Academic literature on the topic '1940s'

The studies of emigrant associations abroad and the development of migrant organizations in the world in historical perspective are very important in the present context of Lithuania. One of the most important émigré organisations is the Lithuanian World Community (Pasaulio lietuvių bendruomenė), which was established by political refugees with the goal of uniting all the dispersed Lithuanians over the world. This dissertation presents the organizational and political development aspects of the Lithuanian World Community in the 1940s – 1970s. The first chapter features the lessons of the migration policy in the first Republic of Lithuania and the ideas of mobilizing Lithuanians over the world. Colonization’s plans and impact of civic associations to mobilize Lithuanians abroad are explored. In the second chapter it is analysed how the policy of the Western countries influenced Lithuanian mobilization after the Second World War. Secondly, the establishment of the Lithuanian World Community is reconstructed. The third chapter describes the conditions and explains how the Lithuanian communities were established in the countries of immigration. The organizational structure of the Lithuanian World Community board and the development of its relationship with Lithuanian communities are analyzed. The mobilization of the second generation of Lithuanians in the world is investigated. The development of the relations between the Lithuanian World Community and the World Lithuanian Youth... [to full text]<br>Gausi emigracija ir naujų lietuvių bendruomenių formavimasis užsienio šalyse sudaro prielaidas tyrinėti ir migrantų draugijų bruožus, ir jų raidą istorinėje perspektyvoje. Svarbią reikšmę turi Pasaulio lietuvių bendruomenė, įsteigta Antrojo pasaulinio karo politinių pabėgėlių bangos atstovų, siekiant suvienyti pasaulyje pasklidusius lietuvius. Disertacijos tikslas rekonstruoti Pasaulio lietuvių bendruomenės organizacinius ir politinius raidos aspektus XX a. 5–8 dešimtmečiuose. Pirmoji dalis skirta apžvelgti Pirmosios Lietuvos Respublikos migracijos politikos pamokas, sprendžiant pasaulyje pasklidusių lietuvių telkimo problemas. Antrojoje dalyje aptariama Vakarų šalių politika sprendžiant politinių pabėgėlių likimą po Antrojo pasaulinio karo ir su tuo susijusi pasaulio lietuvių telkimo idėjų raida nuo kompaktinio emigravimo galimybės iki naujos, visai lietuvių išeivijai skirtos organizacijos (Pasaulio lietuvių bendruomenės) sukūrimo. Trečiojoje dalyje aprašomos Lietuvių bendruomenių steigimo atskiruose kraštuose sąlygos ir ypatumai; pristatomi PLB institucionalizavimo aspektai, rekonstruojamas PLB vaidmuo formuojant santykius su atskirų kraštų Lietuvių bendruomenėmis, apžvelgiama tų santykių raida; analizuojamas jaunosios išeivijos kartos telkimo klausimas, pristatoma PLB ir Pasaulio lietuvių jaunimo sąjungos bendradarbiavimo raida. Ketvirtojoje dalyje rekonstruojama ir analizuojama PLB veikla sprendžiant lietuvių išeivijos reprezentavimo ir politinio susiorganizavimo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]

The present thesis looks at the Soviet economy in the 1940s-1960s period. It specifically focuses on the influence of economic policy and thought developed in the late 1940s on the post-Stalinist era. The thesis' aim is to prove that several key elements of 1950s-1960s economic reforms had already been conceptualised, proposed or implemented during the Stalinist period. The pillars of this 1940s-1960s reforming continuity which the research deals with are khozraschet, economic levers (profit, value, market, prices, credit, bonuses), perspective planning, the balance of the national economy method, as well as the debates concerning the law of value and the repeated attempts at drawing up a General Plan and at drafting a new Party Programme. The key figure this thesis focuses on is N.A. Voznesensky, top Soviet planner in 1939-1949. In the late 1930s he revived practices and methods discontinued after 1928, while under his aegis, policies and debates that later influenced post-Stalinist reforms were developed in the late 1940s. The thesis relies on primary evidence gathered at four Russian state archives (RGAE, GARF, ARAN, RGASPI) and on research carried out at British, Russian, Italian and German libraries.

At least 50,000 working-class laborers from the West Indies, many of them poor and unemployed, remained with their families in central Panama after the construction of the Panama Canal in 1914. Over the next thirty years, along with a small number of West Indian professionals, religious leaders, and business owners, they established ways to sustain themselves in locales, both in Panama and the American-controlled Canal Zone, where they faced challenges and opposition. Their sizable presence interrupted ideals of elite politicians in Panama to Hispanicize the population. Nationalist Panamanians stigmatized them as culturally different competitors for canal maintenance jobs, and lacking in loyalty to the state because they clung to English and their British colonial citizenship. In the Canal Zone, they faced racial segregation and second-class status. This dissertation examines critical physical and cultural spaces the immigrants created to foster community, provide social and economic security, educate their children, and as a corollary, develop new identities. Using archival material, land records, interviews and historical newspapers from Panama and the United States, and informed by a wide range of secondary sources, the chapters examine the activism of West Indians, in the context of Panamanian historical trends. The case studies analyze involvement of the immigrants in three particular settings: as members of voluntary associations called lodges, as renters and residents of neighborhoods, and as shapers of education for their children, who were born into citizenship in Panama. West Indians had come to Panama from different island cultures and maintained many differences, yet in these settings they developed commonalities and shared experiences as West Indian Panamanians. In the process, West Indian immigrants influenced Panama's development in ways little acknowledged in Panamanian or American national, social or economic history.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the complex relationship between western music and municipality in 1930s and 1940s Shanghai. The objective is to carry out an inquiry into musical venues, municipal policies and ideas of musical sound in a fragmented administrative geography. Music historians have yet to research in tandem municipalities of the British and French settlers, Japanese military and the Chinese Nationalists—an alternative historical modelling that nuances studies of 1930s and 1940s Shanghai as a global and colonial metropolis. In terms of the evidence, the thesis draws on documentary sources in Chinese, English, French and German from Shanghai’s treaty port, war and postwar years. Surviving materials extend from concert programmes, used scores and musical advertisements to venue licences and tax correspondence. The four main chapters function as case studies; each is located in a specific municipality. Chapter One discusses the International Settlement: British settlers’ sonic values and the aural phenomenon of the Shanghai Municipal Brass Band in the parks. Chapter Two discusses the French Concession: the sonic regulation of the French Municipal Council and the jarring but no less ‘French’ entertainment of eateries. Chapter Three discusses ‘Little Vienna’ in Japanese-occupied Shanghai: the landscape of European Jewish cafés and their sound worlds of Unterhaltungsmusik in the Restricted Sector for Stateless Refugees. Chapter Four discusses Nationalist Shanghai: eateries’ claims of a distinct musical sound in the context of an anti-music tax policy. The Epilogue shifts from ‘1930s and 1940s Shanghai’ as a matter of music history to matters of historiography, first exploring reproduction maps and repositories, then outlining some further directions for an archival musicology. In terms of its overall contribution, the thesis brings to light not only Shanghai’s western musical venues and municipal policies, but also the peculiar geography of a city of cities, multinational yet divided.

It has been suggested that the period between the 1940s and the 1960s was 'the golden age' of Egyptian cinema -a period of growth, innovation and popularity. The aim of this research is to focus on the plight of Egyptian women in selected long feature films of this period, and how this -was realistically represented on the screen. It was a daunting task for the present researcher to embark on such controversial gender issues, especially from a westerner's perspective on a Muslim Arab society. But the researcher's determination and sense of duty to investigate and expose the hardships of Egyptian womenfolk through films, managed to overcome that feeling of trepidation, together with the tremendous support of her advisor Dr. Zahia Salhi. This study begins by tracing the historical development of Egyptian cinema and the important role played by female pioneers in the newly emergent film industry, whereby an assessment of the role of these pioneers is also considered. This leads to an analysis of the status of the Egyptian woman within her socio-historical and cultural contexts that are essential for the identification of gender based representational strategies in these films. The research reviews major film theories related to representation, communication and gender issues, and how films as products of their creators, are connected to the social, economic, political and cultural backgrounds of a given time and place. In addition to these film theories, the study recommends a textual variation approach for film analysis, for those films based on literary texts that have been adapted to the screen. The textual variation approach looks for the ways in which the film director modifies the original text when it is adapted into a film. The aim behind the textual variation approach is tounderstand the function of the dominant theme in both literary text and film, and scrutinise its visible or latent realistic meanings vis ii vis the structures of thought which dominated the Egyptian society of the 1940s to the 1960s. It is these structures of thought that impose on the film-makers the textual variations from novel to film. The difference in the time period when the novel was written is compared with the period when the film was produced in order to assess the present social dominant ideologies or the shifting values. Thus, the time dimension factor, together with the film-makers' own views, help us determine the internal expectations of the Egyptian society and the realistic plight of its womenfolk. To bring the concept of textual variation into application, three film case studies are considered, th e findings of which demonstrate that when textual variations or total adherence to the novel were involved, dominant ideologies were either reaffirmed, shifted or evolved according to the era of the film production.

The purpose of the study is to explore the trend in natural fertility and its components in China over half a century from the 1940s to the 1980s. One of the most important components of fertility, natural fertility and its secular rising trend in modern China, have never been systematically addressed, thus providing the scope for the present study. By fully using recent information on China's population and social development, this thesis documents and analyses the trend of natural fertility in China since the 1940s. The literature review of natural fertility and its proximate and background determinants comes as the first part after the introduction. An important methodological part of the study comes next. The main data sources are introduced, problems of applying Coale and Trussell's model are discussed and an adjusted version of the model is proposed. Finally, technical problems are also addressed, including such matters as modifying data sources to meet required measurements, assessing the limitations of estimated results, suggesting ways to avoid data truncation and so on. The major part of the thesis consists in the next four chapters, which involve a thorough demographic analysis of natural fertility levels and trends for the nation as a whole, and of different aspects such as urban-rural differentials, regional variations and educational divergences. The proximate determinants: fecundability and birth intervals, breastfeeding, primary sterility, and age at first marriage are also analyzed at length. Finally, the importance of socio-economic conditions on natural fertility change is analysed. The quantitative relationship between natural fertility and these socio-economic conditions was statistically tested and an analytical model was built, which proves to be well able to simulate the identified trends in natural fertility.