Academic literature on the topic '1940s life'
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Journal articles on the topic "1940s life"
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Kiselev, Mikhail. "Carl Schmitt in the USSR." Sotsiologicheskoe Obozrenie / Russian Sociological Review 19, no. 2 (2020): 276–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1728-192x-2020-2-276-309.
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The article is devoted to the problem of the perception in the USSR of C. Schmitt and his works. It is shown that the Russian Empire paid attention to and criticized Schmitt’s 1912 work Law and Judgment. Soviet readers in the 1920s–1940s were already acquainted with the content of Schmitt’s key works such as Political Romanticism, Dictatorship, The Historical and Spiritual State of Modern Parliamentarism, Political Theology, The Concept of Political, The Age of Neutralizations and Depoliticizations, and On the Three Types of Juristic Thought, and a discussion of these works was a part of the intellectual life of the USSR in the 1920s–1940s. Moreover, Soviet Marxist-theorists of law, while criticizing Schmitt’s ideas, agreed with some of his ideas regarding the criticism of the bourgeois state and law until 1933. However, after 1933, Schmitt’s works in the USSR turned into an object of harsh criticism, and he himself was proclaimed a key fascist theoretician of state and law. Since the late 1940s, because of the so-called struggle with “cosmopolitanism”, Schmitt’s works received less attention. In the 1950s–1970s, Schmitt’s works appeared only in some critical statements, and the works of Soviet authors of the 1920s-1940s about Schmitt actually fell into oblivion. A new wave of interest in Schmitt began only in the second half of the 1980s, and his works can already be considered in the context of the intellectual history of modern Russia.
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Attanasio, Orazio, Hamish Low, and Virginia Sánchez-Marcos. "Explaining Changes in Female Labor Supply in a Life-Cycle Model." American Economic Review 98, no. 4 (2008): 1517–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.98.4.1517.
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This paper studies the life-cycle labor supply of three cohorts of American women, born in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. We focus on the increase in labor supply of mothers between the 1940s and 1950s cohorts. We construct a life-cycle model of female participation and savings, and calibrate the model to match the behavior of the middle cohort. We investigate which changes in the determinants of labor supply account for the increases in participation early in the life-cycle observed for the youngest cohort. A combination of a reduction in the cost of children alongside a reduction in the wage-gender gap is needed. (JEL D91, J16, J22, J31)
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Silver, George K. "The Health Left in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s." International Journal of Health Services 25, no. 1 (1995): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/lnl2-ncqh-nh0h-1y83.
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To go back to a period more than five decades ago to talk about the health left is to enter not just another time, but another world. Between the Great Depression and the postwar period, challenging and contradictory social, political, and professional developments were brought to the surface in U.S. life. The health left shared in the opportunities and confusion, enriching the American spirit and participating in both the pleasures and the pain. The 1930s saw economic depression, wars, the birth of fascism, and fears of social collapse. In medicine, despite sporadic scientific advances, the social response was remote and narrow. But social activism motivated medical students and medical practitioners. The 1940s marked a change in both attitudes and values. The left was divided, and bitter factionalism stymied cooperative action. Participation in the war against fascism promoted solidarity, despite the sadness of the evidence of brutality and lack of humanity. The 1950s are sometimes considered regressive, but seeds germinated as the complexity of medical life engendered new approaches to meeting sociomedical needs. As we entered the 1960s a different and more hopeful story unfolded as the rebellions of the poor, blacks, and women brought about a new era of social action.
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Ramsey, Justin, and Tara S. Ramsey. "Ecological studies of polyploidy in the 100 years following its discovery." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1648 (2014): 20130352. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0352.
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Polyploidy is a mutation with profound phenotypic consequences and thus hypothesized to have transformative effects in plant ecology. This is most often considered in the context of geographical and environmental distributions—as achieved from divergence of physiological and life-history traits—but may also include species interactions and biological invasion. This paper presents a historical overview of hypotheses and empirical data regarding the ecology of polyploids. Early researchers of polyploidy (1910s–1930s) were geneticists by training but nonetheless savvy to its phenotypic effects, and speculated on the importance of genome duplication to adaptation and crop improvement. Cytogenetic studies in the 1930s–1950s indicated that polyploids are larger (sturdier foliage, thicker stems and taller stature) than diploids while cytogeographic surveys suggested that polyploids and diploids have allopatric or parapatric distributions. Although autopolyploidy was initially regarded as common, influential writings by North American botanists in the 1940s and 1950s argued for the principle role of allopolyploidy; according to this view, genome duplication was significant for providing a broader canvas for hybridization rather than for its phenotypic effects per se . The emphasis on allopolyploidy had a chilling effect on nascent ecological work, in part due to taxonomic challenges posed by interspecific hybridization. Nonetheless, biosystematic efforts over the next few decades (1950s–1970s) laid the foundation for ecological research by documenting cytotype distributions and identifying phenotypic correlates of polyploidy. Rigorous investigation of polyploid ecology was achieved in the 1980s and 1990s by population biologists who leveraged flow cytometry for comparative work in autopolyploid complexes. These efforts revealed multi-faceted ecological and phenotypic differences, some of which may be direct consequences of genome duplication. Several classical hypotheses about the ecology of polyploids remain untested, however, and allopolyploidy—regarded by most botanists as the primary mode of genome duplication—is largely unstudied in an ecological context.
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Кукулин [Kukulin], Илья [Ilya]. "Приватизация бунта: “вторая жизнь” раннесоветского монтажа [Privatization of a riot: “Second life” of the early Soviet montage]". Sign Systems Studies 41, № 2/3 (2013): 266–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2013.41.2-3.08.
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Privatization of a riot: “Second life” of the early Soviet montage. This paper deals with montage in the broad sense of the term: it is discussed not as a principle of film editing, but as an aesthetic method based on the contrasting combination of elements; in the case of literary narrative, montage can be defined as a contrasting parataxis. Being understood in that sense, montage became an international “grand style” of the post-WWI epoch. In the Soviet Union this new method had many ideological connotations. It represented history (the historical process as such) as creative and cruel violence. Otherwise, art montage was a method of designing the utopian vision. The following development of montage in Russian culture could be defined as a change of its semantic. It was expelled from the Socialist Realism mainstream (excluding poster graphics), but survived in unofficial art of the 1940s and became postutopian. During the “Thaw” period (the late 1950s to the early 1960s) montage methods could indicate the connection of an author with the Soviet or Western European avant-garde of the 1920s. The reconsideration of those methods followed two different ways: imitation of the “resurrection of revolutionary impulses” or deconstruction of Soviet historical and social imagination – also with the tools of montage. This very intensive dialogue with the aesthetic tradition of the 1920s came to an end at the beginning of the 1970s. The authors of uncensored art and literature in that period polemicized not with the 1920s, but with the 1960s. The “living” translation of the early Soviet montage aesthetics has been settled.
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Ho-yin Fong, Ian. "(Re-)Reading Shanghai’s Futures in Ruins: Through the Legend of an (Extra-)Ordinary Woman in The Song of Everlasting Sorrow: A Novel of Shanghai." Culture Unbound 4, no. 1 (2011): 229–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/cu.2000.1525.124248.
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This essay is an allegorical reading of Shanghai futures through a fictive woman, Wang Qiyao, in Wang Anyi’s novel, The Song of Everlasting Sorrow: A Novel of Shanghai (1996). The novel is about her life in China from the 1940s to the 1980s. Using Benjamin’s critique of 19th century Paris in relation to Shanghai in the 1930s and 1940s (“the Paris of the Orient”) the essay examines questions of phantasmagoria, nostalgia, memory and awakening and relates these to the possible Shanghai futures to come.
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Devienne, Elsa. "The Life, Death, and Rebirth of Muscle Beach." Southern California Quarterly 100, no. 3 (2018): 324–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/scq.2018.100.3.324.
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In the 1940s and 1950s, at Santa Monica’s Muscle Beach, male and female acrobats and bodybuilders performed stunts and displayed muscular physiques. In 1958, in the aftermath of a sex crime panic, the site was closed. In the following decades a new “Muscle Beach” arose in countercultural Venice. The Muscle Beach phenomenon illuminates the changing meaning of muscles in America, from the conflation of muscularity with homosexuality in the 1950s to the triumph of “hard bodies” in the 1980s. The legitimization of visible muscularity was not a simple process. While the Muscle Beach athletes successfully distanced themselves from the taint of homosexuality by associating muscles with heterosexual glamour, the 1958 scandal reversed this trend and reinforced the stigma attached to muscles. In its second life, Muscle Beach gradually sidelined female weightlifters and glorified the heterosexuality of male bodybuilders, thus reinforcing traditional gender norms and leading to wider acceptance of the male muscular physique by the 1980s.
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Brumble, H. David. "Social Scientists and American Indian Autobiographers: Sun Chief and Gregorio's “Life Story”." Journal of American Studies 20, no. 2 (1986): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875800015061.
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Social scientists collected many, many American Indian autobiographies during the 1930s, 1940s, and early 1950s, autobiographies of Apaches, Navajos, Hopis, Zunis, Papagos, Kiowas, Sioux, a Kwakiutl, autobiographies of shamans, shepherds, hunters, farmers, men, and women. Many of these are now moldering in the dark reaches of forgotten file cabinets, but a remarkable number were published, and for this we must be grateful. These narratives are to us a legacy, affording us some sense of what it means to see the world and the self according to ancient habits of mind.
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Vargas, Mark. "Scenes From Polish Working‐Class Life in Milwaukee, 1900s–1940s." Historian 57, no. 1 (1994): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6563.1994.tb01336.x.
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Lewthwaite, Stephanie. "Modernism in the Borderlands: The Life and Art of Octavio Medellín." Pacific Historical Review 81, no. 3 (2012): 337–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2012.81.3.337.
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This article examines the life and work of Octavio Medellín, a Mexican-born sculptor based in Texas during the 1930s and 1940s. It argues that Medellín was not simply a Mexican artist operating within the confines of an indigenist and nationalist art; neither was he a modernist primitivist artist committed to the search for pure form. As an emerging Mexican American subject located on the margins of both homeland and host society, Medellín synthesized the categories of Mexican art, regionalism, and modernist primitivism to produce an alternative modernism. Medellín's art reflects the bicultural complexities of becoming Mexican American in the United States—the appropriation and transformation of one's ancestral heritage while seeking cultural and political citizenship in a new land. Medellín's artistic journeying also underscores the multidirectional and transcultural origins of modernism during the 1930s and 1940s.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "1940s life"
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Göransdotter, Maria. "A Home for Modern Life : Educating Taste in 1940s Sweden." Umeå universitet, Institutionen Designhögskolan, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-68869.
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This paper focuses on how interior decoration and taste was seen and taught in relation to the vision of the ideal home in 1940s Sweden. Two phenomena that are focused on are surveys of how people actually lived, and the attempts made to alter that way of living. The activities of Svenska Slöjdföreningen (SSF, the Swedish Society of Industrial Design) is used as a prism for discerning the discourse on domestic interior reform, and the study consists of a close reading and analysis based on archival material and publications linked to SSF. Part of the archival material consists of survey protocols and photograph, of Swedish homes, from a survey into “dwelling habits” initiated by the Association of Swedish Architects (SAR) and the SSF. In the late 1930s and early 1940s, these kinds of surveys were made in order to analyse the standard of living, and the usage of homes and furniture with the aim to find adequate ways of building better housing, of producing better furniture, and of educating people to be more modern and enlightened consumers and home-makers. Based on these findings, courses were given on how to furnish and decorate the home. Through courses in how to furnish and decorate the home, the ideal home was to become real. I mean that the concept of “taste” was almost as important as the concept of “home” in the vision of what modern Swedish society should be like, but that manifesting “good taste” in the home in the 1940s meant something more than merely creating an aesthetically pleasing or beautiful interior. Taste was, above all, seen as an indicator of the degree of modernity and social awareness of people.
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Lane, Margaret. "Women and domestic life in Hull, 1920s to the 1960s." Thesis, University of Hull, 2011. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5374.
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Larson, Christina F. "America Seen through the Work of Paul Sample." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1427980908.
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Messenger, Sharon Ann. "The life-styles of young middle-class women in Liverpool in the 1920s and 1930s." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366703.
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Resuloglu, Cilga. "The Tunali Hilmi Avenue, 1950s-1980s: The Formation Of A Public Place In Ankara." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613369/index.pdf.
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In this study, the socio-spatial formation of a public place in Ankara, the capital city of the Turkish Republic, is analyzed between the 1950s and the 1980s. Within this framework, the focus of analysis is the Tunali Hilmi Avenue (earlier Ö<br>zdemir Street) as one of the main streets in Ankara. To understand experiences of daily life in relation to spatial constitution of a public place is vital for this study, because this opens the way for discussing the formation of a &ldquo<br>street&rdquo<br>as a public place where social forms and practices come into being in the city.
Focusing on the socio-spatial experiences of people on a street as a public place, this study uses visual and written documents about the architectural and planning processes, as well as the information gathered from oral history survey about the experiences of individuals, in order to understand how public life and public place are shaped in a reciprocal manner, and how the spatial formation of a street is realized in relation to daily experiences of its inhabitants.
The decades from the foundation of the Turkish Republic until the late-1950s are initially presented as the period when this part of the city transformed from a suburb of vineyards into a residential area. The main period of analysis in this study is from the late 1950s to the late 1980s when the Tunali Hilmi Avenue was formed as a significant public place in Ankara, acquiring residential as well as cultural, recreational and commercial functions to act as an urban sub-center in the city.
Aiming to produce a comprehensive architectural history of the socio-spatial formation of the Tunali Hilmi Avenue as a public place, with reference to its public role in a specific period of time, this study examines this process as associated with the contemporary changes in the built environment and daily life of Ankara. From such a broad perspective, the study evaluates the unplanned formation of the Avenue as an urban sub-center not only as an urban or architectural entity but also as a social process.
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Akinsha, Konstantin. "Second life of Soviet photomontage, 1935-1980s." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7871.
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This dissertation explores the development of Soviet photomontage from the second half of the 1930s to the end of the 1970s. Until now, the transformation of the modernist medium and its incorporation into the everyday practice of Soviet visual propaganda during and after the Second World War has not attracted much scholarly attention. The firm association of photomontage with the Russian Avant-garde in general, and with Constructivism in particular, has led art historians to disregard the fact that the medium was practised in the USSR until the final days of the Soviet system. The conservative government organisations in control of propaganda preserved satirical photomontage in its post-Dadaist phase and Heartfield-like form, finding it useful in the production of negative propaganda.
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Kristenson, Olle. "Pastor in the Shadow of Violence : Gustavo Gutiérrez as a Public Pastoral Theologian in Peru in the 1980s and 1990s." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-109762.
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This dissertation is a study of the role of Gustavo Gutiérrez as a public pastor in the 1980s and 1990s in Peru. His collaboration with the Lima newspaper La República from the early 1980s gave him a figurative pulpit from which he addressed the Peruvian public on specific occasions. The fundamental question in the dissertation is: How did Gutiérrez respond as pastor to the Peruvian public and how did he express his pastoral concern? The study analyses materials that has not been object for previous studies, such as theological essays and articles in newspapers and periodicals. With inspiration from discourse analysis four discourses have been identified in Gutiérrez’ texts. These discourses interact and through this interaction Gutiérrez formulates his pastoral message. For the socio-political analysis two political discourses are used, the radical and the liberal. The radical political discourse deals with justice for the poor and liberation from oppression as a condition for peace and harmony in society, which are in focus for the liberal political discourse. With the Catholic theological discourse Gutiérrez sets the socio-political analysis in relation to Catholic doctrine and through the pastoral theological discourse he gives reason for hope and inspiration to action. As an advocate for a theology of life, Gutiérrez urges those who read and listen to him to break the pattern of death and opt for this theology of life. In his role as pastor, Gutiérrez speaks words of comfort and encouragement but also words of admonition and warning to those in power who have the capacity to transform society.
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Ferris, Catherine. "Living dictatorship : everyday life in fascist Venice 1929-1940." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2005. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444566/.
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This PhD thesis analyses the lived, everyday experience of Italian fascism in Venice from 1929-1940 through the examination of a number of collective cultural experiences, encountered by Venetians in their daily lives and over the life-course, in order to reveal how far the fascist regime succeeded in penetrating and appropriating the private spheres and 'collective memory' of Venetian society, as well as to demonstrate the complexities of 'ordinary' people's lived experience of fascism and their responses to the intrusion of the regime and its cultural products into their daily lives. To this end, the thesis is loosely structured according to the chronology of the life-course, with chapters addressing the experience of youth, adolescence and free time popular celebrations and festivals the impact of economic autarchy on food, drink, fashion etc. the experience of death and funeral rituals. Treading a line which seeks to heed Mossean exhortations to examine fascism from the inside as well as out- and to take seriously fascism's own understanding of itself whilst rejecting a reduction of the fascist project to nothing more than spectacle and discourse, this study aims to highlight the intricacies, complexities and potential creativity of life under Mussolini's dictatorship, drawing new attention to the distinction between, on the one hand, the regime's intentions and, on the other, the reception of fascist cultural products by its citizens. Using a theoretical framework informed by the work of Koselleck, Jauss, Said, Hoggart, Chartier and, in particular, Michel de Certeau, the results of this research ultimately reveal the limitations of the regime's reach: the lagunari of the 1930s emerge as 'consumer-producers' who used the fascist cultural products they encountered creatively, absorbing, accepting, modifying or rejecting their messages, mediated as they were through narratives - of the nation, the church and the Serenissima republic - with the potential to both strengthen and weaken their intended meaning, as these mingled and clashed with pre-existing and enduring mentalites.
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Fox, Craig. "Everyday Klansfolk : white protestant life and the K.K.K in 1920s Michigan." Thesis, University of York, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.479508.
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Caunce, Stephen Andrew. "Farming with horses in the East Riding of Yorkshire : some aspects of recent agricultural history." Thesis, University of Leeds, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.328699.
Full textBooks on the topic "1940s life"
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Cooke, Alistair. America observed: From the 1940s to the 1980s. Collier Books, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "1940s life"
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Xin, Xu. "Chinese responses to the Holocaust: Chinese attitudes toward Jewish refugees in the late 1930s and early 1940s." In A Century of Jewish Life in Shanghai, edited by Steve Hochstadt. Academic Studies Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781644691328-012.
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Nash, Margaret A., Danielle C. Mireles, and Amanda Scott-Williams. "“Mattie Matix” and Prodigal Princes: A Brief History of Drag on College Campuses from the Nineteenth Century to the 1940s." In Rethinking Campus Life. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75614-1_4.
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West, John B. "Studies in the 1960s and 1970s." In High Life. Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7573-6_10.
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VanOverbeke, Marc A. "Activism, Athletics, and Student Life at State Colleges in the 1950s and 1960s." In Rethinking Campus Life. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75614-1_10.
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Paul, E. Robert. "Family Life." In The Life and Works of J. C. Kapteyn. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1940-5_1.
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Paul, E. Robert. "University Life." In The Life and Works of J. C. Kapteyn. Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1940-5_4.
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Armstrong, Judith M. "A Life for Levin." In The Unsaid Anna Karenina. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19407-0_2.
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Mankiewicz, Tom. "The 1940s." In My Life as a Mankiewicz. University Press of Kentucky, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813136059.003.0003.
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Prokhorov, Alexander. "Soviet Family Melodrama of the 1940s and 1950s." In Imitations of Life. Duke University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/9780822380573-009.
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Pang, Les. "Radio Frequency IdentificationTechnology in Digital Government." In Information Security and Ethics. IGI Global, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-937-3.ch174.
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Following technical strides in radio and radar in the 1930s and 1940s, the 1950s were a period of exploration for radio frequency identity (RFID) technology as shown by the landmark development of the long-range transponder systems for the “identification, friend or foe” for aircraft. Commercial use of RFID appeared in the 1960s, such as electronic article surveillance systems in retail stores to prevent theft. The 1970s were characterized by developmental work resulting in applications for animal tracking, vehicle tracking, and factory automation. RFID technology exploded during the 1980s in the areas of transportation and, to a lesser extent, personnel access and animals. Wider deployment of RFID tags for automated toll collection happened in the 1990s. Also, there was growing interest of RFID for logistics and having it work along side with bar codes. In the beginning of the 21st century, the application of RFID technology has been ubiquitous and now it is practically part of everyday life (Landt, 2001).
Conference papers on the topic "1940s life"
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Richerson, David W. "Historical Review of Addressing the Challenges of Use of Ceramic Components in Gas Turbine Engines." In ASME Turbo Expo 2006: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2006-90330.
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Since the invention of the gas turbine engine, engineers have continuously strived to achieve higher operating temperature and improved thermal efficiency. Ceramic-based materials were considered in the 1940s and 1950s, but did not have adequate properties to survive the thermal shock and high temperature conditions. By the end of the 1960s, new materials were developed in the silicon nitride and silicon carbide families that appeared to have potential. Substantial efforts have subsequently been conducted worldwide. These efforts have identified and sought solutions for key challenges: improvement in properties of candidate materials, establishing a design and life prediction methodology, generating a material database, developing cost-effective fabrication of turbine components, dimensional and non-destructive inspection, and validation of the materials and designs in rig and engine testing. Enormous technical progress has been made, but ceramic-based turbine components still have not reached bill-of-materials status. There are still problems that must be solved. In addition, metals-based technology has not stood still. Implementation of sophisticated cast-in internal cooling passages, development of directionally solidified and later single crystal superalloy hot section components, improved alloys, and use of ceramic thermal barrier coatings have combined to allow thermal efficiency increases that exceed the 1970s goals that engineers thought could only be achieved with ceramics. As a result of these metal and design advances, the urgency for use of ceramics has decreased. Emphasis of this paper is on review of the key challenges of implementing ceramic components in gas turbine engines, progress towards solving these challenges, some challenges that still need to be resolved, and a brief review of how technology from the turbine developments has been successfully spun off to important products.
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Meškova, Sandra. "THE SENSE OF EXILE IN CONTEMPORARY EAST CENTRAL EUROPEAN WOMEN’S LIFE WRITING: DUBRAVKA UGREŠIČ AND MARGITA GŪTMANE." In NORDSCI International Conference. SAIMA Consult Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/nordsci2020/b1/v3/22.
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Exile is one of the central motifs of the 20th century European culture and literature; it is closely related to the historical events throughout this century and especially those related to World War II. In the culture of East Central Europe, the phenomenon of exile has been greatly determined by the context of socialism and post-socialist transformations that caused several waves of emigration from this part of Europe to the West or other parts of the world. It is interesting to compare cultures of East Central Europe, the historical situations of which both during World War II and after the collapse of socialism were different, e.g. Latvian and ex-Yugoslavian ones. In Latvia, exile is basically related to the emigration of a great part of the population in the 1940s and the issue of their possible return to the renewed Republic of Latvia in the early 1990s, whereas the countries of the former Yugoslavia experienced a new wave of emigration as a result of the Balkan War in the 1990s. Exile has been regarded by a great number of the 20th century philosophers, theorists, and scholars of diverse branches of studies. An important aspect of this complex phenomenon has been studied by psychoanalytical theorists. According to the French poststructuralist feminist theorist Julia Kristeva, the state of exile as a socio-cultural phenomenon reflects the inner schisms of subjectivity, particularly those of a feminine subject. Hence, exile/stranger/foreigner is an essential model of the contemporary subject and exile turns from a particular geographical and political phenomenon into a major symbol of modern European culture. The present article regards the sense of exile as a part of the narrator’s subjective world experience in the works by the Yugoslav writer Dubravka Ugrešič (“The Museum of Unconditional Surrender”, in Croatian and English, 1996) and Latvian émigré author Margita Gūtmane (“Letters to Mother”, in Latvian, 1998). Both authors relate the sense of exile to identity problems, personal and culture memory as well as loss. The article focuses on the issues of loss and memory as essential elements of the narrative of exile revealed by the metaphors of photograph and museum. Notwithstanding the differences of their historical situations, exile as the subjective experience reveals similar features in both authors’ works. However, different artistic means are used in both authors’ texts to depict it. Hence, Dubravka Ugrešič uses irony, whereas Margita Gūtmane provides a melancholic narrative of confession; both authors use photographs to depict various aspects of memory dynamic, but Gūtmane primarily deals with private memory, while Ugrešič regards also issues of cultural memory. The sense of exile in both authors’ works appears to mark specific aspects of feminine subjectivity.
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Cole, Matt, Scott Martin, and Scott Adams. "Use of Remote Equipment in Reactor Decommissioning." In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16326.
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Nuclear reactor decommissioning continues to remain at the forefront of the energy and defence industries as many reactors built from the 1940s to the 1970s are reaching the end of their life cycles. As demand for decommissioning increases, the focus on worker’s health and safety has become paramount. This focus on worker safety, coupled with the unique challenges faced in reactor decommissioning, continues to promote the use of remote equipment in the decommissioning process. New technologies available in the market today have also created new opportunities for the implementation and application of remote equipment for reactor decommissioning. These technologies include: carbon fibre, high pressure liquid cutting, and advanced control packages. Also, the methods for remote deployment of existing decommissioning technologies such as flame cutting, shearing, and heavy equipment continue to evolve. This paper will focus on the use of this technology at the following facilities: the decommissioning of the Rancho Seco reactor in California, the Brookhaven graphite research reactor in New York, the Windscale Pile 1 Reactor in the United Kingdom, and the Fort St. Vrain HTG Reactor in Colorado. These have all used remote equipment and emerging technologies to solve complex problems in nuclear reactor decommissioning. The purpose is this paper is to outline some of the challenges associated with reactor decommissioning, describe new technologies and deployment techniques being used in the decommissioning field, and to provide an overview of projects using these new technologies.
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Konell, Jeremiah, Brian Dedeke, Chris Hurst, Shanshan Wu, and Joseph Bratton. "A Midstream Pipeline Operator’s Perspective on the Implementation of API 1183." In 2020 13th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2020-9486.
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Abstract In preparation for the upcoming (currently in draft form) Recommended Practice (RP) on Dent Assessment and Management (API 1183) [1], Explorer Pipeline Company, Inc. (Explorer) has performed an internal procedural review to determine how to effectively implement the methodologies into their Integrity Management Program (IMP). Explorer’s pipeline system transports hazardous liquids and is comprised of over 1,800 miles of pipeline ranging in diameter from 3 to 28 inches. The majority of the system was installed in the 1970s, but parts of the system were also installed as early as the 1940s. The primary focus of this review and implementation into the IMP is in regard to performing and responding to in-line inspection (ILI) based integrity assessments. Prior to the development of API 1183, dent assessment and management consisted of following a set of prescriptive condition assessments outlined in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 49, Part 195.452. In order to do this, pipeline operators required basic information, such as dent depth, orientation, and interaction with potential stress risers such as metal loss, cracks, gouges, welds, etc. However, in order to fully implement API 1183, additional parameters are needed to define the dent shape, restraint condition, defect interaction, and pipeline operating conditions. Many new and necessary parameters were identified throughout the IMP, from the very initial pre-assessment stage (new ILI vendor requirements as part of the tool/vendor selection process) all the way to defining an appropriate reassessment interval (new process of analyzing dent fatigue life). This paper summarizes the parameters of API 1183 that were not part of Explorer’s current IMP. The parameters are identified, and comments are provided to rank the level of necessity from “must have” to “beneficial” (e.g. can sound and conservative assumptions be made when a parameter is not available). Comments are also provided to explain the impact of applying assumptions in place of parameters. The table of identified parameters should provide a useful tool for other pipeline operators who are considering implementing API 1183 as part of their overall IMP.
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Salvado, Filipa, Nuno Almeida, and Alvaro Vale e Azevedo. "Aligning technical and financial management of public school buildings." In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0138.
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<p>The Life Cycle Cost concept enables costs prediction throughout the life cycle of building projects. The scientific community and the practitioners of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) sector have been developing this concept for the past decades and seeking the development of dedicated public databases with the adequate quantity and quality of economic information. These databases are needed to support both the technical and financial management of public construction projects.</p><p>Besides the present problems with these types of databases, such as those of inadequate data granularity, incompleteness and inaccuracy of the information, there is also the need to align the technical and financial perspectives throughout the entire lifecycle of the building project. A relevant example in this regard is the financial depreciation rates which are seldom aligned with the technical depreciation of the building and its assets and components.</p><p>In this paper, public school buildings constructed in Portugal since the 1940s are used as a case study to discuss the alignment of technical and financial management. Historical data show the relevance of considering technical and functional characteristics of the building portfolio, as well as the operation and maintenance requirements in the long-term, in order to establish depreciation rates.</p>
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van Roode, Mark. "Ceramic Gas Turbine Development: Need for a 10-Year Plan." In ASME Turbo Expo 2008: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2008-51378.
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Ceramic gas turbine development that started in the 1950s has slowed considerably since most of the large-scale ceramic gas turbine development programs of the 1970s–1990s ended. While component durability still does not meet expectations, the prospect of significant energy savings and emissions reductions, potentially achievable with ceramic gas turbines, continues to justify development efforts. Four gas turbine applications have been identified that could be commercially attractive: a small recuperated gas turbine (microturbine) with ∼35% electrical efficiency, a recuperated gas turbine for transportation applications with ∼40% electrical efficiency with potential applications for efficient small engine cogeneration, a ∼40% efficient mid-size industrial gas turbine and a ∼63% (combined cycle) efficient utility turbine. Key technologies have been identified to ensure performance and component durability targets can be met over the expected life cycle for these applications. These technologies include: a Si3N4 or SiC with high fracture toughness, durable EBCs for Si3N4 and SiC, an effective EBC/TBC for SiC/SiC, a durable Oxide/Oxide CMC with thermally insulating coating, and the Next Generation CMCs with high strength that can be used as structural materials for turbine components for small engines and for rotating components in engines of various sizes. The programs will require integrated partnerships between government, national laboratories, universities and industry. The overall cost of the proposed development programs is estimated at U.S. $100M over ten-years, i.e. an annual average of U.S. $10M.
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Viltart, Patrick, and Franc¸ois Jacquiot. "Development of a Dual-Diameter 10”/12” High Resolution Ultrasonic (WM) Tool." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0132.
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Trapil is Europe’s leading refined product pipeline operator, with approximately 4,700 kilometers of pipeline in three networks in France. The Le Havre-Paris network has a number of dual-diameter 10” and 123/4” seamless lines in the Paris region. Built in the 1950s and 1960s, they are now located in heavily-populated areas where excavation to assess defects or perform repairs is difficult. Best in-line inspection practice for this type of line recommends the use of ultrasonic tools because of their depth-sizing accuracy and detection capabilities. The need for a dual-diameter, high-resolution ultrasonic tool to survey six 10”–123/4” lines prompted Trapil to develop its own tool offering a variety of benefits, such as using the RSTRENG effective area method to perform fitness-for-purpose calculations prior to excavation and determining the shape of dents.
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Burmatov, Alexander. "Mortality in the Novosibirsk Region in the 1990s." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2020. Baikal State University, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3017-5.47.
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The article examines the evolution of population mortality in the Novosibirsk region on the eve and during the period of radical economic reforms. This is a period of dramatic growth in mortality, a sharp decline in life expectancy until 1994, and a gradual increase in life expectancy in 1995–1998.
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Henderson, Scott, Jeff Ector, and Mike Kirkwood. "A Case Study on Potential SCC Management Using 10-Inch EMAT ILI." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78762.
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Environmentally assisted cracking (EAC), more specifically, stress corrosion cracking (SCC) has been a pipeline integrity concern since the 1960s. However, there were not many options for pipeline operators to effectively manage this threat on gas and liquid pipelines. SCC and other crack type defects have become a threat which is more widely understood and can be appropriately managed through in-line inspection (ILI). The two primary technologies for crack detection, developed in the 1990s and early 2000s respectively, are ultrasonic (UT) and electromagnetic acoustic transducer (EMAT). Although EMAT was originally developed to find SCC on gas pipelines, it has proven equally valuable for crack inspections on liquid pipelines. A case study with a gas and natural gas liquid (NGL) operator, ONEOK Inc. (ONEOK) demonstrates the effectiveness of using EMAT ILI to evaluate the potential threat of crack and crack-like defects on a 48 mile (77.2 km), liquid butane pipeline. By utilizing both 10-inch (254 mm) multiple datasets (MDS) technology and 10-inch (254 mm) EMAT ILI tools, ONEOK proved the effectiveness of ILI to identify critical and sub-critical crack and crack-like defects on their pipeline. This paper will present on the findings from the two technologies and illustrate the approaches taken by the operator to mitigate crack type defects on this pipeline.
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Riffel, R. E., and T. F. McKain. "Derivative T406 Based Turbofans for Advanced Trainers." In ASME 1990 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/90-gt-243.
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A need exists to modernize undergraduate pilot training procedures and resources to better address the emergence of new fighter/attack bomber and transport aircraft such as the ATF, A-12, B-1, B-2, C-17 and ATT. The current U.S. training resources consist of the T-37/T-38 aircraft for the Air Force and the T-45, which will replace the T-2C and the TA-4J, in the U.S. Navy pilot training program. The T-37 and T-38 aircraft are of the 1950s-1960s vintage and do not have the flying qualities, sustained G and Mach capability, and cockpit technologies consistent with now-emerging fighter/attack aircraft. The disparity in aircraft agility between today’s (and tomorrow’s) front line aircraft and trainers is illustrated in Fig. 1.
Reports on the topic "1940s life"
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Costa, Dora, and Matthew Kahn. Changes in the Value of Life: 1940-1980. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9396.
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Johnson, Courtney, Kelly L. Reddy Best, and Eulanda A. Sanders. Swagger Like Us: Black Millennials and 1990s Urban Brands. Iowa State University. Library, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/itaa.8415.
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Cox, Jeremy. The unheard voice and the unseen shadow. Norges Musikkhøgskole, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.22501/nmh-ar.621671.
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The French composer Francis Poulenc had a profound admiration and empathy for the writings of the Spanish poet Federico García Lorca. That empathy was rooted in shared aspects of the artistic temperament of the two figures but was also undoubtedly reinforced by Poulenc’s fellow-feeling on a human level. As someone who wrestled with his own homosexuality and who kept his orientation and his relationships apart from his public persona, Poulenc would have felt an instinctive affinity for a figure who endured similar internal conflicts but who, especially in his later life and poetry, was more open about his sexuality. Lorca paid a heavy price for this refusal to dissimulate; his arrest in August 1936 and his assassination the following day, probably by Nationalist militia, was accompanied by taunts from his killers about his sexuality. Everything about the Spanish poet’s life, his artistic affinities, his personal predilections and even the relationship between these and his death made him someone to whom Poulenc would be naturally drawn and whose untimely demise he would feel keenly and might wish to commemorate musically. Starting with the death of both his parents while he was still in his teens, reinforced by the sudden loss in 1930 of an especially close friend, confidante and kindred spirit, and continuing throughout the remainder of his life with the periodic loss of close friends, companions and fellow-artists, Poulenc’s life was marked by a succession of bereavements. Significantly, many of the dedications that head up his compositions are ‘to the memory of’ the individual named. As Poulenc grew older, and the list of those whom he had outlived lengthened inexorably, his natural tendency towards the nostalgic and the elegiac fused with a growing sense of what might be termed a ‘survivor’s anguish’, part of which he sublimated into his musical works. It should therefore come as no surprise that, during the 1940s, and in fulfilment of a desire that he had felt since the poet’s death, he should turn to Lorca for inspiration and, in the process, attempt his own act of homage in two separate works: the Violin Sonata and the ‘Trois Chansons de Federico García Lorca’. This exposition attempts to unfold aspects of the two men’s aesthetic pre-occupations and to show how the parallels uncovered cast reciprocal light upon their respective approaches to the creative process. It also examines the network of enfolded associations, musical and autobiographical, which link Poulenc’s two compositions commemorating Lorca, not only to one another but also to a wider circle of the composer’s works, especially his cycle setting poems of Guillaume Apollinaire: ‘Calligrammes’. Composed a year after the ‘Trois Chansons de Federico García Lorca’, this intricately wrought collection of seven mélodies, which Poulenc saw as the culmination of an intensive phase in his activity in this genre, revisits some of ‘unheard voices’ and ‘unseen shadows’ enfolded in its predecessor. It may be viewed, in part, as an attempt to bring to fuller resolution the veiled but keenly-felt anguish invoked by these paradoxical properties.
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Bakaç, Cafer, Jetmir Zyberaj, and James C. Barela. Predicting telecommuting preferences and job outcomes amid COVID-19 pandemic : A latent profile analysis. Otto-Friedrich-Universität, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.20378/irb-49214.
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Telecommuting is defined as “a work practice that involves members of an organization substituting a portion of their typical work hours (ranging from a few hours per week to nearly full-time) to work away from a central workplace—typically principally from home —using technology to interact with others as needed to conduct work tasks”(Allen, Golden, & Shockley, 2015: 44). This kind of practice substantially differs from the regular and ordinary modes of work because employees perform their usual work in different settings, usually from home (Allen et al., 2015). Although research has been conducted on telecommuting since the 1970s, it has recently become critical when life incidents, like the COVID-19 pandemic has forced many to work from home. Such events offer rare opportunities, for a wide range of researchers and from various fields, to study important questions that would not typically be able to be asked, such as about telecommuting experiences. We took this opportunity and conducted two studies regarding telecommuting, basing our rationale on the fact that many on-site employees were forced to work from home, across a wide range of occupations as a direct result of the pandemic(Kramer & Kramer, 2020). The aim of our study, thus, was to investigate the preferences of employees who were forced to work from home. Specifically, bycreating latent profiles from important work and personality related constructs, we aimed at predicting employees’ preference for working from home or working on-site based on these profiles, and further investigate the relationship of these latent profiles to perceived productivity, job satisfaction, and job engagement.
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Alemu, Dawit, and Tirhas Kinfe. Responses of Rice Farmers Engaged in Vegetable Production: Implications of the Collapse of Vegetable Prices in the Fogera Plain. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/apra.2021.017.
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Since the early 1980s, the Fogera Plain has been one of Ethiopia's major rice production areas. The introduction of rice, its commercialisation and the subsequent increased surplus production has led to the ability of smallholder rice farmers to intensify their production through diverse investments, mainly in supplementary irrigation. This has also enabled rice farmers to diversify crop production, mainly during the off-season, through the production of high-value crops like vegetables. Despite this expansion, a recent visit to the Fogera Plain by the authors revealed that most smallholder rice farmers were not able to sell their onions due to the collapse of local markets. To investigate this collapse further, this paper follows the authors' investigation of farmer investments in producing onion, their responses to the collapse of the onion market, and the implications for rural livelihood improvement within the Fogera Plain.
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Lane, Lerose, R. Gary Hicks, DingXin Cheng, and Erik Updyke. Manual for Thin Asphalt Overlays. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1906.
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This manual presents best practices on project selection, mix design, and construction to ensure a superior product when constructing thin asphalt overlays. Experience shows these treatments provide excellent performance when placed on pavements in fair to good condition using proper construction techniques. Though sometime referred to by other names, thin asphalt overlays have been widely used for pavement preservation throughout the world for over 50 years. Limited infrastructure funding at the local, state, and federal levels has resulted in greater emphasis on the use of pavement preservation techniques to extend pavement life and reduce maintenance costs. Thin asphalt overlays are one of many preventative maintenance treatments. Thin asphalt overlays are placed directly on existing pavement and can range from 1/2 inch to 1 1/2 inches in thickness. Thin asphalt overlays have proven to be an economical means for maintaining and improving the functional condition of an existing pavement since the 1960s. Specifically, this manual provides guidance for engineers regarding where and when to use thin asphalt overlays including: (1) Types and variations of thin overlays; (2) Materials and the design process; (3) Construction; (4) Quality Assurance; and (5) Troubleshooting. This chapter by chapter guidance enables an Agency’s engineers to design and construct a successful thin asphalt overlay project to completion. This manual is one of four new manuals prepared by the California Pavement Preservation Center (CP2Center) using funding from California Senate Bill 1 (SB-1), passed in April 2017. The other three manuals provide detailed design and construction information for (1) chip seals, (2) slurry surfacing, and (3) Cape seals. The creation of these manuals was a task funded entirely from SB-1 monies for the purpose of disseminating training and technical information on highway pavement preservation to local agencies throughout California.
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Hostetler, Steven, Cathy Whitlock, Bryan Shuman, David Liefert, Charles Wolf Drimal, and Scott Bischke. Greater Yellowstone climate assessment: past, present, and future climate change in greater Yellowstone watersheds. Montana State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15788/gyca2021.
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The Greater Yellowstone Area (GYA) is one of the last remaining large and nearly intact temperate ecosystems on Earth (Reese 1984; NPSa undated). GYA was originally defined in the 1970s as the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, which encompassed the minimum range of the grizzly bear (Schullery 1992). The boundary was enlarged through time and now includes about 22 million acres (8.9 million ha) in northwestern Wyoming, south central Montana, and eastern Idaho. Two national parks, five national forests, three wildlife refuges, 20 counties, and state and private lands lie within the GYA boundary. GYA also includes the Wind River Indian Reservation, but the region is the historical home to several Tribal Nations. Federal lands managed by the US Forest Service, the National Park Service, the Bureau of Land Management, and the US Fish and Wildlife Service amount to about 64% (15.5 million acres [6.27 million ha] or 24,200 square miles [62,700 km2]) of the land within the GYA. The federal lands and their associated wildlife, geologic wonders, and recreational opportunities are considered the GYA’s most valuable economic asset. GYA, and especially the national parks, have long been a place for important scientific discoveries, an inspiration for creativity, and an important national and international stage for fundamental discussions about the interactions of humans and nature (e.g., Keiter and Boyce 1991; Pritchard 1999; Schullery 2004; Quammen 2016). Yellowstone National Park, established in 1872 as the world’s first national park, is the heart of the GYA. Grand Teton National Park, created in 1929 and expanded to its present size in 1950, is located south of Yellowstone National Park1 and is dominated by the rugged Teton Range rising from the valley of Jackson Hole. The Gallatin-Custer, Shoshone, Bridger-Teton, Caribou-Targhee, and Beaverhead-Deerlodge national forests encircle the two national parks and include the highest mountain ranges in the region. The National Elk Refuge, Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, and Grays Lake National Wildlife Refuge also lie within GYA.
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Kuiken, Todd, and Jennifer Kuzma. Genome Editing in Latin America: Regional Regulatory Overview. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003410.
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The power and promise of genome editing, CRISPR specifically, was first realized with the discovery of CRISPR loci in the 1980s.3 Since that time, CRISPR-Cas systems have been further developed enabling genome editing in virtually all organisms across the tree of life.3 In the last few years, we have seen the development of a diverse set of CRISPR-based technologies that has revolutionized genome manipulation.4 Enabling a more diverse set of actors than has been seen with other emerging technologies to redefine research and development for biotechnology products encompassing food, agriculture, and medicine.4 Currently, the CRISPR community encompasses over 40,000 authors at 20,000 institutions that have documented their research in over 20,000 published and peer-reviewed studies.5 These CRISPR-based genome editing tools have promised tremendous opportunities in agriculture for the breeding of crops and livestock across the food supply chain. Potentially addressing issues associated with a growing global population, sustainability concerns, and possibly help address the effects of climate change.4 These promises however, come along-side concerns of environmental and socio-economic risks associated with CRISPR-based genome editing, and concerns that governance systems are not keeping pace with the technological development and are ill-equipped, or not well suited, to evaluate these risks. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) launched an initiative in 2020 to understand the complexities of these new tools, their potential impacts on the LAC region, and how IDB may best invest in its potential adoption and governance strategies. This first series of discussion documents: “Genome Editing in Latin America: Regulatory Overview,” and “CRISPR Patent and Licensing Policy” are part of this larger initiative to examine the regulatory and institutional frameworks surrounding gene editing via CRISPR-based technologies in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions. Focusing on Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, they set the stage for a deeper analysis of the issues they present which will be studied over the course of the next year through expert solicitations in the region, the development of a series of crop-specific case studies, and a final comprehensive regional analysis of the issues discovered.
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Child marriage briefing: Zambia. Population Council, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy19.1005.
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This brief provides an overview of child marriage as well as the particulars of child marriage in Zambia. This landlocked southern African nation is home to 10.9 million people, with 47 percent of its population under age 15. Zambia is one of the poorest countries in the world; nearly two out of three Zambians live on less than US$1 a day. The country’s economic growth was hindered by declining copper prices and a prolonged drought in the 1980s and 1990s. More recently, the AIDS epidemic has taken a devastating toll: 920,000 adults and children are living with HIV/AIDS, and 630,000 children have been orphaned because of the disease. Child marriage is widespread in Zambia, even though the legal age of marriage is 21 for both males and females. Customary law and practice discriminate against girls and women with respect to inheritance, property, and divorce rights. Domestic violence is a serious problem, with over half of married girls reporting ever experiencing physical violence and more than a third reporting abuse in the past year. Included in this brief are recommendations to promote later, chosen, and legal marriage.
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Facts about adolescents from the Demographic and Health Survey—Statistical tables for program planning: Jordan 1997. Population Council, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy21.1018.
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The Population Council initiated its work on adolescents in the mid-1990s. At that time, those advocating greater attention to adolescent issues were concerned about adolescent fertility—particularly outside of marriage—and adolescent “risk-taking” behavior. As an international scientific organization with its mandate centered around the needs of developing countries, the Council sought a more nuanced and context-specific understanding of the problems confronting adolescents in the developing world. In working with colleagues inside and outside the Council, it became clear that information on adolescents, and the way data are organized, were limiting the ability to understand the diversity of their experiences or to develop programs to address that diversity. In the absence of data, many adolescent policies were implicitly based on the premise that the lives of adolescents in developing countries were like those of adolescents in Western countries. In fact, significant numbers of young people in the West do not fit this description, and even larger groups within the developing countries. The Council created tables to more clearly describe the diversity of the adolescent experience by drawing on Jordan Demographic and Health Survey data. The tables, presented in this report, are intended to be used as a basis for developing programs.