Dissertations / Theses on the topic '1970-2020'

Pour pallier l'absence de statistiques rigoureuses concernant la nature du parc automobile en france et dans le but d'effectuer des inventaires precis d'emissions de polluants par les transports routiers, nous avons mis au point un modele informatique de calcul du parc a partir de donnees reelles. Il nous permet d'evaluer le parc statique (vehicules qui existent) a partir des immatriculations de vehicules neufs et de leur rythme de vieillissement, et le parc roulant (vehicules qui circulent) en tenant compte des usage de ces vehicules. Connues pour le passe et le present, ces donnees ont ete extrapolees pour le futur afin de pouvoir modeliser le parc entre 1970 et 2020. L'interet principal de notre demarche est de mettre en evidence les diverses evolutions technologiques du parc automobile et des trafics en etudiant precisement la nature des vehicules immatricules neufs sur notre territoire. Le parc statique des vehicules particuliers et des vehicules utilitaires legers est constamment croissant entre 1970 et 2020. Celui des poids lourds, suite a de fortes diminutions des immatriculations a certaines epoques, oscille sans augmenter tres nettement. Les circulations sur l'ensemble du territoire et sur tous les reseaux (en ville, sur route ou sur autoroute) se sont considerablement developpes depuis 1970, combinant a la fois l'accroissement des effectifs et des usages des vehicules, ainsi que la longueur du reseau dans le cas de l'autoroute sur laquelle la circulation augmente particulierement pendant les 50 annees d'etude.

Dopo una breve introduzione alla critica dantesca dell'ultimo cinquantennio, di essa sarà analizzato un campione di dieci monografie notevoli di altrettanti autori, composte in quest'arco di tempo e divenute fondamentali o di grande importanza all'interno degli studi di dantistica: "Studi su Dante", di Erich Auerbach (1963); "Un'idea di Dante. Saggi danteschi", di Gianfranco Contini (1976); "La poesia della 'Divina Commedia'", di Charles S. Singleton (1978); "Dante filosofo e poeta", di Rocco Montano; "Dante. La poetica della conversione", di John Freccero (1986); "La 'Commedia' senza Dio. Dante e la creazione di una realtà virtuale", di Teodolinda Barolini (2003); "Human Vices and Human Worth in Dante's 'Comedy'", di Patrick Boyde (2000); "La nobiltà di Dante", di Umberto Carpi (2004); "L'io e il mondo. Un'interpretazione di Dante", di Marco Santagata (2011); "Qualche idea su Dante", di Mirko Tavoni (2015). Per ciascun volume si fornirà una schedatura di indice e schema, di tesi espresse e percorsi esplorati, e di un elenco ragionato di recensioni e di citazioni ricevute.

Le développement de la construction écologique participe à la légitimation de l’emploi des matériaux de construction pouvant alimenter la lutte contre le changement climatique. Parmi ces matériaux, la terre crue demeure peu investie en comparaison de matériaux biosourcés tels que le bois ou la paille. Alors que l’emploi de la terre était historiquement répandu en France, les procédés de construction qui lui incombent (bauge, pisé, torchis, adobe) ont été destitués au cours des XIXème et XXème siècles. Pourtant, depuis environ cinq décennies, un champ de la construction en terre participe à faire la promotion de ce matériau. Dans cette recherche, il s’agit de montrer comment le champ de la construction en terre a pris forme et quelle forme il a prise en analysant les formes d’intérêt historiquement variables pour la construction en terre qu’exige le champ et qu’engagent les agents, c’est-à-dire de dialectiser l’histoire du champ et l’histoire sociale incorporée des agents qui s’investissent pour entretenir et actualiser l’histoire sociale réifiée de la construction en terre crue. Cela permet aussi d’analyser les conditions sociales de possibilité d’un développement de la construction en terre crue en France, notamment pour mesurer les conditions sociales de possibilité d’une transformation de la construction conventionnelle pour participer à une transformation du monde social favorable à la lutte contre le changement climatique. Cette thèse s’appuie sur différents matériaux empiriques (entretiens, archives, observations ethnographiques, statistiques) et mobilise la sociologie des champs pour analyser les relations objectives entre les champs et les agents engagés dans le champ de la construction en terre crue, qui varient selon les luttes internes et externes au champ, notamment par l’action publique qui contribue à définir son autonomie et ses rapports de subordination. Cette recherche fait l’hypothèse que le champ de la construction en terre est un champ de forces qui est au principe de luttes économique et politique pour le maintenir ou le transformer, notamment en orientant l’action publique, afin que les agents qui y sont engagés puissent, selon ce qui est en leur pouvoir, actualiser ou créer les conditions les plus favorables à leur accomplissement, c’est-à-dire à l’ajustement de leurs dispositions à leurs conditions d’existence. La première partie de la thèse aborde la genèse du champ de la construction en terre crue en montrant comment, de l’émergence à la dissolution sociale de la bauge dans l’espace rural breton et du pisé de terre dans l’espace urbain lyonnais, la construction en terre est réinvestie à l’échelle nationale à partir des années 1970 et conduit à l’autonomisation du champ au cours des années 1980. La deuxième partie s’attache à décrire l’activité économique de la construction en terre. Il s’agit de s’intéresser, d’une part, à la structure des professionnels de la construction en terre et à leur prise de position économique et, d’autre part, à caractériser socialement les particuliers qui habitent dans une maison en terre construite ces dernières décennies à travers leur position sociale, leur trajectoire résidentielle et les stratégies résidentielles qu’ils mettent en œuvre. La troisième partie s’attache plus particulièrement à la lutte politique des agents engagés dans le champ pour maintenir ou transformer son principe de vision. En abordant l’institutionnalisation de la construction écologique comme catégorie de l’action publique, il s’agit d’étudier l’appropriation de cette catégorie par les agents à travers la lutte qu’ils mènent pour faire voir et valoir leur principe de vision au sein du champ<br>The development of green building contributes to the legitimation of the use of construction materials that can take part in the fight against climate change. Among these materials, raw earth remains little invested in comparison with bio-based materials such as wood or straw. While the use of land was historically widespread in France, the construction processes incumbent on it (cob, rammed earth, mud, adobe) were removed during the 19th and 20th centuries. However, for about five decades, a field of earthen construction has been involved in promoting this material. In this research, it’s about to show how the field of earthen construction has taken shape and what form it has taken by analyzing the historically variable forms of interest for earthen construction that the field requires and that the agents invest, that is to dialectize the history of the field and the incorporated social history of the agents who invest themselves in maintaining and updating the reified social history of earthen construction. This also makes it possible to analyze the social conditions of possibility of a development of earthen construction in France, in particular to measure the social conditions of possibility of a transformation of conventional construction to participate in a transformation of the social world favorable to the fight against climate change. This thesis is based on different empirical materials (interviews, archives, ethnographic observations, statistics) and mobilizes the sociology of fields to analyze the objective relationships between the fields and the agents involved in the field of earthen construction, which vary according to internal and external struggles in the field, in particular through public action which participates to define its autonomy and its relations of subordination. This research hypothesizes that the field of earthen construction is a field of forces which is at the base of economic and political struggles to maintain or transform it, in particular by orienting public action, so that the agents who are there committed can, according to what is in their power, actualize or create the most favorable conditions for their accomplishment, that is to say for the adjustment of their dispositions to their conditions of existence. The first part of the thesis is interested in the genesis of the field of earthen construction by showing how, from the emergence to the social dissolution of the cob in the Breton rural space and the rammed earth in the urban space of Lyon, earthen construction was reinvested nationally from the 1970s and led to the autonomy of the field in the 1980s. The second part attempts to describe the economic activity of earthen construction. The focus is, on the one hand, in the structure of earth construction professionals and their economic strategies and, on the other hand, in socially characterizing the agents who live in a earthen house built in recent decades through their social position, their residential trajectory and the residential strategies they implement. The third part focuses more particularly on the political struggle of the agents engaged in the field to maintain or transform its principle of vision. By approaching the institutionalization of ecological construction as a category of public action, it’s about of studying the appropriation of this category by the agents through the struggle they lead to make see and assert their principle of vision within the field

"Dans un contexte souvent affirmé de "nationalisation" des comportements électoraux, les cartes de la géographie des votes à l'issue des scrutins récents, traduisent une nette réorganisation de la répartition des suffrages. A un désalignement sur les clivages régionaux ou sociologiques traditionnels selon le rapport gauche / droite, succède un réalignement partisan lié à l'opposition rural-urbain. Cette thèse insiste sur la forte structuration socio-spatiale des votes, notamment ceux en faveur des nouveaux partis (nationalistes, souverainistes, écologistes, ruralistes. . . ) qui ont construit leur identité et leur discours en référence à un concept territorial. Notre problématique consiste à appréhender les évolutions récentes de la carte électorale française à une échelle géographique fine: le canton et la commune. Cette démarche est novatrice car elle permet de faire le lien avec les variables sociales mais aussi de mettre en évidence différents effets spatiaux imperceptibles à l'échelle du département ou de la circonscription. En conciliant l'approche écologique ainsi que les méthodes et les outils de la géographie quantitative et de l'analyse spatiale, cette étude propose quelques pistes de réflexion pour comprendre la forte territorialisation des votes observée en France. "<br>In an often marked context of "nationalization" of the electoral behaviour, the mapping of the votes at the end of the recent polls, translate a clear reorganization of the distribution of the votes. To a misalignment on traditional regional or sociological cleavages based upon left force / right forces opposition succeeded realignment in favour related to the regional or sociological opposition. This research emphasizes the strong socio-spatial structure of the voting behaviour with a particular focus on those in favour of new political parties who are building their identity and their speech in reference to a territorial concept. Our problematic consist to dread the recent evolutions of the French electoral map to a fine geographic scale: the canton and the municipality. This innovative method allows to make the link with the social data but also to place in prominent position various imperceptible spatial effects on the scale of the department or of the country. By reconciling the ecological approach as well as the methods and the tools of the quantitative geography anf the spatial analysis, this study proposes some tracks of reflection to understand the strong territorialization of the votes observed in France

El campo cultural nicaragüense se desarrolla en una modernidad dependiente en donde conviven formas económicas y sociales pre-modernas y modernas, hecho que sitúa a la sociedad en la paradoja de convivir entre dos mundos, el de la aldea global posmoderna y el de la local, periférica, alejada de las metrópolis rectoras de los hábitos, gustos, y modas culturales. Ello genera la carencia de una cultura democrática que facilita la instauración de regímenes de carácter dictatorial frente a los cuales los intelectuales han de tomar posición: en la medida en que la coyuntura se aboca a una situación límite, mayor es la responsabilidad de los escritores y artistas, que, ejerciendo una actitud crítica, se comprometen en aras de exigir justicia y libertad. En el ejercicio de la cultura de la resistencia, las formas narrativas expresan las contradicciones vitales del ser humano y la búsqueda permanente de la comprensión de la evolución social e histórica del país.<br>The Nicaraguan cultural field develops in a dependent modernity where pre-modern and modern economic and social forms coexist, which places society in the paradox of coexisting between two worlds, that of the global postmodern village and that of the local, peripheral, away from the governing metropolises of cultural habits, tastes, and fashions. This generates the lack of a democratic culture that facilitates the establishment of dictatorial regimes which intellectuals have to take a position against: to the extent that conjuncture reaches an extreme situation, the greater the responsibility of writers and artists who, exercising a critical attitude, commit themselves in order to demand justice and freedom. In the exercise of the culture of resistance, narrative forms express the vital contradictions of the human being and the permanent search for the understanding of social and historical evolution of the country.

Nel corso degli ultimi cinquant’anni (1970-2020), le comunità indigene nasa del Dipartimento del Cauca (Colombia) si sono confrontate con processi necropolitici di segregazione territoriale e di violenza sistemica (Mbembe, 2006; Rozental, 2017), alimentati dalla secolare problematica del mancato riconoscimento delle terre ancestrali, dal conflitto armato interno colombiano, dall’attività delle transnazionali estrattiviste che operano nella regione e dalla proliferazione della problematica del narcotraffico (Peñaranda Supelano, 2012; Navia Lame, 2013; Peñaranda Supelano, 2015; CRIC, 2020). Per fronteggiare questi radicati dispositivi di espropiazione, violenza e silenziamento etnico, la popolazione nasa ha progressivamente riconfigurato le strategie di difesa della propria autonomia culturale e politica (Wilches-Chaux, 2005; Valero Gutiérrez, 2016). Nel quadro continentale del consolidamento organizzato delle rivendicazioni indigene, culminato nell’ultimo decennio del XX secolo nella cosiddetta emergencia indígena (Bengoa, 2007; Bengoa, 2009), le comunità nasa hanno plasmato modalità di resistenza multidimensionali, dove la tradizionale difesa pacifica dei confini territoriali è stata accompagnata da impulsi alla tutela dei propri spazi del sapere. Nel corso degli ultimi due decenni si sono strutturate strategie di salvaguardia dell’identità culturale comunitaria fondate sull’idea della custodia del “territorio dell’immaginario” (Almendra, 2017) dai dispositivi di invasione discorsiva e simbolica propri del necropotere (López Barcenas, 2007; Walsh, 2010): un meccanismo di protezione di epistemologie, cosmovisioni, lingua e spiritualità nasa, attuato a partire dalla delineazione di una nuova concezione autonoma della parola, tanto nell’esperienza dell’oralità come nelle sue espressioni scritte (Escobar, 2016). In questo contesto di studio, la tesi investiga un corpus di scritture realizzate da membri delle comunità indigene nasa in epoca contemporanea (1970-2020). La ricerca propone un’interpretazione della nozione-pratica del palabrandar, elaborata nell’ambito delle epistemologie nasa, come strumento ermeneutico centrale per la comprensione delle scritture analizzate e degli attuali immaginari di resistenza della popolazione caucana. La proposta del palabrandar si configura nel testo Entre la Emancipación y la Captura (2017) della scrittrice di etnia nasa-misak Vilma Almendra Quiguanás come una modalità autonoma di riflessione sull’esercizio della parola, concepita in una relazione di interdipendenza ontologica con l’azione di beneficio per la comunità (Almendra, 2017). La ricerca è strutturata in due tappe. Nei primi due capitoli si propone uno sguardo di analisi diacronico del processo di costituzione del prisma epistemologico della nozione-pratica del palabrandar, a partire dallo studio della produzione scritta di due autori nasa: Álvaro Ulcué Chocué (1943-1984) e Vilma Almendra Quiguanás (1979). Gli scritti del sacerdote cattolico di etnia nasa Ulcué Chocué, parzialmente inediti, sono interpretati come antecedente fondamentale della concezione autonoma della parola configurata nel testo Entre la Emancipación y la Captura di Vilma Almendra Quiguanas. Nel corso dell’analisi, si suggerisce una collocazione delle connotazioni epistemiche del palabrandar all’interno di una cartografia gnoseologica dei saperi indigeni dell’Abiayala, intesa qui nella sua integralità di pluriverso di enunciazione ed espressione delle conoscenze ancestrali in una dimensione di futuralità (Escobar, 2016; Rocha Vivas, 2017; Escobar, 2018). Nella seconda parte della tesi si elabora un’analisi orientata a delineare le forme semantiche e simboliche attraverso cui la nozione del palabrandar si traduce in pratica di scrittura. Si propone uno studio delle produzione scritte di alcuni membri della comunità nasa, interpretate nella loro dimensione di testualità oralettegrafiche (Rocha Vivas, 2017), ovvero scritture conformate da codici multidimensionali che possono trovare la loro espressione finale in un libro o in altri spazi di trasmissione del sapere nasa, come le pietre o le pareti (Faust, 2001; Rappaport, 2004; Rappaport, 2008; Perdomo, 2013). In questa prospettiva, il corpus di analisi si compone di alcuni passaggi testuali del volume Entre la Emancipación y la Captura di Vilma Almendra Quiguanás e di una serie di scritture (graffiti) realizzate da membri della comunità nasa nello spazio pubblico del territorio di Toribío, decodificato attraverso la contestualizzazione alle epistemologie nasa degli strumenti teorico-metodologici forniti dagli studi sul Paesaggio linguistico in aree di tensione sociale (Shoamy y Gorter, 2008; Delgado, 2011; Rubdy, 2015; Woldemariam, 2016). La traiettoria esegetica elaborata si struttura metodologicamente a partire dall’inquadramento delle scritture contemporanee del popolo nasa in uno spazio ontologico del sapere autonomo, inserito in un processo di dialogo con alcune proposte delle scienze sociali e umane che riproduce la dimensione interculturale delle attuali dinamiche di negoziazione del sapere nelle comunità nasa (Rappaport, 2003; Bengoa, 2009). Categorie come ‘scrittura’, ‘resistenza’ e ‘territorio’ si interpretano quindi a partire dalle significazioni assunte nell’universo epistemologico nasa (Rappaport, 2004; Wilches-Chaux, 2005; Perdomo, 2013; G. Ulcué, 2015; Sanabria Monroy, 2016; Muñoz Atillo, 2018). Il percorso ermeneutico adottato è sostentato da un lavoro sul campo presso diverse comunità nasa del settore nordorientale del Cauca, realizzato attraverso cinque viaggi nel territorio tra il settembre del 2018 e il settembre del 2020. Oltre alla realizzazione di una ricerca di archivio presso la Biblioteca Parrocchiale di Toribío, il lavoro sul campo è consistito in conversazioni, interviste e intercambi con membri della comunità nasa, partecipazione in assemblee e rituali, nell’intento di dialogare con gli spazi del sapere indigeno caucano in ogni sua dimensione di espressione: l’oralità, la ritualità, l’incontro collettivo e la scrittura (Garzón Lopez, 2013; Rocha Vivas, 2017).<br>In the last fifty years (1970-2020), indigenous Nasa communities in the Cauca Department (Colombia) have faced necropolitical processes of territorial segregation and systemic violence (Mbembe, 2006; Rozental, 2017), fomented by the century-old problem of the failure to acknowledge their ancestral homelands, by the internal Colombian armed conflict, by the activity of the transnational extractive industries operating in the region, and by the proliferation of narcotraffic (Peñaranda Supelano, 2012; Navia Lame, 2013; Peñaranda Supelano, 2015; CRIC, 2020). To face these entrenched devices of expropriation, violence, and ethnic silencing, Nasa people have progressively reconfigured the strategies in defence of their cultural and political autonomy (Wilches-Chaux, 2005; Valero Gutiérrez, 2016). In the framework of the organised strengthening of indigenous claims in the continent, culminating in the so-called emergencia indígena in the last decade of the 20th century (Bengoa, 2007; Bengoa, 2009), Nasa communities have forged multidimensional modalities of resistance, in which the traditional pacific conservation of territorial boundaries combines with the need to safeguard their own knowledge space. In the last two decades, Nasa communities have developed strategies to safeguard their communal cultural identity. These strategies are based on the idea of the defence of the “territory of the imagination” (Almendra, 2017) from the devices of discursive and symbolic invasion typical of necropower (López Barcenas, 2007; Walsh, 2010): a protective mechanism of Nasa epistemologies, cosmovisions, language, and spirituality, whose starting point is represented by the outline of a new autonomous conception of the word, in both the oral experience and its written expressions (Escobar, 2016). In this context, the present thesis investigates a corpus of writings realized by members of the indigenous Nasa communities in contemporary times (1970-2020). The research proposes an interpretation of the know-how of palabrandar, conceptualised in Nasa epistemologies, as the central hermeneutic tool for an understanding of the selected writings and of the actual images of resistance of the Cauca people. The proposal of palabrandar is defined in the text Entre la Emancipación y la Captura (2017) by the Nasa-Misak writer Vilma Almendra Quiguanás as an autonomous modality of reflection on the word, which is understood in a relationship of ontological interdependence with the action of benefit for the community (Almendra, 2017). The research is structured in two phases. The first two chapters propose a diachronic analysis of the founding process of the epistemological prism of the know-how of palabrandar, starting from an investigation of the written production of two Nasa authors: Álvaro Ulcué Chocué (1943-1984) and Vilma Almendra Quiguanás (1979). The writings, some of them unpublished, of the Catholic priest of Nasa ethnicity Ulcué Chocué are interpreted as a fundamental antecedent to the word’s autonomous conception as defined in the text Entre la Emancipación y la Captura by Vilma Almendra Quiguanas. The analysis seeks to discuss a positioning of the epistemic connotations of palabrandar within a gnosiological cartography of the indigenous knowledge of Abiayala, interpreted in its integrality of pluriverse of enunciation and expression of ancestral knowledge in a futural dimension (Escobar, 2016; Rocha Vivas, 2017; Escobar, 2018). The second part of the thesis aims to outline the semantic and symbolic forms through which the notion of palabrandar translates into written expressions. The writings of some members of the Nasa community are discussed taking into account their dimension of oralitegraphic textualities (Rocha Vivas, 2017), that is textual productions shaped by the confluence of multidimensional codes, which can be expressed through books or other spaces where Nasa knowledge is transmitted, such as stones or walls (Faust, 2001; Rappaport, 2004; Rappaport, 2008; Perdomo, 2013). In this perspective, the analysed corpus consists of some textual passages from the volume Entre la Emancipación y la Captura by Vilma Almendra Quiguanás and of a series of written productions (graffiti) realised by members of the Nasa community in the public space of the Toribío territory. The latter has been decoded by contextualising and applying to Nasa epistemologies the theoretical-methodological tools of linguistic landscape research in areas of social tension (Shoamy y Gorter, 2008; Delgado, 2011; Rubdy, 2015; Woldemariam, 2016). The exegetic trajectory developed in the thesis is structured methodologically by inserting the contemporary Nasa written productions in an ontological space of autonomous knowledge, which dialogues with proposals from the social and human sciences. This dialogical process reproduces the intercultural dimension of the actual dynamics of the negotiation of knowledge in Nasa communities (Rappaport, 2003; Bengoa, 2009). Consequently, categories such as ‘writing’, ‘resistance’, and ‘territory’ are interpreted according to the signification they possess in the epistemological Nasa universe (Rappaport, 2004; Wilches-Chaux, 2005; Perdomo, 2013; G. Ulcué, 2015; Sanabria Monroy, 2016; Muñoz Atillo, 2018). The adopted hermeneutic path is supported by fieldwork in different Nasa communities in the North-East Cauca region, and in particular by five research trips between September 2018 and September 2020. Fieldwork has consisted of archival research at the Parish Library in Toribío, conversations, interviews and interchanges with members of the Nasa community, the participation in meetings and rituals in the attempt to dialogue with the spaces of Cauca indigenous knowledge in every dimension of its expression: orality, rituality, collective gathering, and writing (Garzón Lopez, 2013; Rocha Vivas, 2017).

Dans les pays en voie de développement, les conditions de vie des femmes sont très précaires. Les questions de recherche que je développe dans cette thèse se concentrent en particulier sur certaines problématiques de genre au Bénin et en Inde. Dans le premier chapitre de la thèse je montre qu'une baisse du niveau de pluie (durant la période de gestation ou pendant la première année de vie) a un impact négatif sur la taille des enfants, filles comme garçons, de moins de 3 ans en milieu rural en Inde. Par contre, je ne trouve aucun impact différencié en fonction du genre de l'enfant. Dans le second chapitre de ma thèse j'étudie si l'accès à l'électricité facilitent le quotidien de femmes en Inde. Les résultats indiquent que les efforts d'expansion du réseau électrique engagés par le gouvernement Indien dans les années 1980 et 1990 ont eu impact significatif sur la consommation et le revenus des ménages. Il s'avère en particulier que l'accès à l'électricité facilita l'offre de travail pour les hommes, et, ce faisant, eu un impact positif le revenu disponible des ménages. Enfin, l'expansion du réseau électrique permit aux femmes de bénéficié de l'électricité. Dans le troisième et dernier chapitre de ma thèse je montre que, en anticipation d'un programme d'enregistrement des terres mis en œuvre par le gouvernement du Bénin entre 2008 et 2011, certaines femmes ont perdu leur autonomie de gestion des terres qu'elles cultivaient tandis que d'autres sont passées de leur statut de cultivateur indépendant à celui d'aide familial. N. B: Une partie de mes travaux sont co-écrits<br>The relative status of women in the developing world is poor, compared to developed countries. I focus on some of these issues in India and Benin in this thesis. In the first paper, I find that adverse negative rainfall shocks (in gestation and first year after birth) negatively impact height for age and weight for age for both girls and boys aged 1-3 years old in rural India. I find no evidence of gender discrimination. There are many policies that could be implemented to mitigate gender bias. Electrification has been shown to benefit women by relieving their time burden. I find that India's expansion in rural household electrification in the 1980s and '90s brought significant gains to consumption and earnings, the latter through changes in market labor supply for men. In addition, women living in households without electricity benefit from village electrification. Finally, in the last paper, I find that in anticipation of a land registration program implemented by the Beninese government in 294 villages between 2008 and 2011, some women are denied control rights over land while others experience a reduction in their status from that of an independent cultivator to that of a tenant who is farming land belonging to another person. NB: some of the work is joint with other authors

Jusqu'à la fin du XXème siècle, le projet européen de Valéry Giscard d'Estaing était de bâtir une Europe fortement intégrée grâce à la dynamique franco-allemande, sur la base de la parité entre la France et l'Allemagne. Durant son septennat, il a pu contribuer à certaines avancées en ce sens, à la faveur de sa bonne entente avec le Chancelier Schmidt. Mais son échec à l'élection présidentielle de 1981 l'empêcha de poursuivre son dessein. La chute du Mur en 1989 se produisit avant que l'édifice Ouest-européen ne fut achevé, et les lenteurs du processus d'intégration européenne dans les années quatre-vingt-dix ne permettront pas l'émergence de " l'Europe-puissance " que l'ancien Président appelait de ses vœux avant l'élargissement de l'Union européenne à de nombreux nouveaux membres<br>Until the end of the 20th century, Valéry Giscard d'Estaing's European design was to build a closely integrated Europe, thanks to the Franco-German dynamics, based on the notion of parity between the two countries. During his presidency, he was able to achieve some contributions in this respect, notably thanks to his good relation with Chancellor Schmidt. But his failure at the 1981 presidential elections prevented him from carrying out his aspirations. The fall of the Wall in 1989 took place before the Western European design was completed, and the delays of the European integration process throughout the 1990s were not to allow the emergence of such a European power as the former President aspired to, before the enlarging of the European union to many new members

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T18:33:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tatiani Sobrinho Del Bianco.pdf: 3941335 bytes, checksum: 389260f4ef8c218c8f73202bf660d0fc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-13<br>The various activities inserted in the production processes are characterized by the generation of common solids (MSW) waste, whether in solid, liquid or gaseous. Therefore, this study aims to identify factors capable of explaining the economic potential of MSW as a sustainable regional development factor, transforming the problem of MSW generation in new business opportunity. For this purpose, the methodology included the implementation of steps to characterize the source of MSW municipalities under study, analysis of the models and technologies used in MSW, and identification of potential bottlenecks in the economic sectors and the systematization of results by presenting a new economic model using MSW as inputs in production processes. The results showed that the municipalities under study had an average generation of 54.5 t / day of plastic; 12 t / day of glass; 6:06 l t / day of metal; 60.6 tons / day of paper; 5.5 ton / day from other waste types and 418.5 tons / day of organic. It was identified that the marketing of MSW aluminum, cardboard and PET is more expressive in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Paraná. From this information it was possible to estimate the total gross revenue for the 30 municipalities in the study, which was approximately R$ 3,642,408.38, of which this was more notable in the municipalities of Cascavel, Foz do Iguacu and Toledo , which together were responsible for obtaining 57% of the total gross revenue for the cities analyzed. The systematization of the results showed that the new model of MSW, send about 5.6 tonnes/day of MSW to the municipal landfill of Toledo, representing a reduction of 92% of the total previously forwarded by using the traditional management model MSW. Thus, the development of this new management model would help the sustainable development of meso study, it would be able to generate income from the implementation of new models of factories, developing new technologies, increased service life and reduced need for increased of area landfills and thus will make the municipalities fall under the guidelines of the law 12.305/2010 PNRS.<br>As diversas atividades inseridas nos processos produtivos têm como característica comum à geração de resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU), sejam eles sólidos, líquidos ou gasosos. Diante disso, esse trabalho visa identificar elementos capazes de explicitar o potencial econômico dos RSU como fator de desenvolvimento regional sustentável, transformando a problemática da geração de RSU em oportunidade de novos negócios. Para tanto, a metodologia contemplou a execução de etapas de caracterização da fonte geradora de RSU dos municípios em estudo, análise dos modelos e tecnologias utilizadas na gestão dos RSU, identificação das potencialidades e gargalos nos setores econômicos e a sistematização dos resultados por meio da apresentação de um novo modelo econômico utilizando o RSU como insumos dos processos produtivos. Os resultados demonstraram que os municípios em estudo, apresentaram uma geração média de 54.5 t/dia de plástico; 12 t/dia de vidro; l 6.06 t/dia de metal; 60.6 t/dia de papel; 5.5 t/ dia de outros tipos de resíduos e, 418.5 t/dia de orgânicos. Identificou-se que a comercialização dos RSU de alumínio, papelão e PET é mais expressiva nos estados de São Paulo, Minas Gerais e Paraná. A partir dessas informações foi possível estimar a receita bruta total para os 30 municípios em estudo, que foi de cerca de R$3.642.408,38, dentre os quais esta foi mais expressiva nos municípios de Cascavel, Foz do Iguaçu e Toledo, que juntos foram responsáveis pela obtenção de 57% da receita bruta total nos municípios analisados. A sistematização dos resultados demonstrou que o novo modelo de gestão dos RSU, enviaria cerca de 5.6 t/dia de RSU para o aterro sanitário municipal de Toledo, representando uma redução de 92% do total anteriormente encaminhado por meio da utilização do modelo tradicional de gestão dos RSU. Assim, o desenvolvimento desse novo modelo de gestão auxiliaria no desenvolvimento sustentável da mesorregião em estudo, pois seria capaz de gerar renda, a partir da implementação dos novos modelos de fábricas, desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias, aumento da vida útil e redução da necessidade de aumento de área para aterros sanitários e, assim, fará com que os municípios fiquem em conformidade com as diretrizes da lei de 12.305/2010 do PNRS.

En este documento se encontrará información relevante acerca de los procesos que se realizan para musicalizar y diseñar todo el sonido implementado en spots publicitarios audiovisuales de Estados Unidos y las adaptaciones de estos en los comerciales peruanos entre los años 1970 y 2020. Empezaremos investigando cómo se ha venido desarrollando la música publicitaria en ambos países desde su primera aparición en Estados Unidos y en Perú. Esto nos permitirá conocer todo el recorrido que ha tenido esta industria. Luego, analizaremos distintos comerciales de ambos países por cada década desde 1970 hasta 2020, para así poder conocer las tendencias que han aparecido en cada país y en cada época. Además, analizaremos dos campañas publicitarias que han sido transmitidas tanto en Estados Unidos como en Perú manteniendo algunos elementos sonoros y visuales, pero también incluyendo ciertos cambios relevantes en la música. De esta manera podremos dar hipótesis del por qué ciertos elementos son tomados en un mercado y no en el otro, así como la implementación de distintos géneros musicales en cada propuesta. Por otro lado, se investigará acerca de otros aspectos técnicos necesarios para poder realizar trabajos de calidad como el estándar de volumen que se debe utilizar para todo tipo de trabajo en un medio de comunicación. También se explicará cómo están conformados los equipos de trabajo de las casas de audio y la labor que realiza cada uno de los miembros. Además, estudiaremos las estrategias implementadas por los estudios de audio publicitario más representativos de los dos países, lo cual nos permitirá profundizar en los métodos que utilizan para realizar cada pieza musical y diseño sonoro para los spots publicitarios.<br>In this document you will find relevant information about the processes that are carried out to set music and make the sound design for audiovisual advertising in the United States and the adaptations of these in Peruvian commercials between the years 1970 and 2020. We will start investigating how advertising music has developed in both countries since its first appearance in the United States and Peru. This will allow us to know the whole journey that this industry has taken. Then, we will analyze different commercials from both countries for each decade from 1970 to 2020, in order to know the trends that have appeared in each country and in each decade. In addition, we will analyze two advertising campaigns that have been broadcast in the United States and Peru, maintaining some sound and visual elements, but also including certain relevant changes in music. In this way we will be able to hypothesize why certain elements are taken in one market and not in the other, as well as the implementation of different musical genres in each proposal. On the other hand, other technical aspects necessary to be able to carry out quality work will be investigated, such as the volume standard that should be used for all types of work at media. It will also explain how the workers of the music production studios are made up and the work carried out by each of the members. In addition, we will study the strategies implemented by the most representative advertising audio studios in the two countries, which will allow us to deepen the methods they use to make each piece of music and sound design for advertising spots.<br>Trabajo de investigación

Étude socio-historique du développement de la « lutte contre les sectes », cette recherche montre comment la question des sectes est devenue un enjeu politique et public de premier plan en France, ainsi qu'un objet de controverse internationale. Sur la base d'une enquête de terrain multi-méthodes (entretiens, ethnographie, archives et statistiques) menée de façon symétrique auprès des opposants aux sectes comme des groupes incriminés, ce travail revient sur l'hypothèse classique selon laquelle la « lutte » française serait avant tout le produit de la culture religieuse nationale. La sociologie de l'État, la sociologie des mobilisations et l'étude des relations internationales dans la genèse de la controverse internationale. Contribution à l'histoire sociale de la France post-1968, cette étude s'inscrit dans certains débats théoriques relatifs au rôle des pouvoirs publics dans la structuration de causes privées ; au recours à l'international dans l'arbitrage des conflits sociaux ; ainsi qu'à certaines transformations contemporaines de l'action collective<br>This research, a socio-historical investigation of the French "War on Cults", examines how cults became a major public and political issue in France, as well as a focal point of international controversy. Drawing upon extensive, multi-method fieldwork (interviews, ethnography, archives and statistics), this research revisits the classical views on the topic - namely that the intensity of the anti-cult movement in France is primarily a consequence of its national religious culture. The sociology of the State, the sociology of collective action and the study of international relations pave the way for a nuanced approch on this topic. The analysis emphasizes the structuring power of public authorities on this cause. It demonstrates the material and the symbolic support lent by the State to the movement in France. Anatomizing the controversies that emerged about the French policy, it establishes the role of transnational mobilization in the internationalization of the controversy. A contribution to the social history of post 1968 France, this dissertation takes part in contemporary debates relative to the role of public policies in the structuring of private causes, the recourse to the international arbitrage for adjudicating local conflicts, as well as some recent trends in collective action

En l'espace de vingt ans, depuis l'entrée en fonction de Ronald Reagan jusqu'à la fin de la présidence Clinton, le cinéma américain a considérablement évolué, épousant à sa manière le cours des mentalités du pays, mais aussi les façonnant et leur imprégnant des formes. Miroir du monde autant que transformateur culturel, donc, il a réfléchi et élaboré le passage global des Etats-Unis d'une posture psychologique dépressive à une posture mégalomaniaque. Entre la méfiance et le doute caractéristiques des années 80 et l'euphorie triomphaliste des années 90, il est ainsi passé d'un extrême à son opposé. Mais il s'est toujours appuyé en dernier ressort sur des représentations témoignant d'une tendance à la paranoïa, qui se révèle comme le trait dominant des mentalités du nouveau continent et détermine le mode d'expression spécifique de ses troubles collectifs nationaux. A travers le cinéma américain dominant, c'est une variété du nihilisme contemporain qui s'exprime, à la fois distincte extérieurement de celles qui apparaissent sur le reste de la planète - en Occident ou en Orient -, et semblable à elles, dans son fond

Ce travail se propose de dégager les continuités et les ruptures, en matière de santé publique, observées en Ouzbékistan avant et après la période soviétique. Un premier lien est établi avec les différents systèmes médicaux ancestraux (grec, persan, chinois) à l'époque précoloniale. La médecine moderne arrive avec la colonisation russe à la fin du XIXe siècle. Puis la création de l'Union soviétique va instaurer un système de santé publique uniformisé qui atteindra cependant rapidement ses limites. L'analyse de la phase contemporaine met l'accent sur l'articulation entre la médecine moderne et la médecine traditionnelle à partir d'expériences vécues et de données quantitatives. Elle montre la complexité des évolutions post-soviétiques dans ce contexte d'intenses changements socio-politiques, symbolisés par la légitimation des médecins-tabibs<br>This work aims at displaying continuities and discontinuities in terms of public health occuring in Uzbekistan, before and after the soviet period. A first link is established with ancestral health systems (Greek, Persian and Chinese) in the pre-colonial period. Modern medecine in brought in with the Russian colonization at the end of the 19th century. Then the creation of the Soviet Union brings a uniform system of public health, wich however will reveal its limits. The analysis of the contemporary period focuses on the relationships between traditional and modern medecine, using both in-depth knowledge and interviews of health actors and quantitative data. It shows the complex evolutions occuring in this period of intense social and political changes, symbolized by the recent legitimization of the physicians-tabibs

A la suite du pronunciamiento militaire du 11 septembre 1973, des milliers de Chiliens fuient leur pays vers la France ; en raison, notamment, du courant de sympathie dont jouissait le gouvernement de Salvador Allende. Rapidement, les premiers exilés arrivent et ce flux migratoire, hors normes pour un pays d'Amérique latine, perdure jusqu'en 1994, année où, le statut de réfugié politique n'est plus accordé aux ressortissants chiliens par le ministère des Affaires étrangères français. En exil, les Chiliens doivent d'abord apprendre à survivre, puis ils acceptent de s'intégrer, tout en poursuivant un important travail de dénonciation. A partir de la fin des années 70, s'amorce le phénomène du retour pour une minorité d'exilés ; mais avec la publication des listes par les autorités de Santiago, en 1982, de nombreux Chiliens peuvent espérer rentrer. Cependant malgré certaines réformes, le retour de la démocratie en décembre 1989 ne signifie pas la résolution du problème de l'exil<br>After the military pronunciamiento on the eleventh of September 1973, thousands of Chileans fled from their country, to France mainly because of a warm feeling toward Salvador Allende's government. The first exiled arrived rather quickly and this flow, rather unusual for a South American country, lasted until 1994 when the status of political refugees was no longer granted by the French Foreign Affairs. Once into exile the Chileans had to learn how to survive first before getting integrated. In the mean time they carried out an important work of denunciation. By the end of the 70's there were signs of homecoming for a minority. But in 1982, the publication of lists by the Santiago Authorities gave many Chileans the hope of a return back. Nevertheless, in spite of a number of reforms, the return of democracy in December 1989 did not bring a solution to the probleme of exile

Cette thèse propose une analyse des politiques « d'ouverture sociale »dans l'enseignement supérieur en France et en Angleterre, à travers l'étude de la genèse des dispositifs, de leurs principes, des modèles d'action mobilisés et de leur mise en œuvre. La démarche comparative vise à faire ressortir les conceptions de l’égalité des chances et de l'équité sous-jacentes à ces politiques, et leurs implications en termes de programmes et d'objectifs. Il en découle des façons différentes de définir les principales causes de l'inégalité des chances d'accès à l'enseignement supérieur, et des remèdes à apporter. Les mesures mises en place en France consistent pour l'essentiel à sélectionner des élèves « méritants » de quartiers défavorisés et à leur faciliter l'accès aux filières les plus sélectives via une intervention au niveau de leur retard académique et culturel. En Angleterre, la logique est plus globale et agit en priorité sur l'élévation des aspirations de tous les élèves défavorisés par leur origine sociale, ethnique ou géographique. Ainsi le « modèle préparatoire » s'est-il imposé en France avec les Cordées de la réussite, et se distingue nettement du « modèle aspirationnel » qui caractérise en Angleterre, le programme Aimhigher<br>This thesis aims to analyse widening participation to higher education policies in France and in England through the study of their genesis, their theoretical principles, the models of action mobilised and their implementation. The comparative approach seeks to highlight the conceptions of equality of opportunities and equity underlying these policies, and their implications in terms of programs and objectives. It follows from the above that France and England have two different ways of defining the main causes of inequity of access to higher education, and the solutions to treat this problem. French widening participation policies select talented pupils from deprived neighbourhoods and facilitate their access to the most selective courses of study through an improvement of their academic performance and their cultural level. In England, we found a much larger vision in the attempt to raise the aspirations of all the pupils facing a social, ethnic or geographical disadvantage. This thesis thus shows how the “preparatory model” imposed itself in France with the Cordées de la réussite, and is very different from the “aspirational model” wich characterizes, in England, the program Aimhigher

Cette thèse examine les diverses applications de la notion de texture dans la musique contemporaine. Introduit en 1959 par le compositeur Gyorgy Ligeti comme élément indispensable de la composition, la texture sera la préoccupation majeure pour de nombreux compositeurs dans les années 1960. C'est a ce titre que la musique de texture est considérée aujourd'hui comme le premier courant musical d'importance après le sérialisme intégrale. Notre thèse examine l'application que ce terme a su trouver dans quatre domaines différents de la composition musicale : le choix des sonorités, l'écriture, l'orchestration et l'articulation formelle. L'analyse de trois œuvres pour orchestre de l'époque (apparitions (1959) de Gyorgy Ligeti, thrène à la mémoire des victimes d'Hiroshima (1961) de Krzysztof Penderecki et Metastaseis (1954) d'Iannis Xenakis) nous a fourni les éléments essentiels pour une évaluation esthétique de ce courant musical que nous considérons l'équivalent en musique de l'art informel en peinture<br>This thesis treats of the different aspects of musical texture in post-serial music. The term texture music is applied to many orchestral works or the 1960 in which the main concern is the manipulation of sound masses or blocks of sounds defined by general properties such as densities and loudness. The term was introduced in 1959 by composer Gyorgy Ligeti. In our thesis we have treated of four particular aspects of texture : sonorities, musical writing, orchestration, and formal elaboration. The analysis of three major orcgestral works of the period (Gyorgy Ligeti's apparitions (1959), Krzysztof Penderecki's threnody to the victims of Hiroshima (1961) and Iannis Xenakis' Metastaseis (1954) provided us with the essential elements for an aesthetic evaluation of texture music which we consider inaugurates the post-serial period and is the equivalent in music of abstract expressionism in painting

Les constructions identitaires des enfants de retornados chiliens sont déterminées par leur histoire familiale. Fondée par la politique, la violence et le trauma consécutif à la répression, la mémoire transmise au sein des familles réfugiées et du groupe communautaire s'articule aux expériences d'exil, vécues dans divers univers socioculturels. Les interactions avec les membres des sociétés d'accueil participent aussi des socialisations enfantines et des identifications, évolutives. Victimes de la répression politique, les parents sont psychiquement pris en charge par leurs enfants, qui tendent à s'identifier à eux et à leurs projets. Le mythe du retour, corollaire de l'exil, en fait partie : pourtant seuls 30% des réfugiés chiliens retournent au Chili, pendant et après la dictature militaire. Ceux qui ont souvent incarnés la figure du réfugié politique idéal durant l'exil, sont stigmatisés et rejetés par une société qui a changé. Ils y vivent une nouvelle migration, encore plus complexe pour leurs enfants qui ne sont, pour la plupart, pas nés au Chili. Leurs souffrances ne sont pas reconnues dans l'histoire nationale chilienne, amnésique face au passé récent. Ils connaissent pourtant, au fil du temps, un processus d'insertion variant selon leurs positions socio-économiques et les contextes de retour. Les enfants de retornados réarticulent entre continuité familiale et autonomisation, leurs sentiments d'appartenance, leurs choix territoriaux, leurs valeurs et pratiques politiques. Leurs narrations identitaires sont révélatrices de ces recompositions mémorielles, structurées par un héritage pesant et marquées par les transformations globales du monde contemporain<br>The constructions of their own identities by the children of the Chilean retornados are determined by their family history. Based on politics, violence and the trauma consecutive to repression, the memory transmitted within the exiled families and the community group is linked with the experiences of exile lived in diverse socio-cultural environments. Interactions with the members of the welcoming societies also play a role in the children's progressive socialization and identifications. These children are in close relation with their parents' psyches, as a result of the latter being victims of political repression, and thus tend to identify with them and their projects. The myth of a return to the native country, a corollary of exile, participates in this relation: yet, only 30% of the Chilean refugees returned to Chile, during the military dictatorship as well as afterwards. Those who had often incarnated the image of the ideal political refugee while in exile now find themselves stigmatized and rejected by a society which has changed (during their absence). They are again confronted with a new form of migration, which their children, most of them not born in Chili, find even more complex. Their sufferings are not acknowledged in Chile's national history, rather amnesic about the recent past. However, as time passes, they gradually fit in with their new environment, adapting well or not so well depending on their socio-economic background and the contexts of their return. The retornados' children restructure their feelings of belonging, their geographic choices, their values and their political practices between their family legacy and their growing autonomy. The ways they narrate their identities are revealing of these memory recompositions, structured by a heavy legacy and marked by the global transformation of the contemporary world

La politique des villes nouvelles de la région métropolitaine de Séoul est au coeur des stratégies d'aménagement à partir des années 1970. Le principal objectif fut à l'origine de résoudre les problèmes de manque de logements. Mais les événements sociaux de la fin des années 80, la démocratisation du système politique et la crise économique de 1997 ont eu des impacts sur les projets de villes nouvelles. L'étude des programmes urbains à partir des concepts de "recherche et développement" est un moyen d'appréhender les changements. Aujourd'hui, les projets vont des villes nouvelles aux "villes nouvelles en ville" et aux districts mais ont une fonction stratégique essentielle pour les ambitions nationales des élus et tiennent une place importante dans l'économie du pays<br>New town policy has been at the core of the land policy since the middle of the 70's. Three main periods can be identified: 1) the democratization of the political system at the end of the 80's, 2) the economic crisis of 1997 and 3) the democratic election of mayors and governors. Urban programs are studied according to "research and development process" in order to understand the links between public and private sectors and the central positions of such programs in the conquest of main political functions. New towns were a part of the housing policy at the beginning but they have become complex urban projects, defined as "general new towns", "specialized new towns", "new town in towns" and "districts"

Este trabajo lleva a cabo la descripción y análisis de la evolución de las relaciones entre la República Popular China y los Estados Unidos de América desde la década de los 70 del siglo XX hasta la segunda década del siglo XXI, especialmente respecto de la región Asia – Pacífico. El objetivo central de esta investigación es analizar y explicar la manera en que ambos países aplican estrategias en temas de seguridad, comercio y política exterior, desde el enfoque de la geoeconomía, así como desde los postulados del realismo estructural, en un contexto donde lo que prima no son tanto las diferencias ideológicas como la interdependencia económica. Para explicar de qué se trata la geoeconomía, se usa como referencia el marco teórico elaborado por Patrick Cronin para describir de qué manera algunas acciones de estos dos países combinan la economía internacional, la geopolítica y las relaciones internacionales para el logro de prioridades de política exterior en diferentes espacios de tiempo en sus estrategias en seguridad, comercio y política exterior. Asimismo, se acude al realismo estructural, conocido de manera más común como neorrealismo, el cual propone que los Estados como actores exclusivos del sistema internacional conviven en un sistema anárquico carente de una autoridad central capaz de imponerles su voluntad, lo que hace que dependan de sí mismos. En este sentido, se revisan los planteamientos de dos de sus principales exponentes, Kenneth Waltz y John Mearsheimer para analizar desde sus perspectivas la dinámica de las relaciones entre China y Estados Unidos.

La finance islamique, apparue dans les années 1970, correspond à l'exercice d'une activité financière en conformité avec les normes de la Charia, notamment l'interdiction de l'intérêt. Les juristes spécialistes du fiqh (droit islamique), les fuqahāʾ, sont chargés au sein des banques islamiques d'une mission de supervision de la Charia. La finance islamique se présente ainsi comme une expérience de renouveau du droit islamique sous la forme d'un droit de juristes. La cristallisation du shéma de la vente à profit (murābaḥaẗ), alternative controversée au prêt à intérêt, permet d'observer les contraintes liées au cadre institutionnel et aux techniques d'élaboration d'un droit financier islamique contemporain nécessairement innovant<br>Islamic finance emerged during the 1970s as the conduct of financing activities in conformity with the norms of the Sharia and, above all, the prohibition of interest. The jurists specialists of fiqh (Islamic law), the fuqahāʾ, are vested with the authority to supervise the application of the Sharia within Islamic banks. Thus, Islamic finance represents an experimentation for the renewal of Islamic laws as a jurists' law. The crystallization of the scheme of the mark-up sale (murābaḥaẗ) a controversial alternative to interest loans, allows the examination of the factors, linked to the institutional setting and the juridicial reasoning, constraining the formation of an innovating contemporary Islmamic financial law

Les années 70 voient l’émergence d’un monde multipolaire qui exige de nouvelles échelles de négociations. Quelle place le bilatéral peut-il jouer dans la réorganisation des relations internationales ? La question interpelle tout particulièrement deux puissances européennes « moyennes » aux ambitions mondiales : la France et la Grande-Bretagne. Les chocs monétaire, économique et énergétique dans un contexte de mondialisation accélérée, rendent indispensable la coordination entre les Etats et justifient des solutions régionales : Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, qui voit dans l’intégration européenne le moyen de préserver le poids de l’Europe et de la France dans le monde, doit composer avec les Britanniques qui adhèrent à la CEE en 1973. Aux défis économiques s’ajoutent des déséquilibres politiques : inconnues de la détente, divergences transatlantiques, recul du leadership américain, apparition de nouveaux acteurs sur l’échiquier mondial. Pour sauvegarder l’équilibre européen, le consensus est plus que jamais nécessaire. L’arrivée au pouvoir au milieu des années 70 en France, en Grande-Bretagne, en Allemagne et aux États-Unis, d’une nouvelle génération de dirigeants, favorise la restructuration des modes de concertation. La création par Valéry Giscard d’Estaing du Conseil européen et du G7 cristallise cette évolution et offre de nouvelles perspectives aux relations bilatérales. Celles-ci s’inscrivent de plus en plus dans le système des relations internationales par un jeu d’échelles qui permet de coordonner les stratégies. Le sommet franco-britannique créé en 1976 prend toute sa dimension en tant que relais entre gouvernance européenne et gouvernance mondiale<br>The 70’s see the emergence of a multipolar world that requires new scales of negotiations. What role can bilateralism play in the reorganization of global relations? The question especially calls out two medium-sized European powers with worldwide ambitions: France and Great Britain.The monetary, economical, and energy crises in a context of accelerated globalization make the coordination between states vital and justify regional solutions. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, who sees in the European integration the mean to preserve the weight of Europe and France in the world, has to compose with the British who join the EEC in 1973. To the economic challenges are added political imbalances: the unknowns of Détente, transatlantic divergences, the decline of the American leadership, and the emergence of new key players on the world stage. In order to protect the European balance, the consensus is more necessary than ever. The coming to power, in the mid 70’s, of a new generation of political leaders in France, Great Britain, Germany, and the US promotes the restructuring of dialogue. The creation of the European Council and the G7 by Valéry Giscard d’Estaing crystallizes this evolution and offers new perspectives to bilateral relations. These fit more and more into the international relation system by an interplay of scales that allows the coordination of the strategies. The Franco-British summit introduced in 1976 comes into full view as a relay between the European governance and the worldwide governance

Ce travail s'attache à mettre en évidence les ressorts de la remarquable stabilité du sultanat d'Oman depuis 1970, date à laquelle le sultan Qabous Bin Sa'id a accédé au trône. Héritier d'un territoire sans Etat, le nouveau souverain, porté au pouvoir par les britanniques, a su construire durant son règne une identité nationale omanaise moderne et associer l'image de sa personne au développement économique et social sans précédent impulsé par l'Etat et la rente pétrolière. Pourtant, loin de se révéler en rupture avec l'histoire moderne d'Oman, comme le suggère l'historiographie officielle, le règne de Qabous s'inscrit par de nombreux aspects dans la continuité du règne de son père, Sa'id (1932-1970). En mêlant cooptation des élites traditionnelles et coercition à l'égard des foyers de contre-pouvoirs, le souverain a rallié à son autorité l'ensemble des forces sociopolitiques susceptibles de le gêner. La dernière décennie a [vu] néanmoins de nombreux bouleversements se produire dans la société omanaise, avec l'apparition de défis politiques et sociaux à même de remettre en cause la stabilité en place : ralentissement de la production pétrolière, revendications politiques inédites, nécessaire nationalisation des emplois, etc. L'une des principales évolutions consiste en une repolarisation de la société autour d'identités infra-nationales - ethnolinguistiques, régionales - anciennes ou nouvelles.

Cette thèse propose des réflexions autour de l’œuvre de Pierre Guyotat et des réactions qu’elle provoque ou a provoquées chez d’autres artistes, notamment en lien avec son actualité et ses récentes activités de 2013 à 2016. Nous utilisons deux questions théoriques qui, mobilisant différents champs d’étude, permettent d’établir et d’étudier les possibilités multiples propres à cette œuvre et qu’elle suscite : la transgression et la littérarité. D’abord, ce travail analyse le décloisonnement opéré par l’artiste – réfutant la dénomination réductrice d’écrivain – des mots et des topoï de la littérature, à travers ce qu’il nomme ses « figures », notion qui a une histoire tout à fait particulière dans l’analyse textuelle comme dans son travail et sa pensée. Ensuite, nous explorons les divers corpus – recueils, expositions, Enfer de la Bibliothèque Nationale – dans lesquels s’inscrit cette œuvre et les dialogues qu’elle entretient avec d’autres travaux, artistes et mouvements d’avant-garde (actionnisme viennois, art corporel, butô). Nous proposons une analyse d’une période charnière, transgressive, où la fiction entre par effraction dans la réalité de l’auteur qui se trouve décharné et physiologiquement attaqué jusqu’au coma avant de « renaître » sur scène. C’est l’épreuve, multiple et polysémique, de l’œuvre, incarnée dans la fiction par Samora Mâchel, figure dont le texte est encore inédit aujourd’hui. La scène constitue l’un des lieux d’exploration du second temps de cette réflexion où nous mettons en évidence de quelles façons la matière écrite guyotatienne en épouse les contours et rencontre d’autres artistes singuliers, considérant ainsi qu’une œuvre originale, créatrice et transgressive est une œuvre qui rend les autres artistes créateurs et originaux à leur tour. Cette seconde partie de la réflexion permettant de joindre la théorie à la pratique en étudiant des spectacles vivants, de la genèse aux représentations et en en interrogeant les acteurs<br>This thesis proposes reflections on the work of Pierre Guyotat and responses it generates or has generated, especially through his actuality and his recent activities from 2013 to 2016. We use two theoretical issues which, by mobilizing various study fields, make it possible to establish and study the multiple possibilities specific to this work and which it raises: transgression and literarity. Firstly, this work analyzes the decompartmentalisation performed by the artist – who refuses the reductive denomination of “writer” – of words and literature topoï, through what he call his “figures”, notion which has a specific story in textual analysis as well as in his work and way of thinking. Afterward, we explore the various corpus of documents – collections, exhibitions, the Inferno of National Library of France – which contains his work and possible dialogues with other avant-garde works, artists and movements (Viennese Actionnism, body art, butô). We propose an analysis of a pivotal and transgressive period when the fiction breaks into the author’s reality who find himself emaciated and physiologically attacked up to a state of coma before being “reborn” on stage. This is the challenge, multiple and polysemous, of this work, embodied in fiction by Samora Mâchel, a figure whose text remains still unpublished. The stage is one of the places to be explored in this secondary phase of reflection where we highlight in what ways the writing material of Pierre Guyotat will follow the outlines and meet other singular artists, considering that an original work, creative and transgressive, makes other artists original creators in turn. This second part of the reflection allows the junction between theory and practice by studying performing arts, from genesis to representation, and by questioning the artists

Les écrivains d’avant-garde des années 1970 (P. Guyotat, D. Roche, P. Sollers, C. Prigent...), souvent qualifiés d’illisibles, présentent de nombreux points communs tant dans leur pratique stylistique que dans leurs conceptions du langage. Si le « textualisme » de la seconde moitié des années 1960 ainsi que le « post-modernisme » du début des années 1980 sont bien connus, les expérimentations verbales de 1965-1985 sont peu étudiées dans leur spécificité et leur cohérence. Ce travail, qui s’appuie sur un corpus d’auteurs gravitant autour de trois revues (Tel Quel, Change et TXT) et de textes aussi bien théoriques que littéraires, entend donc prouver la consistance d’une langue littéraire propre à l’avant-garde d’une période que l’on pourrait qualifier de « post-structuraliste », héritant du structuralisme mais le déplaçant vers des enjeux plus littéraires. Cette langue littéraire ne saurait être envisagée sans être mise en relation avec l’imaginaire linguistique de l’époque – une pensée de la langue – dont les principales caractéristiques sont d’une part la conscience du caractère réducteur de la langue nationale et d’autre part la remise en question de la linguistique saussurienne. L’obscurité des textes, la déconstruction de la syntaxe et du lexique, la multiplication des néologismes ou des jeux de mots qui, en apparence, portent atteinte à la langue française, illustrent en réalité une volonté de panser la langue, de l’enrichir par la mise en valeur du signifiant, par l’emprunt aux langues étrangères ou encore par le rythme. L’œuvre de Guyotat, en particulier, condense ces enjeux, articulant un imaginaire de la langue et un travail langagier tout à fait singuliers<br>The Francophone avant-garde writers from the 1970s (P. Guyotat, D. Roche, P. Sollers, C. Prigent...), often said to be unreadable, are quite similar both in their stylistical praxis and in their conception of language. If the “textualism” from the late 1960s and the “post-modernism” of the early 1980s are rather well-known, the verbal experimentations of the 1965-1985 period have not been much studied as a specific and coherent whole. This work, based on a corpus of authors linked to three journals (Tel Quel, Change and TXT) and on literary as well as theoretical texts, wishes to prove the consistency of the specific literary language shared by the avant-garde of a time that could be labelled “post-structuralist”, i.e. inheriting from structuralism but focusing more on literary issues. This literary language cannot be analyzed without taking into account the linguistic imaginary of the time, i.e. how language was thought. That linguistic imaginary is mainly characterized by a consciousness of how reductive the national language is and by questioning Saussure's linguistics. The obscure texts, the deconstructed syntax and lexicon, the multiple neologisms and puns, which seem to violate the French language, actually illustrate a desire to improve the language (and not only to think it), to enrich it by emphasizing the signifier through borrowed foreign words or rhythms. The work of Guyotat particularly condenses these issues as it articulates most singular linguistic imaginary and work on language

Les années 70 voient l’émergence d’un monde multipolaire qui exige de nouvelles échelles de négociations. Quelle place le bilatéral peut-il jouer dans la réorganisation des relations internationales ? La question interpelle tout particulièrement deux puissances européennes « moyennes » aux ambitions mondiales : la France et la Grande-Bretagne. Les chocs monétaire, économique et énergétique dans un contexte de mondialisation accélérée, rendent indispensable la coordination entre les Etats et justifient des solutions régionales : Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, qui voit dans l’intégration européenne le moyen de préserver le poids de l’Europe et de la France dans le monde, doit composer avec les Britanniques qui adhèrent à la CEE en 1973. Aux défis économiques s’ajoutent des déséquilibres politiques : inconnues de la détente, divergences transatlantiques, recul du leadership américain, apparition de nouveaux acteurs sur l’échiquier mondial. Pour sauvegarder l’équilibre européen, le consensus est plus que jamais nécessaire. L’arrivée au pouvoir au milieu des années 70 en France, en Grande-Bretagne, en Allemagne et aux États-Unis, d’une nouvelle génération de dirigeants, favorise la restructuration des modes de concertation. La création par Valéry Giscard d’Estaing du Conseil européen et du G7 cristallise cette évolution et offre de nouvelles perspectives aux relations bilatérales. Celles-ci s’inscrivent de plus en plus dans le système des relations internationales par un jeu d’échelles qui permet de coordonner les stratégies. Le sommet franco-britannique créé en 1976 prend toute sa dimension en tant que relais entre gouvernance européenne et gouvernance mondiale<br>The 70’s see the emergence of a multipolar world that requires new scales of negotiations. What role can bilateralism play in the reorganization of global relations? The question especially calls out two medium-sized European powers with worldwide ambitions: France and Great Britain.The monetary, economical, and energy crises in a context of accelerated globalization make the coordination between states vital and justify regional solutions. Valéry Giscard d’Estaing, who sees in the European integration the mean to preserve the weight of Europe and France in the world, has to compose with the British who join the EEC in 1973. To the economic challenges are added political imbalances: the unknowns of Détente, transatlantic divergences, the decline of the American leadership, and the emergence of new key players on the world stage. In order to protect the European balance, the consensus is more necessary than ever. The coming to power, in the mid 70’s, of a new generation of political leaders in France, Great Britain, Germany, and the US promotes the restructuring of dialogue. The creation of the European Council and the G7 by Valéry Giscard d’Estaing crystallizes this evolution and offers new perspectives to bilateral relations. These fit more and more into the international relation system by an interplay of scales that allows the coordination of the strategies. The Franco-British summit introduced in 1976 comes into full view as a relay between the European governance and the worldwide governance

Notre travail de recherche a porté sur quatre des caractéristiques principales de la poésie espagnole la plus contemporaine : l'hybridation, l'intermédialité, la porosité et la marginalité. Nous avons examiné les écritures poétiques de sept poètes nés entre 1962 et 1990, Manuel Vilas,Jorge Riechmann, Agustin Fernandez Mallo, Vicente Luis Mora, Pablo Garcia Casado, Begona Callejon et Luna Miguel. Ces sept poètes sont paradigmatiques d'un renouveau créatif qui prend appui sur une ouverture forte sur le monde social, scientifique mais aussi populaire et quotidien. La question de la définition de la poésie revient dans ce contexte avec plus de force. Tout semble plus brouillé que jamais avec ces incursions de la poésie dans des univers non-poétiques. Ces franchissements de frontières permettent de saisir l'acte de création poétique, ce qu'est la poésie : une poésie en mutations rétro-alimentées dans ses explorations méta-poétiques et son rapport au monde qui l'entoure<br>Our research work was concerned with four main characteristics of Spanich poetry in its most contemporary form : hybridations, intermedialities, porosity and marginality. We studied the poetic writings of seven poets born between 1962 and 1990 : Manuel Vilas, Jorge Riechmann, Agustin Fernandez Mallo, Vicente Luis Mora, Pablo Garcia Casado, Begona Callejon and Luna Miguel. These seven poets are representative of a creative revival that leans heavely on an openness towards concerns of a social and scientific nature but also common and day-to-day lite. Within this context, the question of what defines poetry becomes ail the more powerful. As never before,theses-poetic incursions within the non-poetic world throw everything into flux. These boundary crossings enable one to better grasp the process of poetic creation and what is : poetry undergoing transformations via feedback with regard toits metapoetic explorations and its relationship with the outside world

L’Irish Republican Army (IRA), le principal groupe paramilitaire républicain, fut fondé en 1969. Dès lors, il lutta contre la présence britannique en Irlande du Nord et pour la réunification de l’île d’Irlande. Le désarmement de l’IRA, considéré comme irréalisable jusqu’en 2001, s’accomplit pourtant bel et bien entre 2001 et 2005 dans le cadre du processus de paix. Le 26 septembre 2005, l’IRA avait officiellement déposé les armes. Quels mécanismes avaient alors permis, au sein du processus de paix nord-irlandais, d’aboutir à la "mise hors d’état de nuire" de l’arsenal de l’IRA qui déclarait pourtant encore en 1998 qu’il n’accepterait pas de rendre les armes ? Comme l’annonce le titre de cette thèse, trois questions sous-tendent notre analyse : quels étaient les enjeux de l’abandon de la violence et du désarmement pour l’IRA et le Sinn Féin durant tout le processus de paix ? Quelle était la portée symbolique du désarmement pour le groupe armé clandestin et pour le mouvement républicain dans son ensemble ? Enfin, quels mécanismes, tant diplomatiques que psychologiques, avaient pu convaincre l’IRA d’abandonner la violence puis de désarmer ? À la demande du groupe clandestin, la nature du dispositif de désarmement et le nombre d’armes détruites demeurent confidentiels. Cette étude ne prétend donc pas révéler des secrets d’État, mais bien de mettre en évidence la dynamique du processus qui a mené l’IRA de la violence armée à l’abandon des armes<br>The Irish Republican Army (IRA), the main Republican paramilitary group in Northern Ireland was founded in 1969. From then on it fought to put an end to the British presence in Northern Ireland and to achieve the unification of Ireland. The decommissioning of the IRA, which seemed unrealizable until 2001, was indeed accomplished between 2001 and 2005, as part of the Peace Process. On 26 September 2005, the IRA officially laid down its weapons. What mechanisms played a role in the IRA putting its arsenal beyond use during the Northern Ireland Peace Process, despite the armed group’s declaration in 1998 that there would be no disarmament? As mentioned in the title of this thesis, three questions underlie our analysis: What was at stake in the giving up of violence and in decommissioning for the IRA and Sinn Féin during the Peace Process? What was the symbolic significance of decommissioning for the IRA and for the whole Republican movement? Finally, what diplomatic and psychological mechanisms managed to convince the IRA to give up violence and then to disarm? At the clandestine group’s own request, the technical aspects of decommissioning and the number of arms which were destroyed still remain confidential. Therefore, this study does not reveal any State secrets, but rather underlines the dynamics of the process which led the IRA from armed violence to the giving up of arms

Notre thèse décrit la trajectoire esthétique, économique et sociale du cinéma d’animation français. Cette sociogenèse couvre la période où il se constitue comme champ artistique, aboutissant enfin à une reconnaissance tardive, encore très peu renseignée. La première partie s’attache donc à l’archéologie de son évolution, depuis la première autonomisation de l’après guerre à la mise en place d’une politique publique qui modifie radicalement le paysage de l’animation au début des années 1980. Dans un contexte d'autonomisation contrariée du champ de l'animation, nous examinons ensuite les rôles respectifs du Centre National de la Cinématographie (CNC), des producteurs et des chaînes de télévision, et les nouvelles règles du jeu qu’ils introduisent. Nous interrogeons enfin l’impact de tous ces acteurs, qui jugent et produisent de la qualité cinématographique, sur le destin des artistes et leurs productions<br>Our thesis describes the aesthetic, economic and social path of the french animation movies.This socio-genesis focuses on the moment when it becomes an artistic field, reaching at theend a late recognition, which is still poorly informed. The first part makes the archeology ofits evolution, from the first independence conquest after war, to the setting out of a publicpolicy, which makes a heavy change on the animation landscape at the early 1980’s. In this context of impeded empowerment of the animation field, we will examine then the respective roles of the National Cinematography Center, the producers and the television channels, andthe new rules they introduce. We will finally highlight the impact of these operators, who judge and produce cinematographic quality, on the destiny of the artists ant their movies

Que peut-il y avoir à penser entre jeu et politique ? A priori, peu de chose. Cette thèse questionne pourtant l’écart apparent entre le mode ludique et la perspective politique à l’heure où cette dernière est sommée de renouveler ses formes et ses moyens au théâtre dans le cadre d’un désaveu de l’activité politique plus général depuis la fin des années quatre-vingt. Dans un dialogue ouvert entre l’expérience latino-américaine et le reste de la scène internationale, il s’agit d’observer en quoi le modèle du jeu participe au travail de redéfinition d’un théâtre qui se voudrait politique aujourd’hui. D’une part, il permet d’appréhender les transformations du contexte théâtral latino-américain à la fin du XX° siècle qui voit son modèle de théâtre politique engagé remis en question. D’autre part, il devient un outil pour étudier les textes de Fabio Rubiano (Colombie, 1963) Rafael Spregelburd (Argentine, 1970) et Gabriel Calderón (Uruguay, 1982), dans leur articulation spécifique au politique. Se dessine alors une politique du jeu, dans les pas de Jacques Rancière et de sa « politique de l’esthétique », qui dispose la perspective politique, en tant que critique du présent et désir de transformation, depuis un rapport au réel, une production de sens et une conception du spectateur qui lui sont propres. Entre jeu et politique, deux dynamiques majeures s’établissent au sein du corpus. Le jeu s’offre d’abord comme un moyen paradoxal de critique. Il dispose des hétérotopies ludiques qui mettent à distance le présent pour mieux faire la peinture dystopique de ses failles et ses manquements. Dans un second temps ou simultanément, il brouille cette première interprétation critique par des expérimentations formelles et fictionnelles qui mettent l’accent sur la créativité elle-même. Si la portée utopique de ces expérimentations varie selon les textes et les auteurs, toutes participent à formuler les prémices de transfigurations à venir<br>At first glance, there is not much to be said about the relation between play and politics. And yet, this thesis questions the gap between playful mode and political perspective at a time when the latter is being asked to renew its theatrical forms and means in a more general context of disavowal of the political practice since the end of the 1980s. As part of an open dialogue between the Latin-American experience and the rest of the international scene, this work focuses on the ways in which the play model participates in a redefinition of a theatre striving to be political. First, it allows for the apprehension of transformations within the Latin-American theatrical context of the end of the 20th Century when its model of a politically engaged theatre was being questioned. Furthermore, it becomes a tool to study texts by Fabio Rubiano (b. 1963, Colombia) Rafael Spregelburd (b. 1970, Argentina) and Gabriel Calderón (b. 1982, Uruguay), and their specific articulation to the political. A politics of play, following Jacques Rancière’s “politics of aesthetics”, is being charted here, and it allows for the political perspective to exist as a critique of the present and as a desire for transformation, based on its own relation to the real, production of meaning and idea of the viewer. Between politics and play, two main directions can be drawn out within this corpus. Play first functions as a paradoxical means for a critique. It creates playful heteropias which distance themselves from the present to better outline the dystopic map of its flaws and failures. Subsequently or simultaneously, it complicates this first critical interpretation with formal and fictional experimentations which put forth creativity itself. Although the utopic impact of these experimentations varies according to the text and its author, they still participate in formulating the premise of a transformation to come<br>¿Qué relaciones podemos establecer entre juego y política? Supuestamente, muy pocas. Esta tesis quiere sin embargo cuestionar la aparente divergencia entre el modo lúdico y la perspectiva política cuando ella se encuentra con la obligación de repensar sus formas dentro de un contexto de sospecha general hacia la actividad política desde el final de los años ochenta. A través de un dialogo abierto entre la experiencia latinoamericana y los escenarios teatrales internacionales, este estudio observa como el modelo del juego participa en redefinir un teatro político para hoy en día. Por una parte, el juego permite entender las transformaciones experimentadas por el contexto teatral latinoamericano al final del siglo XX frente a las alteraciones de su modelo dominante de teatro político comprometido. Por otra parte, permite estudiar los textos de Fabio Rubiano (Colombia, 1963) Rafael Spregelburd (Argentina, 1970) y Gabriel Calderón (Uruguay, 1982), en su articulación especifica con lo político. Allí surge una política del juego, en los pasos de la reflexión sobre la “política de la estética” por Jacques Rancière, que dispone la perspectiva política, como crítica hacia el presente y deseos de transformación, desde una relación con lo real, una producción de sentido y una concepción del espectador que le son propios. Entre juego y política, dos dinámicas principales se desarrollan en los textos. Primero, el juego se presenta como una medio paradoxal para la crítica. Dispone heteropías lúdicas que se distinguen de la realidad para poder pintar de manera distópica las fallas y los mancamientos del presente. Después o simultáneamente, el juego desordena la interpretación critica inicial a través de exploraciones ficcionales y formales que subrayan la creatividad en sí misma. La dimensión utópica de estas experimentaciones va cambiando según los textos y los autores pero todas obran a constituir las premisas de unas transfiguraciones por venir

Desde os anos 70 do século XX, com a ascensão da sua posição política na comunidade internacional e a abolição dos atos de expulsão dos chineses de alguns países ocidentais, assim como os Estados Unidos da América, Austrália e Canadá, a República Popular da China conseguiu um ambiente internacional melhor do que antes. Ao mesmo tempo, devido à prática da política de reforma e abertura do governo chinês (1978), houve uma mudança significativa na política de migração ao exterior, que criava condições favoráveis ao novo fluxo emigrante na China. Os destinos de emigração naquela época variam um pouco por todo o mundo, tais como os EUA, Japão, países europeus, entre outros. Neste contexto, este estudo busca analisar o fenómeno de migração chinesa ao Brasil desde a década de 70 do século XX, estudando a história e o processo da migração, bem como os fatores que contribuíam para este fenómeno tendo como ponto de partida um romance chinês sobre aspetos do processo migratório. Além disso, também damos atenção à situação de integração dos migrantes chineses na sociedade brasileira, especialmente focando-nos nos aspetos como as atividades económicas, as atividades culturais, a participação política e os problemas enfrentados, entre outros. Com este estudo, tentamos desenhar um perfil dos novos migrantes chineses no Brasil.<br>Since the 1970s, with the rise of its political position in the international community and the abolition of the minutes of expulsion of the Chinese in some Western countries, such as the United States of America, Australia and Canada, the People’s Republic of China has achieved a better international environment than before. At the same time, due to the practice of the Chinese government's reform and opening policy (1978), there was a significant change in the foreign migration policy, which created favorable conditions for the new emigrant flow in China. At the time, emigration destinations vary across the world, such as the USA, Japan, European countries, among others. In this context, this study seeks to analyze the phenomenon of Chinese migration to Brazil since the 70’s of the 20th century, studying the history and process of migration, as well as the factors that contributed to this phenomenon taking as a starting point a Chinese novel on certain aspect of the migratory process. In addition, we also pays attention to the integration of Chinese migrants into Brazilian society, especially focusing on aspects such as economic activities, cultural activities, political participation and the problems faced, etc. With this study, we try to draw a profile of the new Chinese migrants in Brazil.

O presente relatório de estágio integra-se no âmbito do Mestrado em Ciências da Documentação e Informação, para obtenção do grau de Mestre. Este estágio decorreu na Câmara Municipal do Cartaxo (CMC) entre 21 de Janeiro e 15 de Março de 2019, realizado em tempo integral de 6 horas diárias, num total de 234 horas. Teve como principal objetivo realizar a avaliação da informação acumulada na Câmara Municipal do Cartaxo, entre 1970 e 2015, com o fim de produzir uma proposta de auto de eliminação, fundamentando o trabalho com recurso às Portarias de Gestão de Documentos (PGD), produzindo uma listagem numa Tabela de Avaliação e Seleção. No relatório de estágio, procurou-se estudar estas mesmas PGD e a sua aplicabilidade, uma vez que estas mesmas PGD determinam qual a documentação a conservar e qual a documentação a eliminar. Procurou-se estudar, na metodologia, essa mesma fundamentação teórica, assim como se debruçou sobre as várias correntes arquivísticas da avaliação documental e elaborou-se uma revisão de literatura em que se colocou em perspetiva a questão da organização arquivística ao nível das autarquias locais. Estudou-se igualmente a estrutura orgânico-funcional da Câmara Municipal do Cartaxo, aprofundando o conhecimento da prática desta autarquia, fazendo um levantamento da sua situação atual e procurou-se, também, compreender a importância de um arquivo municipal na estrutura de uma autarquia local. Verifica-se que a Câmara Municipal do Cartaxo não possui uma estrutura de arquivo, embora esta esteja prevista no Regulamento da Organização dos Serviços Municipais e que a documentação arquivística se encontra distribuída por vários depósitos instalados em diversas instalações municipais, como tal está ainda por concretizar a adequada implementação do serviço de arquivo municipal, de acordo com o que e regulado pela legislação em vigor.<br>This internship report is part of the Master's in Documentation and Information Sciences, to obtain the Master's degree. This internship took place at the City Hall of Cartaxo (CMC) between January 21 and March 15, 2019, carried out full-time for 6 hours daily, for a total of 234 hours. Its main objective was to carry out the evaluation of the information accumulated in the Cartaxo City Council, between 1970 and 2015, in order to produce a proposal for the elimination of self, justifying the work using the Document Management Ordinances (PGD), producing a listing in an Evaluation and Selection Table. In the internship report, we tried to study these same PGDs and their applicability, since these same PGDs determine which documentation to keep and which documentation to delete. We tried to study the same theoretical foundation in the methodology, as well as looking at the various archival currents of documentary evaluation and a literature review was elaborated in which the question of archival organization at the level of local authorities was put into perspective. The organic-functional structure of the Municipality of Cartaxo was also studied, deepening the knowledge of the practice of this municipality, surveying its current situation and also seeking to understand the importance of a municipal archive in the structure of a local municipality. It appears that the Cartaxo City Council does not have an archive structure, although this is provided for in the Regulation of the Organization of Municipal Services and that the archival documentation is distributed over several warehouses installed in various municipal facilities, as such it is yet to be realized. the proper implementation of the municipal archive service, in accordance with what is regulated by the legislation in force.

Tese de mestrado, Ecologia e Gestão Ambiental, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2020<br>A Doença da Murchidão do Pinheiro foi primeiramente detetada em Portugal em 1999 na Marateca, Península de Setúbal. O agente causador desta doença, que leva à morte da árvore infetada, é Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, um nematode micofágico, oriundo da América do Norte, que coloniza várias espécies de coníferas, especificamente Pinus spp, usando como vetor um inseto do Género Monochamus (Coleoptera). Enquanto que as espécies nativas da América apresentam resistência, ou alguma tolerância à infeção por parte do nematode, as espécies Asiáticas e Europeias são suscetíveis, desenvolvendo uma sintomatologia característica, que leva ao rápido apodrecimento e morte da árvore. Este facto suporta a teoria de que o Nematode da Madeira do Pinheiro (como ficou conhecido) terá sido transportado desde a América até ao Japão, onde a doença foi inicialmente detetada no início do século XX, em madeira infetada e não tratada. Após a entrada no Japão, o nematode espalhou-se rapidamente pela China, Tailândia e Coreia. A doença é o resultado de uma complexa interação entre o nematode, o inseto-vetor, a conífera hospedeira e vários fatores climáticos, o que atrasou a atribuição de uma relação causa-efeito entre a presença do nematode e os sintomas da doença, permitindo a larga propagação da mesma. Em Portugal, e na Europa, tem afetado essencialmente espécies como Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris e P. pinaster, representado perdas significativas de rendimentos e de biodiversidade. Devido ao seu grande potencial destrutivo, o Nematode de Madeira do Pinheiro (NMP) está listado na Diretiva Europeia 2000/29/CE para medidas de proteção contra a introdução e propagação de organismos prejudiciais o que levou a restrições na comercialização de madeiras e de subprodutos não tratados tal como de plantas vivas. O nematode, que mede apenas 1.5 milímetros, tem uma alta taxa de reprodução e um ciclo de vida de duas fases, uma em que se alimenta de fungos e outra em que se alimenta de células vivas do parênquima. Também se desenvolve de duas formas distintas; se as condições forem favoráveis desenvolve-se rapidamente sob a forma “Reprodutora”, se as condições começarem a ser desfavoráveis, ou seja, quando a árvore hospedeira decai, desenvolve-se como uma forma de “Dispersão” que é uma forma mais resistente. É nesta fase que o nematode migra para junto das câmaras pupais do inseto vetor e aguarda pela muda das pupas para infestar os adultos recém-formados. O inseto vetor do Género Monochamus com distribuição em Portugal é M. galloprovincialis (Olivier,1795), um besouro endémico Cerambicídeo, da subfamília Lamiinae, considerado uma praga secundária pelo que não existia muita informação sobre a sua ecologia e anatomia antes da entrada do nematode no país. Tem um ciclo de vida univoltino ou seja, produz descendência apenas uma vez no ano, para se reproduzir tem de se alimentar de rebentos da copa de pinheiros saudáveis, a chamada alimentação de maturação sexual. Os machos produzem feromonas para atrair as fêmeas para a reprodução e as fêmeas para ovipositar necessitam de pinheiros em declínio ou mortos recentemente. As larvas e pupas do inseto vetor, e outros colonizadores dos pinheiros, convivem com juvenis do nematode dentro da madeira do pinheiro durante os vários meses de desenvolvimento do inseto. De alguma forma, o nematode identifica as pupas do inseto vetor e aguarda pela última muda para entrar no sistema respiratório através dos espiráculos dos adultos recém-formados. O inseto depois emerge da árvore hospedeira, transportando o nematode e transmitindo-o para novas árvores durante a sua alimentação, ocorrendo a “Transmissão Primária”. As fêmeas infetadas, quando depositam os seus ovos em árvores enfraquecidas também podem transmitir o nematode, ocorrendo a chamada “Transmissão Secundária”. Inserido no Projeto NEMATRANSFER (PTDC/AGR-FOR/4391/2014), esta dissertação visa a análise do Sistema Respiratório, espiráculos e traqueia, do inseto vetor e de 3 outras espécies colonizadoras do pinheiro bravo, nomeadamente Arhopalus syriacus (Reitter, 1895), Acanthocinus griseus (Fabricius, 1793), e Pogonocherus perroudi Mulsant, 1839 que são as mais abundantes e mais próximas filogeneticamente da espécie vetora, na tentativa de isolar características que possam ser barreiras físicas à entrada do nematode nas espécies não vetores, na expectativa que os dados obtidos possam ser usados na criação de novas medidas de gestão de pragas. Para alcançar o objetivo principal, foram testados protocolos de preparação de exemplares para se conseguir uma caracterização dos espiráculos (tamanho e existência, ou não, de sedas) através de imagens obtidas em Microscopia Eletrónica de Varrimento (MEV) e medições da traqueia e suas ramificações usando Micro Tomografia de raio X (Micro-CT) e modelos 3D dos exemplares. A Micro-CT é uma técnica não invasiva, baseada na interação dos raios X com os diferentes constituintes da amostra, que permite a observação da anatomia interna dos exemplares uma vez que produz imagens de alta resolução que podem depois ser integradas para gerar um volume virtual da mesma. Esta técnica permite também individualizar partes dos exemplares, por exemplo certos órgãos, usando o software CTAnalyzer (distribuído por BRUKER®), também conhecido como “Segmentação”. A MEV é amplamente usada para observar estruturas ao nível da superfície das amostras. Um feixe de eletrões, chamados eletrões primários, passa rapidamente pela superfície da amostra. Antes da observação em MEV, a mostra é metalizada com ouro, ou ouro-paládio, para promover a emissão de eletrões, chamados eletrões secundários, o impulso elétrico é depois detetado e transformado numa imagem. Para a preparação e estabilização dos exemplares para suportarem estas técnicas, tentou-se a Fixação Química com glutaraldeído e tetróxido de ósmio seguida de Secagem pelo método do Ponto Crítico e como alternativa a este processo moroso, a Liofilização que consiste numa sublimação a baixa pressão e temperatura. Obtivemos sucesso em ambos os procedimentos, com percentagens semelhantes entres estes, no entanto não foi possível preparar o mesmo número de indivíduos com ambas as técnicas, pois as larvas recolhidas não eram igualmente distribuídas pelas quatro espécies em análise e algumas larvas morreram antes da muda. Os exemplares estabilizados foram observados no microscópio eletrónico para avaliar a sua integridade e foram distribuídos entre as técnicas de observação, MEV ou Micro-CT. Devido ao moroso processo de estabilização e ao tempo gasto na resolução dos problemas metodológicos e na agilização do processo de tratamento dos exemplares, não foi possível atingir as repetições inicialmente planeadas e necessárias para uma avaliação estatística adequada sobre o sucesso entre os diferentes métodos de preparação. As fotografias dos espiráculos, obtidas na MEV, foram analisadas com o software ImageJ e as medições obtidas foram trabalhadas em Excel. Foi medida a área total de 199 espiráculos de 1 pupa e 9 adultos M. galloprovincialis, 2 pupas e 10 adultos A. Syriacus, 3 A. griseus adultos e 1 P. perroudi. tal como a área do espiráculo não coberta por sedas e a circularidade, uma razão entre a área e o perímetro, automaticamente calculada pelo ImageJ, que permite classificar a forma do espiráculo como mais circular, se o valor se aproximar de 1, ou mais elíptica se o valor se aproximar de 0. Os resultados obtidos através das medições feitas, indicam que os espiráculos dos adultos de M. galloprovincialis são os que apresentam a menor percentagem de área descoberta, ou seja, a área em que não há sedas a cobrir a entrada do espiráculo, quando comparados com os adultos das outras três espécies estudadas, que não desempenham um papel de disseminação do nematode. Enquanto que os espiráculos dos adultos das espécies A. syriacus e A. griseus estão mais desprotegidos, tendo uma menor percentagem de cobertura de sedas, os espiráculos de M. galloprovincialis têm mais sedas que poderão ser facilitadoras do movimento do nematode para dentro do espiráculo enquanto também preservam um nível de humidade favorável à sobrevivência, e à própria movimentação, do NMP. Por outo lado, as pupas de M. galloprovincialis apresentam uma cobertura de sedas ainda maior que o adulto da mesma espécie, o que nesta fase de desenvolvimento do inseto pode atuar como uma barreira física à entrada do nematode e que poderá explicar por que razão este só infecta o inseto adulto. Apesar de várias dificuldades em agilizar o processo de segmentação que acabou por inviabilizar a individualização da rede de ramificações da traqueia, através das radiografias obtidas da Micro-CT foi possível identificar quatro principais ramificações na cabeça e tórax e duas ramificações no abdómen de insetos das espécies M. galloprovincialis, A. syriacus e A. griseus, que são consistentes com as descrições morfológicas consultadas. Também foi possível medir o diâmetro das ramificações, nesses mesmos indivíduos, e posteriormente fez-se uma estimativa do volume das traqueias observadas. Os resultados obtidos das medições, indicam que o volume total da traqueia é maior em insetos maiores, o que corrobora o fato de as traqueias se estenderem por todo o corpo para que o oxigénio chegue a todos os órgãos e tecidos. Ao comparar o macho e a fêmea de M. galloprovincialis é notável a diferença de volume da traqueia ao nível do abdómen, sendo o da fêmea praticamente o dobro do macho, mas o volume total de ambos é semelhante o que sugere que poderá haver uma distribuição desigual das ramificações da traqueia consoante o sexo, para esta espécie, o que não se verifica no macho e fêmea de A. griseus que foram também medidos. Todos estes pontos resultantes do trabalho feito e da comparação entre a espécie vetor do NMP e as outras espécies estudadas, que convivendo com o nematode nas árvores hospedeiras não desempenham um papel de disseminadoras, poderão trazer novas perspetivas sobre a complexa interação entre o inseto vetor e o NMP. Todo o trabalho feito na preparação dos indivíduos é também uma mais valia para futuros trabalhos que tenham como objetivos a observação de estruturas anatómicas semelhantes. Todos os dados obtidos são originais e podem ser relevantes para futuras propostas de gestão do NMP<br>The Pine Wilt Disease (PWD) is caused by a non-indigenous nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophulis, that disseminates widely through a flying insect-vector, Monochamus galloprovincialis (Oliver, 1795), colonizer of the pine tree, leading the trees to death due to the clogging of the tree vessels. It remains unknown how the nematode identifies and infect the newly formed adult individuals of the vector species. Whereby, in the procedure of the project NEMATRANSFER (PTDC/AGR-FOR/4391/2014), we compare anatomic structures of pupae and adult insects of the vector species and other three cerambycid species, Arhopalus syriacus (Reitter, 1895), Acanthocinus griseus (Fabricius, 1793), and Pogonocherus perroudi Mulsant, 1839, in as attempt to recognize differences that may be considered as physiological barriers to nematode entry in non-vector species. To accomplish the main goal, several protocols were tried to achieve a characterization of the spiracles (measures, existence, or not, of bristles) using Scanning Electron Microscopy images and to measure the tracheal system (its length, ramifications, etc.) with Micro-computed Tomography and 3D models using proper software. From the obtained SEM results we presume that, while the non-vector species spiracles’, have lower bristles coverage, the insect-vector has only a small area not covered by them. This can imply that the bristles should help the nematode to tangle itself and crawl into the trachea while provide a moisture environment that also favour the nematode survival and movement. On the other hand, the bristles coverage of the pupae may be so dense that in this stage of the insect development it can work like an obstacle for the nematode entrance. This may be the reason why the PWN enter the spiracles only when the newly adult insects are formed. It has found evidence that the shape of the spiracles may represent an important feature to explain how PWN colonizes the insect-vector, or why it prefers M. galloprovincialis over the other species. In what concerns the Micro-CT results, we were able to identify four main tracheal trunks in the head and thorax and two main trunks in the abdomen of M. galloprovincialis, A. syriacus and A. griseus specimens. Also it was possible to measure tracheal trunks in one lyophilized specimen, in specimens fixated with glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide, and critical point dried, and even in not treated specimens, although in this last case it was harder to find the main trachea trunks lengthwise the entire body of the insect. The volume estimated values obtained are consistent with the insects’ body length, being higher in bigger specimens, and diameter and number of the main trunks are consistent with the described morphology of the trachea ramifications for Coleoptera insects. By comparing the abdominal tracheal volumes of both M. galloprovincialis male and female specimens, it seems that a differential ramification arrange occurs, as the female abdominal tracheal volume is twice of the male while the total volume is similar. All the worked done for the stabilization and preparation of the samples to endure SEM and Micro-CT is an asset for future similar studies. Our results, obtained by comparing the vector species with the non-vector species, that also share the host tree but do not have a role in the spread of the nematode may bring some understanding about the complex interaction between the PWN and the insect- vector. All our data are original and may be relevant for future pest managements measures.