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1
Uchvatov, Pavel S. "THE CHANGE OF GENERATIONS IN THE SOVIET REGIONAL ELITE (on the example of the Mordovian ASSR government in 1934–1991)." Historical Search 2, no. 2 (2021): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2712-9454-2021-2-2-46-57.
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The article examines the development of the regional elite in the Soviet historical era using the example of the supreme state administration authority of a one particular autonomous republic. Several transformation stages in the elite of functionaries that was in power in Mordovia from the 1930s to 1991:
 
 1) early 1930s – mid-1937 The national elite, formed during the Mordovian statehood formation, consisted, first, of autonomy supporters who were active in the 1920s; secondly, of people who came to the system of power as a result of Soviet «localization policy» applied to the control organs. They held leading positions until mass political repressions of 1937–1938.;
 
 2) the end of the 1930s – the first half of the 1950s. There was an advancement of representatives of the so-called Stalinist control organs. Soviet «localization policy» was curtailed, and the number of the Moravians in the Soviet authorities decreased; the majority in the Council of People’s Commissars of the Mordovian ASSR was relatively young managers aged 30–40 years. Despite a frequent change of personnel, already in the second half of the 1940s there was a tendency of relative stabilization in the government composition;
 
 3) mid-1950s – late 1960s. A core of experienced leaders who were working in their positions for quite a long time formed in the Council of Ministers. Its chairman I.P. Astaykin, who held this position for more than 15 years, had a great influence on the government;
 
 4) the 1970s – late 1980s. After the change in the Republican party leadership, representatives of a new generation came to power. However, renewal of personnel was subsequently replaced by «stagnant» phenomena: a long stay in power of individual managers, gradual aging of the Council of Ministers members, the growth of the total number of managers;
 
 5) late 1980s – 1991 As a result of the union center’s initiatives, as well as attainment of the maximum age by many regional leaders, there was some renewal in the composition of the Council of Ministers. But the old party and economic nomenclature continued to maintain its position in the republic until the very end of the Soviet system.
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Decker, Todd. "Fancy Meeting You Here: Pioneers of the Concept Album." Daedalus 142, no. 4 (2013): 98–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/daed_a_00233.
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The introduction of the long-playing record in 1948 was the most aesthetically significant technological change in the century of the recorded music disc. The new format challenged record producers and recording artists of the 1950s to group sets of songs into marketable wholes and led to a first generation of concept albums that predate more celebrated examples by rock bands from the 1960s. Two strategies used to unify concept albums in the 1950s stand out. The first brought together performers unlikely to collaborate in the world of live music making. The second strategy featured well-known singers in songwriter-or performer-centered albums of songs from the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s recorded in contemporary musical styles. Recording artists discussed include Fred Astaire, Ella Fitzgerald, and Rosemary Clooney, among others.
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Afanasyeva, N. A., and L. P. Afanasyeva. "Formation of the Cultural Code of a Generation: Keywords of Poetic Texts in Elementary School (Russian Empire — USSR)." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-12-26-38.
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The question of the possibility of analyzing texts to identify their axiological content based on keywords is considered. It is argued that linguistic units characterized by high frequency denote axiologically important concepts and form cultural attitudes in the reader. The characteristic features of the common cultural code for the nation and its unique features in a particular era are determined. The poetic texts of anthologies on literature of the 19th — early 20th centuries that have survived many editions, as well as textbooks of the 1930 — 1940s and 1970-1980s for primary school are analyzed. The research showed that the keywords of the lexical-semantic groups “Nature” (forest, land, field, sea) became common for the poetic texts studied in the elementary grades; “Light” (light, sun, day), “People” (person, child, people, country); that is, these are the words that are leading in the formation of the cultural code of the Russian people of the XIX—XX centuries. The “key words of the era” for the Russian Empire are the words soul, tsar, god; for the 1920s — labor; 1930s — song, Stalin; 1970s — mother, spring. The relevance of the study lies in its focus on identifying the basic concepts, meanings and values that form the cultural code of the nation, as well as on describing the dynamics of the cultural code in different historical eras.
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Nakajima, Seio. "Studies of Chinese Cinema in Japan." Journal of Chinese Film Studies 1, no. 1 (2021): 167–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcfs-2021-0001.
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Abstract Japanese interests in Chinese cinema go as far back as to the 1910s, when film magazines reported on the situation of Chinese cinema. Discussions of Chinese cinema began to flourish in the 1920s, when intellectuals wrote travelogue essays on Chinese cinema, particularly on Shanghai cinema. In the mid-1930s, more serious analytical discourses were presented by a number of influential contemporary intellectuals, and that trend continued until the end of WWII. Post-War confusion in Japan, as well as political turmoil in China, dampened academic interests of Japanese scholars on Chinese cinema somewhat, but since the re-discovery of Chinese cinema in the early 1980s with the emergence of the Fifth Generation, academic discussions on Chinese cinema resumed and flourished in the 1980s and the 1990s. In the past decade or so, interesting new trends in studies of Chinese cinema in Japan are emerging that include more transnational and comparative approaches, focusing not only on film text but the context of production, distribution, and exhibition. Moreover, scholars from outside of the disciplines of literature and film studies—such as cultural studies, history, and sociology—have begun to contribute to rigorous discussions of Chinese cinema in Japan.
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Cummings, Cory, Jennifer Dunkle, Bianca Mayes, Carolyn Bradley, and Porsha Hall. "As We Age: Listening to the Voices of LGBTQ Older Adults." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (2020): 310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.993.
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Abstract LGBTQ older adults present a range of biopsychosocial needs and life experiences that may differ from the general population of older adults. Researchers have broken LGBTQ older adults into three age brackets: the Invisible Generation born before the 1920s; the Silent Generation born in the 1930s and 1940s; and the Pride Generation born in the 1950s and 1960s (Fredriksen-Goldsen, 2016). Research is emerging on health disparities and is fueling calls for inclusive services for this population. This paper session reports on the work of a research collaborative between social work and public health (two universities and a statewide advocacy organization). A qualitative study, designed as phase one a statewide need assessment, engaged ten focus groups (N=48 participants) throughout a mid-Atlantic state. Study aims were to better understand the experiences and perceptions of LGBTQ older adults now and expectations and plans for care as they age. Findings included (1) emphasis on the nuance of connection as an ageing LGBTQ adult; (2) expectations for quality of services; (3) realities of planning for future living arrangements; and (4) two sides of advocacy, as both a personal responsibility and a call for allyship. Recommendations will be made on how attendees can: evaluate agency policies and procedures to create safe spaces and inclusive services, engage in needs assessments of older LGBTQ+ adults in their own communities, and advocate at the State and Federal levels to strengthen services in the aging network to better serve this group, with specific focus on the Older Americans Act.
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Tasnimah, Tatik Maryatut. "KEPELOPORAN MAHMŪD TAYMŪR DALAM CERPEN ARAB MODERN." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 7, no. 1 (2008): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2008.07110.
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Mahmud Taymur was one of the founders of the Egyptian realistic short story, also known as Syaikh al-Qisasah alQashīrah. Remaining productive over a long life Taymur wrote extensive literary criticism and was the author of short stories, novellas, and plays totaling a score of volumes. Most notable for his skill in characterization, he achieved a literary eminence shared by few other Arabs of his generation in Cairo in 1947, and individual stories by him gave and appeared widely in English and European Anthologies. Taymur’s early works were influenced by Chekhov and Maupassant. His short stories of the 1920s and 1930s portrayed various social strata in Egypt. Taymur’s prose is marked by humanism and psychological subtlety. In the late 1930s and in the 1940s his prose was influenced by symbolism but after the revolutionary coup of 1952, Taymur’s works were predominantly realistic.
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Dong, Bonnie, Christopher Kennedy, and Kim Pressnail. "Comparing life cycle implications of building retrofit and replacement options." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 32, no. 6 (2005): 1051–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-061.
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When is it better to retrofit a building as opposed to demolishing and rebuilding it? Life cycle environmental and economic analyses are used to address this question through the study of a typical four bedroom detached house in Toronto. Three vintages of the reference house are used: 1930s solid masonry; 1960s wood frame; and post oil crisis, 1980s wood frame. Retrofit studies considered include insulating the attic and basement walls and air leakage sealing. Over a 40-year life cycle, the rebuild option has lower life cycle energy, global warming potential, and air pollution, which are predominantly associated with building operation. But the retrofit options have lower water pollution, solid waste generation, and weighted resource use, associated with material flows. The retrofit options also have lower life cycle economic costs than rebuilding. In this respect, the preferred options are basement plus air leakage sealing retrofit for the 1930s house, basement retrofit for the 1960s house, and no change for 1980s house. There are ways to overcome the trade-off in negative environmental impacts between retrofitting and rebuilding, such as use of renewable energy sources or re-use and recycling of deconstruction and demolition materials in new construction.Key words: life cycle assessment, life cycle costing, building retrofits, sustainable development.
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Irr, Caren. "From Nation to Generation: The Economics of North American Culture, 1930s-1990s." Canadian Review of American Studies 27, no. 3 (1997): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cras-027-03-10.
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Irr, Caren. "From Nation to Generation: The Economics of North American Culture, 1930s–1990s." Canadian Review of American Studies 27, no. 3 (1997): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cras.1997.27.3.135.
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Chapoulie, Jean-Michel. "L'étrange carrière de la notion de classe sociale dans la tradition de Chicago en sociologie." European Journal of Sociology 41, no. 1 (2000): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975600007888.
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The article examines the different uses made of the concept of social class by researchers of the Chicago School between the turn of the century and the 1940s. The concept of social class is found in Small and Cooley, rarely referred to by Park, and not found at all in the urban sociology work he inspired in the 1920s (Shaw and McKay, etc.) However it reappears in the work on race relations at the end of the 1930s (Frazier, Hughes). Substitutes were introduced in the 1920s to explain internal differentiation within American cities. The spread of new methods of documentation favoured its reappearance in social-political and scientific contexts at the end of the 1930s. This example suggests that an order of phenomena which aims to explain a concept like social class—which is both a scientific and a lay person's concept—can only be ignored for a short time by a program of empirical research. The conclusion stresses the heterogeneity of factors which take into account the transmission and non-transmission of this type of idea from one generation of sociological researchers to another.
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Renaud, Terence. "German New Lefts." New German Critique 46, no. 2 (2019): 117–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/0094033x-7546206.
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AbstractThe New Left that arose in West Germany during the 1960s mimicked the antifascist reformations of the 1930s. For grassroots campaigns, extraparliamentary opposition groups, and radical student organizations of the postwar decades, the Marxist humanist theories and revolutionary socialist splinter groups of the interwar years served as attractive models. At the same time, the Sixty-eighter generation rebelled against a political establishment now represented by that earlier generation of neoleftist pioneers, their parents. But generational conflict was just the symptom of a deeper problem in the history of the midcentury Left: a succession of radical new lefts arose out of periodic frustration at institutionalized politics. This article explores the missing link between Germany’s antifascist and antiauthoritarian new lefts: the so-called left socialists of the 1950s. In particular, Ossip K. Flechtheim’s science of futurology and Wolfgang Abendroth’s theory of antagonistic society translated antifascism’s legacies into a new paradigm of social protest. The left socialists’ support for the embattled Socialist German Student League laid the organizational and intellectual foundation for the sixties New Left. Recent studies of the “global sixties” have shown the transnational connections between new lefts across space; this article explains their continuity across time.
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Jarska, Natalia. "Women’s Work and Men." Aspasia 15, no. 1 (2021): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/asp.2021.150106.
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Through the use of selected contemporary sociological research and prolific collections of largely unpublished memoirs, this article analyzes men’s attitudes toward the paid employment of women—particularly married women—in post-Stalinist Poland. The personal narratives reveal an increasing acceptance of women’s work outside the household over time and across generations. A significant shift in Polish men’s attitudes to a greater acceptance of women’s paid employment took place in the younger generation, born in the 1930s and 1940s and socialized after World War II. However, hostile attitudes of working-class men toward working women persisted, based on a continuing aspiration to uphold the male breadwinner family model.
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Seay, Nicholas. "Soviet-Tajik Writing Intelligentsia in the Late 1930s." RUDN Journal of Russian History 19, no. 1 (2020): 119–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2020-19-1-119-135.
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This paper looks at the formation of a Tajik-Soviet writing elite in the 1930s, exploring how a new generation of Soviet writers in the late 1930s emerged out of new state institutions. Prior to their emergence, the founders of Tajik literature - Sadriddin Aini and Abolqosim Lahuti - used their unique position vis-à-vis Moscow to shape the direction of Tajik literature. Despite the former’s important place in Soviet hagiography, it was the younger generation of Tajik writers - including writers like Mirzo Tursunzoda, Jalol Ikromi, Sotim Ulughzoda, and others - that emerged on the all-Union writing scene in the late 1930s and became key cultural and political fi gures in the post-war era. While the role of the Tajik writer inevitably became the portrayal of the national subject in the modern context of Soviet development, this article shows how comparing the themes and writings of these two generations in the 1930s demonstrates how Tajik national identity building related to the nationalities policies of the early Soviet Union and, in particular, the relationship between Tajik national identity and territory. This paper relies on a few primary source materials the Central State Archive of the Republic of Tajikistan, but also online archives, newspapers/periodicals, and published Books and collections. This paper fi nds that the mobilization of a younger generation of Tajik-Soviet Writing Intelligentsia led to the creation of a new vision of Tajik national identity unfolding in a Soviet space. Unlike the early writers Sadriddin Aini and Abolqosim Lahuti, these younger writers emerged in new Soviet institutions and therefore projected a new Soviet-Tajik identity in the late 1930s and eventually became leaders of Central Asian literature in the post WWII period
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Komarov, Sergey A., and Olga K. Lagunova. "MASTERS OF THE SPOKEN WORD OF RUSSIA’S UGRIC- SAMOYEDIC PEOPLES: ETHNIC PROJECTS, TRADITIONALISM, REGIONAL CONTEXT." Ural Historical Journal 71, no. 2 (2021): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30759/1728-9718-2021-2(71)-127-136.
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The article systematically defines and analyzes the project initiatives by the masters of the spoken word among three generations of the Mansi, Nents, and Khanty peoples. The first generation includes those born in the 1910s (Ivan Istomin — Nenets; Anna Konkova — Mansi; Taisiya Chuchelina — Khanty), the second one — those born in the 1930s (Yuvan Shestalov and Andrey Tarkhanov — Mansi; Leonid Laptsuy — Nenets; Mariya Vagatova and Roman Rugin — Khanty), and the third one — those born at the turn of the 1940s–1950s (Anna Nerkagi and Yuriy Vella — Nenets; Yeremey Aypin — Khanty). The authors of the article describe motivational environment for the creative endeavor of the spiritual leaders of indigenous minorities within the historical and cultural dynamics of the region they are biographically related to. In addition, the semiotic foundations of syncretism and traditionalism of the ethnosubjects’ fiction are presented in all the diversity of their written and action projects. This article indicates the transformation in the identities of the masters of the spoken word during the country’s transition from the Soviet to the post-Soviet experience, as well as difficulties and nature of their presence in writers’ associations among Russian authors. Along the historical axis, one can see growing creative endeavor, initiative, and national identity of the representatives of the indigenous minorities of the northern regions. The authors of the article consider Ugric-Samoyedic writers’ experience within the framework of contemporary understanding of historical poetics of Russian philology.
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Szenberg, Michael, and Eric Y. Lee. "The Making of the 1930s Generation of Eminent Economists." International Journal of Social Economics 18, no. 11/12 (1991): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eum0000000000473.
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Asai, Susan Miyo. "Nisei Politics of Identity and American Popular Music in the 1930s and 1940s." Ethnic Studies Review 32, no. 2 (2009): 92–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/esr.2009.32.2.92.
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Growing nationalist thinking and anti-immigration legislation in American politics today calls for a critical historicizing of the continuing ambiguities of U.S. citizenry and notions of what it is to be an American. The identity crisis of Nisei-second generation Japanese Americansresulted from the complex intersection of America's racialized ideology toward immigrants, California's virulent anti-Asian agitation, and the economic and political power struggles between the United States and Japan in gaining dominance of the Pacific region.
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Khamedova, Olga. "Neopatriarchal Project of Nationalistic Press of the 1920s-1930s." Scientific notes of the Institute of Journalism, no. 2 (75) (2019): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2522-1272.2019.75.9.
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The article focuses on the problem of interaction between ideology and gender in the Ukrainian press of the 1920s-1930s. The object of the study is the nationalistic periodical publications in the interwar two decades period. The objective of the study is to ascertain the techniques of dissemination of discursive impact and construction of gender models, taking into account the ideological vector of a publication. The chosen research methodology is synthesis of critical discourse-analytical approach with feminist criticism, which allows to analyze the texts in the context of “domination/subordination”. Results of the study. The nationalistic publications consistently restored the patriarchal values in the western Ukrainian society on the eve of the 1920-1930’s. Their journalists constructed an idea of militaristic masculinity as a normative and used the following techniques: modeling a warrior’s image through comparison with a foreign model of normative masculinity, the narratives about dangerous actions and martyrdom of nationalist heroes, popularization of sport and physical hardness aimed at training of youth generation for the upcoming liberation war. The nationalists tried to deny the achievements of the Ukrainian feminist movement, in particular “Soiuz Ukraiinok”/”Union of Ukrainian Women”, had the fierce ideological discussions with the leadership of this organization on the pages of their publications. A woman was represented as a resource in terms of underground struggle against the invaders and in terms of the upcoming national liberation war. However, there were extremely few materials in which the heroines (actants) were women. The heroines in the nationalistic press were endued with three functions: biological, symbolic and ideological. In those materials, which still covered the women as the members of militant groups, military or political actions, their contribution was diminished and consealed. Сonclusions of the study. The patriarchal myth was revivaled on the pages of the nationalistic press of the 1920-1930s. According to nationalists the patriarchal structure of society served best the ideological tasks in order to prepare the Ukrainians for a long national liberation struggle. Relevance of the study. Understanding the mechanisms of interaction between ideology and gender gives an idea of interconnections within the power-media-society paradigm, which is one of the most significant issues of the modern media researches.
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KESSLER, GIJS. "Work and the household in the inter-war Soviet Union." Continuity and Change 20, no. 3 (2005): 409–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416005005643.
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The article examines patterns of work and employment in urban households of the inter-war Soviet Union. Drawing on population censuses and time-budget surveys, it analyses trends in labour participation and gainful employment for men, women and different age-groups from the mid-1920s to the late 1930s. Particular attention is devoted to the division of labour within the household. The single most important change over this period was a substantial increase in labour participation rates, in particular among women. This was a direct result of the state-led industrialization drive of the 1930s, which simultaneously caused a booming demand for labour and a rapid decline of real wages. Households reacted to this challenge by increasing the number of working members per household. Self-employment, targeted by state repression from the late 1920s, practically disappeared, leaving paid employment as the only viable form of gainful employment. Within the household, the increase in female labour participation rates put a heavy strain on women, who came to face a double burden of employment and household duties, including child-care. In three-generation extended households, which were the norm at the time, this resulted in a division of labour between the generations, with the household members of working age concentrating on paid employment and the elderly members of the household on child-care and subsidiary agriculture.
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Mohan, Avinash Lalith, and Kaushik Das. "History of surgery for the correction of spinal deformity." Neurosurgical Focus 14, no. 1 (2003): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2003.14.1.2.
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During the last century the technological advances in the field of spinal surgery had a dramatic impact on the treatment of spinal deformity in children and adults. Before the advent of medications and vaccines to treat and/or prevent tuberculosis and poliomyelitis, patients suffering from these disorders often became incapacitated by the resulting kyphoscoliosis. In the early 1900s Lange began to address this problem mechanically by using foreign materials to stabilize the spine internally. In the 1950s and 1960s, owing to the efforts of Harrington and others, the process evolved to create the first generation of modern spinal instrumentation. The Harrington rod was able to correct a spinal deformity primarily through distraction. In the next wave of advances, some of the shortcomings of Harrington rods were addressed. Segmental fixation involving sublaminar wires was introduced in the 1970s by Luque. Anterior approaches and instrumentation-related techniques developed by Zielke and colleagues as well as Dywer and coworkers in the late 1960s and mid-1970s allowed for better correction of deformity with immobilization of fewer motion segments compared with posterior surgery. Transpedicular fixation of the spine was popularized by Cotrel and Dubousset in the 1980s; they used the technique to perform segmental stabilization, which better reduces the rotational aspect of a deformity. Finally, in the mid-1990s, thoracoscopic techniques were developed and are currently in use for anterior release and placement of instrumentation. The authors review the major technical developments for the surgical treatment of spinal deformity.
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Farges, Patrick. "“Muscle”Yekkes? Multiple German-Jewish Masculinities in Palestine and Israel after 1933." Central European History 51, no. 3 (2018): 466–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938918000614.
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AbstractIn the 1930s and 1940s, nearly ninety thousand German-speaking Jews found refuge in the British Mandate of Palestine. While scholars have stressed the so-calledYekkes’intellectual and cultural contribution to the making of the Jewish nation, their social and gendered lifeworlds still need to be explored. This article, which is centered on the generation of those born between 1910 and 1925, explores an ongoing interest in German-Jewish multiple masculinities. It is based on personal narratives, including some 150 oral history interviews conducted in the early 1990s with German-speaking men and women in Israel. By focusing on gender and masculinities, it sheds new light on social, generational, and racial issues in Mandatory Palestine and Israel. The article presents an investigation of the lives, experiences, and gendered identities of young emigrants from Nazi Europe who had partly been socialized in Europe, and were then forced to adjust to a different sociey and culture after migration. This involved adopting new forms of sociability, learning new body postures and gestures, as well as incorporating new habits—which, together, formed a cultural repertoire for how to behave as a “New Hebrew.”
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Grant, J. "The Greatest Generation Grows Up: American Childhood in the 1930s." Journal of American History 93, no. 3 (2006): 919–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4486523.
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Forman-Brunell, Miriam, and Kriste Lindenmeyer. "The Greatest Generation Grows Up: American Childhood in the 1930s." Journal of Southern History 73, no. 2 (2007): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/27649458.
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Sitton, Tom. "Another Generation of Urban Reformers: Los Angeles in the 1930s." Western Historical Quarterly 18, no. 3 (1987): 315. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/969090.
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Riney-Kehrberg, Pamela. "The Greatest Generation Grows Up: American Childhood in the 1930s." Annals of Iowa 65, no. 1 (2006): 82–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17077/0003-4827.1015.
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Chikalova, I. R. "The first generation of women in higher education and scientific institutions of Soviet Belarus (1920s – 1930s)." West – East 11 (2018): 192–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.30914/2227-6874-2018-11-192-204.
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Samardžić, Nikola. "The jazz avant-garde in the American economy." New Sound, no. 47 (2016): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/newso1647075s.
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Jazz originated and evolved in a free market economy and complex mutual relations with unregulated social conjuncture. Coping with social challenges during the Progressive era (1890-1920) contributed to the partial emancipation of marginalized groups; however jazz, in its first decades, remained directed to the general need for mass entertainment (the "jazz era" in the 1920s). The artistic development of jazz was therefore temporarily delayed during the economic crisis, Great Depression and the new recession of the late 1930s (1929-1938). The first movement in jazz that could be considered to be an art for art's sake, while renouncing any populist elements, appeared in 1939 Coleman Hawkins' Body and Soul recording. Market and social conditions for the emergence of the avant-garde began to mature only during the years after 1945, within a new business cycle in the US economy. The prosperous and conformist decade of the 1950s stabilized the middle class and directed general social preferences towards the benefits of higher education. European immigration from the inter-war period, and a new wave of immigration at the end of the Second World War enabled the growth of American universities in terms of quality and social influence. Universities recruited the jazz avant-garde audience, and supported other progressive art movements in the 1960s "decade of turbulence, protest, and disillusionment". Thanks to market support, the jazz avant-garde managed to survive free of the influences of state institutions, as John Coltrane's Love Supreme, often listed amongst the greatest jazz albums of all time, was sold in about 500,000 copies by 1970. A similar development, with the emergence of the baby-boom generation in the late 1960s, has contributed to the maturing of European avant-garde audiences and markets (ECM, 1969). The study will also examine avant-garde movements in relation to historical changes in economic and social disparities, from the thirties to the early 1970s.
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WICKBERG, DANIEL. "MODERNISMS ENDLESS: IRONIES OF THE AMERICAN MID-CENTURY." Modern Intellectual History 10, no. 1 (2013): 207–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s147924431200042x.
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Mid-twentieth century American intellectual history is in the midst of a boom; a younger generation of historians, now half a century distant from the era, and less inclined than their immediate forerunners to be committed to a vision of the 1960s as a critical turning point in modern culture, is reshaping what has been an underdeveloped field. Recent studies of thinkers such as C. Wright Mills, Ayn Rand, Lionel Trilling, and Whitaker Chambers, and subjects such as postcapitalist social thought and pollsters in mass society, to name a few, have regenerated interest in an arena that had once been dominated by studies of the New York Intellectuals and Richard Pells's useful summaries and evaluations of prominent intellectuals of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. The newer intellectual history of this period appears to be premised on several ideas: that the so-called “liberal consensus” of the era was an ideological product of liberalism itself, rather than an adequate description of the contours of thought; that thinking in terms of clear and sharp distinctions between right and left doesn't help us understand the ways in which ideas, sensibilities, and intellectual commitments were configured at mid-century; that there is a great deal more continuity in social, political, and cultural thought than an image of the 1960s as cultural watershed would allow; and that the mid-century decades are, in the most profound sense, the first years of our own time, with all the characteristic epistemic, moral, and critical problems that have characterized thought and culture in the world in which contemporary Americans live. What the Progressive Era was for mid-century historians and intellectuals such as Richard Hofstadter and Henry May, the mid-century, and particularly the early Cold War era of the late 1940s and 1950s, is, for the historian of today, the root of the destabilizing conundrums of modernity, particularly the puzzle of the role of critical intellect in a mass-mediated environment of socialized knowledge, feeling, and being.
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LABIDI, LILIA. "Photographs as a Source for Social History and the History of Emotions." International Journal of Middle East Studies 39, no. 1 (2007): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743807232507.
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The two photographs I am examining, which are taken from a series involving some sixty married couples from across Tunisia and over three generations (covering the period from the 1940s to the 1990s), concern the second generation of couples—those marrying in the 1960s and 1970s, when the marriage photo became a significant element in family practice. These portraits reveal new patterns of behavior, testifying to the impact of (1) discussions about a woman's right to choose her spouse that took place after the promulgation of the Personal Status Code in 1956, (2) mixed-gender education, and (3) campaigns denouncing the negative effects on new couples of expensive marriage ceremonies.
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Nazarska, Zhorzheta. "The housewives' periodicals in the modernization of the Bulgarian village: a case study from the 1930s-1940s." Balkanistic Forum 29, no. 1 (2019): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37708/bf.swu.v29i1.3.
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The article examines social modernization in the Bulgarian village in the first half of the 20th century and particularly the place of the periodicals as a factor for cultural influences. The focus of the study is put on young women’s generation, who improved their educational status and became agents of the social change from towns to villages. The individual perception of the housewives’ (women) press in the 1930s-1970s is based on private archives and interviews, and is done by means of historical reconstruction and social anthropology.
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Antonelaki, Fiona. "‘Literary Evenings’ at the Greek National Theatre, 1945–6: popular education and the literary canon." Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 43, no. 02 (2019): 287–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/byz.2019.15.
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This article recounts the little-known story of the ‘Literary Evenings’ (1945–6), a series of literary recitals staged at the Greek National Theatre and organized by members of the Generation of the 1930s. Set against the background of intense political rivalry that followed the Varkiza Agreement, the ‘Literary Evenings’ capture the post-war aspirations for the popularization of high culture. Drawing upon hitherto unexplored archival material, this article aims to offer a new, historically informed understanding of the Generation of the 1930s, while also directing attention to the aural consumption of literary texts as an unacknowledged force behind canon formation.
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Wolff, Elisabetta Cassina. "Apolitìaand Tradition in Julius Evola as Reaction to Nihilism." European Review 22, no. 2 (2014): 258–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106279871400009x.
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This article deals with the figure of Julius Evola, philosopher and well-known freelance political commentator both during and after Italy’s Fascist dictatorship. My analysis of his intellectual production and political role in the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s is a case study that focuses on both continuity and discontinuity of ideological issues in the crucial historical period between the Fascist regime and the establishment of neo-fascism in post-war Italy. Special attention will be paid to unchanging elements in Evola’s philosophy, such as criticism of modern society, rejection of faith in progress, reference to traditional values as reaction to nihilism and belief in the existence of a spiritual hierarchy. A central issue is the ideological influence that Evola exercised on a young generation of neo-fascists in Italy after the Second World War, based on the intention of offering them new rules of conduct in a post-nihilist world. It is exactly this phenomenon that enables us to put in question the declaredapolitìaof Evola.
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Grüne-Yanoff, Till. "Models of Temporal Discounting 1937–2000: An Interdisciplinary Exchange between Economics and Psychology." Science in Context 28, no. 4 (2015): 675–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889715000307.
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ArgumentToday's models of temporal discounting are the result of multiple interdisciplinary exchanges between psychology and economics. Although these exchanges did not result in an integrated discipline, they had important effects on all disciplines involved. The paper describes these exchanges from the 1930s onwards, focusing on two episodes in particular: an attempted synthesis by psychiatrist George Ainslie and others in the 1970s; and the attempted application of this new discounting model by a generation of economists and psychologists in the 1980s, which ultimately ended in thediversity of measurements disappointment. I draw four main conclusions. First, multiple notions of temporal discounting must be conceptually distinguished. Second, behavioral economics is not an integration or unification of psychology and economics. Third, the analysis identifies some central disciplinary markers that distinguish modeling strategies in economics and psychology. Finally, it offers a case of interdisciplinary success that does not fit the currently dominant account of interdisciplinarity as integration.
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Takho-Godi, E. A. "A.F. Losev and Psychology." Cultural-Historical Psychology 14, no. 4 (2018): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2018140410.
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This article is devoted to the great Russian philosopher A.F. Losev (1983—1988) and his place in the history of evolution of Russian psychology. Losev’s attitude to his scientific advisor at the Institute of Psychology, G.I. Chelpanov, as well as to the ensuing discussions between G.I. Chelpanov and K.N. Kornilov in the 1920s are being considered. Attention is focused on the generation of Losev’s interest in psychology, and consequent transformation of the works of the 1910s directly devoted to psychological problems (“Criticism of modern functional psychology”, “Critical review of the basic teachings and methods of the Würzburg School”, “Research on philosophy and psychology of thinking”). The evolution of psychological views of the thinker is described – from the enthusiasm of his student years for experimental and functional psychology to the construction of psychology based on the “genetic method”, and then, in the late 1920s, to the Platonic-patristic psychology outlined in the “Supplement to the Dialectics of Myth”. Proceeding from the new European psychology, including F. Brentano and E. Husserl guided by Thomas Aquinas (and through him by Aristotle), Losev builds his “absolute mythology”, based on the opposite tradition going back to neoplatonism, Dionysius the Areopagite and Nicholas of Cusa. The article shows how in the 1920s Losev developed a new, sociological, vision, the belief that every being (physical, physiological, psychological and naturalistically-causally-sociological, etc.) “is, in comparison with social existence, a pure abstraction”, and this does not lead to the rejection of “materialistic idealism” and “absolute mythology”. This sociological stand promotes the description of “relative mythologies” (collective psychology, social “myths”). In the 1930s—1940s, knowledge gained in the walls of the Institute of Psychology as well as Losev’s habit of self-observation and reflection about his own experiences contributed to the writing of psychological musical-philosophical prose, where Losev conceptualizes problems also addressed in his “octateuch” of the late 1920s.
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Eckert, Astrid M. "The Transnational Beginnings of West German Zeitgeschichte in the 1950s." Central European History 40, no. 1 (2007): 63–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938907000283.
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The study of Zeitgeschichte, or contemporary history, was not an invention of the postwar era. But it was in the wake of the Second World War that it carved out a space in the historical professions of the United States, Great Britain and, most pronouncedly, West Germany. In each country, it came with similar definitions: in West Germany as “the era of those living, and its scholarly treatment by academics”; in the United States as “the period of the last generation or two”; and in Britain as “Europe in the twentieth century” or “the histories of yesterday which are being written today.” Such definitions contained a generational component and left contemporary history open to continuous rejuvenation. Yet during the postwar decades, the above definitions steered interest clearly toward the history of National Socialism, the Second World War, and foreign policy of the 1920s and 1930s. The horrific cost in human lives of Nazi racial and anti-Semitic policies gave an instant relevance to all aspects of Germany's past. The German grip on much of Europe had made National Socialism an integral component in the history of formerly occupied countries, and the Allied struggle to defeat Nazism added yet more countries to the list of those that had seen their histories become entangled with that of Germany. Hence, the academic writing of German contemporary history was never an exclusively German affair. Scholars outside Germany, especially in Great Britain and the United States, were part of the endeavor from the outset. Their involvement was facilitated by the fact that the Western Allies had captured an enormous quantity of German records and archives at the end of the war, part of which would become available to historians over the course of the 1950s and 1960s.
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Melnikova, O. M., and T. I. Ostanina. "ARCHAEOLOGIST ALEXEY PETROVICH SMIRNOV ABOUT THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 30, no. 4 (2020): 718–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2020-30-4-718-727.
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The authors publish the memories of the famous Soviet archaeologist, doctor of Historical Sciences K. A. Smirnov about his father, Alexey Petrovich Smirnov. A. P. Smirnov is an outstanding Soviet scientist, representative of the first generation of Soviet archaeologists. He is known for his numerous studies on Finno-Ugric and Bulgar archaeology. From the second half of the 1920s to the 1930s, A. P. Smirnov conducted archaeological research into the territory of Udmurtia. His research, as well as the research of many other scientists, was interrupted by the Great Patriotic War. In the 1990s, the scientist’s son, K. A. Smirnov, compiled memoirs about his father, in which he describes the scientist's attitude to the war, and gives the facts of the archaeologist’s biography in connection with military events. These memoirs are supplemented by the letter from A. P. Smirnov to Kazan archaeologist A. M. Efimova. The documents allow to reveal the facts of A. P. Smirnov’s personal biography, and have an important social significance, reflecting the tragic events of the wartime through personal history.
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Eber, Irene. "Social Harmony, Family and Women in Chinese Novels, 1948–58." China Quarterly 117 (March 1989): 71–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741000023651.
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In the 1920s and 1930s intellectuals and writers led the attacks on the tyranny of the Chinese family and the power of patrilineal authority. Their essays and fictional works, particularly such novels as Ba Jin’s Family (Jia), were avidly read by a younger, radicalized and iconoclastic generation. By the late 1940s and after Liberation in 1949, however, mainland leftist and communist writers had retreated from attacks on the family, emphasizing instead its centrality in social life. Two major reasons may account for this. The Chinese Communist Party, needing the peasantry’s support in its climb to and final assumption of power, chose the road of reforming obvious abuses rather than assaulting family and patriarchal institutions. The second reason served to reinforce the Party’s concern. After decades of turmoil, conquest and war, writers envisaged peace as order and as a return to familiar ways of life. In their short stories and novels, socialist transformation, therefore, consisted not of the disruption of family life and patrilineal authority, but of the reconstitution of the family, now stripped of its abusive features.
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Muddiman, Dave. "Red information scientist: the information career of J.D. Bernal." Journal of Documentation 59, no. 4 (2003): 387–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00220410310485677.
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John Desmond Bernal (1901‐1970) was one of the most eminent scientists of his generation; he also became, in mid‐twentieth century Britain, an important political figure – the leading public spokesperson of “red” science. One remarkable but hitherto underexplored aspect of his career is a lifelong interest in scientific communication, documentation and information science. Utilising records in the Bernal archive in Cambridge, UK, this paper assesses Bernal's information career. It explores Bernal's initial interest in scientific documentation in the 1930s and examines his blueprint for the reform of scientific communication in Britain, advanced in Bernal's 1939 work, The Social Function of Science. It details his subsequent role, in 1945‐1949, as figurehead of a co‐ordinated but unsuccessful left‐wing campaign to establish an Institute of Scientific Information in Britain. It analyses Bernal's later theoretical papers in information science, and describes his support, in the 1950s and 1960s, for an emerging information profession. Bernal, it concludes, can justifiably be regarded as a major influence on twentieth century information science, above all because of his pioneering focus on the social dimensions of the discipline.
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Masharova, Tatiana V., Vasily A. Sakharov, and Lyudmila G. Sakharova. "The Role of Social Microenvironment in Spiritual and Moral Upbringing of Young People as a Subject of Reflection in Pedagogy of Russian Émigrés in the 1920s–1930s." Integration of Education, no. 3 (September 9, 2018): 569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/1991-9468.092.022.201803.569-581.
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Introduction. The article is concerned with the impact of social microenvironment on the spiritual and moral upbringing of young people and its reflection in philosophical and pedagogical legacy of Russian émigrés in 1920s-1930s. The relevance of the problem is given by the fact that spiritual upbringing nowadays becomes one of the leading directions in the educational policy of the state. The study of positive historical and pedagogical experience in upbringing the young generation can greatly assist in the implementation of the policy of spiritual and moral education of children and young people. The purpose of this article is to analyze the spiritual and moral upbringing and its emotional and value aspects, as well as the influence of the social microenvironment (church, school, family, children’s and youth organizations) on the process of spiritual and moral upbringing of children in the works of philosophers and educators of Russian émigrés in 1920s-1930s. Materials and Methods. The methodological basis of the research was a systematic approach to understand the holistic pedagogical process and the scientific research devoted to the study of the philosophical and pedagogical heritage of Russian émigrés in 1920s-1930s. The main research method is the theoretical analysis of documentary and archival sources; pedagogical, psychological philosophical and historical literature on an investigated problem; the retrospective method, the method of interpretation (explanation, comparison, analogy), methods of synthesis and generalization, questionnaire. Results. The review of theoretical works and practical experience of philosophers and teachers of Russian émigrés convinces us that while working in the 1920s-1930s, they anticipated some areas of contemporary humanistic pedagogy with its focus on education based on universal moral values, humanization of education, and the focus on the emotional sphere of children in the education process. The leading methodological approach to spiritual and moral education, as it reflected in many philosophical and pedagogical works of Russian émigrés in the 1920s-1930s, is the stimulation of the moral feelings of the child, the actualization of his emotional sphere in the process of upbringing. This occurs in the process of organizing emotional and moral educational milieu which is conducive to the development of moral feelings. Discussion and Conclusions. The creation of the emotional and evaluative milieu was conceived in pedagogy of Russian emigration as an organization of pedagogically targeted influence of church, school and family on the development of the moral feelings, and as the organization of the life and work of children’s and youth organizations with the same objectives. The study of education and development of pedagogical theory and practice of the Russian émigrés will add to the historical context of culture and pedagogy of Russia unjustly forgotten ways of solving problems spiritual and moral education and patriotic upbringing of youth. It will make available to pedagogy ideas and concepts, reflecting universal and spiritual and national values.
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Kerr, Alan, and David Kay. "Sir Martin Roth FRS." British Journal of Psychiatry 190, no. 5 (2007): 375–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.033605.
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Since the mid-19th century central Europe had been the cradle of conceptual thinking in clinical psychiatry. Following the turbulence and persecution in the 1920s and 1930s some of a later generation of mid-European psychiatrists emigrated to Britain, bringing with them the traditions of meticulous and detailed observation, a broad clinical perspective and fresh ways of looking at problems. Among those individuals making significant contributions were Willy Mayer-Gross, Erich Guttman, Erwin Stengel, Felix Post, F. Kraupl Taylor, Max Hamilton and Martin Roth. Roth, who was born in Budapest in 1917, the last survivor of this extraordinarily gifted group, died on 26 September 2006 at the age of 88.
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Reynolds, Siân. "The lost generation of french feminists? anti-fascist women in the 1930S." Women's Studies International Forum 23, no. 6 (2000): 679–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0277-5395(00)00139-4.
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Olmsted, Kathryn S. "The 1930s Origins of California’s Farmworker-Church Alliance." Pacific Historical Review 88, no. 2 (2019): 240–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2019.88.2.240.
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In the 1930s, Social Gospel ministers in the Los Angeles area organized to help farmworkers in Southern California. The reformist pastors worked across class, denominational, and racial lines and transcended language barriers as they built urban, coastal support for immigrant farmworkers in interior valleys. In the end, they failed, largely because employers were able to use the Communist affiliations of the farmworker union leaders to Red-bait and intimidate the ministers. Only when a later generation of labor leaders distanced their movement from Communism and grounded it in Christian rhetoric and imagery would this religious-labor alliance achieve victory.
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Berdnikova, N. E. "Sixties from Archaeology. Irkutsk School." Bulletin of the Irkutsk State University. Geoarchaeology, Ethnology, and Anthropology Series 30 (2019): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2227-2380.2019.30.3.
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The Sixties is a specific sociocultural phenomenon of Russian (Soviet) history. This term refers to the post-war era of the mid-1950s – late 1960s, and means the generation of the Soviet intelligentsia, born approximately between 1925 and 1945s and formed by them subculture. This concept is used to assess the phenomena and changes associated with literature, art, social processes. Special assessments of this phenomenon in science have not been available yet. Some postmodern approaches are used in the study of sociocultural phenomena during studying the phenomenon of the “sixties” in archeology including the identification of certain cultural concepts and sociopsychological determinants, consideration of the integrity of the phenomenon through the analysis of individual parts in order to provide opportunities for self-identification. The factual base of this article consists of publications, personal knowledge and impressions of the author. After the “defeat” of the Petri’s Irkutsk archaeological school in the 1930s, and until the mid-1950s. archaeology at Irkutsk State University was in a flickering state. Since mid-1950s began the Renaissance of the Irkutsk archaeological school. The dotted lines of connections from the Petri school through his scholarly M. M. Gerasimov and the “guardians” of traditions of N. A. Florensov and S. V. Shostakovich associated with the Petri school were realized in the formation of a team of young researchers and the creation of a stable system of scientific archaeological research at the Irkutsk University. The activities of the new generation of the Irkutsk archaeological school were expressed in field researches, in the development of methods, approaches and concepts, in publication activity, in international relations, in the creation of corporate entities as special structures and training systems. This activity reflects all sociopsychological determinants and cultural concepts that are characteristic of the generation of the sixties in different areas of the existing Soviet society. The nature of this activity can be defined as a new “discovery” of Siberia - archaeological. This activity formed the basis for the development of archaeological science at Irkutsk State University, the implementation of which is ongoing today.
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Li, Sanggum. "Modern Literature after the 1960s in Korea." International Journal of Area Studies 11, no. 1 (2016): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijas-2016-0002.
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Abstract Since the beginning of the 1990s in Korea, the category and definition of new generation literature have become the topic of heated debate. One may understand this tendency as ‘generation severance’, ‘alienation between social classes’, or the ‘consumption-oriented culture of the masses’. Here, we call the literary youth born in approximately 1960 ‘the new generation’. In literature, the new generation refers to the appearance of a new culture and way of thinking. This generation passed their childhood in the 1970s and faced no such great difficulties as their parents combating poverty. However, they grew up under the indirect influence of a dark political outlook and suppression. Generally, they have a great affection for the culture produced by mass media. If we compare their development process with the literary stream in Korea, the 1960s could be defined as the era of literature for independence and strong self-awareness, the 1970s as the era for people, the 1980s as the era for the rights or emancipation of labour, and the 1990s as the era of new generation literature. Meanwhile, the appearance of the ‘Korean Wave’, or so-called ‘Hallyu’, has become one of the most beloved popular cultural phenomena both in Asia and in other countries since the late 1990s.
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Skvorcov, Artyom M. "Department of Classical Languages and Literature of the LIPLH: Creation and Organization of the Educational Process." Philologia Classica 15, no. 2 (2020): 394–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu20.2020.213.
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The article is based on the records of the Leningrad Institute of Philosophy, Linguistics and History (LIPLH), which are kept in the Central State Archive of Literature and Arts of St. Petersburg, as well as unpublished memoir notes by the first head of the Department of Classical Languages, O. M. Freudenberg. Chronological framework of the research — 1932–1937 — the time of the existence of the Department as part of LIPLH. The Department of Classical Languages and Literatures, re-founded in 1932, became a uniting link between the pre-revolutionary generation of philologists and the young generation formed in the 1920s. Here merged traditional methods and approaches to the teaching of ancient languages and Marxist innovations, such as focus on ‘practicality’, and a combination arose of the earlier individual forms of research with the new collective ones (publication of general works). The article argues that the appointment of O. M. Freudenberg as the head of the department was quite expected, for she was a singularly appropriate figure for the communist establishment. The author also comes to the conclusion that the full interruption of the traditions of learning and teaching of classical languages in Leningrad in the late 1920s — early 1930s never happened, and that the department has become a successor to similar institutions that functioned earlier in the frame of the ‘cycle’ of ancient history at the Faculty of Linguistics and Material Culture of the LSU, as well as at the Research Institute for Comparative History of Literatures and Languages of the West and East of the LSU, and at the State Institute of Speech Culture. The author also draws the conclusion that the opening/closing of the departments in the 1930s was not only a consequence of the activities of government structures but also of the internal conflicts of the scholarly community.
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Nugent, Carlos Alonso. "Lost Archives, Lost Lands: Rereading New Mexico’s Imagined Environments." American Literature 92, no. 2 (2020): 309–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00029831-8267756.
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Abstract This article describes how Nuevomexicanas/os have used texts, images, and other media to reclaim the lands they lost in the US-Mexico War. Along the way, it models a method for reading “imagined environments”—the frameworks through which human groups have represented, related to, and resided in their more-than-human worlds. This article focuses on two generations of writer-activists. In the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s, Adelina Otero-Warren and Fabiola Cabeza de Baca situated themselves in the Precarious Desert, an imagined environment of constraints, contingencies, and struggles for survival. Then, in the 1960s and 1970s, the Alianza Federal de Mercedes revived the Pueblo Olvidado, an imagined environment saturated with laws, treaties, and cultural traditions. Despite many differences, both generations shared a desire to settle on and profit from Native lands. But though they never became environmentalists, they experimented with environmental writing and politics. By recovering these experiments, this article shows how media produce—rather than simply portray—lands and waters. Ultimately it tells the story of the borderlands as a series of struggles over what environments are, whom they can contain, and how they should be used.
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Juravich, Tom. "“Bread and Roses”." Labor 17, no. 2 (2020): 81–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15476715-8114769.
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This paper traces the history of the song “Bread and Roses” to examine labor culture and the role of song in the labor movement. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, “Bread and Roses” was included in several of the first generation song books produced by unions that reflected an expansive and inclusive labor culture closely connected with the Left. With the ascendance of business unionism and the blacklisting of the Left after the war, labor culture took a heavy blow, and labor songbooks became skeletons of the full-bodied versions they had once been. Unions began to see singing not as part of the process of social change but as a vehicle to bring people together, and songs such as “Bread and Roses” and other more class-based songs were jettisoned in favor of a few labor standards and American sing-along songs. “Bread and Roses” was born anew to embody a central concept in the women’s movement and rode the wave of new music, art, and film that were part of new social movements and new constituencies that challenged business unionism and reshaped union culture in the 1980s.
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Golczyńska-Grondas, Agnieszka. "The PPR, Systemic Transformation, and New Poland. Opportunity Structures in the Biographical Experience of Senior Social Reformers." Qualitative Sociology Review 15, no. 4 (2019): 68–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.15.4.04.
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The paper is based on preliminary results of the analysis of four pilot narrative autobiographical interviews conducted with members of the oldest generation of Polish social innovators (born in the 1930s—early 1950s) working in the human sector area CSOs. In this text, I use the concept of opportunity structures, reflecting over sets of structures which facilitate the professional and personal development of social reformers. I refer mainly to Institutional Opportunity Structures emerging in Poland under the socialist regime, during and post systemic transformation. The leading argument here is that the social innovator’s career interrelates with the use of opportunity structures available in a political and economic system regardless of its type and prevalent ideology.
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Arkhangelskiy, V. N. "Fertility in Real Generations of Russian Women: Trends and Regional Differences." Economics, taxes & law 12, no. 2 (2019): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/1999-849x-2019-12-2-59-69.
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The subject of the research is fertility trends in real generations of women in Russia. The relevance of the research stems from the fact that the majority of works devoted to the analysis of the fertility trends and the possible impact of demographic policies thereon in Russia are based on the use of calendar birth rates (total, special, age, total coefficient, etc.) subject to timing fluctuations, e.g. earlier childbirth due to favorable circumstances. The influence of this factor can be bypassed by using birth rates for real generations. The purpose of the paper was to analyze the dynamics of generational changes in birth rates and their regional differences. The results of the analysis showed that after a significant reduction in the average number of children born in the generations of women of the 1960s — early 1970s, the value slightly increased for women of the mid- and late 1970s. and would probably be somewhat higher for women born in the 1980s. The proportion of women who gave birth to at least one child is decreasing hampering the increase in the average number of children born in real generations. On the contrary, an increase in the proportion of women who gave birth to the second and third child contributes to this increase. While the share of those who gave birth to the second child among women who gave birth to the first child in the generations of the late 1970s, despite a significant increase, is lower than among women of the mid‑1950s, the proportion of those who gave birth to the third child among women who gave birth to the second child, is higher than in older generations. The increase in the proportion of women in the generations of the late 1970s who gave birth to the second and third children is to some extent due to more active measures for supporting families with children that are largely focused on supporting second and subsequent births of children. If the implementation of measures for supporting families with children in the 1980s helped to smooth out the difference in the average age of the mother who gave birth to the second and first child from 4.53 years in the generation of women born in 1950 up to 3.31 years in the generation of 1963, then in younger women the difference tended to increase and now it is the maximum for women of 1975. (5.91 years). It is concluded that the policy of encouraging child bearing needs to be continued.
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Rákosník, Jakub, and Radka Šustrová. "Toward a Population Revolution? The Threat of Extinction and Family Policy in Czechoslovakia 1930s–1950s." Journal of Family History 43, no. 2 (2018): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0363199018759650.
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The 1930s and 1940s were a formative period in the development of family policy as a relatively independent branch of the state’s social policy in the Bohemian lands. During this time, several political regimes followed one another (liberal democracy, a conservative authoritative regime, the national socialism of the occupation, and postwar people’s democracy). Despite these political changes, family policy was determined by the discourse of the waning Western industrial society and intensifying nationalism throughout the period in question. The articulation of the national threat created the conditions necessary for active state intervention in the sphere of marital cohabitation and managed support of population growth. This entailed compensating families for preserving the nation as a whole by giving birth to a populous new generation. These efforts were often in conflict with the movement for equality among men and women and increased women’s participation in the labor market. The first part of this article describes the discourse of the nation under threat and its political consequences. The second half focuses on the formation of the social reform consensus during the Second World War and after peace was restored. The third part confronts experts’ proposals with political practice: despite the low number of positive legislative measures, this analysis reveals the evident continuity of efforts to create a conceptual, state-led family policy regardless of the vastly different ideologies of the political regimes mentioned.
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Doyle, Barry M. "Urban Liberalism and the ‘lost generation’: politics and middle class culture in Norwich, 1900–1935." Historical Journal 38, no. 3 (1995): 617–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00020008.
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ABSTRACTThis article utilizes the metaphor of the post-war Lost Generation to investigate the chronology of middle class political realignment and Liberal decline. It suggests that the Liberalism of twentieth-century Norwich owed its existence to the perpetuation of a closed culture based on business, chapel and urban residence. It questions the degree to which dissenting Liberals had been assimilated into the dominant ideology before 1914 by reference to marriage ties and associational links such as the freemasons. It asserts that the downfall of this Liberal culture in the long run, though not immediately, was the result of the Great War, which allowed the younger generation to break out of their insular world and mix more freely with the Anglican upper-middle class. However, it also demonstrates that the closed culture was such that those of the Edwardian political generation, although affected by the War, did not reject their Liberalism. Most continued to actively support the party into the 1930s, questioning the view that the middle classes had largely deserted the Liberals by 1924. Rather, it was the political maturation in the 1930s of the War generation which heralded the end of urban Liberalism and the triumph of middle class Conservatism.