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Relevant bibliographies by topics / 1960s-1970s

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Academic literature on the topic '1960s-1970s'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 25 June 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "1960s-1970s"

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qizi, Khojiakhmadova Dilorom Ulugbek. "THE FASHION REVOLUTION OF THE 1960S AND 1970S." International Journal Of History And Political Sciences 4, no. 8 (2024): 46–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijhps/volume04issue08-08.

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The 1960s and 1970s were pivotal decades in the evolution of fashion, marked by a radical departure from previous styles and a reflection of the cultural upheavals of the time. This article explores the significant trends, influential figures, and cultural movements that shaped the fashion landscape during these transformative years. From the mod movement in Britain to the bohemian styles of America, we examine how fashion became a medium for self-expression and social commentary, ultimately laying the groundwork for contemporary fashion.

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Ivanova, Lubov. "Soviet-Somali Cooperation, 1960s — 1970s." ISTORIYA 11, no. 8 (94) (2020): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840011016-6.

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Micheli, Silvia. "Reassessing 1960s and 1970s Italian Architecture." Fabrications 24, no. 2 (2014): 198–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10331867.2014.963923.

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Kim, Chang Jin. "KOREAN MODERNIZATION AND PEASANT MOBILIZATION IN THE 1960S AND 1970S." Russian Peasant Studies 5, no. 3 (2020): 109–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2500-1809-2020-5-3-109-130.

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Shcherbinina, Olga. "Albert Maltz and Raisa Orlova, 1960s–1970s." Literature of the Americas, no. 8 (June 2020): 171–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/2541-7894-2020-8-171-234.

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Toshchenko, Zh T. "Regional Sociology Centers in the 1960s-1970s." Sociological Research 48, no. 5 (2009): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/sor1061-0154480505.

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Howard, John N. "OSA’s Financial History: The 1960s & 1970s." Optics and Photonics News 18, no. 1 (2007): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opn.18.1.000012.

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Patrick, Martin. "Polish conceptualism of the 1960s and 1970s." Third Text 15, no. 54 (2001): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09528820108576898.

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Milkis, Sidney M. "Remaking Government Institutions in the 1970s: Participatory Democracy and the Triumph of Administrative Politics." Journal of Policy History 10, no. 1 (1998): 51–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030600005522.

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Interpreting the 1970s is a difficult business. On the one hand, reformers struggled earnestly and effectively to codify the exalted vision of a good society that was celebrated during the 1960s. And yet in doing so, they appeared to routinize rather than resolve the virulent conflicts of the previous decade. Scholars tend to agree that the reforms of the 1960s and 1970s marked a transformation of political life no less important than the Progressive Era and the New Deal. Unlike these earlier reform periods, however, the 1960s and 1970s did not embrace national administrative power as an agent of social and economic justice. Instead, reformers of the 1960s and 1970s championed “participatory democracy” and viewed the very concept of national governmental authority with deep suspicion. Indeed, Hugh Heclo characterizes the reform legacy of the 1960s and 1970s as one of intractable fractiousness, as a “postmodern” assault on the modern state forged on the anvil of reforms carried out during the Progressive and New Deal eras. “In the end, it appears that a great deal of postmodern policymaking is not really concerned with ‘making policy’ in the sense of finding a settled course of public action that people can live with,” he writes. “It is aimed at crusading for a cause by confronting power with power.”

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Bainbridge, William Sims, and Ronald B. Flowers. "Religion in Strange Times: The 1960s and 1970s." Contemporary Sociology 15, no. 1 (1986): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2070990.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "1960s-1970s"

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Szarycz, Ireneusz. "Poetics of Valentin Kataev's prose of the 1960s and 1970s." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/5274.

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Hodgson, James Neil. "Male homosexuality in Brazilian cinema of the 1960s and 1970s." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/male-homosexuality-in-brazilian-cinema-of-the-1960s-and-1970s(d1678b48-5d3c-47fa-9a06-b4b0d72ed49b).html.

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The representation of homosexuality in the Brazilian cinema of the 1960s and 1970s is generally dismissed as homophobic on the grounds that it confirms stereotypical and oppressive views of homosexual men. While it is true that many films produced during the era repeat conventional notions of sexual identity, this dismissal arguably overlooks a variety of subtle and subversive representations of homosexuality. To contest the prevailing view, eleven films have been selected from important movements of Brazilian cinema of the period; these include examples of avant-garde and popular filmmaking. An analytical approach informed by queer theory – a critical account of homosexuality and sexual identity – is used to make a series of close readings of narrative form and content. It is suggested that the apparent heterosexism of many of the films is shown to be tacitly or accidentally subverted via the implication that sexual identity is unstable and contested. A number of films are shown to illustrate ways in which oppressive hierarchies might be disabled through a reconfiguring of homosexual identity. It is argued that film form – the films’ self-referential or reflexive aspects, as well as the way in which the films construct spectating positions – is the central factor in subverting conventional views of homosexuality. Such form facilitates multiple readings of the content, therefore enabling a queer interpretation to be posited. Ultimately, it is argued that the value of these films lies in the sometimes contradictory fashion in which they present oppressive notions of homosexuality on-screen while at the same time gesturing towards ways in which such oppression could be challenged.

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Straine, S. E. "The ground of drawing : graphic operations in the 1960s and 1970s." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2013. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1416487/.

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This thesis aims to rethink the terms for drawing as it negotiated dematerialisation and deskilling at the beginnings of conceptual art in the mid to late 1960s. The survival of drawing at this time is considered in terms of what a ground means in relation to an image, concentrating on questions of finish, temporality, skill, and materiality – most crucially that of paper. Over five monographic chapters, I set out the foundational and flexible proposition of the ground of drawing: an equally material and conceptual framework that disrupts the direct registration of line and trace that process-led accounts of drawing in the expanded field have so often focused on. Accepting both the precision and pollution of drawing as it existed within the mass media landscape of the 1960s and early 1970s, the examples discussed move away from the active flight of linearity in favour of rendering, depiction, narrative or visual deception, revealing drawing’s relationship to the world to be both potently iconic and stubbornly indexical. Chapter 1 tackles drawing’s newly conceptual relationship to trompe l’oeil through Vija Celmins’s use of photographic paper ephemera. Chapter 2 explores the concepts of over-working and after-drawings as together they control and obscure Franz Erhard Walther’s interactive sculptural practice. Chapter 3 reappraises Bill Bollinger’s intermedial practice of sculpture, drawing and installation to focus on his works on paper shaped by industrial gestures and a blindness of technique. In chapter 4 the ground shared by drawing and performance in the work of Alex Hay is used to interrogate the material and conceptual potential of the paper plane – referencing drawing only at an oblique angle. The final chapter thinks through the idea of post-photographic drawing within an image-saturated print and media culture, ultimately reconciling the durational, illusionistic drawing of Ed Ruscha with its hidden processual base.

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Bodling, Kurt Allen Thayer. "The Jesus Movement of the 1960s and 1970s as a "Great Awakening"." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1986. http://www.tren.com.

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Bielby, Clare. "Print media representations of violent women in 1960s and 1970s West Germany." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/3226.

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A proliferation of media discourse on the ‘phenomenon’ of violent women in 1960s and 1970s West Germany suggests that the violent woman is a troubling figure who provokes both fascination and fear. Julia Kristeva’s notion of the abject provides a language for understanding and accounting for the complex mixture of emotions the figure elicits. For Kristeva, abjection is a violent revolt against something which threatens the subject, which may be both “other” or foreign, and familiar; we abject that which cannot be tolerated, cannot be thought or known, which provokes both desire and repulsion. Troubling about the violent woman, and what renders her culturally unintelligible or unimaginable, is that she takes life rather than giving it. In this study, I trace the various attempts made by the print media to assimilate the violent woman, to make her thinkable and knowable and, as a result, to defuse her threat. More frequently, she is made other, abjected either in the Kristevan sense or in the (related) more literal sense: ‘cast off,’ ‘excluded,’ ‘rejected’ or ‘degraded.’ West Germany of the 1960s and 1970s provides a good time-frame for the study: West German terrorism, which involved a large number of women, was at its peak in the 1970s, and a number of high-profile trials against non-politically violent women also took place during the period. In chapter one of the thesis, I look at how the violent woman is rendered the negative and ‘unnatural’ (m)other of the proper German woman and nation, the better to bolster hegemonic understandings of both woman and nation; in chapter two, how she is made hysterical and feminised so as to defuse the threat that she poses; in chapter three, how her crime is redefined as a crime against her gender and sexuality (one idea here is that it is the ‘man inside’ who is to blame). Finally, in chapter four, I explore how the violent woman is abjected through association with filth and defilement. Arguably it is because the strategies which attempt to assimilate, to know and to name her fail or are only partially successful, that the violent woman must be abjected from the body politic through association with dirt.

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Treglia, Laura. "Guerrilla girls : rebellious women of the Japanese 1960s-1970s 'pinky violence' films." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.702934.

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Herrick, Andrew Robert. "A hairy predicament the problem with long hair in the 1960s and 1970s /." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4932.

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MAROJA, CAMILA SANTORO. "THREADING THE LABYRINTH: THE WORK OF ROBERT MORRIS IN THE YEARS 1960S-1970S." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2006. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=8481@1.

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COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DO PESSOAL DE ENSINO SUPERIOR<br>Rejeitando a noção de uma produção artística pautada em uma linearidade, o trabalho de Robert Morris das décadas 1960-1970 escapa a rótulos como minimalista, arte processual ou arte de site-specific, embora seus escritos e obras tenham sido fundamentais para que críticos e historiadores de arte pudessem delimitar e/ou cunhar esses mesmos termos. A mobilidade adotada pelo artista - seja na adoção de um espaço e de um tempo da obra de arte como co-extensivos aos de seu público, seja na forma de obras que incorporam o observador - resulta numa ida em direção à experiência sensível vivida pelo espectador, que é transformado em um visitante/participante. Apesar de estarem inseridos em preocupações de seu momento histórico, esses trabalhos apontam para uma pesquisa estética que continua ainda hoje. Ao oferecerem, por meio de uma série de iniciativas exploratórias, os termos para uma experiência escultural, as obras de Morris impulsionam uma reflexão sobre as opções da escultura e de sua percepção. São obras cuja compreensão exige o tempo, o espaço e o corpo como condição da experiência estética.<br>In its refusal of the idea of an artistic production based on linearity, the work of Robert Morris in the years 1960s-1970s cannot be designated as minimalist art, process art or site-specific, although his writings and pieces were essential for critics and art historians to define and/or to create the definitions themselves. The mobility which the artist adopts - both in his performance pieces and his process pieces - leads viewers into a sensible space/time experience turning them into participants/visitors. Although the works of Robert Morris point to the concerns of its historical background, they also foresee an aesthetic research that has continued to this day. By offering a series of exploration initiatives, they compel a reflection about the options of sculpture and about its perception. They are works that entail time, space, and the body as conditions of an aesthetic experience.

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Baxter, Lisa Mary. "History, identity and meaning : Cape Town's Coon Carnival in the 1960s and 1970s." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19684.

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Little has been written about the Coon Carnival since its inception in the late nineteenth century. This thesis helps remedy the general neglect of popular, "Coloured", working class history during the apartheid years. attempts to situate Cape Town's New Year Carnival within the international debate surrounding popular festival and identity. Following a broadly historical line of inquiry, this thesis straddles different disciplines, borrowing from a range of interpretative fields to assess the form and significance of the event during the 1960s and 1970s, a critical period in the Carnival's history. During these years, District Six - the event's symbolic and spiritual home - was declared for "White" residence only under the Group Areas Act. Coloured residents were forcibly removed from this central city suburb to disparate areas on the Cape Flats - the townships surrounding the metropolis. A year later, in 1967, the carnival parade was effectively banned from the city centre's streets; banished to remote and enclosed stadium venues. Thus, in a relatively short space of time the Carnival came under sustained attack. Due to the relative dearth of critical engagement with, or historical commentary on, the Carnival, this thesis relies heavily on oral sources and journalistic, visual and tourist oriented representations. Focussing particularly on the oral testimonies of twenty-four people involved in the event, it explores the notion of continuity and change in the Carnival during this period, through a thorough interrogation of the narratives.

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Feldman, Paula. "Made to order : American minimal art in the Netherlands, late 1960s to early 1970s." Thesis, Courtauld Institute of Art (University of London), 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414492.

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Books on the topic "1960s-1970s"

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Dietz, John. John Deere of the 1960s and 1970s. MBI Pub. Company, 2010.

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Niven, Felicia Lowenstein. Fabulous fashions of the 1960s and 1970s. Enslow publishers, 2011.

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Maggs, Colin Gordon. BR diesels in the 1960s and 1970s. Haynes, 2010.

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Davis, Greg. Collector's guide to TV memorabilia: 1960s & 1970s. Collector Books, 1996.

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Niven, Felicia Lowenstein. Fabulous fashions of the 1960s and 1970s. Enslow publishers, 2011.

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Milano, Dean. The Chicago music scene: 1960s and 1970s. Arcadia Pub., 2009.

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Grannis, LeRoy. Surf photography of the 1960s and 1970s. Taschen, 2006.

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Paul, Jenkins. Paul Jenkins: Paintings from the 1960s and 1970s. Redfern Gallery, 2011.

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P, Carlisle Rodney, and Golson J. Geoffrey, eds. America in revolt during the 1960s and 1970s. ABC-CLIO, 2007.

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Hopkins, Philip O. American Missionaries in Iran during the 1960s and 1970s. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51214-9.

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Book chapters on the topic "1960s-1970s"

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Weiss, Antonio E. "Planning, 1960s–1970s." In Management Consultancy and the British State. Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99876-3_2.

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Bevis, Teresa Brawner, and Christopher J. Lucas. "The 1960s and 1970s." In International Students in American Colleges and Universities. Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230609754_7.

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Betts, Ernest. "The Changing Background—1960s–1970s." In The Film Business. Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003458364-37.

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Piontelli, Alessandra. "The 1960s and the 1970s." In Citizen Fetus. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-17161-1_2.

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Arnett, Robert. "Transitional Noir, 1960s–Early 1970s." In Neo-Noir as Post-Classical Hollywood Cinema. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43668-1_2.

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Mais, Christos. "Anti-Colonialism and Imperialism (1960s–1970s)." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism. Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91206-6_290-1.

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West, John B. "Studies in the 1960s and 1970s." In High Life. Springer New York, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-7573-6_10.

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Chakraborty, Amitayu. "The Phase of Polemics (1960s–1970s)." In Ngugi wa Thiong’o. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003286035-3.

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Mais, Christos. "Anti-colonialism and Imperialism (1960s–1970s)." In The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Imperialism and Anti-Imperialism. Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-29901-9_290.

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Ter-Matevosyan, Vahram. "Kemalism in the Second Republic, 1960s–1970s." In Modernity, Memory and Identity in South-East Europe. Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97403-3_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "1960s-1970s"

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Hall, Brandon, Robert Willis, and Lindley Bark. "Demonstration of Aviation Mishap Reconstruction with On-Board Crash Recording Technologies." In Vertical Flight Society 73rd Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0073-2017-12040.

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Current approaches to specifying requirements for crash safety-related products rely on impact characteristics determined from studies conducted during the 1960s and 1970s. In addition, crash investigation techniques rely on methods in which mishap conditions are estimated based upon limited post-crash evidence. In order to address a current knowledge gap, crash recorders were examined for their ability to provide improved aircraft mishap data and to aid in mishap reconstruction. Dynamic testing on the Horizontal Accelerator at NAWCAD, Patuxent River, MD was conducted in order to investigate and ultimately demonstrate the ability of commercialized crash recorder technology to provide data that would greatly aid in aviation mishap investigation and reconstruction. Data collected by the crash recorders was used to create time-history sequences for tri-axial acceleration, estimated velocity, estimated recorder displacement, and estimated rotation. Ultimately, fielding such a system will improve the clarity and fidelity of crash investigations, as well as lead to better understanding of the often unpredictable modern aviation mishap environment.

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Swartz, Kenneth. "Airbus Helicopters in America: The Pioneering Years." In Vertical Flight Society 80th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0080-2024-1327.

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The roots of Airbus Helicopters in North America can be traced back to 1955 when the US Army announced it was purchasing three Djinn helicopters for evaluation at Fort Rucker, Alabama. In the pioneering years, Airbus Helicopters - originally known as Sud Aviation (later Aerospatiale) and Bolkow (later Messerschmitt-Bolkow-Blohm) - worked through at least six different sales agents to break into the United States and Canadian market before they established their own subsidiaries in the 1970s in which merged in 1992 when Eurocopter was formed to combine the helicopter divisions of Aérospatiale and DASA (Deutsche Aerospace Aktiengesellschaft) located in France and Germany. Today, Airbus Helicopters accounts for a substantial share of new helicopter sales in the United States and Canada, but in the pioneering years it faced an uphill battle against a thriving American helicopter industry and strong "buy America" sentiment, such that the pioneering efforts by the European helicopter to gain a foothold in North America have been largely forgotten. This paper covers the period from the mid-1950s to 1969 when small number of Sud Aviation Djinn and Alouette II and III helicopters were operated in North America - with the majority migrating to Canada by the late 1960s.

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Whittaker, G. S. "Materials Performance Experience in Industrial Waste Incinerators at Tennessee Eastman Company." In CORROSION 1986. NACE International, 1986. https://doi.org/10.5006/c1986-86108.

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Abstract Since the early 1960s, the Tennessee Eastman Company has been disposing of solid and liquid waste in several waste incinerators. Solid waste is burned in two rotary kilns, and liquid waste is incincerated in a single chemical destructor. Additionally, a tar refining furnace is operated to recover a valuable catalyst. Experience has led to many improvements in all of these systems. Refractory life in the rotary kilns has increased from 90 days to 18 months. The rotary kiln off-gas handling system has been completely redesigned to eliminate many corrosion problems. The first chemical destructor was replaced in the late 1970s because of poor reliability, and the second generation system was installed applying the lessons learned in the first destructor as well as the kilns. The tar refining furnace has been in operation for two years and has also required modification. The external shell was replaced due to severe oxidation. The internals, on the other hand, have been reliable. A corrosion test was carried out in the furnace, and the results show that Cabot Alloy 214 is the best performer in this environment. The improvement process applied to all of the waste handling systems has produced very reliable systems which will be in use for many years to come.

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Fujizawa, Brian, Mark Tischler, and Joe Minor. "Outer-Loop Development and DVE Flight Test Assessment of a Partial Authority Model-Following Control System for the UH-60." In Vertical Flight Society 72nd Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0072-2016-11453.

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The vast majority of the U.S. Army's helicopter fleet consists of aircraft initially developed in the 1960s and 1970s and which were designed based on the handling qualities and flight control requirements of the time for flight in good visual environments (GVE). The Army today uses helicopters at night and in brownout and other degraded visual environment (DVE) conditions but with the same control laws of the original models; the major exception being the CH-47F and MH-47G DAFCS, which have been highlighted as a successful partial authority flight control system upgrade to provide improved handling qualities. The U.S. Army Aviation Development Directorate–AFDD has partnered with the U.S. Army Utility Helicopter Program Office's Futures Team and the RDECOM DVE Mitigation Program to further develop and test the UH-60 Modernized Control Laws (MCLAWS). Previous work implemented a model following control system architecture which provided an attitude command/attitude hold response-type for hover and low speed flight. This system demonstrated improved handling qualities as compared to the UH-60L SAS/FPS rate command response-type. This paper documents work to integrate an outer-loop position hold with velocity command mode into the MCLAWS. Flight testing of the MCLAWS with position hold demonstrated Level 1 Cooper-Harper handling qualities ratings in simulated DVE conditions. Finally, landing logic has been integrated into the MCLAWS to support DVE landing flight testing.

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Shirokova, Ludmila. "Slovak Short Story of 1960s–1970s (View from the 2000s)." In Russian Bohemian Studies Yesterday and Today. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/7576-0479-4.13.

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Kovalchuk, Mikhail Alexandrovich. "Development Of Medical Education In The Khabarovsk Territory In The 1960S-1970S." In International Scientific Congress «KNOWLEDGE, MAN AND CIVILIZATION». European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.05.117.

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Kosenkova, Yulia. "Changes in the Idea of a Soviet City in 1960s — Early 1970s." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Art Studies: Science, Experience, Education (ICASSEE 2018). Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icassee-18.2018.122.

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Ekström, Tomas, Ricardo Bernardo, Henrik Davidsson, and Åke Blomsterberg. "Renovation of Swedish single-family houses from the 1960s and 1970s to net-zero energy buildings – Case study." In ISES Solar World Conference 2017 and the IEA SHC Solar Heating and Cooling Conference for Buildings and Industry 2017. International Solar Energy Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/swc.2017.15.01.

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Däbritz, M. "Demolition of Fatigued Bridges with Movable Scaffolding Systems." In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0414.

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<p>The central European highway-infrastructure of the 1960s and 1970s is characterized by increasing overstraining. Often, repair tasks only allow further usage for a limited amount of time. Deconstruction and replacement, particularly in ecologically sensitive areas and ones with a high amount of intersections, call for a plannable demolition method, which ensures that the interruption of traffic on the affected route section is minimalized.</p>

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Zhuk, V. N. "ORGANIZATION OF OUTREACH SERVICES IN THE BELARUSIAN REPUBLICAN SCIENTIFIC AGRICULTURAL LIBRARY IN THE 1960S AND THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1970S." In LIBRARIES IN THE INFORMATION SOCIETY: PRESERVING TRADITIONS AND DEVELOPING NEW TECHNOLOGIES. УП «ИВЦ Минфина», 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/978-985-880-283-7-2022-255-273.

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The definitions and the essence of such concepts as "a branch", "a mobile library", and "a lending point" as applied to the historical realities of the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s, are revealed in the reference literature. On the basis of archival documents the forms of outreach services which were used in the Belarusian Republican Scientific Agricultural Library during the mentioned period were revealed; the number and places of functioning (names) of each of the forms of outreach service by years were determined.

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Reports on the topic "1960s-1970s"

1

Ffrench-Davis, Ricardo, and Robert Devlin. Towards an Evaluation of Regional Integration in Latin America in the 1990s. Inter-American Development Bank, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011085.

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The decade of the 1990s has witnessed a wave of regional integration initiatives in Latin America: more than 14 agreements -free trade areas or customs unions- since 1990 with a handful more in varying degrees of negotiation (see Table 1). However, this was not just a Latin American phenomenon, as regionalism has more than ever become a global trend (Mistry [1996]). Indeed, now Japan, South Korea and Hong Kong are the only World Trade Organization (WTO) members which are not signatories to at least one preferential trade agreement (WTO [1995]). Regional integration is not new to Latin America. Economic integration played an important role in the region¿s early Post-War economic history. The 1960s and 1970s saw a number of very ambitious initiatives inspired by the successful Western European experience (Ffrench-Davis, Muñoz and Palma [1994]). Indeed, at its peak in the late 1960s and early 1970s, the topic of integration was hard to avoid in the discussion of Latin American development. However, disillusionment with integration processes had clearly set in by the late 1970s and the discussion of regional integration was all but silenced by the external crisis of the early 1980s.

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2

Ashwill, Maximillian, and Lourdes Alvarez Prado. Background Paper: Disaster Risk Reduction. Inter-American Development Bank, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009225.

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The frequency of natural disasters, such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, and earthquakes, is increasing in LAC as in the rest of the world. During the 1960s and 1970s, fewer than 20 disasters occurred per year, while during the 2000s the average increased to 50 disasters per year.This sector study describes the state of natural disaster risk in the Region. It looks at LAC's progress in reducing disaster risk and examines the major challenges that it still confronts. OVE also describes and analyzes the IDB's Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Climate Change strategies, the DRM portfolio and assesses its DRM work.

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3

Al-Suwailem, Sami. Taming Inflation: An Islamic-Finance Perspective. Islamic Development Bank Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55780/re24023.

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Inflation is a major problem for modern economies. Over the years, the problem shifted from one extreme to the other: from “the great inflation” in the 1960s and 1970s, to “the death of inflation” and “inflation myth” in the 1990s and 2000s, to the “deflation monster” in 2010s, and most recently, to “the biggest inflation surge in more than 30 years”. Despite the remarkable advances in monetary theory and policy, we are still unable to control inflation. Many studies of inflation tend to miss the forest for the trees. They mostly focus on technical details and lose sight of the big picture. Here, we want to look at the big picture.

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4

Maxey and Eiber. L51562 A Study of the Yield-Tensile Ratio and Its Effect on Line Pipe Behavior. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010069.

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Considerable research has been conducted to define the significance of the yield-to-tensile (Y/T) ratio for line-pipe steels. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, a study was completed in which a series of burst tests was conducted on 41 pipes ranging from 8 to 42 inches in diameter and representing API Specification 5L Grades A through X65. In this study, only 2 of the 41 materials studied had a yield-to-tensile ratio greater than 0.9, and these were artificially created. With the advent of the X70 and X80 steels, higher yield-to-tensile ratios have developed as the yield strength increased. A re-examination of this question in terms of the higher strength materials is presented herein. The objective of this research is to determine if the high yield-to-tensile ratio of X70 and X80 line-pipe steels in any way restricts such operating practices as hydrostatic testing, operating stress level, and flaw behavior.

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5

Chumacero, Rómulo A., and J. Rodrigo Fuentes. On the Determinants of Chilean Economic Growth. Inter-American Development Bank, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008718.

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This paper is part of the project "Explaining Economic Growth Performance" launched by the Global Development Network (GDN). The purpose of this project is to explain economic growth performances across seven regions of the world. This paper provides a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the main factors behind Chilean growth: the main characteristics that made economic performance so average through the 1960s, so sensitive to the two major international crises in the early 1970s and early 1980s, and so simulative to growth rates and dampening to volatility from the mid-1980s onward. The first section looks at the history for the period under analysis. The next section uses a growth accounting exercise to approximate Total Factor Productivity (TFP). The results from that exercise are then used to conduct a multivariate time series analysis that includes several measures of economic distortions to assess which are important determinants (or consequences) of Chile's economic performance. Features found to be relevant are then incorporated into a model that attempts to quantify the growth effects of several shocks. Finally, the last section summarizes the main analytic conclusions and draws policy implications.

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6

Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. The Unmaking of the Black Blue-Collar Middle Class. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp159.

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In the decade after the Civil Rights Act of 1964, African Americans made historic gains in accessing employment opportunities in racially integrated workplaces in U.S. business firms and government agencies. In the previous working papers in this series, we have shown that in the 1960s and 1970s, Blacks without college degrees were gaining access to the American middle class by moving into well-paid unionized jobs in capital-intensive mass production industries. At that time, major U.S. companies paid these blue-collar workers middle-class wages, offered stable employment, and provided employees with health and retirement benefits. Of particular importance to Blacks was the opening up to them of unionized semiskilled operative and skilled craft jobs, for which in a number of industries, and particularly those in the automobile and electronic manufacturing sectors, there was strong demand. In addition, by the end of the 1970s, buoyed by affirmative action and the growth of public-service employment, Blacks were experiencing upward mobility through employment in government agencies at local, state, and federal levels as well as in civil-society organizations, largely funded by government, to operate social and community development programs aimed at urban areas where Blacks lived. By the end of the 1970s, there was an emergent blue-collar Black middle class in the United States. Most of these workers had no more than high-school educations but had sufficient earnings and benefits to provide their families with economic security, including realistic expectations that their children would have the opportunity to move up the economic ladder to join the ranks of the college-educated white-collar middle class. That is what had happened for whites in the post-World War II decades, and given the momentum provided by the dominant position of the United States in global manufacturing and the nation’s equal employment opportunity legislation, there was every reason to believe that Blacks would experience intergenerational upward mobility along a similar education-and-employment career path. That did not happen. Overall, the 1980s and 1990s were decades of economic growth in the United States. For the emerging blue-collar Black middle class, however, the experience was of job loss, economic insecurity, and downward mobility. As the twentieth century ended and the twenty-first century began, moreover, it became apparent that this downward spiral was not confined to Blacks. Whites with only high-school educations also saw their blue-collar employment opportunities disappear, accompanied by lower wages, fewer benefits, and less security for those who continued to find employment in these jobs. The distress experienced by white Americans with the decline of the blue-collar middle class follows the downward trajectory that has adversely affected the socioeconomic positions of the much more vulnerable blue-collar Black middle class from the early 1980s. In this paper, we document when, how, and why the unmaking of the blue-collar Black middle class occurred and intergenerational upward mobility of Blacks to the college-educated middle class was stifled. We focus on blue-collar layoffs and manufacturing-plant closings in an important sector for Black employment, the automobile industry from the early 1980s. We then document the adverse impact on Blacks that has occurred in government-sector employment in a financialized economy in which the dominant ideology is that concentration of income among the richest households promotes productive investment, with government spending only impeding that objective. Reduction of taxes primarily on the wealthy and the corporate sector, the ascendancy of political and economic beliefs that celebrate the efficiency and dynamism of “free market” business enterprise, and the denigration of the idea that government can solve social problems all combined to shrink government budgets, diminish regulatory enforcement, and scuttle initiatives that previously provided greater opportunity for African Americans in the government and civil-society sectors.

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7

Lazonick, William, Philip Moss, and Joshua Weitz. Equality Denied: Tech and African Americans. Institute for New Economic Thinking, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp177.

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Thus far in reporting the findings of our project “Fifty Years After: Black Employment in the United States Under the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission,” our analysis of what has happened to African American employment over the past half century has documented the importance of manufacturing employment to the upward socioeconomic mobility of Blacks in the 1960s and 1970s and the devastating impact of rationalization—the permanent elimination of blue-collar employment—on their socioeconomic mobility in the 1980s and beyond. The upward mobility of Blacks in the earlier decades was based on the Old Economy business model (OEBM) with its characteristic “career-with-one-company” (CWOC) employment relations. At its launching in 1965, the policy approach of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission assumed the existence of CWOC, providing corporate employees, Blacks included, with a potential path for upward socioeconomic mobility over the course of their working lives by gaining access to productive opportunities and higher pay through stable employment within companies. It was through these internal employment structures that Blacks could potentially overcome barriers to the long legacy of job and pay discrimination. In the 1960s and 1970s, the generally growing availability of unionized semiskilled jobs gave working people, including Blacks, the large measure of employment stability as well as rising wages and benefits characteristic of the lower levels of the middle class. The next stage in this process of upward socioeconomic mobility should have been—and in a nation as prosperous as the United States could have been—the entry of the offspring of the new Black blue-collar middle class into white-collar occupations requiring higher educations. Despite progress in the attainment of college degrees, however, Blacks have had very limited access to the best employment opportunities as professional, technical, and administrative personnel at U.S. technology companies. Since the 1980s, the barriers to African American upward socioeconomic mobility have occurred within the context of the marketization (the end of CWOC) and globalization (accessibility to transnational labor supplies) of high-tech employment relations in the United States. These new employment relations, which stress interfirm labor mobility instead of intrafirm employment structures in the building of careers, are characteristic of the rise of the New Economy business model (NEBM), as scrutinized in William Lazonick’s 2009 book, Sustainable Prosperity in the New Economy? Business Organization and High-Tech Employment in the United States (Upjohn Institute). In this paper, we analyze the exclusion of Blacks from STEM (science, technology, engineering, math) occupations, using EEO-1 employment data made public, voluntarily and exceptionally, for various years between 2014 and 2020 by major tech companies, including Alphabet (Google), Amazon, Apple, Cisco, Facebook (now Meta), Hewlett Packard Enterprise, HP Inc., Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Salesforce, and Uber. These data document the vast over-representation of Asian Americans and vast under-representation of African Americans at these tech companies in recent years. The data also shine a light on the racial, ethnic, and gender composition of large masses of lower-paid labor in the United States at leading U.S. tech companies, including tens of thousands of sales workers at Apple and hundreds of thousands of laborers & helpers at Amazon. In the cases of Hewlett-Packard, IBM, and Intel, we have access to EEO-1 data from earlier decades that permit in-depth accounts of the employment transitions that characterized the demise of OEBM and the rise of NEBM. Given our findings from the EEO-1 data analysis, our paper then seeks to explain the enormous presence of Asian Americans and the glaring absence of African Americans in well-paid employment under NEBM. A cogent answer to this question requires an understanding of the institutional conditions that have determined the availability of qualified Asians and Blacks to fill these employment opportunities as well as the access of qualified people by race, ethnicity, and gender to the employment opportunities that are available. Our analysis of the racial/ethnic determinants of STEM employment focuses on a) stark differences among racial and ethnic groups in educational attainment and performance relevant to accessing STEM occupations, b) the decline in the implementation of affirmative-action legislation from the early 1980s, c) changes in U.S. immigration policy that favored the entry of well-educated Asians, especially with the passage of the Immigration Act of 1990, and d) consequent social barriers that qualified Blacks have faced relative to Asians and whites in accessing tech employment as a result of a combination of statistical discrimination against African Americans and their exclusion from effective social networks.

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8

Kelsey, Tom. When Missions Fail: Lessons in ‘High Technology’ From Post-War Britain. Blavatnik School of Government, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp_2023/056.

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The idea that national security and economic prosperity stem from being at the technological frontier (‘techno-nationalism’) is once again a dominant feature of global politics. The post-war United States has emerged as the key model in these discussions, with the ‘moonshot’ seen as an outstanding example of how to direct state resources towards technological breakthroughs, while the capacity of the American government is praised more generally for its ability to sponsor ground-breaking technology. This paper, however, suggests that the United States was the exception, not the rule, and that the failures of post-war Britain highlight the limitations of ‘techno-nationalism’ with vivid clarity. During the 1950s and 1960s, the British state took long-term bets on securing a leading role in the world’s technological future, specifically in the areas of supersonic flight via Concorde and nuclear power generation. The result, however, was not export glory but industrial calamity. These long-running programmes were eventually cut back in the 1970s, when it became accepted in Whitehall that Britain should no longer try to be the Science and Tech Superpower, attempting to leapfrog the United States to technological glory. Understanding this trajectory in Britain dislodges the sense that focusing on emerging technology and the long term is a silver bullet in policymaking. We must appreciate that the realities of technological power matter, and grasp that the post-war US was an unrepresentative case: no country today will have the relative level of industrial and technological might that it enjoyed at that time. While my arguments will resonate in other national contexts, my focus is on ensuring that any strategy for ‘high technology’ in the UK today continues to learn the lessons from the errors of the post-war period. It must be wary of expert capture within the state. It must also think about industrial strategy in an integrated way, across national security, economics, and foreign policy, with a policymaking machinery set up to deal with this level of complexity. Moreover, despite the attention afforded to national state funding, the UK should continue to see forging alliances as essential alongside working with international business and be clear-eyed about where it does and does not need to sustain national capabilities.

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9

Johnson, Emily, Sofia Andeskie, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Mojave National Preserve: Paleontological resource inventory (public version). National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299742.

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Mojave National Preserve (MOJA) in the Mojave Desert of southern California hosts an extensive geologic record, with units ranging in age from the Paleoproterozoic (2.5 to 1.7 billion years ago) to the Quaternary (present day). MOJA topography is dominated by numerous mountain ranges hosting extensive geological exposures divided by expansive valleys, dunes, and a low elevation dry salt lake. Some geological units are fossil-bearing, both within the preserve and in adjacent lands outside the boundaries of the preserve. The fossils preserved within MOJA span from the Proterozoic Eon (uncertain maximum age of fossiliferous rocks, but at least approximately 550 million years ago) to the Holocene Epoch (beginning 11,700 years ago). Abundant and diverse marine fossils are preserved in units dated from the late Proterozoic through most of the Cambrian, as well as from the Devonian through the early Permian. More recent volcanic tuff and unconsolidated sedimentary deposits in valleys preserve Cenozoic flora and fauna. Geologic surveys documented paleontological resources within the modern (2023) boundaries of MOJA as early as 1914, but fossils were rarely the focus of detailed study, and no comprehensive inventory was compiled. John Hazzard was the first geologist to devote significant attention to the study of paleontology within MOJA. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Hazzard and collaborators identified Paleozoic assemblages within the Kelso and Providence Mountains. Between the 1950s to 1980s, several dissertations and theses described the geology of various areas within MOJA, in which the authors provided limited paleontological descriptions and fossil locality information. Jack Mount conducted extensive paleontological research in the Cambrian sections of the Providence Mountains in the 1970s and 1980s, focusing on olenellid trilobites in the Latham Shale. As early as the 1960s, rockhounds collecting opalite and petrified wood discovered fossilized plant material and vertebrate bones in areas now in south-central MOJA and notified paleontologists at San Bernardino County Museum (SBCM). This resulted in one of the only paleontological excavations in what is now MOJA, with collections of Miocene vertebrate fauna including camelid and early rhino material. More recently, James Hagadorn reported the late-surviving Ediacaran organism Swartpuntia in an assemblage from the Wood Canyon Formation of the Kelso Mountains in 2000. From October 2021 to January 2022, a field inventory was conducted to determine the scope and distribution (both temporal and geospatial) of paleontological resources at MOJA. An additional week of field work was conducted in December 2022. A total of thirteen localities were documented and field-checked throughout the preserve. These localities resulted from field checks of previously reported fossil sites, as well as new discoveries based on literature searches and information provided by MOJA staff. The findings of this report constitute a baseline of paleontology resource data for MOJA, and reflect the current understanding of the scope, significance, and distribution of MOJA’s fossil record. This report provides a foundation for the management and protection of paleontological resources within MOJA and supports future education, interpretation,

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10

Johnson, Emily, Sofia Andeskie, Justin Tweet, and Vincent Santucci. Mojave National Preserve: Paleontological resource inventory (sensitive version). National Park Service, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2299463.

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Abstract:

Mojave National Preserve (MOJA) in the Mojave Desert of southern California hosts an extensive geologic record, with units ranging in age from the Paleoproterozoic (2.5 to 1.7 billion years ago) to the Quaternary (present day). MOJA topography is dominated by numerous mountain ranges hosting extensive geological exposures divided by expansive valleys, dunes, and a low elevation dry salt lake. Some geological units are fossil-bearing, both within the preserve and in adjacent lands outside the boundaries of the preserve. The fossils preserved within MOJA span from the Proterozoic Eon (uncertain maximum age of fossiliferous rocks, but at least approximately 550 million years ago) to the Holocene Epoch (beginning 11,700 years ago). Abundant and diverse marine fossils are preserved in units dated from the late Proterozoic through most of the Cambrian, as well as from the Devonian through the early Permian. More recent volcanic tuff and unconsolidated sedimentary deposits in valleys preserve Cenozoic flora and fauna. Geologic surveys documented paleontological resources within the modern (2023) boundaries of MOJA as early as 1914, but fossils were rarely the focus of detailed study, and no comprehensive inventory was compiled. John Hazzard was the first geologist to devote significant attention to the study of paleontology within MOJA. Throughout the 1930s and 1940s, Hazzard and collaborators identified Paleozoic assemblages within the Kelso and Providence Mountains. Between the 1950s to 1980s, several dissertations and theses described the geology of various areas within MOJA, in which the authors provided limited paleontological descriptions and fossil locality information. Jack Mount conducted extensive paleontological research in the Cambrian sections of the Providence Mountains in the 1970s and 1980s, focusing on olenellid trilobites in the Latham Shale. As early as the 1960s, rockhounds collecting opalite and petrified wood at Hackberry Wash discovered fossilized plant material and vertebrate bones and notified paleontologists at San Bernardino County Museum (SBCM). This resulted in one of the only paleontological excavations in what is now MOJA, with collections of Miocene vertebrate fauna including camelid and early rhino material. More recently, James Hagadorn reported the late-surviving Ediacaran organism Swartpuntia in an assemblage from the Wood Canyon Formation of the Kelso Mountains in 2000. From October 2021 to January 2022, a field inventory was conducted to determine the scope and distribution (both temporal and geospatial) of paleontological resources at MOJA. An additional week of field work was conducted in December 2022. A total of thirteen localities were documented and field-checked throughout the preserve. These localities resulted from field checks of previously reported fossil sites, as well as new discoveries based on literature searches and information provided by MOJA staff. The findings of this report constitute a baseline of paleontology resource data for MOJA, and reflect the current understanding of the scope, significance, and distribution of MOJA’s fossil record. This report provides a foundation for the management and protection of paleontological resources within MOJA and supports future education, interpretation, and research.

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