Andreadis, Konstantinos M., Elizabeth A. Clark, Andrew W. Wood, Alan F. Hamlet, and Dennis P. Lettenmaier. "Twentieth-Century Drought in the Conterminous United States." Journal of Hydrometeorology 6, no. 6 (2005): 985–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm450.1.
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Abstract Droughts can be characterized by their severity, frequency and duration, and areal extent. Depth–area–duration analysis, widely used to characterize precipitation extremes, provides a basis for the evaluation of drought severity when storm depth is replaced by an appropriate measure of drought severity. Gridded precipitation and temperature data were used to force a physically based macroscale hydrologic model at 1/2° spatial resolution over the continental United States, and construct a drought history from 1920 to 2003 based on the model-simulated soil moisture and runoff. A clustering algorithm was used to identify individual drought events and their spatial extent from monthly summaries of the simulated data. A series of severity–area–duration (SAD) curves were constructed to relate the area of each drought to its severity. An envelope of the most severe drought events in terms of their SAD characteristics was then constructed. The results show that (a) the droughts of the 1930s and 1950s were the most severe of the twentieth century for large areas; (b) the early 2000s drought in the western United States is among the most severe in the period of record, especially for small areas and short durations; (c) the most severe agricultural droughts were also among the most severe hydrologic droughts, however, the early 2000s western U.S. drought occupies a larger portion of the hydrologic drought envelope curve than does its agricultural companion; and (d) runoff tends to recover in response to precipitation more quickly than soil moisture, so the severity of hydrologic drought during the 1930s and 1950s was dampened by short wet spells, while the severity of the early 2000s drought remained high because of the relative absence of these short-term phenomena.
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PHELPS, EDMUND S. "The Boom and the Slump: a Causal Account of the 1990s/2000s and the 1920s/1930s." Journal of Policy Reform 7, no. 1 (2004): 3–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1384128042000219690.
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Shneer, David. "The Elusive Search for Evidence: Evgenii Khaldei’s Budapest Ghetto, Images of Rape, and Soviet Holocaust Photography." Slavic Review 76, no. 1 (2017): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/slr.2017.11.
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I began studying Soviet photography in the early 2000s. To be more specific, I began studying Soviet photographers, most of whom had “Jewish” written on their internal passports, as I sought to understand how it was possible that a large number of photographers creating images of World War II were members of an ethnic group that was soon to be persecuted by the highest levels of the state. I ended up uncovering the social history of Soviet Jews and their relationship to photography, as I also explored how their training in the 1920s and 1930s shaped the photographs they took during World War II.
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Rhemtulla, Jeanine M., David J. Mladenoff, and Murray K. Clayton. "Legacies of historical land use on regional forest composition and structure in Wisconsin, USA (mid-1800s–1930s–2000s)." Ecological Applications 19, no. 4 (2009): 1061–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/08-1453.1.
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Shirokova, Ljudmilа. "Revolution of 1917 in the testimonies of the witnesses (on the Slovak prose of the 1930s and 2000s)." Slavic Almanac, no. 1-2 (2018): 301–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2018.1-2.3.01.
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McIntyre, Patrick J., James H. Thorne, Christopher R. Dolanc, et al. "Twentieth-century shifts in forest structure in California: Denser forests, smaller trees, and increased dominance of oaks." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 5 (2015): 1458–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1410186112.
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We document changes in forest structure between historical (1930s) and contemporary (2000s) surveys of California vegetation through comparisons of tree abundance and size across the state and within several ecoregions. Across California, tree density in forested regions increased by 30% between the two time periods, whereas forest biomass in the same regions declined, as indicated by a 19% reduction in basal area. These changes reflect a demographic shift in forest structure: larger trees (>61 cm diameter at breast height) have declined, whereas smaller trees (<30 cm) have increased. Large tree declines were found in all surveyed regions of California, whereas small tree increases were found in every region except the south and central coast. Large tree declines were more severe in areas experiencing greater increases in climatic water deficit since the 1930s, based on a hydrologic model of water balance for historical climates through the 20th century. Forest composition in California in the last century has also shifted toward increased dominance by oaks relative to pines, a pattern consistent with warming and increased water stress, and also with paleohistoric shifts in vegetation in California over the last 150,000 y.
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Paasivaara, Leena. "Goals and actual practice - multi-level analysis of the evolution of Finnish geriatric nursing from the 1930s to the 2000s." International Journal of Circumpolar Health 62, no. 1 (2003): 110–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/ijch.v62i1.17542.
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Brugnatti, Davide, and Giuseppe Muroni. "Edmondo Rossoni and Tresigallo." Ex Novo: Journal of Archaeology 5 (May 24, 2021): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32028/exnovo.v5i.410.
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In the last 30 years, the town of Tresigallo has to come to terms with the legacy of its dissonant heritage. The rediscovery of its history happened gradually. It began in 1985 with the organization of conferences that encouraged a public debate about its founder Edmondo Rossoni, a minister during the fascist era, and the buildings he commissioned in Tresigallo. The town's historical and architectural value, in that its unique identity in relationship with a denied past, had to be first recognized at a community level. Public administration's take-over has not always granted the protection of these rationalist structures: some demolitions happened even in the early 2000s. Between late 1980s and 2000s, an increasing number of architects, local historians, photographers, and artists became interested in the town’s history due to its almost wholly preserved 1930s architectural and urban features. Restoration works and raising research on rationalist architecture have pointed out that the town should be considered a cultural asset to be preserved and valued. This paper examines some urban regeneration projects undertaken by the public administration, such as the former G.I.L. (Gioventù Italiana del Littorio) being converted into a public library and Public Baths made into an exhibition space. It also investigates the touristic and cultural development of the territory through the organization of cultural events and the use of social media.
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van der Eng, Pierre, and Kitae Sohn. "The Biological Standard of Living in China during the 20th Century." China Quarterly 241 (May 22, 2019): 191–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741019000432.
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AbstractThis article uses the mean age at menarche of women in China as an indicator of changes in the standard of living during the 20th century. It discusses the difficulties of using this indicator. It finds that the mean age of menarche stagnated at 16 to 17 years for women born during the period between the 1880s and 1930s. The age at menarche decreased in some urban areas, indicating improving living standards in, for example, Beijing and Shanghai. The mean age at menarche increased for 1940s’ birth cohorts, in relation not only to the warfare of the 1940s but also the famine of 1959–1962. The mean age at menarche decreased in a sustained way for women born during the 1950s to early 2000s. The decrease is associated with increasing educational attainment since the 1940s and also improvements in nutrition, hygiene and healthcare.
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Chen (陳民鎮), Minzhen, and Carl Gene Fordham. "Faithful History or Unreliable History: Three Debates on the Historicity of the Xia Dynasty." Journal of Chinese Humanities 5, no. 1 (2019): 78–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/23521341-12340073.
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Abstract Three debates on the historicity of the Xia dynasty [ca. 2100-1600 BCE] have occurred, spanning the 1920s and 1930s, the late 1900s and early 2000s, and recent years. In the first debate, Gu Jiegang 顧頡剛 [1893-1980], Wang Guowei 王國維 [1877-1927], and Xu Xusheng 徐旭生 [1888-1976] pioneered three avenues for exploring the history of the Xia period. The second debate unfolded in the context of the Doubting Antiquity School [Yigupai 疑古派] and the Believing Antiquity School [Zouchu yigu 走出疑古] and can be considered a continuation of the first debate. The third debate, which is steadily increasing in influence, features the introduction of new materials, methods, and perspectives and is informed by research into the origins of Chinese civilization, a field that is now in a phase of integration.
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TURNER, A. K., P. M. BELDOMENICO, K. BOWN, et al. "Host–parasite biology in the real world: the field voles of Kielder." Parasitology 141, no. 8 (2014): 997–1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182014000171.
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SUMMARYResearch on the interactions between the field voles (Microtus agrestis) of Kielder Forest and their natural parasites dates back to the 1930s. These early studies were primarily concerned with understanding how parasites shape the characteristic cyclic population dynamics of their hosts. However, since the early 2000s, research on the Kielder field voles has expanded considerably and the system has now been utilized for the study of host–parasite biology across many levels, including genetics, evolutionary ecology, immunology and epidemiology. The Kielder field voles therefore represent one of the most intensely and broadly studied natural host–parasite systems, bridging theoretical and empirical approaches to better understand the biology of infectious disease in the real world. This article synthesizes the body of work published on this system and summarizes some important insights and general messages provided by the integrated and multidisciplinary study of host–parasite interactions in the natural environment.
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Ackerman, Edwin F. "The “Illegal alien” as a category of analysis." Journal of Language and Politics 13, no. 3 (2014): 563–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jlp.13.3.09ack.
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“Illegal alien,” as a category of analysis, should be understood primarily as a discursive formation, yet the emergence and spread of the category in public debate cannot be explained by its discursive qualities. Failing to see this has analytical consequences: it results in a constant sidetracking of the question of why illegality itself came to be a central issue, and in a reification of the category. This paper is intended as a methodological intervention aimed at solving these issues. The first part illustrates the absence of a strict legalistic basis for the category, and reviews key works that fail to incorporate this into their conceptual design. The second part, contrasts two periods of time in U.S. political debate – the mid-2000s when the category was dominant, and the 1930s when the category, albeit pushed by elites, failed to become central- suggesting the need for a discursive analysis that goes beyond discourse.
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Bronshtein, Mikhail M. "Uelen hunters and artists." Études/Inuit/Studies 31, no. 1-2 (2009): 83–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/019716ar.
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Abstract Uelen is a settlement inhabited by coastal Chukchi and Yupik people who do not only hunt sea animals but also carve their ivory. Archaeological excavations in Uelen testify that ivory carving has existed there at least since the beginning of our era. When whale hunters and traders came in Uelen in the 19th century, traditional ivory carving turned into an ethnic handicraft. In 1931, Uelen residents were the first to open an ivory carving workshop in Chukotka. In the mid-1930s, they benefited from the valuable help of the Russian artist and art critic Alexander Gorbunkov, who encouraged them to develop their own artistic potential. By the end of the 1930s, Uelen carvers and engravers had acquired their particular artistic style based on their deep knowledge of the Arctic hunters’ customs, expressive images of polar animals, and the natural beauty of walrus tusk. The involvement of a large number of Uelen inhabitants in ivory carving was the main reason for its preservation during the Second World War and the difficult aftermath. New tendencies, including human and folklore themes, emerged in the 1950s-1970s alongside traditional hunting depictions. In the 1980s and 1990s, Uelen artists included in their art some patterns from prehistoric ornaments. While many Chukotka artists are using new creative ways in the 2000s, Uelen carvers in general keep closer to tradition. For them, ivory carving has become a symbol of the vanishing culture of their ancestors.
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Andrieu, Sarah Anaïs. "Sonic Modernities in the Malay World: A History of Popular Music, Social Distinction and Novel Lifestyles (1930s–2000s) ed. by Bart Barendregt." Asian Music 50, no. 1 (2019): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/amu.2019.0008.
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Paterson, Laura L. "Non-sexist Language Policy and the Rise (and Fall?) of Combined Pronouns in British and American Written English." Journal of English Linguistics 48, no. 3 (2020): 258–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0075424220938949.
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This paper focuses on the use of combined pronouns ( s/he, his or her, him/her, etc.) as an example of late twentieth-century non-sexist language reform which had an overt democratizing aim. Within the scope of second-wave feminism, the use of combined pronouns increased the visibility of women in discourse by encouraging the use of feminine pronouns ( she, her, hers) alongside masculine pronouns ( he, him, his). Despite their promotion, however, the use of combined pronouns is relatively rare. This paper uses the LOB and Brown families of corpora to diachronically and synchronically study patterns in the use of combined pronouns in written American (AmE) and British English (BrE) from the 1930s to the early 2000s. The analysis not only determines what forms these patterns take, but questions whether combined pronouns are influenced by (a combination of) syntax and/or semantics, and questions whether combined pronouns are really democratic at all.
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Graham, Helen. "On Historicising the War in Spain." Contemporary European History 29, no. 3 (2020): 268–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777320000247.
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In the early 2000s a popular British history magazine commissioned me to write a historiographical essay on the war of 1936–9 in Spain, only then to say that they wouldn't be able to publish my text because their readers ‘wouldn't recognise in it the war they knew’. The essay I'd written analysed the conflict in 1930s Spain in the context of the many cognate ones catalysed across continental Europe by the war of 1914–8. All these conflicts were, in one way or another, conflicts between those who wanted to preserve the hierarchical social and political structures of the pre-1914 European world, already shaken by the First World War, and those who sought to effect some form of levelling social and political change, whether by reformist or revolutionary means. Everywhere, including in Spain, such conflicts arose from a common hinterland of accelerating urbanisation, industrialisation and, crucially, from the accompanying processes of increasing migration from countryside to city.
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Benei, Veronique. "‘Globalization’ and regional(ist) cinema in Western India: Public culture, private media, and the reproduction of a Hindu national(ist) hero, 1930s–2000s." South Asian Popular Culture 6, no. 2 (2008): 83–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14746680802365204.
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Aboim, Sofia, and Pedro Vasconcelos. "Reassessing (de)standardization: Life course trajectories across three generations." Portuguese Journal of Social Science 18, no. 3 (2019): 299–318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pjss_00012_1.
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A central problem of life course analysis concerns the changes brought about by the pluralization and differentiation of biographies in western societies. Lives would be increasingly dissimilar from each other and marked by a broader range of transitions and stages. Under the lens of life course theorization, the heterogenization of biographies is typically understood as destandardization. However, if the destandardization hypothesis gained momentum, there is still little information about its explanatory power outside the wealthiest centres of Europe and North America. Following recent trends in research, the article critically examines the applicability of the destandardization hypothesis to the Portuguese case. Through an analysis of the lives of three generations of Portuguese men and women, we reconstruct the life trajectories of each generation starting from the 1930s until the early 2000s. Through the reconstitution of both family and work trajectories, we see if there is a standard biography from which to derive subsequent patterns of heterogenization. From this perspective, we reassess the extent to which the destandardization model is suitable for explaining life course transformations in the Portuguese society.
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Lobell, Steven E., and Jordan Ernstsen. "The liberal international trading order (LITO) in an era of shifting capabilities." International Affairs 97, no. 5 (2021): 1489–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ia/iiab095.
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Abstract There is much debate about the impending collapse of the liberal international order. It is provoked by the shifts in material and military capabilities from emerging peer and near-peer competitors, some of whom were not part of the original grand bargain and others that are in a stronger position to renegotiate the bargain. As one critical element of the liberal international order, we ask, during power shifts: is the liberal international trading order (LITO) durable and resilient? When and why will the LITO collapse? Does the relative decline of the hegemon alone explain these outcomes? In advancing a second-image reversed plus argument, we highlight how a shift in the nature of the foreign commercial orientation of peer and near-peer contenders can alter the domestic balance of power of two broad and logrolled coalitions competing to capture the state and thus affect whether the erstwhile leader defends, renegotiates, or abandons the trading order it created. To better understand these forces, we examine two paradigmatic cases: Britain in the 1930s and the United States in the 2000s.
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Korolev, Cyril. "“Tell it to Harry Potter, would you suddenly meet him”: Sf&F Fan Fiction as a Post-Folklore Genre of the WWW Age." Children's Readings: Studies in Children's Literature 19, no. 1 (2021): 281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.31860/2304-5817-2021-1-19-281-300.
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The article examines the current situation in the modern Russian net-literature, where, along with the predominance of romantic fantasy and theso-called Lit-RPG (stories based on computer role-playing games), there is a rise of fan fiction, i. e. amateur fiction based on milestones (literary and cinematic — books, films, TV series, anime, computer games, etc.) of popular culture. As a special subgenre of amateur creativity, fan fiction has emerged in the English-speaking culture in the 1930s, then the emergence of the Internet has contributed to its spread and further development, and in the 1999-2000s a Russian-speaking segment of fan fiction has been formed, significant in volume and diverse in topics. This work examines the genesis of this kind of neterature and reveals the post-folklore nature of modern fan fiction, defines fan fiction as a specific phenomenon of modern popular culture, characterizes the peculiarities of fan fiction as a subject of scientific research, and provides some quantitative characteristics of the corpus of Russian-language fan fiction. The article presents outlines and prospects for further study.
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Townhill, Bryony L., Rebecca E. Holt, Bjarte Bogstad, et al. "Diets of the Barents Sea cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) from the 1930s to 2018." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 3 (2021): 1361–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1361-2021.
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Abstract. A new dataset on the diet of Atlantic cod in the Barents Sea from the 1930s to the present day has been compiled to produce one of the largest fish diet datasets available globally. Atlantic cod is one of the most ecologically and commercially important fish species in the North Atlantic. The stock in the Barents Sea is by far the largest, as a result of both successful management and favourable environmental conditions since the early 2000s. As a top predator, cod plays a key role in the Barents Sea ecosystem. The species has a broad diet consisting mainly of crustaceans and teleost fish, and both the amount and type of prey vary in space and time. The data – from Russia, Norway and the United Kingdom – represent quantitative stomach content records from more than 400 000 fish and qualitative data from 2.5 million fish. Many of the data are from joint collaborative surveys between Norway and Russia. The sampling was conducted throughout each year, allowing for seasonal, annual and decadal comparisons to be made. Visual analysis shows cod diets have changed considerably from the start of the dataset in the 1930s to the present day. There was a large proportion of herring in the diets in the 1930s, whereas in more recent decades capelin, invertebrates and other fish dominate. There are also significant interannual asynchronous fluctuations in prey, particularly capelin and euphausiids. Combining these datasets can help us understand how the environment and ecosystems are responding to climatic changes, and what influences the diet and prey switching of cod. Trends in temperature and variability indices can be tested against the occurrence of different prey items, and the effects of fishing pressure on cod and prey stocks on diet composition could be investigated. The dataset will also enable us to improve parametrization of food web models and to forecast how Barents Sea fisheries may respond in the future to management and to climate change. The Russian data are available through joint projects with the Polar Branch of the Russian Federal Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (VNIRO). The UK and Norwegian data (Townhill et al., 2020) are being released with this paper at https://doi.org/10.21335/NMDC-2139169383.
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Plank, Colin, and Bryan Shuman. "Drought-Driven Changes in Lake Areas and Their Effects on the Surface Energy Balance of Minnesota’s Lake-Dotted Landscape." Journal of Climate 22, no. 15 (2009): 4055–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2009jcli1978.1.
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Abstract Open water within Minnesota constitutes 11 830 km2 and represents a significant proportion of the moisture available on the landscape. Because lakes absorb and store heat in the spring and summer, and release heat in the autumn and winter, they also play a significant role in surface energy budgets. Lake areas fluctuate significantly over time, and thus alter surface albedo and energy partitioning in the expanding and contracting lake margin. Observations of lake areas from the 1930s “Dust Bowl” drought were used to approximate the impact of changes in lake area and volume on surface energy budgets. A statewide map of lake area change constructed from historical aerial photos of 620 lakes shows trends in percent area changes that mimic trends in moisture balance. Based on the aerial photos and an analysis of lake bathymetries, the water volume removed from the land exposed around the lakes during the drought was 9.1 ± 3.0 × 109 m3. The total area of exposed land was 3300 ± 800 km2. Based on a balanced energy budget estimate, the transition from standing water to exposed land at lake margins accounted for 1.12 ± 0.31 × 1011 W of energy storage across the state. The decreased heat storage resulted in a statewide average storage flux anomaly of 0.50 ± 0.14 W m−2 with localized anomalies as high as 33.9 ± 7.1 W m−2. Large uncertainties exist, however, regarding the partitioning of the energy because of the wide range of potential albedo values for both land and water. As conditions warmed during the twentieth century, lake volumes have increased. Therefore, the assessment herein of the change in heat storage is relevant to comparisons of high regional temperatures in the 1930s and 2000s.
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Montiel-Molina, Cristina, Lara Vilar, Catarina Romão Sequeira, et al. "Have Historical Land Use/Land Cover Changes Triggered a Fire Regime Shift in Central Spain?" Fire 2, no. 3 (2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fire2030044.
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Fire is one of the main disturbance factors shaping the landscape, and landscape is a key driver of fire behavior. Considering the role played by land use and land cover (LULC) changes as the main driver of landscape dynamics, the aim of this study was to calculate and analyze (i) the real impact of fire on LULC changes and (ii) how these LULC changes were influencing the fire regime. We used methods of historical geography and socio-spatial systemic analysis for reconstructing and assessing the LULC change and fire history in six case studies in the Central Mountain System (Spain) from archival documentary sources and historical cartography. The main result is an accurate dataset of fire records from 1497 to 2013 and a set of LULC maps for three time points (1890s–1930s, 1956–1957, and the 2000s). We have shown the nonlinear evolution of the fire regime and the importance of the local scale when assessing the interaction of landscape dynamics and fire regime variation. Our findings suggest that LULC trends have been the main influencing factor of fire regime variation in Central Spain since the mid-19th century.
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Etzkowitz, Henry. "Silicon Valley at risk? Sustainability of a global innovation icon: An introduction to the Special Issue." Social Science Information 52, no. 4 (2013): 515–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018413501946.
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The increasing dependence of Silicon Valley on external sources of human capital and technological innovation is a potential Achilles’ heel if competitive regions achieve ‘stickiness’ and retain these assets. Silicon Valley developed in a successive triple helix format, each helix building upon and reinforcing the other. A single helix university development model morphed into a dual helix university–industry symbiotic relationship that became a triple helix university–industry–government format through the provision of government funding, sporadically in the pre-war and consistently in the post-war eras, expanding the innovation dynamic and fostering growth firms. In the early 2000s, a patient advocate-driven social movement provided an alternative engine for stem-cell development in the face of federal government opposition, creating a new model for S&T financing and innovation. Bond issues that treat science as infrastructure, if diffused and replicated, have the potential to revivify the original pro bono venture model. A counter-cyclical innovation dynamic, originated during the great depression of the 1930s, may yet fulfill the promise of the triple helix model as a driver of economic and social development by providing an antidote for its successor economic crisis.
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Leathers, Charles G., J. Patrick Raines, and Heather R. Richardson-Bono. "Natural experiments and debt-driven financial crises: mortgage finance booms in the 1920s and 2000s." International Journal of Social Economics 42, no. 4 (2015): 340–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-12-2013-0282.
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Purpose – The role of debt in episodes of financial stability is a topic of increasing important as the global economy struggles to recover from the worst crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The purpose of this paper is to examine the mortgage finance booms of the 1920s and 2000s as natural experiments, new insights into debt-driven financial crises are gained. Design/methodology/approach – The general methodology is interpreting anomalous historical events as natural experiments. The specific methodology is the approach to natural experiments provided by Joseph A. Schumpeter and Milton Friedman. The hypothesis tested is that laxity in lending standards was the prime contributor to the mortgage debt booms. In each case, we explain why factors other than laxity in lending standards would be secondary factors, with the pre-boom and post-boom lending standards providing the control groups of natural experiments. The two episodes of mortgage debt booms occurring under very different general economic and financial conditions provide an especially strong test of the hypothesized functional relationship. Findings – The results of the two natural experiments support the hypothesis that lax lending standards were the prime contributors to the two episodes of debt-driven financial crisis. Originality/value – From a social economics perspective, the insights gained are important because a major social goal has been to encourage greater opportunities for home ownership. The results of these natural experiments provide guidance for policymakers in the search for a viable balance between achieving that social goal and maintaining financial stability.
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Xiao, Mu, Bart Nijssen, and Dennis P. Lettenmaier. "Drought in the Pacific Northwest, 1920–2013." Journal of Hydrometeorology 17, no. 9 (2016): 2391–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jhm-d-15-0142.1.
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Abstract The severity–area–duration (SAD) method is used in conjunction with the Variable Infiltration Capacity model (VIC) to identify the major historical total moisture (TM; soil moisture plus snow water equivalent) droughts over the Pacific Northwest region, defined as the Columbia River basin and the region’s coastal drainages, for the period 1920–2013. The motivation is to understand how droughts identified using TM (a measure similar to that used in the U.S. Drought Monitor) relate to sector-specific drought measures that are more relevant to users. It is found that most of the SAD space is dominated by an extended drought period during the 1930s, although the most severe shorter droughts are in the 1970s (1976–78) and early 2000s (2000–04). The impact of the three severe TM droughts that dominate most of the SAD space are explored in terms of sector-specific measures relevant to dryland and irrigated agriculture, hydropower generation, municipal water supply, and recreation. It is found that in many cases the most severe droughts identified using the SAD method also appear among the most severe sector-specific droughts; however, there are important exceptions. Two types of inconsistencies are examined and the nature of the conditions that give rise to them are explored.
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Goldner, Morris. "Three Generations of Experience and Thought in Microbiology and Infection." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 14, no. 6 (2003): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2003/925927.
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Views and comments were sought from Brian Lacey, who was professionally active from the 1930s to the 1970s, Alain Dublanchet, active from the 1960s to the 2000s, and Mark Pallen, active from the 1990s to 2000 and beyond. Professor Lacey was professor of microbiology at the Westminster Medical School, University of London, United Kingdom, for many years and is now retired. Docteur Dublanchet is the long time head of the laboratory of microbiology and virology at the Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Villeneuve-Saint-Georges in the greater Paris area. Professor Pallen is currently professor of bacterial genetics at the Medical School, University of Birmingham (United Kingdom); he is a keen enthusiast of genomic studies in the interest of molecular pathogenesis research. All three are medically qualified. Four questions were posed to each:What was the situation like in the infectious disease field when you first started your career?What do you feel have been the most important accomplishments with regard to problems of infectious disease during your period of activity?What do you foresee as the vital matters that still need to be addressed for countering infectious disease?Can infectious disease ever, practically, be eradicated and, if so, how would this be accomplished?
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Salovskyi, Ostap. "History of the institutionalist paradigm: main stages and characteristics." Ìstorìâ narodnogo gospodarstva ta ekonomìčnoï dumki Ukraïni 2019, no. 52 (2019): 49–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ingedu2019.52.049.
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The article deals with a retrospective and prospective analysis of the economic thought development within the institutionalist approach. The purpose of the research is to conduct a theoretical and methodological investigation of the history of institutionalism from its origin to the present, identify the main components of the institutionalist paradigm and pinpoint directions of its further research. The author highlights socio-economic conditions for the appearance and growth of institutionalism. The paper also features main scientific and methodological achievements of old institutionalists, namely, T. Veblen, J. Commons, and V. Mitchell. In addition, it substantiates the composition and evolution stages of the institutionalist paradigm. In the subsequent sections, the article provides a brief overview of the institutionalist theories of capitalism and industrial transformation in the 1930s–1980s. Moreover, the peculiarities of scientific concepts of the new institutional economics are revealed, in particular, the findings by R. Coase, A. Alchian, G. Demsetz, O. Williamson, J. Buchanan, D. North. The study refutes the disappearance of interest in the old institutionalism of Veblen, Commons, and Mitchell after the 1930s and emphasizes the peculiarities of its development, revival, and coexistence with new institutional economics in the 1980s–2000s. The article also focuses on the methodology and theoretical concepts of the new wing of old institutionalism, namely, of W. Samuels, J.R. Stanfield, W. Dugger, and G. Hodgson. In addition, it also outlines the post-nonclassical nature, heterogeneity, stability, and adaptability of the institutionalist paradigm. A number of common features and clear criteria for attributing the theories to the paradigm were identified. The theoretical and methodological interests of the institutionalist research in the 21st century are presented, in particular, as to the differences in economic development of countries, quality of legal norms, correlation of institutions and culture, peculiarities of elections and political institutions, relationships of individuals and groups, social capital issues, etc. The results of this study are important for a proper understanding of the fundamentality of the institutionalist approach, as well as for the correct interpretation of particular theories or methodological considerations.
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Wetmore, Jameson M. "Reflecting on the Dream of Automated Vehicles. Visions of Hands Free Driving over the past 80 years / Überlegungen zum Traum vom automatisierten Fahrzeug. Visionen selbsttätigen Fahrens aus den letzten 80 Jahren". Technikgeschichte 87, № 1 (2020): 69–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0040-117x-2020-1-69.
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A number of corporations around the world are promising that self-driving cars are just around the corner. They aren’t simply building, testing, and refining vehicles, however. They are also seeking to shape our expectations, goals, and values surrounding the technology. They are telling us what automated vehicles will look like, how they will be integrated into society, what problems they will solve, and how our lives will change. If we as citizens, consumers, or the general public would like to entertain other possibilities, we need to consider and reflect on alternative ideas. This article looks back at 80 years of visions of automated vehicles in the United States for examples of alternative ways to think about the technology. It highlights automated vehicles from four different time periods - the late 1930s/early 1940s, the 1950s, the 1990s, and the early 2000s - examines the futures that were promoted in those efforts. It analyses each of these future visions by exploring three questions: What does the technology look like? Why should it be built? And what organizations should help to create it? By exploring different visions of an automated vehicle future we can better see the paths that are currently not being presented to us and decide for ourselves whether visions from the past might be a better roadmap to the future we want to build.
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Kallio-Nyberg, Irma, Marja-Liisa Koljonen, and Irma Saloniemi. "Spawning-Age Differences and their Temporal Trends in Wild and Sea-Ranched Atlantic Salmon Stocks, from Stock Mixture Data." Open Fish Science Journal 7, no. 1 (2014): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874401x01407010046.
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Origin and age was determined for individual fish caught in offshore catches of Atlantic salmon stocks (Salmo salar L.) in the Baltic Sea over the years 2000–2009. DNA microsatellite loci and smolt age were used to probabilistically assign returning spawners to their stock of origin. Data for this study were based on approximately 2600 catch samples of the five most common wild and four sea-ranched, hatchery-reared stocks. Spawning age, and sex ratio differed both within and between these wild, and sea-ranched groups. The females were mainly (78.7%) two sea-winters old and the males usually (68.7%) only one sea-winter old. In both sexes, the mean age at maturity was lower in the hatchery-reared, sea-ranched stocks than in naturally reproducing stocks. In the 2000s, there was a weak decreasing trend in the male spawning age, but not in that of females. The sex-ratio of the spawners was female dominant in the naturally reproducing stocks, but male dominant in hatchery-reared stocks. Published historical data from two of the same rivers suggest that the majority of males were multi-sea-winter spawners in the 1930s, and variation in the age distribution of the spawners has become narrower and skewed towards a younger age in the present data (2000–2009) compared to the earlier situation.
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Grigore, Monica. "The Aiud “Prison Saints.” History, Memory, and Lived Religion." Eurostudia 10, no. 1 (2015): 33–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1033881ar.
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After the fall of communism in 1989, Romania, as others countries from Central and Eastern Europe, had to deal with its recent past marked by two dictatorships, one on the extreme right, the other on the extreme left. However, it seems that the post-communist society is rather preoccupied by the consequences of the communist regime than the fascist one. As the anti-communist narrative has become mainstream since the beginning of the 2000s, the victims of communist prisons received more and more attention. Several voices asked for the canonization of those prisoners that distinguished themselves for their belief. The Aiud “prison saints” are part of this current. Their stories are not simple and neither is the history: some of those who died in communist prisons were affiliated to the extreme right in the 1930s and the 1940s. While the Orthodox Church avoids to discuss their canonization, the new “saints” became the object of a popular devotion, which gathers together not only believers, but also representatives of the Church and the civil society. This article explores what the devotion for “prison saints” represents in the lived religion. Following the pilgrims to Aiud monastery and narratives concerning the “prison saints,” it appears that their veneration is not “natural,” but rather the result of a construction. As it turns out, lived religion is a vehicle for values diverging from the official democratic discourse.
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Bieniek, Peter A., John E. Walsh, Richard L. Thoman, and Uma S. Bhatt. "Using Climate Divisions to Analyze Variations and Trends in Alaska Temperature and Precipitation." Journal of Climate 27, no. 8 (2014): 2800–2818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-13-00342.1.
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Abstract By extending the record of Alaskan divisional temperature and precipitation back in time, regional variations and trends of temperature and precipitation over 1920–2012 are documented. The use of the divisional framework highlights the greater spatial coherence of temperature variations relative to precipitation variations. The divisional time series of temperature are characterized by large interannual variability superimposed upon low-frequency variability, as well as by an underlying trend. Low-frequency variability corresponding to the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) includes Alaska’s generally warm period of the 1920s and 1930s, a cold period from the late 1940s through the mid-1970s, a warm period from the late 1970s through the early 2000s, and a cooler period in the most recent decade. An exception to the cooling of the past decade is the North Slope climate division, which has continued to warm. There has been a gradual upward trend of Alaskan temperatures relative to the PDO since 1920, resulting in a statewide average warming of about 1°C. In contrast to temperature, variations of precipitation are less consistent across climate divisions and have much less multidecadal character. Thirty-year trends of both variables are highly sensitive to the choice of the subperiod within the overall 93-yr period. The trends also vary seasonally, with winter and spring contributing the most to the annual trends.
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McCallum, Brent D., and Ronald M. DePauw. "A review of wheat cultivars grown in the Canadian prairies." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, no. 4 (2008): 649–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07159.
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Wheat is Canada's largest crop with most of the production in the western Canadian prairie provinces of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta. Since wheat production started in western Canada, over 100 yr ago, market classes of hexaploid spring bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were the dominant type of wheat, although production of durum wheat [Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum (Desf.) Husn.)] has grown significantly over this period, and hexaploid winter wheat was grown on a relatively small portion of the wheat area. Within hexaploid wheat there has been diversification into a number of market classes based on different end-use quality criteria. The predominant spring bread wheat class has been the Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) class. A few cultivars were grown extensively over a long period of time, such as the CWRS wheat Thatcher, which was the dominant cultivar from 1939 to 1968, and Kyle, which was the leading Canada Western Amber Durum (CWAD) cultivar from 1988 to 2004. Other cultivars dominated particular wheat classes for many years such as Glenlea, Canada Western Extra Strong (CWES) spring wheat and Norstar, Canada Western Red Winter (CWRW) wheat. The reasons for newer cultivars replacing older cultivars include improvements in grain yield, resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.:Pers. f. sp. tritici Eriks. & E. Henn.), leaf rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.), and other diseases, resistance to wheat stem sawfly (Cephus cinctus Nort.), enhanced end-use quality, and other agronomic characteristics such as lodging resistance. Cultivars with improved pest resistance were often rapidly adopted, such as Thatcher and Selkirk, in response to the stem rust epidemics in the 1930s and 1950s, and Rescue and Lillian in response to wheat stem sawfly epidemics in the 1940s and 2000s. Improved grain yield led to the rapid increase of many cultivars including Marquis in the 1910s and 1920s, Neepawa, Wascana and Wakooma in the 1970s, AC Barrie in the 1990s, and Superb in the 2000s. Increased breeding efforts recently have led to many more highly adapted cultivars and subsequently more diverse wheat production. Wheat classes and cultivars in the prairies continue to improve and diversify to meet the challenges of the marketplace and the production concerns of wheat growers. Key words: Rust, fusarium head blight, cereal quality, protein
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Dayanov, Anna, and Raphael Zalmanzon. "THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE KIROV DEPARTMENT STORE AND FACTORY-KITCHEN IN MEMOIRS AND DOCUMENTS." Scientific and analytical journal Burganov House. The space of culture 16, no. 3 (2020): 88–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.36340/2071-6818-2020-16-3-88-102.
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The article presents the history of the Narva Factory-Kitchen construction in the late 1920s - early 1930s. A decision was made on the general construction of factory-kitchens, which were to become the basis of the USSR’s state public catering system in the 1920s-1930s. In Leningrad, it was decided to build four factory-kitchens, including the Narva one, which was supposed to share a building with a department store (later the Kirov Department Store). A competition was announced to design the factory-kitchen building. The article describes the factory-kitchen project that won the competition. Four architects were the authors of the project developed in the constructivism style. Over time, the idea of factory-kitchens turned out to be inconsistent, and the Narva Factory-Kitchen was closed. The Kirov Department Store had also stopped working for a long time. In the early 2000s, a decision was made to reconstruct it. During the preparation of the project for the reconstruction of the Kirov Department Store, research work was carried out to identify design materials and documents on the history of the Narva Factory-Kitchen and Department Store building. In addition to many graphic images, the authors of the article discovered interesting facts about the construction progress and the first years of the factory-kitchen. The found documents: protocols, reports, critical notes, and memoirs of a participant in the events, illuminate the construction and operation of the factory-kitchen from different points of view - from official materials (texts of explanatory notes to project documentation, publications in the official press, minutes of meetings, construction inspection reports) and from personal assessments of various facts related to the Nevsky Factory-Kitchen (memoirs of contemporaries, workers who took part in the construction work and further operation of the enterprise). The documents also made it possible to reproduce the realities of the production process of the 1920s-1930s, for example, socialist competition, high-powered work practices, and shturmovshchina. The fact that construction work was carried out in the absence of actual plans was revealed. Besides, the coordination of work was systematically disrupted. The created picture shows a low work organization level, which caused numerous imperfections and low construction quality. In turn, this was one of the reasons for the problems in the operation of the factory-kitchen. Based on the found documents and the actual violations of an operational nature, the article also notes: non-observance of the sanitary and hygienic regime, the monotonous menu of the dining room, low quality of dishes. The documents also report on economic violations. Later, for several reasons, the very idea of a factory-kitchen discredited itself. At present, the building of the Kirov Department Store has been reconstructed and is in operation.
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Didenko, К. "INVOLVEMENT OF THE THEORY OF SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION FOR CONSIDERATION OF ARCHITECTURAL AND CITY BUILDING PRACTICE." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (2020): 185–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-185-191.
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Social aspects of the formation of architectural complexes in metropolian Kharkov have not yet been analyzed in homeland architectural theory. The study into "Kharkov constructivism", due to unfortunate historical ocurrence, is still in fact at the initial stage. Thesises of Kharkov authors illuminate this phenomenon in general or analyze some of the most significant sights. Approaches to the study of social aspects of architecture and urban development went through several stages. Architectural theory of the late 1940s- the beginning of 1950s was sharply critical of the architectural and urban planning experiments in the 1920s. The XXth century Soviet history of architecture in the 1960s and 1970s was marked by ideological rehabilitation of constructivism, including social experiments of the 1920s - early 1930s. A turn from apologetics of the 1960s - 1980s to critical analysis of the architecture and urban development of the avant-garde was indicated at the beginning of 2000s by the studies considering Soviet architectural and urban planning practice in the context of public behavior management as a tool for structuring general population to achieve political goals. Foreign studies into the Soviet avant-garde sprang up in the 1970s - early 1980s affected by Western sociology where architecture began to be viewed as a tool for managing social processes and new types of structures and models of urban planning organization- as “a transition from social to material”. Many studies highlighted the influence of Soviet architectural and urban planning programs of the 1920s and 1930s on the system and structure of public consciousness. There was established that large-scale housing, cultural and domestic construction was carried out as part of the capital's administrative and government center creation programs and the formation of an industrial complex. There were identified four conceptual approaches for housing construction, they were consistently implemented during the realization of the two above-mentioned programs: garden city, communal house, housing complex and social city. In these programs, the concepts of "garden city" and "communal houses" were practically tested and reasonably rejected, and the most productive models were residential complexes and social city. Keywords: social construction, architectural and urban concepts, soviet human, metropolian Kharkov.
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Trovato, Frank. "Fertility in Alberta in a Context of Rapid Economic Growth, 1997-2007." Canadian Studies in Population 37, no. 3-4 (2010): 497. http://dx.doi.org/10.25336/p6660x.
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Historically, birth rates in Alberta have followed closely the trajectory of change experienced by the other Canadian provinces. Its total fertility rate fell during the low point of the 1930s; it increased during the post-War baby boom in the 1950s and sixties, and thereafter fell to subreplacement levels beginning in the mid 1970s. In recent years, especially since the early 2000s, the birth rate in Alberta has unexpectedly increased, such that by 2007, it had reached 1.90 children per woman - not far from the 2.1 level needed for generational replacement in the long term. During this same period both national and provincial fertility rates fluctuated at levels below those of Alberta (except Saskatchewan and Manitoba, whose rates have been higher). In this study, I examine the historical pattern of fertility change in Alberta, noting similarities and differences with the other provinces. I then look at the association of selected macro level factors (marriage, unemployment, wages, female labour force participation) with change in total and parity-specific birth rates between 1997 and 2007, a period of unprecedented economic growth in Alberta. The statistical results show that although marriage is not significantly correlated with change in fertility rates, male and female wages and female labour force participation all show associations consistent with a procyclical interpretation of fertility change - that is, periods of economic growth are conducive to fertility increase whereas bad economic times are associated with reduced fertility.
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Oswald, Evan M., and Richard B. Rood. "A Trend Analysis of the 1930–2010 Extreme Heat Events in the Continental United States." Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, no. 3 (2014): 565–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-071.1.
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AbstractExtreme heat events (EHEs) are linked to mortality rates, making them an important research subject in both the climate and public health fields. This study evaluated linear trends in EHEs using the U.S. Historical Climatology Network (USHCN), version 2.0, dataset and quantified the longer-term EHE trends across the continental United States (CONUS). The USHCN-daily, version 1, dataset was integrated with the homogenized USHCN-monthly, version 2.0, dataset to create daily data for trend analysis. Time series and estimated trends in multiple characteristics of EHEs (number, total days, mean duration, etc.) were calculated as were the continental means and spatial maps. The differences between EHEs based on daily maximum temperatures, minimum temperatures, and both minimum and maximum temperatures were explored. To focus on warming and cooling periods, the trends were also estimated separately over the first half and second half of the study period (1930–2010). The results indicated that the trends for different EHE characteristics were coherent (e.g., temporally correlated, similar spatial pattern of trends). Maps indicated negative trends in the interior of the CONUS and positive trends in coastal and southern areas. Continental-scale increases between 1970 and 2010 were mostly offset by the decreases between 1930 and 1970. Several daily maximum (minimum) EHEs near the 1930s (2000s) led to 1930–2010 trends of daily maximum (minimum) EHEs decreasing (increasing). Last, the results suggest that linear trends depend on which daily temperature extreme is required to exceed the threshold.
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Rvacheva, Olga. "The Attempt of the Cossack Revival in the Social and Political System of Russia in the 20th and Early 21st Centuries." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 4 (September 2019): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2019.4.15.
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Introduction. The paper conducts the analysis of the attempt of the Cossack revival in Russia in different historical periods of the 20th and early 21st centuries. The attempt of revival is treated as a series of social experiments that involved the government and the Cossacks as a social group. The relevance of the issue is due to the need for complex studying the relations between the government and the Cossacks in the conditions of transformation and systemic modernization in different periods. The revival experiments of different periods had both specific and common characteristics as to their tasks and forms. It is important to study the tasks, participants, forms and methods of the revival experiments in different periods. Methods and materials. The author uses the historical method, the conception of systemic modernization and transformation, and the conception of social and cultural construction. Analysis. The paper determines two main periods in the history of the relations between the government and the Cossacks in the 20th – early 21st centuries that can be characterized as “the Cossack revival”. The author establishes the reasons of those social experiments as well as the roles of participants, and the forms and ways of Cossacks’ integration into the new social and political relations. Results. The article determines that all the attempts of the Cossack revival were undertaken during the systemic modernization. The author determines the main difference between the periods. In the 1920s – 1930s there were transformation of the Cossacks and their adaptation to the new conditions. The late 1980s – early 1990s can be characterized as the period of social and cultural formation of the Cossacks as a social group. Within each period revival development stages that display peculiar features of those experiments can be determined. The mid 1920s was the period of involving Cossacks in the Soviet construction processes. Some Cossack cultural elements were restored and the authorities sought to establish a dialogue with the Cossacks. In the mid 1930s the government actions were rather ostentatious. In both periods the initiator of the processes was the government. In the late 1980s – early 1990s, the initiators of the revival process were Cossacks themselves while the authorities played an important role as a supporter of the revival movement. Within this period the early 2000s can be marked out when the process of the Cossack revival shifted from cultural development to the Cossacks’ public service.
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Tatnall, Arthur. "Computer education and societal change." Information Technology & People 28, no. 4 (2015): 742–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-09-2014-0202.
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Purpose – It is widely acknowledged that the computer has caused great societal changes over recent years, but the purpose of this paper is to relate specifically to those due to the use of computers in education and teaching about computing. The adoption and use of computers in education was very much a socio-technical process with influence from people, organisations, processes and technologies: of a variety of human and non-human actors. Design/methodology/approach – This paper makes use of actor-network theory to analyse these events and their educational and societal impact. Data were collected from published sources, interviews with those involved at the time, discussions and from personal experience and observations. Findings – Computers have, of course, had a huge impact on society, but particularly in relation to the use of computers in school education there was a different societal impact. Some of this related directly to education, some to school administration and some to student attitudes, experiences and knowledge. Research limitations/implications – The paper investigates the development of early courses in computing in universities and schools in Victoria, Australia. The paper does not, however, consider the use of computers in university research, only in education. Practical implications – The paper describes the significant educational events of the era from punch-card tabulating machines in the 1930s to micro-computers in the late 1980s, and investigates the relationship between the development of courses in the Universities and those in the more vocationally oriented Colleges of Advanced Education. It examines whether one followed from the other. It also investigates the extent of the influence of the universities and CAEs on school computing. Social implications – The advent of the computer made a significant impact on university and school education even before the internet, Google, Wikipedia and smart phones in the late 1990s and 2000s. Computers in schools cause a rethink of how teaching should be handled and of the role of the teacher. Originality/value – This paper investigates the history of computers and education in both universities and schools in Victoria, Australia over the period from the 1930s to the early 1990s. It considers how and why this technological adoption occurred, and the nature of the resulting educational and societal change this produced. Primary and High School use of computers did not commence until the 1970s but prior to this there is a considerable and interesting history associated with the development of Higher Education courses relating to computing.
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De Padova, Diana, and Michele Mossa. "Hydraulic Jump: A Brief History and Research Challenges." Water 13, no. 13 (2021): 1733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13131733.
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This paper presents a brief history of the hydraulic jump and a literature review on hydraulic jumps’ experimental and numerical studies. Leonardo da Vinci noticed this phenomenon early on, but it was only later studied by Bidone in 1820. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the hydraulic jump has received a lot of attention following the development of energy dissipater designs and stilling basins. The late 1920s and early 1930s saw many experimental studies researching the surface roller profile and energy dissipation. The study of internal flow features started in the late 1950s. Starting in the 70s, it was believed that the flow of a jump must be analyzed in its actual configuration of air–water mixture, an aspect that cannot be overlooked. Several experimental studies in the late 1980s and 1990s highlighted the existence of oscillating phenomena under specific flow conditions and particularly, a cyclic variation of jump types over long-lasting experiments. The early 2000s saw many experimental studies researching the complex structure of the separated region in very large channels downstream of the lateral shockwaves. Whereas most of the experiments provide measurements at a point or on a plane, the complete flow field supplied by CFD simulations enables us to have a deeper understanding of the dynamics of coherent structures that are responsible for free-surface fluctuations and aeration in hydraulic jumps. Therefore, in recent years, the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, through turbulence models, has become a useful tool to study this complex environmental fluid mechanic problem.
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Zubillaga-Pow, Jun. "Bart Barendregt, ed. 2014. Sonic Modernities in the Malay World: A History of Popular Music, Social Distinction and Novel Lifestyles (1930s–2000s). Leiden: Brill. 375pp. ISBN 978-9-00-425986-7 (hbk)." Journal of World Popular Music 3, no. 2 (2016): 224–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jwpm.v3i2.29489.
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Suzdaltsev, Ilya. "Modern English Historiography of the Communist International: A General Overview." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 4 (2021): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640013465-9.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the 21st-century English-language historiography of the Communist International. Contemporary historians are showing increasing interest in the study of this international organization. Three available conceptual approaches to this topic (“traditionalist”, “revisionist”, and “post-revisionist”) are considered and characterized, the works of historians from Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand are analyzed. The article demonstrates an increase in research interest in the Communist International. In a fairly large volume of studies, there are monographs and articles devoted to the organization both directly (the historiography of the Comintern, the activities of its sections around the world, etc.) and indirectly, i.e., to related issues such as the history of communism, in particular, and the left forces, in general, international relations of Soviet Russia, the communist movement in individual countries, etc. These studies touch on the period of the Comintern&apos;s activity from 1920 to the end of the 1930s, including several controversial issues: the impact on the policy of the national communist parties of the “The Twenty-one Conditions”, united front tactics, Bolshevization, Stalinization, and the Popular Front. The author believes that most of the studies (especially those published in the first decade of the 21st century) are based on studies published long before the 2000s, however, archival materials are being used in increasing volumes, which makes modern research more objective. This gives grounds for a conclusion about the revision of the historiographic tradition of the Comintern that existed in the 20th century: new approaches (“revisionist” and “post-revisionist”) entailed a change in emphasis and a revision of some established points of view. Authors adhering to these approaches rely mainly on modern literature (including Russian) and a wide source base represented by materials from both national archives and the Russian State Archives of Social-Political History.
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Gorbachev, Oleg V. "Soviet Rural Family in Foreign Historiography: Lines of Research and Interpretation Approaches." Izvestia of the Ural federal university. Series 2. Humanities and Arts 23, no. 1 (2021): 160–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv2.2021.23.1.011.
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This review article analyses approaches to the study of the rural family of the Soviet period that have taken shape in foreign (mainly Western) historiography between the 1960s and the present. The rural family was in the focus of social and political transformations of the twentieth century, suffered a severe deformation as a result of world and civil wars, as well as the urbanisation process, which took on a forced character under the influence of state policy measures. The article is intended to help bring together the methodological and thematic positions of Russian and foreign researchers in considering the phenomenon of the rural family. The study of the Soviet rural family, usually in a wider thematic context, began in line with the “anthropological” turn at the turn of the 1970s. At the suggestion of T. Shanin, family households entered the focus of the emerging peasant studies. Methodological preferences, as well as the relatively small number of available primary statistics, determined the limited interest of Western authors in the historical and demographic study of the Soviet rural family. In the 1980s and 1990s, within the framework of the revisionist paradigm, the rural family was studied mainly as an object of influence from the authorities (radical projects of the 1920s, collectivisation, and measures to strengthen the family in the 1930s). “Feminist” historiography was especially active in this field. In the second half of the 1990s and early 2000s, time came for balanced characteristics, quite free from politicised assessments. There was an opportunity to consider the Soviet family and family policy in a global context. The post-war period in the development of the rural family is represented in foreign works rather poorly. In general, Western authors managed to capture the directions of evolution and the new quality of the rural family, which have become apparent in the later Soviet decades.
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Khilchevskiy, Valentyn K., Natalia P. Sherstyuk, and Myroslava R. Zabokrytska. "Researches of the chemical composition of surface water in Ukraine, 1920-2020 (review)." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 29, no. 2 (2020): 304–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112028.
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The development of researches of the chemical composition of surface waters (rivers, lakes, reservoirs and ponds) is due to problems that are solved at one stage or another in the development of the country’s economy and are related to water quality issues. Depending on the tasks set during hydrochemical researches, attention is paid to a particular group of chemical components in water: 1) the main ions and their total amount (water mineralization); 2) dissolved gases; 3) biogenic elements; 4) organic matter; 5) microelements (including heavy metals); 6) radioactive elements; 7) specific pollutants. The article presents an analytical review of studies of the chemical composition of surface waters of Ukraine from the beginning of systematic research in the first half of the 20th century to the present day (1920-2020). The authors identified four typical chronological periods in the history of hydrochemical studies of surface waters in Ukraine. I period (1920s-1950s) – the beginning of systematic hydrochemical studies of surface waters; the appearance of regular observations of the chemical composition of water at the posts of hydrometeorological service on the Dnipro and Southern Bug rivers (1930s) and publication of these data in “Hydrological Yearbooks”; hydrochemical studies for selected large projects (Dnipro hydroelectric power station). II period (1950s-1970s) - expansion of hydrochemical research to meet the needs of water and hydropower construction, forecasting their possible impact on the country’s water resources; increasing the number of observation points for the chemical composition of water on large and medium-sized rivers; development of hydrochemistry of reservoirs. III period (1970s – at the beginning of the 2000s) – development of complex hydrochemical researches in the conditions of increasing anthropogenic load on water objects; creation of a system of hydrochemical monitoring of water bodies within the framework of the national system of observation and control of the environment (1973); application of sanitary and hygienic criteria for assessment of water quality – universal maximum acceptable concentrations (MAC); publication of quarterly “Hydrochemical Bulletins” (since 1967); development of radioecological studies of natural waters after the Chernobyl accident (1986); first publication in Ukraine of textbooks on hydrochemistry. IV period (after the beginning of the 2000s) – reformatting of hydrochemical research (monitoring system) to the requirements of the Water Framework Directive of the European Union, especially after the signing of the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement in 2014; reforming the water monitoring system based on environmental rationing with the identification of reference indicators; components of state monitoring of surface waters are the monitoring of biological, hydromorphological, chemical and physico-chemical parameters. The article also describes scientific hydrochemical schools: Institute of Hydrobiology of NAS of Ukraine; Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv; Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute of the State Emergency Service of Ukraine and NAS of Ukraine.
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Liu, Bao, and Bao. "Response Characteristics of Chinese Pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) Radial Growth to Climate and Drought Variability Reconstruction in Western Liaoning, Northeast China." Forests 10, no. 9 (2019): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10090752.
Full textAbstract:
Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) plays an important role in maintaining ecosystem health and stability in western Liaoning Province and the southern Horqin sand land, Northeast China, with benefits including sand fixation and soil erosion. In the context of climate change, developing a better understanding of the relationship between climate factors and growth rates of this species will be extremely valuable in guiding management activities and meeting regional conservation objectives. Here, the results based on two groups of tree-ring samples show that the radial growth of Chinese pine is controlled primarily by water conditions. The longer chronology had the highest correlation coefficient with the January–September mean self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI); therefore, drought variability was reconstructed for the period 1859–2014. Statistical analysis showed that our model explained 41.9% of the variance in radial growth during the 1951–2014 calibration period. Extreme dry and wet events, defined as the criteria of one standard deviation less or greater than the mean value, accounted for 19.9% and 18.6% of the 156-year climate record, respectively. During the past century, the regional hydroclimate experienced significant long-term fluctuations. The dry periods occurred from the early-1900s–1930s and 1980s–2000s, and the wet periods occurred from the 1940s–1970s. The drought reconstruction was consistent with the decreasing trend of the East Asian summer monsoon since the late 1970s. The reconstructed temporal patterns in hydroclimate in western Liaoning were closely related to the large-scale climate drivers in the North Pacific and the tropical equatorial Pacific. The teleconnections were confirmed by spatial correlations between the reconstructed sequence and sea surface temperature (SST) in the North Pacific, as well as the correlations with the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) and El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) indices. Aerosols played an important role in affecting drought variations over the past several decades. Moisture stress caused by global warming and interdecadal changes in the PDO will have long-term effects on the growth of pines in the study area in the future.
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Da Silva, Cleonice Elias. "O USO DO CINEMA NO ENSINO DE HISTÓRIA EM CONSONÂNCIA COM AS NOVAS DEMANDAS DA HISTÓRIA PÚBLICA DIGITAL." Revista Observatório 3, no. 5 (2017): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.20873/uft.2447-4266.2017v3n5p147.
Full textAbstract:
Neste artigo apresentamos as possibilidades do uso do cinema no ensino de História. Para tanto, considero as reflexões de Jonathas Serrano e Francisco Venâncio Filho apresentadas em uma publicação do início da década de 1930, e as de Marcos Napolitano presentes em uma obra publicada a primeira vez nos inícios dos anos 2000. A premissa norteadora das discussões apresentadas nesse artigo é de que o novo contexto marcado pelo advento tecnológico e pela emergência da História Pública Digital viabiliza a exibição de filmes nas escolas, sendo que esses cumprem um papel relevante na história pública.
 
 PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Cinema; História; Ensino de História; História Pública Digital.
 
 
 ABSTRACT
 In this article we present the possibilities of the use of cinema in the teaching of History. For that, I consider the reflections of Jonathas Serrano and Francisco Venâncio Filho presented in a publication of the early 1930s, and those of Marcos Napolitano present in a work published the first time in the early 2000s. The guiding premise of the discussions presented in this article is that the new context marked by the advent of technology and the emergence of Digital Public History makes it possible to display films in schools, and these are a relevant role in public history.
 
 KEYWORDS: Cinema; History; History Teaching; Digital Public History.
 
 
 RESUMEN
 En este artículo nosotros presentamos las posibilidades del uso del cine en la enseñanza de la Historia. Para ello, considero las reflexiones de Jonathas Serrano y Francisco Venâncio Filho presentadas en una publicación de principios de la década de 1930, y las de Marcos Napolitano presentes en una obra publicada la primera vez a principios de los años 2000. La premisa orientadora de las discusiones presentadas en ese artículo es que el nuevo contexto marcado por el advenimiento tecnológico y por la emergencia de la Historia Pública Digital viabiliza la exhibición de películas en las escuelas, siendo que estos cumplen un papel relevante en la historia pública.
 
 
 PALABRAS CLAVE: Cine; Historia; Enseñanza de Historia; Historia Pública Digital.
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Martynova, E. P. "Metamorphoses of the Ob-Ugric ethnicity." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII, ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3 (50) (August 28, 2020): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2020-50-3-15.
Full textAbstract:
Modern approach to the study of ethnicity implies examination of its variability (drift, shifts and procedurality). This paper aims at the analysis of manifestations of ethnicity amongst the Ob-Ugrians in different historical peri-ods (traditional society, Soviet modernization and post-Soviet democracy). The author draws attention to explain-ing dominant role of one or another manifestation of ethnicity. The work is based on author’s observations made during the expeditions in the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug (1980s-2000s) and publications by other researchers. Prior to the 1930s, the Ob-Ugric population was represented by a family of related languages and local ethnic groups with close cultures. The main factor of their self-identity was local ethnicity – names by a river. ‘People of the same river’ were bound by commercial, exchange and cultural-ritual bonds. In the official records, the Russian government registered, in the first place, social status of the indigenous population, calling its people ‘inorodtsy’ (‘non-Russians’) and ‘yasashnye’ (‘tributary’). Socialist transformations in the socio-economical, cultural and ideo-logical spheres marked the beginning of the assimilation policy with respect to the peoples of the North. As the all-Soviet standards of living were adopted, and social (including ethnocultural) uniformity achieved, ethnicity of the Ob-Ugrians continuously leveled out. At the same time, their ethnic identity was largely influenced by recording their nationality in the passports – Khanty and Mansy, coincident with the name of the okrug. In the post-Soviet period, ethnicity of the Khanty and Mansy, ‘hibernated’ during the Soviet time, ‘woke up’ suddenly and loudly turn-ing into a powerful creational factor. The ethnic mobilization unwrapped by the initiative of ethnic leaders signifi-cantly raised the status of the ethnic culture and people themselves. As a result, three levels of identity emerged. The first level is trans-ethnicity of ‘natives’ or ‘aborigines’, which is an important political instrument. The second level is official ethnic identity, which is reflected in the ethnonyms ‘Khanty’, ‘Mansy’ and ‘Nentsy’. Its representation in the ethnocultural politics of the okrug (organizing celebrations and festivals, folk group activities etc.) is given a high attention. Lastly, the third level is the traditional local ethnicity.