Dissertations / Theses on the topic '1955-1958'

La tesi, tramite l’utilizzo sia di letteratura che fonti primarie, presenta la copertura dei negoziati e della firma dei Trattati di Roma (1957) da parte di alcune tra le principali testate giornalistiche italiane di portata nazionale (l’“Avanti!”, “l’Unità” e “La Stampa”), coprendo il periodo dalla Conferenza di Messina del 2 giugno 1955 alle elezioni nazionali del 25 maggio 1958. L’analisi, sia di tipo quantitativo che qualitativo, compara la copertura mediatica del processo di "integrazione europea" dell'Italia e le modalità con cui le diverse testate esposero i fatti.

This thesis is about a remarkable experience lived through by Latvian émigrés in the mid-1950s. They were the targets of a Soviet repatriation campaign, operated by the KGB, which not only envisioned their repatriation to the Soviet Latvian homeland, but also anticipated the destruction of their émigré society as they knew it. The purpose of this thesis is to portray and analyze this repatriation campaign and the émigré Latvian reactions to it. By looking at the activities of the Committee For Return to the Motherland in East Berlin, the contents of the Latvian language repatriation newspaper Par atgriešanos Dzimtenē (For Return to the Motherland), and the reactions to the campaign in contemporary émigré press, this study shows how highly developed strategies and tactics were implemented in order to elicit certain behaviors from émigrés, and how émigrés advanced their own counter-strategies to offset the effects of the campaign. More specifically, this study examines the standardized narratives in Par atgriešanos Dzimtenē that were meant for émigré self-identification and emulation. This thesis proposes that the repatriation campaign was a highly complex Soviet propaganda effort. The publicly announced goal of repatriation included several parallel goals, aims, and purposes and encompassed many types of activities. Above all, deception was used to cover the actions undertaken against émigrés and to mislead host country governments and agencies. This thesis concludes that notwithstanding the Soviet superiority in organization and resources, a small, unprotected, and internally divided community could withstand the concerted efforts of Soviet propaganda if the group’s sense of mission was sufficiently strong and firm.
Denna avhandling behandlar de lettiska flyktingarna från andra världskriget och deras erfarenheter av ofrivilliga kontakter med Sovjetlettland vid mitten av 1950-talet, då flyktingarna blev måltavla för en sovjetisk repatrieringskampanj. Målet för denna kampanj var repatriering, dvs att få flyktingarna att återvända till hemlandet, det av Sovjet ockuperade Lettland. Ett annat mål var att splittra flyktingarnas sammanhållning. Avhandlingen beskriver och analyserar den sovjetiska repatrieringskampanjen och de lettiska flyktingarnas reaktioner. Studien bygger på källmaterial från kampanjverkamheten Committee For Return to the Motherland, som hade sin bas i Östberlin, samt från artiklar i den lettiskspråkiga tidskriften Par atgriešanos Dzimtenē (For Return to the Motherland) som riktade sig till de lettiska flyktingarna. Flyktingarnas reaktioner studeras genom en rad lettiska tidningar som utgavs i Väst. Min avhandling visar hur väl utvecklade strategier användes i syfte att framkalla önskade reaktioner från flyktingarna, samt vilka motåtgärder flyktingar själva utvecklade mot repatrieringskampanjen. Mer specifikt analyseras standardberättelser i Par atgriešanos Dzimtenē som var avsedda för flyktingarnas självidentifiering och igenkännande. Avhandlingen pekar på att den sovjetiska repatrieringskampanjen var en mycket komplex propagandaverksamhet. Utöver det offentligt tillkännagivna kampanjmålet fanns flera parallella målsättningar och avsikter som omfattade en stor mängd skiftande aktiviteter. En strategi som användes aktivt var vilseledning, bl a för att dölja verksamheter riktade mot flyktingarna, och för att förvilla statsledningar och myndigheter i de nationer där flyktingarna vistades. Avhandlingens slutsats är att trots den sovjetiska överlägsenheten i organisation och resurser kunde en liten oförsvarad och inom sig splittrad lettisk gemenskap motstå de samordnade ansträngningar från den sovjetiska propagandan.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Humanas, Departamento de História, 2006.
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Numa abordagem de História e cultura, exercito, nesta dissertação, a interpretação de temas referentes ao processo de desapropriação de terras para a construção de Brasília, através de trabalho realizado, entre 1955 e 1958, pela Comissão de Cooperação para a mudança da Nova Capital. A iniciativa de sua instauração partiu de grupos políticos ligados ao governo de Goiás, no intuito de colaborar com e/ou controlar atividades relacionadas com transferência e a construção da capital federal em terras deste estado. Procurei compor um quadro dessa região na época de tais desapropriações, a partir de interpretações de memórias resultantes de entrevistas, realizadas com pessoas relacionadas a três grandes fazendas da área desapropriada, e de narrativas que construo em diálogo com os conteúdos dessas fontes orais e com os de outras fontes escritas e fotográficas, produzidas antes, durante e depois da atuação dessa referida comissão. ________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT
In a History and culture approach, I exercised in this dissertation the interpretation of themes referring to the process of dispossession of land for the construction of Brasília, through the work developed by the Commission of Cooperation for the moving of the New Capital between 1955 and 1958. The initiative of its instauration came from political groups connected to the government of Goiás in order to collaborate with and control activities related to the transference and to the construction of the federal capital in the lands of this state. I tried to compose a painting of this region at the time of such dispossessions, from interpretations of memories resulting from interviews with people related to three big farms of the dispossessed land, and from the narratives that I constructed in dialogue with the contents of these oral sources and of others written and photographic sources, produced before, during and after the works of the mentioned comission.

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Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
This thesis aims to analyze the process of construction of the Gua?ba?s Bridge/Travessia R?gis Bittencourt, occurred in the 1950s, through the debates that were in its genesis. Thus, in addition to recovering the decision-making process around the work, we rescued as perceptions and representations that circulated about Rio Grande do Sul and its future in that period. Since the 1940s, the large increase in motorized traffic by regional roads led to a congestion of the boat service that crossed the Gua?ba, between a city of the same name and a capital Porto Alegre, making it obsolete. In search of a solution, discussions began within the technical field, where divergences regarding the best alternative to the so-called "dry crossing of the Gua?ba" arose among the engineers, and also in the political field, where the work was viewed by most agents as fundamental for the progress of Rio Grande do Sul and for a minority as an unnecessary expense. However, since the emergence of the Departamento de Estradas de Rodagem (Daer) in 1938, a policy of replacing bridges of riverboat services across the state had already been set in motion, preamble to one of the largest road engineering works of that period in Brazil, Travessia R?gis Bittencourt. To accomplish our goal, we bring in the thesis vast documentation, divided into two types of sources. In the first type, we work with documents produced by Daer, where data and technical discussions help us to better understand not only the achievement of the work, but the relationship between bridge building and progress. As a second source, we use the debates in the Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Alergs), which allow us to better understand the participation of the political field in the process.
Esta disserta??o tem como objetivo analisar o processo de constru??o da Ponte do Gua?ba/Travessia R?gis Bittencourt, ocorrido na d?cada de 1950, atrav?s dos debates que estiveram em sua g?nese. Assim, al?m de recuperarmos o processo decis?rio em torno da obra, resgatamos as percep??es e representa??es que circulavam sobre o Rio Grande do Sul e seu futuro naquele per?odo. Desde a d?cada de 1940, o grande aumento de tr?fego motorizado pelas estradas regionais levava a um congestionamento do servi?o de barcas que realizava a travessia do Gua?ba, entre a cidade de mesmo nome e a capital Porto Alegre, tornando-o obsoleto. Em busca de uma solu??o, discuss?es foram iniciadas dentro do campo t?cnico, onde diverg?ncias a respeito da melhor alternativa para a chamada ?travessia a seco do Gua?ba? surgiram entre os engenheiros, e tamb?m no campo pol?tico, onde a obra era encarada pela maior parte dos agentes como fundamental para o progresso do Rio Grande do Sul e por uma minoria como um gasto desnecess?rio. Contudo, desde o surgimento do Departamento Aut?nomo de Estradas de Rodagem (Daer), em 1938, uma pol?tica de substitui??o por pontes dos servi?os de barcas que efetuavam as travessias de rios em todo o Estado j? havia sido colocada em marcha, servindo estas experi?ncias como pre?mbulo para uma das maiores obras de engenharia rodovi?ria daquele per?odo no Brasil, a Travessia R?gis Bittencourt. Para cumprirmos nosso objetivo, trazemos na disserta??o vasta documenta??o, dividida em dois tipos de fontes. No primeiro tipo, trabalhamos com documentos produzidos pelo Daer, onde dados e discuss?es t?cnicas nos ajudam a compreender melhor n?o somente a realiza??o da obra, mas a rela??o que se estabelece entre a constru??o de pontes e o progresso. Como segundo tipo de fonte, utilizamos os debates na Assembleia Legislativa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul (Alergs), que nos permitem uma melhor vis?o acerca da participa??o do campo pol?tico no processo.

Il s'agit d'une thèse pluridisciplinaire qui recouvre à la fois la littérature, la civilisation, la psychologie et la pathologie d'une société en décomposition (celle de la RDA entre 1980 et 1989). Le point de départ reste cependant l'étude de textes poétiques. À partir de ce corpus, la recherche s'oriente vers une quête de l'esthétique de la douleur, s'accompagnant d'un sentiment de rejet psychique et somatique. Cette quête initiatique passe par une recherche des origines lointaines de la nausée puis par une typologie du phénomène, pour déboucher sur une crise d'identité qui se reflète également dans la société tout entière. Cette recherche du mal existentiel individuel et collectif est suivie d'une quinzaine de poèmes de Hans-Eckardt Wenzel traduits par l'auteur de la thèse
This interdisciplinary thesis covers at the same time the literature, the civilization, the psychology and the pathology of a decaying society, namely that of East-Germany between 1980 and 1989. However the starting point remains the study of poetic texts. This body of work permits research to be focused upon the quest for the aesthetics of pain, in association with a feeling of psychic and somatic rejection. This original quest involves an investigation firstly into the remote origins of nausea, and then into a typology of this phenomenon and leads finally to an identity crisis which is also mirrored in society as a whole. This study of existential agony, that is at once individual and collective, is followed by about fifteen of Hans-Eckardt Wenzel's poems translated by the author of this thesis

La littérature irlandaise, de même que la littérature sur l’Irlande, est fortement imprégnée de pastorale. Fort de ce constat, nous avons cherché à évaluer la part que pouvait encore jouer cette thématique chez les plus jeunes représentants de la littérature irlandaise et notamment chez trois de ses romanciers : Roddy Doyle, Dermot Bolger et Patrick McCabe. Au cœur du discours de la pastorale, tradition et modernité s’opposent et se renforcent mutuellement. Or, dans l’écriture de ces romanciers irlandais, elles n’ont de cesse de rappeler au lecteur que leur relation ambiguë forme également l’un des fondements idéologiques majeurs qui ont présidé à l’écriture de l’histoire de l’île. En raison de cet échange permanent entre écriture et pastorale, le jeune roman insulaire reflète ici un débat typiquement irlandais dans lequel nationalisme et révisionnisme, écriture et ré-écriture de l’histoire, dominent et conditionnent tout autre thème. De telle sorte que le fait littéraire y rejoint le fait politique, tandis que le mythe et la réalité s’y confondent parfois dans le propos de leurs personnages romanesques à l’identité souvent déchirée. Prisonniers de ce cadre de production littéraire et idéologique qu’ils contribuent, finalement, à perpétuer, Doyle, Bolger et McCabe affichent cependant leurs différences les uns par rapport aux autres et illustrent, par leurs récits, une géographie culturelle irlandaise complexe où un nationalisme révisionniste peut aisément côtoyer un révisionnisme nationaliste. En partant du principe que l’écriture de l’histoire ou du simple récit suppose d’abord sa ré-écriture, ces romanciers resserrent un peu plus les liens qui unissent texte et contexte dans leur écriture, et dépeignent une Irlande qui échappe, par conséquent, à toute définition préconçue
The pastoral pervades irish literature, and so does most literature “about” Ireland. Taking this observation as a starting point our study, we have tried to assess how much this important theme could still influence the new irish writers and in particular three of them : Roddy Doyle, Dermot Bolger AND Patrick McCabe. The opposition between tradition and modernity is at the core of the pastoral ’s reasoning and forms the tension that feeds this reasoning. But in the writing of our three irish writers, tradition and modernity keep reminiding readers that their ambiguous relathinship also gives its ideological motivation to the writing of the island's history. Owing to this permanent dialogue between writing and pastoral, the new generation of irish writers tends to illustrate a typically irish debate in which nationalism and revisionism, the writing and re-writing of history, form key themes. So much so that literature and politics keep interwining in their novels while myth and reality get mixed up in the minds of their characters, thus affecting their own sense of identity. Conditionned by this literary and ideological framework which they themselves contribute to perpetuate, Doyle, Bolger and McCabe tend, however, to differ frome each other in such a way that their writings reflect the complexity of an irish cultural geography where revisionist nationalism and nationalist revisionsim unsurprisingly stand side by side. Considering that the writing of history or that of a simple story first supposes a principle of re-writing, these novelists bring text and context in tight connection in their own writing and depict an ireland that goes far beyond preconceived definitions

Dans l'immédiat après-guerre, les églises françaises et allemandes travaillent au relèvement et à la démocratisation de l'Allemagne ruinée, mettent au point avec le gouvernement militaire un service d'aides, établissement les premiers contacts individuels et en groupes, créent de nouveaux mouvements d'échanges, participent activement à la rééducation de l'Allemagne, soutiennent les efforts du Chancelier Adenauer, intensifient les rencontres et coopèrent en partenaires dans la recherche de solutions à leurs problèmes
Just after war, french and german churches made efforts to the re-establishment and the democratisation of the destroyed germany, they organized aid services with the military government, and they establish the first individual ang group relations, and they create new change movements and took actively part in the german " reeducation ", and they encourage Chancelor Adenauer efforts, improve the meeting and work together as partners in order to find solutions to their problems

Le 4 mai 1955, Pierre Mendès France prend le contrôle du Parti radical en vue de le rénover et d'en faire un instrument politique moderne. Le prestige dont est auréolé alors l'ancien président du Conseil permet la naissance d'une dynamique radicale avec une forte croissance des effectifs militants et un succès électoral en janvier 1956. En réaction contre le néo-radicalisme conservateur de l'après-guerre, Mendès France et ses amis repensent la doctrine du Parti autour d'un retour aux sources du radicalisme. Mais au printemps 1956, la démission de Mendès France du cabinet Guy Mollet attise les tensions au sein du Parti car les radicaux orthodoxes font passer la collaboration avec la SFIO avant la rigueur doctrinale. Le Parti échappe alors à Mendès France qui ne peut empêcher la scission de l'aile droite en0octobre 1956 et imposer un minimum de discipline au sein du groupe parlementaire. Sa démission de la direction du Parti en mai 1957 marque pratiquement la fin de l'expérience. Situé à la jonction d'un courant "Mendésiste" rénovateur et d'un radicalisme historique, Mendès France n'a pu réaliser la synthèse, prisonnier qu'il a été des pesanteurs traditionnelles du Parti ; synthèse qui aurait modifié la physionomie de la gauche française à la fin des années cinquante
On may 4th, Pierre Mendes France takes over the radical party with a view to renovating it and making it a modern political instrument. The halo then surrounding the former chief of government allows the arising of a radical dynamics together with a heavy growth of militant support and a success at the elections of january 1956. Reacting against postwar conservative neo-radicalism, mendes france and his friends reconsider the party's doctrine, tracing it back to the sources of radicalism. But in the spring of 1956, Mendes France’s resignation from G. Mollet's cabinet stirs up the tensions inside the party because orthodox radicals place collaboration with the SFIO party prior to doctrinal rigorism. Mendes France then loses control over the party and cannot prevent the secession of the right wing in october 1956 and impose the minimum discipline within the parliamentary group. Standing at the junction of a "Mendes" renovating current and of a long established radicalism, Mendes France failed to achieve the melting, captive as he was of the traditional unwieldiness of the party, a melting that could have altered the character of the french left in the late fifties

Ce travail de recherche retrace la rivalité des puissances occidentales au Liban entre 1940 et 1958, qui découle d’un affaiblissement progressif de ses anciennes puissances colonisatrices, la France et la Grande-Bretagne. Nous essaierons de dérouler au cours de cette étude le nouvel ordre imposé au Moyen-Orient. Nous analyserons la manière dont les États-Unis ont cherché à supplanter les anciennes puissances coloniales.Pour la période suivante, de 1947 à 1958, qui voit au Moyen-Orient un bouleversement politique majeur avec la fin des Mandats, la création de l’État d’Israël et la montée du nationalisme arabe, nous nous pencherons sur l’apparition sur la scène moyen orientale d’une nouvelle superpuissance, l’Union soviétique. Nous détaillerons la position du Liban vis à vis des alliances, de la crise de Suez et de la cirse libanaise de 1958. Nous essaierons d’apprécier dans quelles mesures elles ont contribué à accélérer la chute des anciennes puissances colonisatrices supplantées par les deux nouvelles super puissances.Dans ce nouveau contexte, le Liban apparaîtra au cœur de ces événements, dépassé par les enjeux et tiraillé par l’opposition interne entre musulmans pro nassériens et chrétiens pro-occidentaux. Nous verrons notamment comment, pour contrer l’influence soviétique au Moyen-Orient après la crise du canal de Suez, Eisenhower remania sa politique dans la région profitant de la perte d'influence franco-britannique.Nous arriverons à la conclusion que ces dix années apparaissent comme déterminantes dans l’histoire de la rivalité américano-européenne au Moyen Orient et tout en dessinant un affaiblissement définitif des autres puissances occidentales, scellé par l’échec de Suez, elles déterminent pour la décennie à venir, jusqu’en 1967, les règles du jeu de cet Orient complexe…
This research, traces the rivalries, between the year 1940 and 1958, amid the Western powers within Lebanon, which is the result of the gradual weakening of their former colonial powers, France and Great Britain. Through this study, we will expose the new order imposed on the Middle East, and we will analyze how the United States sought to supplant the former colonial forces.Furthermore, during the years 1947 to 1958, the Middle East witnessed a major political upheaval with the end of the mandate, the establishment of the State of Israel, the rise of Arab nationalism and the rise of a new superpower in that region: the Soviet Union. Moreover, we will specifically detail the causes and consequences of the Suez Canal crisis and we will try to assess its extent on the accelerated collapse of the former colonial forces, superseded by their two new challengers. In the light of these events, Lebanon will appear overwhelmed by the challenges, and torn by the internal opposition between pro-Nasserite Muslims and pro-Western Christians. It will be shown in detail how, to counter the Soviet influence in the Middle East after the Suez crisis, Eisenhower reshuffled his policy in the area, taking advantage of the decreasing influence of France and Great Britain.Eventually, we come to the conclusion, that the decade spanning from 1947 to 1958 is decisive to the history of the US-European rivalry in the Middle East, where the weakening of all other Western powers is definitive, and where the rules of the game, in the extremely complex region, became determined for the following decade

Ce travail analyse les rapports complexes qui se tissent entre traduction et culture, et plus particulièrement les problématiques qui émergent de la traduction de références culturelles étrangères. Il prend pour objet d’étude un corpus de romans historiques contemporains irlandais traduits en français. Ce corpus se compose de cinq romans écrits par Sebastian Barry, Dermot Bolger, Roddy Doyle et William Trevor, dont l’intrigue se déroule pendant une même période historique, la première moitié du vingtième siècle. Ce cadre historique partagé garantit la présence d’un socle de références culturelles communes. L’étude à la fois descriptive et contrastive des solutions adoptées pour traduire ces références permet donc d’une part de rendre compte des zones de résistance spécifiques de la culture irlandaise au transfert interculturel, et d’autre part de tenter de dégager certaines tendances, certains systématismes au sein des différentes traductions. En outre, les romans du corpus révisent tous un certain nombre de constructions historiques, identitaires et culturelles, notamment la vision homogène et exclusive d’une irlandité catholique, gaélique et rurale. Cette approche commune constitue une clé de compréhension importante et donc un enjeu non négligeable pour la traduction des références culturelles de ces romans. Cette thèse s’attache donc également à examiner les déformations que subissent ces représentations culturelles spécifiques au cours du processus de traduction. Les recherches effectuées dans les domaines de la traductologie, mais aussi de la littérature et de l’histoire irlandaises viennent appuyer et compléter l’étude
This study analyses the complex relationship between translation and culture, and more specifically the issues arising from the translation of cultural references into a different language. It focuses on a body of contemporary Irish historical novels translated into French. This corpus comprises five novels written by Sebastian Barry, Dermot Bolger, Roddy Doyle and William Trevor. All five novels take place during the same historical period, namely the first half of the twentieth century. This shared historical context guarantees the presence of a base of cultural references common to all novels. This study will therefore take on both a descriptive and comparative approach in order to analyse the range of solutions that were implemented to translate these references. It will aim at uncovering the areas of Irish culture that demonstrate a particular resistance to intercultural transfer, as well as foregrounding recurring translational trends within the translated texts. Additionally, the novels under study all revise a number of historical, cultural and identity constructs, in particular the idea of a homogeneous Irishness that is exclusively Gaelic, Catholic and rural. This approach constitutes an essential key to understanding the novels and therefore represents a significant issue and challenge for the translation of cultural references. Accordingly, the study also attempts to examine the modifications undergone by these specific cultural representations during the translation process. It is supported and completed by researches carried out in the fields of translation studies as well as Irish literature and history

After the ratification of the Paris Treaties on May 5, 1955 the Germany Treaty took full effect. It ended Germany's status as an occupied territory and gives it the rights of a sovereign state, with certain restrictions that remained in place until German reunification. West Germany was allowed to join NATO and to create the Western European Union. With this development, West Germany, under the leadership of Konrad Adenauer, in front of the backdrop of the Cold War became a fully trusted partner of the western allies and with the second draft of the Germany Treaty, West Germany largely regained its sovereignty. Adenauers achievements include the establishment of a stable democracy in defeated Germany, a lasting reconciliation with France, a general political reorientation towards the West, recovering limited but far-reaching sovereignty for West Germany by firmly integrating it with the emerging Euro-Atlantic community (NATO and the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation). However, contemporary critics accused Adenauer of cementing the division of Germany, sacrificing reunification and the recovery of territories lost to Poland and the Soviet Union for the sake of speedy integration into the West.

This paper aims to discuss the relations between the documentary and artistic aspects of the Düsseldorf School, mediated by the memory mechanisms. The Düsseldorf School was founded in 1976 by photographers Bernd and Hilla Becher, and was responsible for training countless generations of photographers until the year 1997, when it ended its activities. With a specific orientation on concepts developed by the New Objectivity, aesthetic current emerged in Germany, during the Weimar Republic (1919-1933), the Düsseldorf School presents a documentary matrix associated with the work of masters Bernd and Hilla Becher; these photographers developed a typological and composite methodology, used for the photographic recording of decommissioned industrial structures in various European countries. The method developed by Becher in their work is defined as the capture of images framing, large focal length, few shadows, absence of people and almost always absence of horizon, among other characteristics. The Becher organize their work into two groups of images, which they called typologies and developments, where they group together, respectively, several typologically related structures, and several angles of the same structure. Their work, notably documentary, given its archival dimension, was recognized as art, receiving the sculpture prize at the 1990 Venice Biennale. The concepts of art and documents are articulated by links attributed to the mechanisms of memory, and presented in the work of five photographers, students of the first class of masters Bernd and Hilla Becher: Andreas Gursky, Axel Hütte, Candida Höfer, Thomas Ruff and Thomas Struth. The photographers presented reveal, in common, a methodological rigor present in the realization and organization of their work, with greater or lesser degree of relevance in the result of their work. Each of them developed their own photography, with striking individual characteristics, beyond the methodological rigor assimilated by the masters.