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1
ONSO-ZARAZAGA, MIGUEL A., and CHRISTOPHER H. C. LYAL. "A catalogue of family and genus group names in Scolytinae and Platypodinae with nomenclatural remarks (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)." Zootaxa 2258, no. 1 (October 8, 2009): 1–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2258.1.1.
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A list of available taxonomic names in Curculionidae: Scolytinae and Platypodinae in familyand genus-groups is given, together with some remarks on unavailable nominal taxa. Comments are provided on their status and nomenclature, and additions and corrections to extant catalogues given, as a first step for their inclusion in the electronic catalogue ‘WTaxa’. Available names, not recognised as such in current published catalogues, are: Mecopelminae Thompson, 1992; Trypodendrina Nunberg, 1954; Archaeoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Camptocerus Dejean, 1821; Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Coptogaster Illiger, 1804; Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Cryptoxyleborus Wood & Bright, 1992; Cylindra Illiger, 1802; Dendrochilus Schedl, 1963; Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1938; Doliopygus Browne, 1962; Doliopygus Schedl, 1972; Erioschidias Wood, 1960; Ernopocerus Wood, 1954; Idophelus Rye, 1877; Lepicerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Lepidocerus Rye, 1880; Miocryphalus Schedl, 1963; Ozopemon Hagedorn, 1910; Phloeoditica Schedl, 1963; Pinetoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Pygmaeoscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Spinuloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Stephanopodius Schedl, 1963; Stylotentus Schedl, 1963; Thamnophthorus Blackman, 1942; Trachyostus Browne, 1962; Treptoplatypus Schedl, 1972; Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Trypodendrum Agassiz, 1846; Tubuloscolytus Butovitsch, 1929; Xelyborus Schedl, 1939. Unavailable names, not recognised as such in the current published catalogues, are: Chaetophloeini Schedl, 1966; Eidophelinae Murayama, 1954; Mecopelmini Wood, 1966; Strombophorini Schedl, 1960; Tomicidae Shuckard, 1840; Trypodendrinae Trédl, 1907; Acryphalus Tsai & Li, 1963; Adryocoetes Schedl, 1952; Asetus Nunberg, 1958; Carphoborites Schedl, 1947; Charphoborites Schedl, 1947; Cryptoxyleborus Schedl, 1937; Cylindrotomicus Eggers, 1936; Damicerus Dejean, 1835; Damicerus Dejean, 1836; Dendrochilus Schedl, 1957; Dendrocranulus Schedl, 1937; Doliopygus Schedl, 1939; Erioschidias Schedl, 1938; Ernopocerus Balachowsky, 1949; Gnathotrichoides Blackman, 1931; Ipites Karpiński, 1962; Isophthorus Schedl, 1938; Jugocryphalus Tsai & Li, 1963; Landolphianus Schedl, 1950; Mesopygus Nunberg, 1966; Micraciops Schedl, 1953; Miocryphalus Schedl, 1939; Mixopygus Nunberg, 1966; Neohyorrhynchus Schedl, 1962; Neophloeotribus Eggers, 1943; Neopityophthorus Schedl, 1938; Neoxyleborus Wood, 1982; Phloeoditica Schedl, 1962; Platypinus Schedl, 1939; Platyscapulus Schedl, 1957; Platyscapus Schedl, 1939; Pygodolius Nunberg, 1966; Scutopygus Nunberg, 1966; Stephanopodius Schedl, 1941; Stylotentus Schedl, 1939; Taphrostenoxis Schedl, 1965; Tesseroplatypus Schedl, 1935; Thamnophthorus Schedl, 1938; Thylurcos Schedl, 1939; Trachyostus Schedl, 1939; Treptoplatus Schedl, 1939. The name Tesseroceri Blandford, 1896, incorrectly given as “Tesserocerini genuini” in current catalogues, is unavailable as basionym for the family-group name, since it was proposed as a genusgroup name. Resurrected names from synonymy are: Hexacolini Eichhoff, 1878 from synonymy under Ctenophorini Chapuis, 1869 (invalid name because its type genus is a homonym) and given precedence over Problechilidae Eichhoff, 1878 under Art. 24.2; Hylurgini Gistel, 1848 from virtual synonymy under Tomicini C.G. Thomson, 1859 (unavailable name); Afromicracis Schedl, 1959 from synonymy under Miocryphalus Schedl, 1939 (an unavailable name) to valid genus; Costaroplatus Nunberg, 1963 from synonymy under Platyscapulus Schedl, 1957 (an unavailable name) to valid genus; Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867 from synonymy under Ips DeGeer, 1775 to valid subgenus of the same; Hapalogenius Hagedorn, 1912 from synonymy under Rhopalopselion Hagedorn, 1909 to valid genus; Pseudips Cognato, 2000, from synonymy under Orthotomicus Ferrari, 1867 to valid genus. New synonyms are: Hexacolini Eichhoff, 1878 (= Erineophilides Hopkins, 1920, syn. nov.); Hypoborini Nuesslin, 1911 (= Chaetophloeini Schedl, 1966, unavailable name, syn. nov.); Scolytini Latreille, 1804 (= Minulini Reitter, 1913, syn. nov.); Afromicracis Schedl, 1959 (= Miocryphalus Schedl, 1963, syn. nov.); Aphanarthrum Wollaston, 1854 (= Coleobothrus Enderlein, 1929, syn. nov.); Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Cosmoderes Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Cumatotomicus Ferrari, 1867 (=Emarips Cognato, 2001, syn. nov.); Doliopygus Browne, 1962 (=Doliopygus Schedl, 1972, syn. nov.); Eidophelus Eichhoff, 1875 (= Idophelus Rye, 1877, syn. nov.); Hapalogenius Hagedorn, 1912 (= Hylesinopsis Eggers, 1920, syn. nov.); Phloeoborus Erichson, 1836 (= Phloeotrypes Agassiz, 1846, syn. nov.); Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Pycnarthrum Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Scolytogenes Eichhoff, 1878 (December) = Lepicerus Eichhoff, 1878 (December) = Lepidocerus Rye, 1880, synn. nov.); Trypodendron Stephens, 1830 (=Xylotrophus Gistel, 1848 = Trypodendrum Gistel, 1856, synn. nov.); Xylechinus Chapuis, 1869 (= Chilodendron Schedl, 1953, syn. nov.); Cosmoderes monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Cosmoderes monilicollis Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Hylastes pumilus Mannerheim, 1843 (= Dolurgus pumilus Eichhoff, 1868, syn. nov.); Hypoborus hispidus Ferrari, 1867 (= Pycnarthrum gracile Eichhoff, 1878 (April) syn. nov.); Miocryphalus agnatus Schedl, 1939 (= Miocryphalus agnatus Schedl, 1942, syn. nov.); Miocryphalus congonus Schedl, 1939 (= Miocryphalus congonus Eggers, 1940, syn. nov.); Lepicerus aspericollis Eichhoff, 1878 (April) = Lepicerus aspericollis Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Spathicranuloides moikui Schedl, 1972 (June) (= Spathicranuloides moikui Schedl, 1972 (December), syn. nov.); Triarmocerus cryphalo-ides Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.); Scolytogenes darvini Eichhoff, 1878 (April) (= Scolytogenes darwinii Eichhoff, 1878 (December), syn. nov.). New type species designations are: Bostrichus dactyliperda Fabricius, 1801 for Coccotrypes Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Triarmocerus cryphaloides Eichhoff, 1878 (April) for Triarmocerus Eichhoff, 1878 (April); Ozopemon regius Hagedorn, 1908 for Ozopemon Hagedorn, 1910 (non 1908); Dermestes typographus Linnaeus, 1758 for Bostrichus Fabricius, 1775 (non Geoffroy, 1762). New combinations are: Afromicracis agnata (Schedl, 1939), A. attenuata (Eggers, 1935), A. ciliatipennis (Schedl, 1979), A. congona (Schedl, 1939), A. dubia (Schedl, 1950), A. elongata (Schedl, 1965), A. grobleri (Schedl, 1961), A. klainedoxae (Schedl, 1957), A. longa (Nunberg, 1964), A. natalensis (Eggers, 1936), A. nigrina (Schedl, 1957), A. nitida (Schedl, 1965), A. pennata (Schedl, 1953) and A. punctipennis (Schedl, 1965) all from Miocryphalus; Costaroplatus abditulus (Wood, 1966), C. abditus (Schedl, 1936), C. carinulatus (Chapuis, 1865), C. clunalis (Wood, 1966), C. cluniculus (Wood, 1966), C. clunis (Wood, 1966), C. costellatus (Schedl, 1933), C. frontalis (Blandford, 1896), C. imitatrix (Schedl, 1972), C. manus (Schedl, 1936), C. occipitis (Wood, 1966), C. pulchellus (Chapuis, 1865), C. pulcher (Chapuis, 1865), C. pusillimus (Chapuis, 1865), C. subabditus (Schedl, 1935), C. turgifrons (Schedl, 1935) and C. umbrosus (Schedl, 1936) all from Platyscapulus; Hapalogenius africanus (Eggers, 1933), H. alluaudi (Lepesme, 1942), H. angolanus (Wood, 1988), H. angolensis (Schedl, 1959), H. arabiae (Schedl, 1975), H. atakorae (Schedl, 1951), H. ater (Nunberg, 1967), H. baphiae (Schedl, 1954), H. brincki (Schedl, 1957), H. confusus (Eggers, 1935), H. decellei (Nunberg, 1969), H. dimorphus (Schedl, 1937), H. dubius (Eggers, 1920), H. emarginatus (Nunberg, 1973), H. endroedyi (Schedl, 1967), H. fasciatus (Hagedorn, 1909), H. ficus (Schedl, 1954), H. fuscipennis (Chapuis, 1869), H. granulatus (Lepesme, 1942), H. hirsutus (Schedl, 1957), H. hispidus (Eggers, 1924), H. horridus (Eggers, 1924), H. joveri (Schedl, 1950), H. kenyae (Wood, 1986), H. oblongus (Eggers, 1935), H. orientalis (Eggers, 1943), H. pauliani (Lepesme, 1942), H. punctatus (Eggers, 1932), H. quadrituberculatus (Schedl, 1957), H. rhodesianus (Eggers, 1933), H. saudiarabiae (Schedl, 1971), H. seriatus (Eggers, 1940), H. squamosus (Eggers, 1936), H. striatus (Schedl, 1957), H. sulcatus Eggers, 1944), H. togonus (Eggers, 1919), H. ugandae (Wood, 1986) and H. variegatus (Eggers, 1936), all from Hylesinopsis. New ranks are: Diapodina Strohmeyer, 1914, downgraded from tribe of Tesserocerinae to subtribe of Tesserocerini; Tesserocerina Strohmeyer, 1914, downgraded from tribe of Tesserocerinae to subtribe of Tesserocerini. New placements are: Coptonotini Chapuis, 1869 from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Scolytinae; Mecopelmini Thompson, 1992, from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Platypodinae; Schedlariini Wood & Bright, 1992, from tribe of Coptonotinae to tribe of Platypodinae; Spathicranuloides Schedl, 1972, from Platypodinae s.l. to Tesserocerina; Toxophthorus Wood, 1962 from Scolytinae incertae sedis to Dryocoetini. Confirmed placements are: Onychiini Chapuis, 1869 to tribe of Cossoninae (including single genus Onychius Chapuis, 1869); Sciatrophus Sampson, 1914 in Cossoninae incertae sedis; Cryphalites Cockerell, 1917 in Zopheridae Colydiinae. Corrected spellings are: Micracidini LeConte, 1876 for Micracini; Phrixosomatini Wood, 1978 for Phrixosomini. Gender agreements are corrected for species of several genera.
2
Beck, Peter J. "Fifty years on: putting the Antarctic Treaty into the history books." Polar Record 46, no. 1 (October 19, 2009): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247409990210.
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Recent media coverage of the threatened collapse of the vast Wilkins ice shelf highlights the manner in which the established focus on global warming and the ozone hole has led Antarctica to be well and truly accepted as playing an integral role in global environmental systems. By contrast, histories of the 1950 and 1960s continue still to treat Antarctica largely as, to quote Philip Quigg (1983), ‘a Pole Apart’, that is a marginal region struggling for inclusion on most world maps. Despite the occasional newsworthy item, like the 1952 Anglo-Argentine clash at Hope Bay (Beck 1987: 18–21) or the 1955–1958 British Trans-Antarctic Expedition (Fuchs and Hillary 1958), Antarctic affairs have not been regarded, except perhaps in Argentina, Australia, Chile and New Zealand, as sufficiently mainstream during the 1950s and 1960s to warrant inclusion in national or global histories covering that period. As a result, it remains easy still to gloss over the 1959 Antarctic Treaty as possessing rather limited contemporary significance, and hence to dismiss it as a limited purpose agreement confined to a relatively marginal area. Indeed, for some commentators, the treaty was even interpreted as a lost opportunity in terms of failing either to internationalise the region or to resolve the longstanding Antarctic sovereignty problem.
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Barak, Eitan. "On the Power of Tacit Understandings – Israel, Egypt and Freedom of Passage through the Suez Canal, 1957-1960." Middle East Journal 58, no. 3 (July 1, 2004): 444–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/58.3.6.
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Following the Suez War of 1956, Israel demanded freedom of navigation through the Suez Canal. By July 1957, a tacit understanding was reached in which Egypt acquiesced to passage of Israeli goods on foreign ships. Nevertheless, in March 1959, the Egyptians suddenly breached the agreement. The UN Secretary General subsequently formulated a new tacit arrangement: the “effective stand.” Egypt refused to “play the game” while Israel refrained from military response, recognizing that such a response could endanger the two countries' only shared interest: an aversion to war.
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Necatigil, Zaim M. "Federation agreement in Bosnia‐Herzegovina and the Cyprus agreements of 1959: a comparison." Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs. Journal 15, no. 1-2 (January 1994): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02666959408716304.
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Indarja, Indarja. "PERKEMBANGAN PEMILIHAN PRESIDEN DAN WAKIL PRESIDEN DI INDONESIA." Masalah-Masalah Hukum 47, no. 1 (January 30, 2018): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/mmh.47.1.2018.63-70.
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The aim of this paper is to analyze the regulation of general election of President and vice President in Indonesia. The method used is the normative juridical, with the history approach. Based on results that the Election of President and Vice President in Indonesia changes from time to time, from the period 1945-1950 President and Vice President elected by PPKI by acclamation. The period 1950-1959 elected by agreement between the state of RIS and RI. After the 1959 period until now, the President and Vice President were elected by the people through general elections.
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Bagale, Dharma Raj. "Nepal–India water cooperation: consequences of mutuality or hegemony?" Water Policy 22, no. 6 (October 30, 2020): 1098–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2020.135.
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Abstract This article reviews the relationship between Nepal and India, particularly in water resources cooperation. The two South Asian neighbours have entered into a number of agreements/treaties in water resources, namely, Sarada Agreement (1920), Kosi Agreement (1954), Gandak Agreement (1959) and Mahakali Treaty (1996). Nepal is criticized within the country for being unable to secure its benefits, and that all the agreements are in India's favour. However, the Indian side claims that overpoliticization of water issues in Nepal is the reason for not achieving the benefits from these agreements. Since the Mahakali Treaty, there has been deadlock in Nepal–India water cooperation as the implementation of the treaty has not materialized even after more than two decades since its ratification. Therefore, all the forms of cooperation in the past between Nepal and India can be viewed as the consequence of hydro-hegemony rather than mutuality. The article concludes that both nations need to move forward to create mutual trust for the equitable utilization of water resources, as there is huge potential for constructive cooperation.
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Morland, L. C., and P. G. Saffman. "Effect of wind profile on the instability of wind blowing over water." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 252 (July 1993): 383–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112093003805.
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A linear stability analysis of the inviscid, parallel flow of air over water leads to an eigenvalue problem for the wave speed, which is solved numerically for air profiles typical of both laminar and turbulent flows. Comparison is made with Miles’ (1957) theory; growth rates differ from those predicted from the Miles (1957) formula but are in agreement with Conte & Miles’ (1959) computations for turbulent flow profiles. In the limit of a highly sheared wind profile the numerical computations retrieve the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability.
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Namazi, M., K. von Salzen, and J. N. S. Cole. "Simulation of black carbon in snow and its climate impact in the Canadian Global Climate Model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, no. 13 (July 9, 2015): 18839–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-18839-2015.
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Abstract. A new physically-based parameterization of black carbon (BC) in snow was developed and implemented in the Canadian Atmospheric Global Climate Model (CanAM4.2). Simulated BC snow mixing ratios and BC snow radiative forcings are in good agreement with measurements and results from other models. Simulations with the improved model yield considerable trends in regional BC concentrations in snow and BC snow radiative forcings during the time period from 1950–1959 to 2000–2009. Increases in radiative forcings for Asia and decreases for Europe and North America are found to be associated with changes in BC emissions. Additional sensitivity simulations were performed in order to study the impact of BC emission changes between 1950–1959 and 2000–2009 on surface albedo, snow cover fraction, and surface air temperature. Results from these simulations indicate that impacts of BC emission changes on snow albedos between these two decades are small and not significant. Overall, changes in BC concentrations in snow have much smaller impacts on the cryosphere than the net warming surface air temperatures during the second half of the 20th century.
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Namazi, M., K. von Salzen, and J. N. S. Cole. "Simulation of black carbon in snow and its climate impact in the Canadian Global Climate Model." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, no. 18 (September 30, 2015): 10887–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10887-2015.
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Abstract. A new physically based parameterisation of black carbon (BC) in snow was developed and implemented in the Canadian Atmospheric Global Climate Model (CanAM4.2). Simulated BC snow mixing ratios and BC snow radiative forcings are in good agreement with measurements and results from other models. Simulations with the improved model yield considerable trends in regional BC concentrations in snow and BC snow radiative forcings during the time period from 1950–1959 to 2000–2009. Increases in radiative forcings for Asia and decreases for Europe and North America are found to be associated with changes in BC emissions. Additional sensitivity simulations were performed in order to study the impact of BC emission changes between 1950–1959 and 2000–2009 on surface albedo, snow cover fraction, and surface air temperature. Results from these simulations indicate that impacts of BC emission changes on snow albedos between these 2 decades are small and not significant. Overall, changes in BC concentrations in snow have much smaller impacts on the cryosphere than the net warming surface air temperatures during the second half of the 20th century.
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Francis, Simon. "BRUNEI DARUSSALAM: STRESSES AND UNCERTAINTY 50 YEARS ON FROM THE 1959 AGREEMENT WITH BRITAIN." Asian Affairs 40, no. 2 (July 2009): 196–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03068370902871516.
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Mallat, Jihad. "High Correlation Between Salivary Cortisol and Free Serum Cortisol Measurements Does Not Mean Good Agreement." Chest 141, no. 1 (January 2012): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.11-1959.
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Ouimet, Hubert Rioux. "Quebec and Canadian Fiscal Federalism: From Tremblay to Séguin and Beyond." Canadian Journal of Political Science 47, no. 1 (March 2014): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423914000237.
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AbstractSixty years ago, in late 1953, Quebec launched the hearings of the Royal Commission on Constitutional Problems—or Tremblay commission. Commenting the publication of its report, political scientist Alexander Brady boldly argued in this journal that Quebec had been, until the late 1950s, the “guarantor” of Canada's fiscal system's flexibility (1959: 270). Emphasizing the system's evolution since the 1950s “constitutional problems,” some specialists now contend, as the economist Robin Boadway does, that Canada became the “textbook best-practice of fiscal federalism” (2007: 99). The Tremblay commission's sixtieth anniversary and the termination, in 2014, of the current agreement on federal transfers, provide an opportunity to reassess this evolution and question the validity of this kind of statement.
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Ahrendsen, Bruce L. "Agricultural Trade Policy: ‘America First’?" Applied Studies in Agribusiness and Commerce 11, no. 3-4 (December 31, 2017): 89–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19041/apstract/2017/3-4/13.
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There has been a growing openness and importance in trade over time as indicated by an increasing ratio of trade to gross domestic product for the World. However, some recent movements have been more protectionist and less open to trade. The potential impacts of less trade are explored with the United States (US) taken as an example. Trade agreements have been important in increasing trade by the US, particularly for US agriculture which has had a trade surplus since 1959. Countries should benefit from trade according to economic theory. However, stances taken by the US administration during the first half of 2017 have resulted in the withdrawal of the US from the Trans-Partnership Agreement and an announced renegotiation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. With falling US farm income, the potential undoing of trade agreement benefits, and possible trade retaliations, US agriculture is concerned about any potential disruption in exports and losses from less trade. In addition, US consumers and importers of US agriculture should be concerned about a potential decrease in trade.
JEL Code: Q18
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Burchuladze, A. A., Martin Chudý, I. V. Eristavi, S. V. Pagava, Pavel Povinec, Alexander Šivo, and G. I. Togonidze. "Anthropogenic 14C Variations in Atmospheric CO2 and Wines." Radiocarbon 31, no. 03 (1989): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033822200012388.
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As an extension of the Bratislava – Tbilisi collaboration, thermonuclear bomb-produced 14C variations in atmospheric CO2 of Bratislava (1967–1987) and in annually produced Georgian wines (1950–1987) are discussed. 14C produced in bomb tests performed in the atmosphere has considerably modified the natural 14C levels in the atmosphere and biosphere. Measurements of 14C in monthly samples of atmospheric CO2 show typical seasonal variations with maxima in summers and deep minima in winters. There is very good agreement between 14C measured in CO2 and in wine samples. Four maxima (1959, 1964, 1970 and 1978) were identified in the wine data. Our results confirm that wines prepared from annually grown grapes without any addition of other substances are good indicators of the 14C content of atmospheric CO2.
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Oehmichen, Anna, and Ben Keith. "Mutual legal assistance under the EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement." New Journal of European Criminal Law 12, no. 2 (March 3, 2021): 222–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2032284421995938.
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This article provides an analysis of the new provisions in the EUUK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) that govern Mutual Legal Assistance in criminal matters. While only few provisions of the European Investigation Order are picked up by the TCA, it is mostly based on the Council of Europe’s European Mutual Assistance Convention of 1959. An overview on applicable law is provided, after which a closer look is taken at procedural aspects in general as well as specific differences between previously applicable and new provisions. In this respect, two conditions for issuing a request are considered, namely availability in similar domestic cases and proportionality. Grounds for refusal, provisional measures and legal remedies also are highlighted. The authors conclude that the new provisions leave a lot of unanswered questions and that while mutual legal assistance can continue, it will happen at reduced pace.
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Dodds, Klaus. "Guest editorial—the 1959 Antarctic Treaty: reflecting on the 50th anniversary of a landmark agreement." Polar Research 29, no. 2 (January 2010): 145–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-8369.2010.00163.x.
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Zambrana Marchetti, Juan Carlos. ""Construcción de la nación": El arma económica desarrollada por los estados unidos en Bolivia." Bolivian Studies Journal/Revista de Estudios Bolivianos 23 (December 19, 2018): 188–338. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/bsj.2018.184.
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Declassified documents show that when President Harry Truman created his Point IV Program (1949), he launched a global operation of soft “nation- building" through technical and economic assistance. Point IV Technical Cooperation Agreements were the master keys to intervening in other nations. This work covers the period from January 1951 to April 12, 1952, showing in detail how Bolivia became a laboratory for US experiments in these kind of interventions. On March 14, 1951, a pro-US Bolivian government signed the Agreement. The US did everything to prevent the rise of a revolutionary movement, but despite its efforts people mobilized, defeated the military and deposed pro-US government in the bloody revolution of April 1952. The MNR revolution set the stage for the definitive test of the effectiveness of the soft “nation-building” programs against a true leftist and anti-imperialist government.
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Sfetas, Spyridon. "In the shadow of the Macedonian issue international realignments and Balkan repercussions: From the Greek-Yugoslav agreements of 18 june 1959 to the 1960 crisis in relations between Athens and Belgrade." Balcanica, no. 39 (2008): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc0839189s.
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The 1960s were a decade of important developments in the Balkans. Skopje?s stirring up of the issue of the supposed "Macedonian" minority led to a series of diplomatic clashes between Greece and Yugoslavia, culminating in the 1960-1962 crisis. A major role in developments in the Balkans was played by the Soviet Union, which, directly or indirectly, greatly influenced the shaping of Yugoslav foreign policy. The crisis began in August 1960 when for the first time since 1950, the Yugoslavia Foreign Ministry publicly raised the question of protecting the rights of the "Macedonian minority". While the Athens-Belgrade crisis was not serious enough to lead them to break off diplomatic relations, it did have a catalytic effect on the shaping of Bulgarian policy with regard to the Macedonian question. After the restoration of democracy in Greece (1974), and despite her need for support from Yugoslavia on the Cyprus issue, the Karamanlis government did not repeat the "mistakes" of 1959. Belgrade, having secured in 1975 a renewal of the agreement on the free zone in the Port of Thessaloniki, did not insist on signing a border agreement. The Macedonian question had become of no more than academic interest in the discussions of politicians on both sides of the border, and the crisis of 1960-62 merely a forgotten flareup.
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Miller, Christy, and Roger C. Bailey. "DATING COMMITMENT AND WITHIN-PERSON PERCEPTUAL CONGRUENCY." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 30, no. 4 (January 1, 2002): 383–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.4.383.
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Rogers (1959) developed an interpersonal congruency model that suggests the greater the degree of agreement among within-person perceptions of the self and a role partner, the more adjusted and satisfied with a relationship one would be. American college students were categorized as occasional, steady or engaged daters and they provided ratings of self and partner on dimensions of perceived dating satisfaction, personal integrity, financial influence, and role of sexuality in the relationship.Congruency measures were then derived which allowed the assessment of cognitive agreement in perceived self/partner perceptions. As predicted, respondents in the Engaged category displayed greater congruency in within-person perceptions than did those in the Occasional and Steady dating groups. There was also a tendency for women to display more within-person congruency than men, particularly on matters involving finances and sex.
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Ingimundarson, Valur. "Immunizing against the American Other: Racism, Nationalism, and Gender in U.S.-Icelandic Military Relations during the Cold War." Journal of Cold War Studies 6, no. 4 (October 2004): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/1520397042350892.
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The 1951 U.S. -Icelandic Defense Agreement paved the way for a permanent U.S. military presence at the Keflavik base in Iceland, an outpost that played a crucial role in U.S. strategy during the Cold War. The article explores two gender-related aspects of the U.S. -Icelandic Cold War relationship:the restrictions on off-base movements of U.S. soldiers, and the secret ban imposed by the Icelandic government on the stationing of black U.S. troops in Iceland. These practices were meant to “protect” Icelandic women and to preserve a homogeneous “national body.” Although U.S. officials repeatedly tried to have the restrictions lifted, the Icelandic government refused to modify them until the racial ban was publicly disclosed in late 1959. Even after the practice came to light, it took another several years before the ban was gradually eliminated. Misguided though the Icelandic restrictions may have been, they did, paradoxically, help to defuse domestic opposition to Iceland's pro-American foreign policy course and thus preserved the country's role in the Western alliance.
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Ali, Asghar, Nazim Rahim, and Ghulam Hussain Abid Sipra. "AN ANALYSIS OF SINO-INDIAN RELATIONS: MODUS OPERANDI OR MODUS VIVENDI." Global Political Review 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2018): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2018(iii-i).03.
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China and India celebrated their embryonic relations with a documented modus vivendi i.e. “The Panchsheel Agreement”. This concord highlighted five principles of peaceful coexistence between India and China. The Tibet region was the nucleus of this agreement. Nevertheless, after four years of its celebration, eyebrows raised from both sides in 1959 when China started its unification process and India welcomed the Dalai Lama, a separatist leader of the Tibetan region. This caused bitterness between India and China and both the states reversed to their retrospective modus operandi, which later on graduated into a full-fledged war between the two countries in 1962. Despite their limited modus vivendi in the 21st century, both the states tend more towards their intrinsic modus operandi. This analytical study is discussing the Sino-Indian relations through the lenses of Modus vivendi and Modus operandi and its implication for Pakistan.
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Owens, Jonathan. "Nominal relations in systemic dependency grammar." Studies in African Linguistics 19, no. 3 (December 1, 1988): 318–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v19i3.107459.
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Traditionally dependency grammar recognizes heads and dependents as primitive elements [Tesniere 1959, Robinson 1970, Hudson 1984]. I have suggested [Owens 1984b, 1985a] that these notions are dispensable ones and in this paper support this point with data from nominal relations (NP relations) in Oromo. In the first part of this paper, I describe the basic theoretical model, and in the second I consider two phenomena that have often been assumed to require the recognition of the notion 'head' (e.g. Zwicky [1985], namely agreement and case marking. I argue that no such notion is needed to describe them.
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Ristovic, Milan. "Yugoslav-Greek relations from the end of the Second World War to 1990 chronology, phases, problems and achievements." Balcanica, no. 51 (2020): 257–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/balc2051257r.
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Yugoslav-Greek relations from the end of WWII to the breakup of Yugoslavia and went through several phases. A short period of interlude when the diplomatic relations were re-established 1945/1946 was followed by a much longer one (1946-1950) of conflict due to the Yugoslav support to the Communists in the Greek Civil War. A pragmatic approach to the issue of both parties resulted in a prolonged period (1950-1967) of working relations that culminated in the signing of tripartite treaties with Turkey, Treaty of Ankara (1953) and Bled Agreements (1954). Even though the treaties lost most of their importance after the reconciliation between Belgrade and Moscow in 1955/1956, and the Cyprus crisis, they created a climate of correct relations between two neighbouring states marked by reciprocal visits on the highest level. The coup d??tat of April 1967 brought to power a dictatorship in Greece (1967-1974) and thus inaugurated a new period of tensions in bilateral relations. The last period 1974-1990 was characterized by good working relations between Belgrade and Athens mainly due to the Greece?s efforts to integrate the European Economic Community (EEC) that supposed good relations with its neighbours. The issue of relations of Athens with Socialist Republic of Macedonia, first as a part of Socialst Yugoslavia, and then, after the collapse of the Federation, as the independent country, proved to be the last problem for Yugoslavia and a lasting one for the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, as it used to be known after 1990.
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Hasegawa, Junichi. "Tokyo's Elevated Expressway in the 1950s: Protest and Politics." Journal of Transport History 36, no. 2 (December 2015): 228–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/tjth.36.2.6.
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The Tokyo Expressway, opened to traffic in 1959, was constructed by a private company which has managed it ever since. It leases floor space underneath the road to shops and offices. Without concern for heritage, the motorway was built on land created by filling in sections of centuries-old canals. The Tokyo Metropolitan Government was responsible for this infilling; its prime concern about motorway construction seemed to be about profiteering. Local traders' opposition to the motorway forced the Metropolitan Government to conclude a conciliatory agreement mainly to save face. Consequently, for almost two years, the Tokyo Expressway was a thriving shopping centre which barely catered for motor traffic.
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Miller, Laurence. "How Many Films Noirs are there?: How Statistics can Help Answer this Question." Empirical Studies of the Arts 7, no. 1 (January 1989): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/1a3q-a3dq-23xg-6vg4.
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Film noir refers to a body of films made in America from 1940–1959 and which is defined by a characteristic and particular content and style. Although there is agreement as to what constitutes this content and style, there is considerable disagreement as to which films constitute film noir. Appropriate statistical analyses are performed given the constraints imposed by the current method of film scholars of independently deriving their particular lists of films noirs. Much more powerful statistical analyses are discussed. These would facilitate consensus regarding which films are film noir, but would require that all film scholars independently judge the same list of films.
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McKenzie, Francine. "GATT and the Cold War: Accession Debates, Institutional Development, and the Western Alliance, 1947–1959." Journal of Cold War Studies 10, no. 3 (July 2008): 78–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2008.10.3.78.
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Historical accounts of the Cold War usually relegate the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to footnotes, if they acknowledge the GATT at all. This article examines the impact of the Cold War on the institutional development of GATT, showing how geopolitical considerations influenced decisions about whether to grant membership in GATT to Communist and non-aligned countries. The accession debates in GATT also reveal the multicentered dynamic of the Western alliance, exposing a variety of views about whether the Cold War was a battle to be waged or a condition of global international relations to be accepted. But if the GATT could not evade the Cold War, its secretariat also manipulated Cold War circumstances, beliefs, and priorities to strengthen the institution. The result of the GATT accession debates was to reposition the GATT as a forum and instrument of the Western alliance, rather than the universal organization it was supposed to be, and to impart new meaning to the process of liberalizing world trade.
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Dimić, Natalija. "CONNECTING TRADE AND POLITICS: NEGOTIATIONS ON THE RELEASE OF THE GERMAN PRISONERS OF WAR IN YUGOSLAVIA AND THE FIRST WEST GERMAN-YUGOSLAV TRADE AGREEMENT OF 1949/1950." Istorija 20. veka 39, no. 2/2021 (August 1, 2021): 333–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29362/ist20veka.2021.2.dim.333-352.
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After repatriations were officially over in January of 1949, around 1,400 German prisoners remained in Yugoslavia on charges of war crimes. Yugoslavia’s foreign political shift westward following the Cominform Resolution of 1948, paved the way for establishing productive economic, as well as political and cultural cooperation with West Germany. The first trade agreement between the two states was signed in December of 1949. In the next four months, the West German Government attempted to pressure the Yugoslav side to release the remaining German prisoners by not ratifying the agreement. Eventually, in April of 1950, the two sides reached an unofficial agreement, according to which the Yugoslav side would release its prisoners gradually and improve their living conditions, while the West Germans would ratify the trade agreement and agree to negotiate long-term economic cooperation. The last transport of German prisoners arrived from Yugoslavia in March of 1953.
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Wu, Yang, Stewart J. Fallon, Neal E. Cantin, and Janice M. Lough. "SURFACE OCEAN RADIOCARBON FROM A PORITES CORAL RECORD IN THE GREAT BARRIER REEF: 1945–2017." Radiocarbon 63, no. 4 (January 28, 2021): 1193–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.141.
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ABSTRACTWe present a high-resolution seawater radiocarbon (Δ14C) record from a Porites coral collected from Masthead Island in the southern Great Barrier Reef (GBR) covering the years 1945–2017. The Δ14C values from 1945–1953 (pre-bomb era) averaged –49‰. As a result of bomb-produced 14C in the atmosphere, Δ14C values started to rise rapidly from 1959, levelled off at ∼131‰ in the late 1970s and gradually decreased to ∼40.3‰ by 2017 due to the decrease in the air-sea 14C gradient and the overturning of the 14C ocean reservoir (i.e., surface ocean to subsurface ocean; atmosphere to surface ocean). The Masthead Island record is in agreement with previous 14C coral records from the southern GBR. A comparison between surface ocean and atmospheric Δ14C suggests that, since 2010, the main reservoir of bomb-derived 14C has shifted from the atmosphere to the surface ocean, potentially resulting in reversed 14C flux in regions where the CO2 gradient is favorable. The high-resolution Masthead coral Δ14C sheds light on long-term variability in air-sea exchange and GBR regional ocean dynamics associated with climate change and in conjunction with the previous records provides a robust seawater 14C reference series to date other carbonate samples.
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Tsebelis, George, and Jeannette Money. "Bicameral Negotiations: The Navette System in France." British Journal of Political Science 25, no. 1 (January 1995): 101–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400007080.
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This article investigates the decision-making process in the French bicameral legislature: the navette system. In this system, the legislation shuttles between the two houses until agreement is reached or until a stopping rule is applied. We examine the interaction between upper and lower houses as a bargaining game with complete and one-sided incomplete information.The complete information model permits us to evaluate the political implications of the navette's various institutional features (where the bill is first introduced, number of iterations, final veto power, etc.). The incomplete information approach permits us to predict the duration of the navette process. Data from the French Fifth Republic in the 1959–86 period corroborate the conclusions of the model. Because the navette system is the most commonly used method of decision making in bicameral legislatures, the model can be usefully generalized to other countries.
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Hamidi Machekposhti, Karim, Hossein Sedghi, Abdolrasoul Telvari, and Hossein Babazadeh. "Forecasting by Stochastic Models to Inflow of Karkheh Dam at Iran." Civil Engineering Journal 3, no. 5 (May 30, 2017): 340–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.28991/cej-2017-00000095.
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Forecasting the inflow of rivers to reservoirs of dams has high importance and complexity. Design and optimal operation of the dams is essential. Mathematical and analytical methods use for understanding estimating and prediction of inflow to reservoirs in the future. Various methods including stochastic models can be used as a management tool to predict future values of these systems. In this study stochastic models (ARIMA) are applied to records of mean annual flow Karkheh river entrance to Karkheh dam in the west of Iran. For this purpose we collected annual flow during the period from 1958/1959 to 2005/2006 in Jelogir Majin hydrometric station. The available data consists of 48 years of mean Annual discharge. Three types of ARIMA (p, d, q) models (0, 1, 1), (1, 1, 1) and (4, 1, 1) suggested, and the selected model is the one which give minimum Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). The Maximum Likelihood (ML), Conditional Least Square (CLS) and Unconditional Least Square (ULS) methods are used to estimate the model parameters. It is found that the model which corresponds to the minimum AIC is the (4, 1, 1) model in CLS estimation method. Port Manteau Lack of fit test and Residual Autocorrelation Function (RACF) test are applied as diagnostic checking. Forecasting of annual inflow for the period from 2006 to 2015 are compared with observed inflow for the same period and since agreement is very good adequacy of the selected model is confirmed.
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Ball, S. J. "Military nuclear relations between the United States and Great Britain under the terms of the McMahon Act, 1946–1958." Historical Journal 38, no. 2 (June 1995): 439–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x0001949x.
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ABSTRACTThis article takes a fresh look at Anglo-American nuclear relations between 1946 and 1958. It concentrates on the relationship between the military establishments of the two countries in general and the ties between the United States air force and the Royal Air Force in particular. The article argues that an understanding of military relations is essential for an understanding of the high politics of the nuclear relationship. It is shown that senior officers in the armed services were the main ‘functional elite’ dealing with nuclear delivery systems and the planning for their use. Relations between these groups were personally and institutionally close and on the whole cordial. In Britain the link sustained optimism about the possibility of close nuclear co-operation in the 1940s and early 1950s and suppressed fears about the loss of nuclear independence in the late 1950s. In the United States it was recognized that military relations were an important channel through which to influence British nuclear policy. The article offers accounts, based on new archival research, of the nuclear aspect of the October 1947 Pentagon talks on the Middle East, Churchill's visit to the United States in January 1952 and the first Anglo-American joint nuclear targeting agreement – the Wilson/Alexander agreement of 12 March 1954. It reveals for the first time details of Plans E and X which equipped the RAF with American atomic and thermonuclear weapons between 1955 and 1958. The article concludes that the British nuclear force was becoming subordinated to the United States even before negotiations about Thor, Skybolt and Polaris missiles became central to the relationship.
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Tasoulas, Argyrios. "Decolonization of Cyprus and position of the Soviet Union (1953-1959(." Конфликтология / nota bene, no. 2 (February 2020): 42–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0617.2020.2.33136.
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This article examines the process of decolonization of Cyprus and support of the Soviet Union in the struggle against British colonialism. The author substantiates why the case of Cyprus deserves special attention, and how its national characteristics alongside other factors, including the position of Great Britain, Greece, and Turkey impacted decolonization process of the island. It is underlined that the Soviet policy in support of national identity of the Cypriots, as demonstrated by diplomatic steps in the United Nations Security Council in 1954-1958, pursued two directions: weakening of British positions in the Eastern Mediterranean, and initiation of a split in relations between the two NATO members – Greece and Turkey, using their national interests in Cyprus. The unpublished Greek and Soviet materials served as methodological framework for this research. The author leans on the archival foreign policy materials of the Russian Federation, diplomatic and foreign policy archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Greece, as well as the Foundation of the Prime Minister of Greece Konstantinos Karamanlis. The use of vast array of sources on the three languages dedicated to the topic allowed concluding that the tactics of the Soviet Union pertinent to Cyprus question of 1953-1959, was ineffective, since the gap between Greece and Turkey and NATO has been overcome after signing the Cyprus Agreements of 1959. A sovereign Cyprus State within the framework of the Non-Aligned Movement, and political protection of the Cypriot Communists (the strongest Communist Party in the region), would be the best way for ensuring Soviet security, since these subjects could control the use of the British military facilities, and thus, expand Soviet influence in the region.
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Isern, J., E. Garcia-Berro, M. Hernanz, and R. Mochkovitch. "The Phase Diagram of High Density Binary Mixtures and the Luminosity Function of Single White Dwarfs." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 114 (1989): 278–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s025292110009970x.
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For the last two decades, plasma physics developments have led to a better understanding of physical conditions in white dwarfs interiors. Following the pioneering work of Mestel (1952), the problem of white dwarf cooling has been a subject of continuous interest until the present time. In the early sixties, Kirzhnits (1960), Abrikosov (1960), and Salpeter (1961) recognised the importance of Coulomb interactions in the dense plasma which forms the white dwarf interior. A first-order transition from liquid to solid phase was predicted and the resultant release of latent heat was shown to somewhat affect the cooling rate (Mestel and Ruderman, 1967). Subsequently, improved theoretical luminosity functions (number of white dwarfs per pc9 and per magnitude interval as a function of luminosity) taking into account not only Coulomb interactions but also neutrino losses, and using detailed atmosphere models (Van Horn, 1968; Koester, 1972; Lamb and Van Horn, 1975; Shaviv and Kovets, 1976; Sweeney, 1976). Recently, Iben and Tutukov (1984) have discussed the evolution of a 0.6 M⊙ carbon-oxygen white dwarf from its nuclear burning stages to complete crystallization. Their luminosity function agrees reasonably well with observations in the range −4 ≤ log(L/L⊙) ≤ 4 but it predicts an excess of white dwarfs at low luminosities. Indeed, the luminosity function derived from observations grows monotonically until log(L/L⊙) ≃ −4.5 (Mv ≤ 16) and then makes an abrupt shortfall (Liebert, Dahn and Monet, 1988). The agreement between theory and observations is so good in the aforementioned range luminosity that we can wonder as to whether it is possible not only to test the theory of white dwarf cooling but also to obtain information on the galactic structure and evolution. One example of that is the use of the cutoff in the white distribution to determine the age of the galactic disk (Schmidt, 1959). Using this method, Winget et al. (1987) have found that the galactic disk age could be of the order of 9 Gyr old, in agreement with some predictions from nucleocosmochronology (Fowler et al. 1987).
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Lityński, Adam. "THE SOVIETIZATION OF THE JUDICIAL SYSTEM IN POLAND 1944-1950." Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 3, no. XX (September 30, 2020): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4228.
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The “Big Three’s” (Roosevelt, Churchill, Stalin) Jalta, Crimea (February, 1945) Agreement, gave away Central and Eastern Europe to Stalin. Stalin promised free elections. For appearances’ sake, the law from 1939 was used. However, new standards form USSR were brought. Communists were supposed to implement them in Poland. Slowly, courts were dependent on the governing communist party. This process can be considered as completed in 1950. It was perpetuated in Constitution of the Polish People’s Republic from 1952. The courts’ main goal was to use repression, not to mete out justice. The Author shows it in the article.
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GÉORIS, Ph, M. HENNENBERG, G. LEBON, and J. C. LEGROS. "Investigation of thermocapillary convection in a three-liquid-layer system." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 389 (June 25, 1999): 209–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112099004930.
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This paper presents the first experimental results on Marangoni–Bénard instability in a symmetrical three-layer system. A pure thermocapillary phenomenon has been observed by performing the experiment in a microgravity environment where buoyancy forces can be neglected. This configuration enables the hydrodynamic stability of two identical liquid–liquid interfaces subjected to a normal gradient of temperature to be studied. The flow is driven by one interface only and obeys the criterion based on the heat diffusivity ratio proposed by Scriven & Sternling (1959) and Smith (1966). The measured critical temperature difference for the onset of convection is compared to the value obtained from two-dimensional numerical simulations. The results of the simulations are in reasonable agreement with the velocimetry and the thermal experimental data for moderate supercriticality. Numerically and experimentally, the convective pattern exhibits a transition between different convective regimes for similar temperature gradients. Their common detailed features are discussed.
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YEŞILBURSA BEHÇET, KEMAL. "FROM FRIENDSHIP TO ENMITY SOVIET-IRANIAN RELATIONS (1945-1965)." History and Modern Perspectives 2, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 92–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.33693/2658-4654-2020-2-1-92-105.
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On 26 February 1921, the Soviet Union signed a «Treaty of Friendship» with Iran which was to pave the way for future relations between the two states. Although the Russians renounced various commercial and territorial concessions which the Tsarist government had exacted from Iran, they secured the insertion of two articles which prohibited the formation or residence in either country of individuals, groups, military forces which were hostile to the other party, and gave the Soviet Union the right to send forces into Iran in the event that a third party should attempt to carry out a policy of usurpation there, use Iran as a base for operations against Russia, or otherwise threaten Soviet frontiers. Furthermore, in 1927, the Soviet Union signed a «Treaty of Guarantee and Neutrality» with Iran which required the contracting parties to refrain from aggression against each other and not to join blocs or alliances directed against each other’s sovereignty. However, the treaty was violated by the Soviet Union’s wartime occupation of Iran, together with Britain and the United States. The violation was subsequently condoned by the conclusion of the Tripartite Treaty of Alliance of 29 January 1942, which permitted the Soviet Union to maintain troops in Iran for a limited period. Requiring restraint from propaganda, subversion and hostile political groups, the treaty would also appear to have been persistently violated by the Soviet Union: for example, the various radio campaigns of «Radio Moscow» and the «National Voice of Iran»; the financing and control of the Tudeh party; and espionage and rumour-mongering by Soviet officials in Iran. Whatever the Soviet’s original conception of this treaty may have been, they had since used it one-sidedly as a treaty in which both countries would be neutral, with one being «more neutral than the other». In effect, both the 1921 and 1927 treaties had been used as «a stick to beat the Iranians» whenever it suited the Soviets to do so, in propaganda and in inter-governmental dealings. During the Second World War, the treaty between the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and Iran, dated 29 January 1942 - and concluded some 5 months after the occupation of parts of Iran by allied forces, the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union were entitled to maintain troops in Iran, but the presence of such troops was not to constitute a military occupation. Nonetheless, Soviet forces in the Northern provinces used their authority to prevent both the entry of officials of the Iranian Government and the export of agricultural products to other provinces. The treaty also required military forces to be withdrawn not later than six months after «all hostilities between the Allied Powers and Germany and her associates have been suspended by the conclusion of an armistice or on the conclusion of peace, whichever is the earlier». This entailed that the Soviet Union should have withdrawn its forces by March 1946, six months after the defeat of Japan. Meanwhile, however, there emerged in Iranian Azerbaijan, under Soviet tutelage, a movement for advanced provincial autonomy which developed into a separatist movement under a Communist-led «National Government of Azerbaijan». In 1945, Soviet forces prevented the Iranian army from moving troops into Azerbaijan, and also confined the Iranian garrison to barracks while the dissidents took forcible possession of key points. At the same time, Soviet troops prevented the entry of Iranian troops into the Kurdistan area, where, under Soviet protection, a Kurdish Republic had been set up by Qazi Mohammad. In 1946, after Iran had appealed to the Security Council, the Russians secured from the Iranian Prime Minister, Qavam es Saltaneh, a promise to introduce a bill providing for the formation of a Soviet-Iranian Oil Company to exploit the Northern oil reserves. In return, the Soviet Union agreed to negotiate over Azerbaijan: the Iranians thereupon withdrew their complaint to the Security Council, and Soviet forces left Azerbaijan by 9 May 1946. In 1955, when Iran was considering joining a regional defensive pact, which was later to manifest itself as the Baghdad Pact, the Soviet Government threatened that such a move would oblige the Soviet Union to act in accordance with Article 6 of the 1921 treaty. This was the «big stick» aspect of Soviet attempts to waylay Iranian membership of such a pact; the «carrot» being the conclusion in 1955 of a Soviet-Iranian «Financial and Frontier Agreement» by which the Soviets agreed to a mutually beneficial re-alignment of the frontier and to pay debts arising from their wartime occupation of Northern Iran. The Soviets continued their war of nerves against Iranian accession to the Pact by breaking off trade negotiations in October 1955 and by a series of minor affronts, such as the cancellation of cultural visits and minimal attendance at the Iranian National Day celebrations in Moscow. In a memorandum dated November 26, the Iranian Government openly rejected Soviet criticisms. Soviet displeasure was expressed officially, in the press and to private individuals. In the ensuing period, Soviet and Soviet-controlled radio stations continued to bombard their listeners with criticism of the Baghdad Pact, or CENTO as it later became. In early 1959, with the breakdown of the negotiations for a non-aggression pact, Iran-Soviet relations entered into a phase of propaganda warfare which intensified with the signature of the bilateral military agreement between Iran and the United States. The Soviet Union insisted that Iran should not permit the establishment of foreign military bases on its soil, and continued to threaten Iran despite the Shah’s assurance on this issue. Consequently, the Iranians denounced Articles 5 and 6 of the 1921 treaty, on the basis of which the Soviet Union was making its demands. Attempts by the Secretary-General of the United Nations to improve relations met with little success until September 1959, when Russia offered massive economic support on condition that Iran renounced its military agreements with the United States. This offer was rejected, and, as relations continued to become strained, the Soviets changed their demand to one neither for a written agreement that Iran would not allow its terrain to be used as a base of aggression nor for the establishment of foreign missile bases. The publication by the Soviet Union of the so-called «CENTO documents» did nothing to relieve the strain: the Soviet Union continued to stand out for a bilateral agreement with Iran, and the Shah, in consultation with Britain and the United States, continued to offer no more than a unilateral assurance. In July 1962, with a policy of endeavouring once more to improve relations, the Shah maintained his insistence on a unilateral statement, and the Soviet Government finally agreed to this. The Iranian undertaking was accordingly given and acknowledged on 15 September. The Instruments of ratification of the 1957 Agreements on Transit and Frontier Demarcation were exchanged in Moscow on 26 October 1962 and in Tehran on 20 December, respectively.
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Mabon, David W. "Elusive Agreements: The Pacific Pact Proposals of 1949-1951." Pacific Historical Review 57, no. 2 (May 1, 1988): 147–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4492264.
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CLANET, CHRISTOPHE, and JUAN C. LASHERAS. "Transition from dripping to jetting." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 383 (March 25, 1999): 307–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112098004066.
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We consider the critical Weber number (Wec≡ ρV20D/σ) at which the transition from dripping to jetting occurs when a Newtonian liquid of density ρ and surface tension σ is injected with a velocity V0 through a tube of diameter D downward into stagnant air, under gravity g. We extend Taylor's (1959) model for the recession speed of a free edge, and obtain in the inviscid limit an exact solution which includes gravity and inertia effects. This solution provides a criterion for the transition which is shown to occur at a critical Weber numberformula herewhere Bo and Boo are the Bond numbers (Bo≡[ρgD2/(2σ)]1/2), respectively based on the inside and outside diameter of the tube, and K is a constant equal to 0.37 for the case of water injected in air. This critical Weber number is shown to be in good agreement with existing experimental values as well as with new measurements performed over a wide range of Bond numbers.
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Markou, A. A., and G. D. Manolis. "Numerical Solutions for Nonlinear High Damping Rubber Bearing Isolators: Newmark’s Method with Netwon-Raphson Iteration Revisited." Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics 48, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jtam-2018-0004.
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AbstractNumerical methods for the solution of dynamical problems in engineering go back to 1950. The most famous and widely-used time stepping algorithm was developed by Newmark in 1959. In the present study, for the first time, the Newmark algorithm is developed for the case of the trilinear hysteretic model, a model that was used to describe the shear behaviour of high damping rubber bearings. This model is calibrated against free-vibration field tests implemented on a hybrid base isolated building, namely the Solarino project in Italy, as well as against laboratory experiments. A single-degree-of-freedom system is used to describe the behaviour of a low-rise building isolated with a hybrid system comprising high damping rubber bearings and low friction sliding bearings. The behaviour of the high damping rubber bearings is simulated by the trilinear hysteretic model, while the description of the behaviour of the low friction sliding bearings is modeled by a linear Coulomb friction model. In order to prove the effectiveness of the numerical method we compare the analytically solved trilinear hysteretic model calibrated from free-vibration field tests (Solarino project) against the same model solved with the Newmark method with Netwon-Raphson iteration. Almost perfect agreement is observed between the semi-analytical solution and the fully numerical solution with Newmark’s time integration algorithm. This will allow for extension of the trilinear mechanical models to bidirectional horizontal motion, to time-varying vertical loads, to multi-degree-of-freedom-systems, as well to generalized models connected in parallel, where only numerical solutions are possible.
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Rousseau, D. D., P. Antoine, N. Gerasimenko, A. Sima, M. Fuchs, C. Hatté, O. Moine, and L. Zöller. "North Atlantic abrupt climatic events of the Last Glacial period recorded in Ukrainian loess deposits." Climate of the Past Discussions 6, no. 5 (October 1, 2010): 1959–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-6-1959-2010.
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Abstract. Loess deposits are widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere, where they have recorded not only the glacial-interglacial cycles, but also millennial-timescale changes resembling those in marine and ice cores. Such abrupt variations are clearly marked in Western European series, but have not yet been evidenced in the east of the continent. Here we present results of the high-resolution investigation of a Weichselian Upper Pleniglacial loess sequence (~38–15 ka) from Stayky, Ukraine. The stratigraphy shows an alternation of loess horizons and embryonic soils, similar to sequences from Western Europe. Similarities are also found between variations of a grain-size index (ratio between coarse and fine material fractions) in Stayky and in Western European profiles. Based on these similarities, and in agreement with the luminescence dates, the embryonic soils are associated to the Greenland interstadials (GIS) 7 to 2, and the Vytachiv paleosol at the base of the sequence, to GIS 8. Pollen analysis indicates a wetter climate for these interstadials, allowing the development of arboreal vegetation, than for the stadials, marked by loess formation. The grain-size index reaches the highest values for intervals correlated with the Heinrich events 3 and 2. Thus, it appears that the North Atlantic abrupt climate changes have extended their influence and modulated the loess sedimentation at least as far as in Eastern Europe. This result is supported by recent climate modeling experiments, and recommends the Stayky sequence as a reference for further comparisons between profiles along the Eurasian loess belt centered at 50° N.
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Asselin, Pierre. "Choosing Peace: Hanoi and the Geneva Agreement on Vietnam, 1954–1955." Journal of Cold War Studies 9, no. 2 (April 2007): 95–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2007.9.2.95.
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Based largely on new documentary evidence from Vietnam, this article examines North Vietnamese policymaking immediately after the signing of the 1954 Geneva accords. The article demonstrates that leaders in Hanoi sought to abide by the accord on Vietnam because they genuinely believed that implementation would produce national reunification peacefully and in accordance with the interests of the “socialist revolution.” To that end, they instructed all operatives and supporters in both halves of Vietnam to undertake no activity that might sabotage and otherwise undermine the Geneva accord or provoke or justify non-compliance by the enemy. This stance disappointed revolutionaries in the South, who considered the French, the Americans, and their indigenous “lackeys” incapable of respecting the Geneva agreement.
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EMBRY, JESSIE. "Point Four, Utah State University Technicians, and Rural Development in Iran, 1950–64." Rural History 14, no. 1 (March 10, 2003): 99–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793303000050.
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In 1950 Iran and the United States signed the first Point Four agreement, establishing a program now known as USAID. It fulfilled President Harry S. Truman's desire to control the Soviet bloc and to share technology with third world countries. Utah State University contracted with the U.S. Point Four program to provide technicians in agriculture from 1951 to 1954. This paper examines the successes and the frustrations that the Utahns felt in transporting technology to Iran. While there were some successes, the cultural and economic difficulties were hard to overcome. As a result, the technicians in the 1960s experienced the same problems faced by those in the 1950s. These included a negative reaction to farm machinery in a land with many laborers, problems training machinery operators, and language barriers.
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Henzel, Ana Beatriz Devantier, Carolina Silveira Mascarenhas, Franck Lira Silveira, and Gertrud Müller. "Digenetic helminths of Leptodactylus latrans (Anura: Leptodactylidae) and Rhinella dorbignyi (Anura: Bufonidae) in southern Brazil." Revista Brasileira de Zoociências 21, no. 1 (July 29, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.34019/2596-3325.2020.v21.27890.
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Even though anurans have been hosts to an array of helminths, data on the helminth fauna of anurans in Brazil are scarce. This study aims at reporting digenetic helminths on Leptodactylus latrans (Steffen, 1815) and Rhinella dorbignyi (Duméril & Bibron, 1841) in southern of Brazil. Sixty specimens of anurans L. latrans (n= 30) and R. dorbignyi (n= 30) were collected between August 2017 and August 2018. Then, necropsy was performed and helminths were collected, fixed and dyed to be identified in agreement with specific bibliography. Estimated infection indices were prevalence (P%), mean intensity of infection (MII) and mean abundance (MA). Twenty-eight anurans (46.66%) exhibited digenetic helminths, totalizing 255 parasite specimens. Leptodactylus latrans was infected with Gorgoderina megacysta Mañé-Garzón & González, 1978 (Gorgoderidae) (P = 40%), Haematoloechus freitasi Mané Garzón & Solares, 1959 (Haematoloechidae) (P = 23.33%), Catadiscus spp. (Diplodiscidae) (P = 30%), Plagiorchioideae fam. gen. spp. (P = 63.33%) and Halipegus sp. (Derogenidae) (P = 3.33%), whereas R. dorbignyi was infected with Gorgoderina sp. (P = 3.33%), Haematoloechus sp. (P = 3.33%), Catadiscus sp. (P = 3.33%), Plagiorchioideae fam. gen. sp. (P = 3.33%) and Diplostomidae gen. spp. (metacercariae) (P = 6.66%).
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Watt, Paul. "Ernest Newman's Draft of a Berlioz Biography (1899) and its Appropriation of Emile Hennequin's Style Theory." Nineteenth-Century Music Review 10, no. 1 (June 2013): 151–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479409813000074.
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Ernest Newman (1868–1959) first proposed a biography of Berlioz in the 1890s. A schedule for its research and writing was hatched, an agreement was made with a publisher for its manufacture, and Newman promptly set to work on the project. Alas, like so many other book projects Newman commenced in the 1890s, the Berlioz biography was never completed. Even though sketches or drafts of the book do not survive, there is plenty of evidence of the methodology and structure that Newman proposed for the book, for a work-in-progress article, ‘The prose of Berlioz,’ was published in the Chord in June 1899. It is a remarkable essay for its engagement with Berlioz's prose works and for its theorizing on musical biography. I illustrate that Newman's biographical method was partly inspired by the work of Emile Hennequin (1858–93), and was an approach that Newman had previously used in some of his literary criticism. However, I argue that despite Newman's claim of Hennequin's influence, the article's wider influence came from a larger pool of writers working on style theory, including Walter Pater, Walter Raleigh and J.A. Symonds.
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Mohieldeen, Yasir Elginiad. "More water flows from Western Sudan as virtual water than the flow of the River Nile in former Sudan." Water Policy 18, no. 3 (October 28, 2015): 533–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2015.130.
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This study argues that by mobilising ‘social resources’, communities in water-scarce, semi-arid areas can not only successfully sustain a livelihood, but they can also play an important role in the water budget of their semi-arid regions. The pastoralist communities in the Darfur region of west Sudan utilise the limited volumes of green – root-zone – water in the soil to rear livestock. They have for centuries developed and adopted a very adaptive management system that has enabled them to utilise the green water of the Nile Basin. The embedded green water in livestock totals more than Sudan's annual share – 18.5 km3 – of the Nile River flow allocated to it by the 1959 Nile Waters Agreement. This study has revealed that this embedded ‘virtual water’ amounts to 37.6 km3. Results show that this silent, unrecognised, green water has been providing a solution to the water requirements of the Nile economies. It has been suggested that if Western Sudan's livestock were to be produced using fresh/blue water from the Nile, the national water balance of the Sudan would be very seriously impacted and the economy would be much less secure than it has been for the past half century.
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HOERBER, THOMAS. "PSYCHOLOGY AND REASONING IN THE ANGLO-GERMAN NAVAL AGREEMENT, 1935–1939." Historical Journal 52, no. 1 (February 27, 2009): 153–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x08007358.
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ABSTRACTThis article will analyse the psychology and reasoning in the Anglo-German naval agreement and it will hence ask the following questions. First, how did preceding naval agreements influence the conclusion of the Anglo-German naval agreement. Secondly, what were the reasons for Germany to conclude it? Thirdly, what were the reasons for Britain to conclude it? Fourthly, how does it fit into the larger strategy of arms limitations? And, finally, what part did the Anglo-German naval agreement play in the overall strategy of Germany and Britain in the interwar years? In order to come to a conclusion about the reasons behind the agreement it is the thesis of this article that it is essential to include later changes and additions to the agreement. This part has been neglected in previous analyses. Particularly the reasons behind the termination shed light upon the motives for initially concluding the Anglo-German naval agreement. For the British side this article will argue that the Anglo-German naval agreements fit into this general policy line of trying to limit naval armament through international agreements and that they actually fitted into the overall British policy of bringing Germany back into the circle of European powers as an equal partner. For Hitler's Germany, it will be shown that the Anglo-German naval agreement was the abortive step toward an eternal alliance between the two Arian races.
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Vakalas, I., G. Ananiadis, N. Kontopoulos, and A. Zelilidis. "GRAIN SIZE STATISTICAL PARAMETERS AND PALAEOFLOW VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS OF THE TERTIARY PINDOS FORELAND BASIN TURBIDITES." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 36, no. 2 (July 23, 2018): 717. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.16802.
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Pindos foreland is a tertiary turbiditic basin fill trending parallel to the external Hellenides (Aubouin, 1959). The basin is bounded to the east by the Pindos thrust and to the west by the Ionian thrust. Apart of these two major thrusts, minor thrusts separate the basin into linear narrow sub-basins, trending also parallel to the basin axis. For the grain size statistical analysis 35 sandstone samples were collected from sandstone beds in three sections: Metsovo, Amphilochia and Palaiopyrgos. The thickness of the beds ranges from 8 to 25 cm, and comprise Ta, Tb and Te Bouma sequence subdivisions. The samples were smashed in small pieces and then they were disaggregated using acetic acid solution. Then the samples were washed with deionized water and prepared for sieve analysis. The results of the sieve analysis were plotted in grain size cumulative diagrams in order to estimate the statistical parameters. Sorting, skewness and kyrtosis were calculated and also the samples were plotted in CM, FM and LM diagrams (Passega, 1957; Passega, 1964) The palaeoflow velocity measurements were estimated using Komar's model (1985). The results of the above analysis provided the following conclusions: a) Sorting values are decreasing at the top of Metsovo and Palaiopyrgos sections indicating an increase of the sediments immaturity, b) The asymmetry values range from positive to very positive with a trend to increase at he top in the sections of Metsovo and Amphilochia, which shows a dominance of the coarser fraction in the selected samples, c) C-M, F-M, L-M affirms that the sediment was transported to the deeper parts of the basin by turbidity currents. Mean flow velocities at the time of deposition range between 1,86 and 26,59 cm/sec. These values are very much in agreement with those proposed for low-density turbidity currents (<25cm/sec) (Nelson and Nilsen, 1984). A similar velocity range is refereed also by Avramidis (1999) who studied the turbidites of the Middle Ionian zone. In Metsovo and Palaiopyrgos mean flow velocity values increase towards the top of the stratigraphy.
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FEDOROV, ALEXEY V., and W. KENDALL MELVILLE. "Nonlinear gravity–capillary waves with forcing and dissipation." Journal of Fluid Mechanics 354 (January 10, 1998): 1–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112097007453.
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We present a study of nonlinear gravity–capillary waves with surface forcing and viscous dissipation. Based on a viscous boundary layer approximation near the water surface, the theory permits the efficient calculation of steady gravity–capillary waves with parasitic capillary ripples. To balance the viscous dissipation and thus achieve steady solutions, wind forcing is applied by adding a surface pressure distribution. For a given wavelength the properties of the solutions depend upon two independent parameters: the amplitude of the dominant wave and the amplitude of the pressure forcing. We find two main classes of waves for relatively weak forcing: Class 1 and Class 2. (A third class of solution requires strong forcing and is qualitatively different.) For Class 1 waves the maximum surface pressure occurs near the wave trough, while for Class 2 it is near the crest. The Class 1 waves are associated with Miles' (1957, 1959) mechanism of wind-wave generation, while the Class 2 waves may be related to instabilities of the subsurface shear current. For both classes of waves, steady solutions are possible only for forcing amplitudes greater than a certain threshold. We demonstrate how parasitic capillary ripples affect the dissipative and dispersive properties of the solutions. In particular, there may be a significant deviation from the linear phase speed for gravity–capillary waves. Also, wave damping is strongly enhanced by the parasitic capillaries (by as much as two orders of magnitude when compared to the case with no capillary waves). Preliminary experimental results from a wind-wave channel give good agreement with the theory. We find a sharp cut-off in the wavenumber spectra of the solutions which is similar to that observed in laboratory measurements of short gravity–capillary waves. Finally, for large wave amplitudes we find a sharp corner in the wave profile which may separate an overhanging wave crest from a train of parasitic capillaries.
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Yarovoy, Evgeny Vasilyevich. "The return of the ancient papyrus: the discovery and fate of the ancient Greek papyrus from Mangalia (Romania)." Samara Journal of Science 7, no. 4 (November 30, 2018): 232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/snv201874212.
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On the west coast of the Black sea excavations of ancient cities have been conducted for more than a century and a half. Among them, a special place is considered to be the Dorian colony of Kallatis, founded by immigrants from Heraclea of Pontius, most likely in the VI century BC. Currently on its territory there is a Romanian city of Mangalia. In 1959, during the excavations of the ancient mound on the Hellenistic burial ground, an ungraded burial in a stone sarcophagus was discovered. It was a backbone of an adult with a gilded bronze wreath. Near his hands there was an ancient Greek papyrus. For his conservation a Soviet restorer M. Alexander was invited, he managed to preserve the rarity. At the request of the Romanian side, he took the papyrus for restoration to Moscow, where his traces were lost. In 2001, Romanian archaeologists began searching for the papyrus. After three years of work in museums and libraries, they were able to locate the rest of the scroll. It turned out that they are stored in the Center of restoration Grabar in Moscow. As a result of the negotiations, thanks to the good will of the Russian side, it was possible to reach an agreement on the return of a unique discovery for Romania to its historical homeland.
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Raymond, Alex. "The Origins of the 17-Point Agreement of 23 May 1951 between the Chinese Central Government and the Tibetan “Local Government”." China Quarterly 241 (May 22, 2019): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741019000419.
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AbstractImmediately following the Battle of Chamdo in October 1950, during the period between November 1950 and April 1951, the leaders of the new People's Republic of China (PRC) had two priorities in regard to Tibet. The first was to persuade the Tibetan government to send delegates to Beijing as soon as possible in order to start “negotiations,” and the second was to prevent the Dalai Lama from fleeing Tibet. Using Chinese documents that offer a new version of the process that led to these “negotiations,” this study, without addressing the international issues in detail, illustrates how the leaders of the PRC, either with promises, threats or even by bluff, were able to attain their goals.