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Journal articles on the topic '1970s Scandinavia'
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1
ÖJESJÖ, LEIF. "Law and Psychiatry: Scandinavia in the 1980s." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 484, no. 1 (1986): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716286484001011.
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The major policies and practices with regard to the civil and criminal commitment of the mentally ill in the Scandinavian countries during the 1970s and 1980s are described and discussed. Deinstitutionalization, community work, and outpatient treatment within geographically defined sectors have been introduced in all the Nordic countries. At the same time, criminally committed mental patients constitute an increasing proportion of the involuntarily hospitalized population. The special defense of insanity and tests such as McNaughtan are not used in the Scandinavian countries. The handling and disposition of severely mentally ill criminal defendants is closer to the notions of guilty but mentally ill in some U.S. jurisdictions, although in Scandinavia such persons are hospitalized and do not receive penal sentences. Even though forensic psychiatry has come under much criticism, there is still a need for psychiatric evaluations for courts and there is still a need for the provision of mental health treatment, rehabilitation, and follow-up for mentally disordered offenders.
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Thomson, Elizabeth, Maria Winkler-Dworak, and Éva Beaujouan. "Contribution of the Rise in Cohabiting Parenthood to Family Instability: Cohort Change in Italy, Great Britain, and Scandinavia." Demography 56, no. 6 (2019): 2063–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00823-0.
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Abstract In this study, we investigate through microsimulation the link between cohabiting parenthood and family instability. We identify mechanisms through which increases in cohabiting parenthood may contribute to overall increases in separation among parents, linking micro-level processes to macro-level outcomes. Analyses are based on representative surveys in Italy, Great Britain, and Scandinavia (represented by Norway and Sweden), with full histories of women’s unions and births. We first generate parameters for the risk of first and higher-order birth and union events by woman’s birth cohort and country. The estimated parameters are used to generate country- and cohort-specific populations of women with stochastically predicted family life courses. We use the hypothetical populations to decompose changes in the percentage of mothers who separate/divorce across maternal birth cohorts (1940s to 1950s, 1950s to 1960s, 1960s to 1970s), identifying how much of the change can be attributed to shifts in union status at first birth and how much is due to change in separation rates for each union type. We find that when cohabiting births were uncommon, increases in parents’ separation were driven primarily by increases in divorce among married parents. When cohabiting parenthood became more visible, it also became a larger component, but continued increases in parents’ divorce also contributed to increasing parental separation. When cohabiting births became quite common, the higher separation rates of cohabiting parents began to play a greater role than married parents’ divorce. When most couples had their first birth in cohabitation, those having children in marriage were increasingly selected from the most stable relationships, and their decreasing divorce rates offset the fact that increasing proportions of children were born in somewhat less stable cohabiting unions.
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Koo, Youngeun. "The Question of Adoption: “Divided” Korea, “Neutral” Sweden, and Cold War Geopolitics, 1964–75." Journal of Asian Studies 80, no. 3 (2021): 563–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911820004581.
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This article examines the early development of South Korean intercountry adoption to Sweden. It focuses particularly on two disruptions in the movement of children between the two nations, drawing on archival sources in Sweden, South Korea, and Denmark. The article demonstrates that South Korean–Swedish adoption was deeply bound up in the shifting Cold War relations within and between the Korean peninsula and Scandinavia in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Further, state actions and strategies during this time reveal that both governments actively utilized their Cold War foreign policy and positionality to shape adoption to meet their respective national interests. This study extends US-centered adoption scholarship by revealing broader implications of Cold War geopolitics in cross-border adoptions to Scandinavia and, more importantly, significant ways in which intercountry adoption challenged, altered, and constituted the Cold War relations and nation-building projects of both sending and receiving states.
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Watson, Anna. "Norwegian Political Theatre in the 1970s: Breaking Away from the “Ibsen Tradition”." Nordic Theatre Studies 28, no. 1 (2016): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nts.v28i1.23972.
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The dominant theatre aesthetic in Norwegian theatre has been, and remains at large to be, psychological-realism and the bourgeois “living room drama”. In a Norwegian context this tradition is best represented by Henrik Ibsen’s dramas, staged at Nationaltheatret and Den Nasjonale Scene. However, throughout the 20th century there have been several attempts to break with the “Ibsen tradition”, especially among left-wing political and socially engaged theatre-makers and playwrights such as Gunvor Sartz, Olav Daalgard, and Nordahl Grieg in the 1930s, and Jens Bjørneboe and Odin Teatret in the 1960s. I argue that the clearest and most decisive break with Realism and the Aristotelian dramaturgy, in a Norwegian political theatre context, was made in the late 1970s, instigated by the independent theatre groups Perleporten Teatergruppe and Tramteatret. Their break did not only constitute an aesthetic and dramaturgical break, but also a break in organizational terms by breaking the hierarchy of the institutional theatre ‘machine’. Perleporten Teatergruppe and Tramteatret aimed at making a political, progressive theatre both in form and content. Perleporten and Tramteatret were both inspired by contemporaneous political and experimental theatre in Europe and Scandinavia as well as by the historical avant-garde experiments, and, for Tramteatret’s part, the workers' theatre movement from the 1920s and 30s in their search for a theatre that could express the social and political climate of the day. In this article, I will place Tramteatret and Perleporten Teatergruppe’s debut performances Deep Sea Thriller (1977) and Knoll og Tott (1975) within a historiographical and cultural-political context.
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Kvale Svenbalrud, Hallvard. "Apartheid and NATO: Britain, Scandinavia, and the Southern Africa Question in the 1970s." Diplomacy & Statecraft 23, no. 4 (2012): 746–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592296.2012.706538.
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Andreasen, John. "Community Plays—A Search for Identity." Theatre Research International 21, no. 1 (1996): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307883300012724.
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During the last twenty years the number of community plays has grown enormously in Scandinavia and Great Britain. In Denmark, on average, some twenty new plays are produced annually. From the early 1970s to 1993, I have registered more than 300 Danish productions; these include about sixty of the 140 plays which celebrate the two-hundredth anniversary of abolition of adscription in 1988. ‘Community plays’ are known by a number of different names. In Scandinavia they are called ‘lokalspil’, ‘egnsspil’, ‘bygdespel’, ‘krönikespel’, ‘arbetarspel’, and so on. It is important to distinguish ‘community theatre’ from ‘community play’. Community theatre is any kind of performance organized by ordinary people in a given area with or without support from theatre professionals. It may be totally amateur or it may include professional guest performances by theatre practitioners from outside the area.
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Parding, Kajsa M., Beate G. Liepert, Laura M. Hinkelman, Thomas P. Ackerman, Knut-Frode Dagestad, and Jan Asle Olseth. "Influence of Synoptic Weather Patterns on Solar Irradiance Variability in Northern Europe." Journal of Climate 29, no. 11 (2016): 4229–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0476.1.
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Abstract Observations have revealed strong variability of shortwave (SW) irradiance at Earth’s surface on decadal time scales, referred to as global dimming and brightening. Previous studies have attributed the dimming and brightening to changes in clouds and atmospheric aerosols. This study assesses the influence of atmospheric circulation on clouds and SW irradiance to separate the influence of “natural” SW variability from direct and, to some extent, indirect aerosol effects. The focus is on SW irradiance in northern Europe in summer and spring because there is little high-latitude SW irradiance during winter. As a measure of large-scale circulation the Grosswetterlagen (GWL) dataset, a daily classification of synoptic weather patterns, is used. Empirical models of normalized SW irradiance are constructed based on the GWL, relating the synoptic weather patterns to the local radiative climate. In summer, a temporary SW peak in the 1970s and subsequent dimming is linked to variations in the synoptic patterns over Scandinavia, possibly related to a northward shift in the North Atlantic storm track. In spring, a decrease of anticyclonic and increase of cyclonic weather patterns over northern Europe contributes to the dimming from the 1960s to 1990. At many sites, there is also a residual SW irradiance trend not explained by the GWL model: a weak nonsignificant residual dimming from the 1950s or 1960s to around 1990, followed by a statistically significant residual brightening. It is concluded that factors other than the large-scale circulation (e.g., decreasing aerosol emissions) also play an important role in northern Europe.
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Viken, Monica. "The Borderline Between Legitimate and Unfair Copying of Products – A Unified Scandinavian Approach?" IIC - International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law 51, no. 9 (2020): 1033–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40319-020-00986-z.
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AbstractFreedom of imitation, outside the boundaries of intellectual property protection, can be considered as a prerequisite for free competition in a free market economy. The rules on unfair competition should therefore not serve to extend exclusive rights beyond their scope and term of protection. On the other hand, regulations within national law that prohibit the unfair copying of products may be justified in order to avoid market failure, being directed towards the optimizing of fair competition among honest traders. The borderline between these two opposite positions is regulated with different approaches in the European countries. This article considers the extent to which the public interest in free competition and the protection of a trader against unfair competition function together in a complementary manner under Scandinavian legislation. In the early 1970s, the Scandinavian countries developed a distinctive approach to regulations on unfair competition under the Marketing Laws. This article undertakes an investigation of these regulations relating to the borderline between legitimate and unfair copying as of 2020, revealing the extent to which there is a unified approach to copying in Scandinavia. Differences between the regulations will have influence on the legal relationship and conflicts among traders operating in all three countries, while a unified Scandinavian approach could serve as a robust solution for navigating the borderline between legitimate and unfair copying. Such analysis might also shed light on how a Scandinavian approach fits into a broader European perspective on this borderline. Thus, the aim of this article is to analyze potential different approaches to the tension between the marketing rules outside the boundaries of intellectual property protection and the principle of legitimate copying. Examination of this borderline can be connected to how the trader’s investments and behaviour are balanced against a market-oriented approach to copying.
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Hörnfeldt, Birger, Tim Hipkiss, and Ulf Eklund. "Fading out of vole and predator cycles?" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 272, no. 1576 (2005): 2045–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2005.3141.
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Northern voles and lemmings are famous for their spectacular multiannual population cycles with high amplitudes. Such cyclic vole populations in Scandinavia have shown an unexpected and marked long-term decline in density since the early 1970s, particularly with a marked shift to lower spring densities in the early 1980s. The vole decline, mainly characterized by a strongly decreased rate of change in numbers over winter, is associated with an increased occurrence of mild and wet winters brought about by a recent change in the North Atlantic Oscillation. This has led to a decrease in winter stability and has shortened the period with protective snow cover, the latter considered as an important prerequisite for the occurrence of multiannual, high-amplitude cycles in vole populations. Although the vole decline is predicted to be negative for predators' reproduction and abundance, empirical data showing this are rare. Here we show that the dynamics of a predator–prey system (Tengmalm's owl, Aegolius funereus , and voles), have in recent years gradually changed from 3–4 yr, high-amplitude cycles towards more or less annual fluctuations only.
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Lie, Anne Kveim. "Producing Standards, Producing the Nordic Region: Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing, from 1950–1970." Science in Context 27, no. 2 (2014): 215–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889714000052.
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ArgumentDuring the 1950s it became apparent that antibiotics could not conquer all microbes, and a series of tests were developed to assess the susceptibility of microbes to antibiotics. This article explores the development and standardization of one such testing procedure which became dominant in the Nordic region, and how the project eventually failed in the late 1970s. The standardization procedures amounted to a comprehensive scheme, standardizing not only the materials used, but also the methods and the interpretation of the results. Focusing on Sweden and Norway in particular, the article shows how this comprehensive standardization procedure accounted for several co-dependent factors and demanded collaboration within and across laboratories. Whereas literature on standardization has focused mostly on how facts and artefacts move within and across laboratories, I argue for the importance of also attending to regions and territories. More particularly, while arguing that the practices, ideals, and politics related to what have been called the “Nordic welfare state” were contributing to the design of the standardized procedure in the laboratory, I also argue that Scandinavia was drawn together as a unified region with and by these very same practices.
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Zeman, Petr. "Prolongation of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Cycles in Warmer Climatic Conditions." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22 (2019): 4532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224532.
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Tick-borne encephalitis exhibits profound inter-annual fluctuations in incidence. Previous studies showed that three-fifths of the variation can be explained in terms of four superimposed oscillations: a quasi-biennial, triennial, pentennial, and a decadal cycle. This study was conducted to determine how these cycles could be influenced by climate change. Epidemiological data, spanning from the 1970s to the present, and originating from six regions/countries bridging Scandinavia and the Mediterranean, represented a temporal/latitudinal gradient. Spectral analysis of time series was used to determine variation in the cycles’ length/amplitude with respect to these gradients. The analysis showed that—whereas the lengths of the shorter cycles do not vary substantially—cycles in the decadal band tend to be longer southwards. When comparing the disease’s oscillations before- and after the mid-1990s, a shift towards longer oscillations was detected in the pentennial–decadal band, but not in the biennial– triennial band. Simultaneously, oscillations in the latter band increased in intensity whereas the decadal oscillations weakened. In summary, the rhythm of the cycles has been altered by climate change. Lengthened cycles may be explained by prolonged survival of some animal hosts, and consequently greater inertia in herd immunity changes, slowing down a feedback loop between the herd immunity and amount of virus circulating in nature.
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Jiménez-Jáimez, Víctor. "The Unsuspected Circles. On the Late Recognition of Southern Iberian Neolithic and Chalcolithic Ditched Enclosures." Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 81 (June 10, 2015): 179–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ppr.2015.5.
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Neolithic ditched enclosures appear to be widely distributed across Central and Western Europe, and from the Mediterranean area to Scandinavia. They have been known in areas of Europe for a long time, but particularly in the last 25 years studies on British, French, Central European, and Scandinavian ditched enclosures have flourished. In line with this, a number of international meetings occurred in the last three decades. In southern Iberia, by contrast, ditched enclosures only began to be known in the 1970s, and even then methodological deficiencies and lack of funding hampered their characterisation. As a consequence of this, Iberian Neolithic and Copper Age ditched enclosures were largely unknown outside Portugal and Spain. They were not represented in any of the international meetings above, nor included in any of the syntheses made about the topic. Not only that, for decades, Spanish and Portuguese archaeologists were not aware of the potential analogies themselves, and the research that was being carried out elsewhere in Europe had almost no influence on the way ditched enclosures were surveyed, excavated, and interpreted in the peninsula. The main objective of this article is to advance the recognition of the southern Iberian evidence by other European researchers and the integration of the Iberian conversation into the general discussion. The focus will be on how these sites have been studied by several generations of Iberian archaeologists, in an attempt to explain why it has taken Portuguese and Spanish archaeologists so long to realise that Iberian enclosures should not be understood in isolation.
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Pavlenko, Valerii. "Military and Political Integration of the Scandinavian Countries in the European Security Architecture after the Second World War." European Historical Studies, no. 8 (2017): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2524-048x.2017.08.39-52.
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The Article examines the military and political integration of Scandinavia in the European security architecture after 1945 and analyzes the historical experience of the countries of the North Europe in the late 1940s-1960s in the security space issues. Particular attention is paid to the close link between the military and political rapprochement with the processes of the economic, technological and political integration in the Western European region. It is emphasized that the economic basis of common interests encourages the EU member states all the time to seek peaceful means to resolve possible disputes. Considerable attention is paid to the analysis of alternative approaches to the European security that the North European countries have used in their foreign policy. The role and place of these countries in the sphere of the European security during the late 1940s-1960s was determined. The influence of the USA and the USSR on the formation of the foreign policy of the Scandinavian countries, especially the pressure of the Soviet Union on Finland in its attempts to get a neutral state status, has been shown. The reasons for the failure to implement the military and political cooperation projects in the form of the Scandinavian Defense Alliance have been revealed.
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Mamoon, Dawood. "Which Institutions Are More Relevant Than Others in Inequality Mitigation?" Pakistan Development Review 45, no. 4II (2006): 893–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v45i4iipp.893-912.
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During the 1950s, 1960s and most of the 1970s inequality followed declining trends in the most developed and developing countries. However, the inequality trends have been reversed in most countries since the early 1980s. First, inequality started rising in the mid- to late- 1970s in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia and the New Zealand, which were the first among the OECD countries to adopt a neoliberal policy approach. In United Kingdom the increase in inequality was quite pronounced as the Gini coefficient of the distribution of net disposable income rose more than 30 percent between 1978 and 1991, which was twice as fast as that recorded in United States for the same period. The Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands were next to follow where inequality followed a U-shaped pattern. From 1970 to 80, Finland and France also experienced a halt in declining trends in inequality. In Italy inequality rose by 4 points between 1992 and 1995. In 1993 the Gini coefficient for Japan stood at 0.44, which is approximately the same as United States and far higher than the likes of Sweden and Denmark. Most of this increase in income inequality in these industrialised countries is explained by a rise in earnings inequality [Cornia, et al. (2004)]. Since 1989, inequality in the transition countries of Central Europe has also witnessed increasing trends but they remain modest when compared to former USSR and Southeastern Europe where the Gini coefficients rose on average by 10-20 points which is 304 times faster than the Gini in Central Europe. The rise in inequality in this region has been attributed to rise in returns to education following liberalisation [Rutkowski (1999)].
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Reilama, I., and N. Ilomäki. "Respect for the Environment is Part of Competitiveness - Best Available Technology Applied to an Old Pulp Mill at Kaskinen." Water Science and Technology 40, no. 11-12 (1999): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0713.
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Oy Metsä-Botnia Ab's Kaskinen mill produces ECF and TCF bleached softwood and hardwood pulp on a single continuous production line. Production capacity has been raised from 250,000 tonnes to 420,000 tonnes a year after the commission in 1977. The basic process solutions date mainly from the 1970s. However, process technology has been gradually modernised. With systematic and well-timed process development investments the mill has remained competitive and among frontrunners in terms of environmental protection. Today, Kaskinen represent the best available technology (BAT) applicable to old mills. Effluent loading in general and nutrient emissions in particular has diminished during the development projects of the mill. Comparison to other mills shows that as far as effluent emissions are concerned, Kaskinen is one of the best pulp mills in Finland and Scandinavia. In this presentation, Kaskinen is also compared to Metsä-Rauma, the first greenfield TCF mill in the world, which was started up in 1996. Kaskinen's pioneering work on TCF technology was used as a basis for process solutions in the Rauma greenfield project.
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Riska, Elianne. "The Sociology of Health and Medicine in Scandinavia." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 2 (July 2012): 39–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2012-002004en.
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This review examines three stages in the development of the sociology of health and medicine in Scandinavia. First, it describes the early adoption of the Parsonian approach as part of mainstream Scandinavian medical sociology. Second, it shows that the international feminist critique of medicine became only partially integrated at the time into the views on gender and health in Scandinavian health studies. Third, from the mid-1980s onwards Scandinavian medical sociologists have mainly conducted public health/social epidemiology research as part of an effort to map and explain the continuing health inequalities in the Scandinavian welfare states. The conclusion ponders whether the current development has weakened the distinctive feature of medical sociology - its ties to social theory.
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Riska, Elianne. "La Sociologia della salute e della medicina in Scandinavia." SALUTE E SOCIETÀ, no. 2 (October 2012): 42–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ses2012-002004.
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This review examines three stages in the development of the sociology of health and medicine in Scandinavia. First, it describes the early adoption of the Parsonian approach as part of mainstream Scandinavian medical sociology. Second, it shows that the international feminist critique of medicine became only partially integrated at the time into the views on gender and health in Scandinavian health studies. Third, from the mid-1980s onwards Scandinavian medical sociologists have mainly conducted public health/social epidemiology research as part of an effort to map and explain the continuing health inequalities in the Scandinavian welfare states. The conclusion ponders whether the current development has weakened the distinctive feature of medical sociology - its ties to social theory.
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Gärtner, Svenja, and Svante Prado. "Unlocking the Social Trap: Inequality, Trust and the Scandinavian Welfare State." Social Science History 40, no. 1 (2016): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2015.80.
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Recent research suggests that economic inequality thwarts attempts to establish a welfare state. The corollary of this view is that today's welfare states had witnessed an equality revolution already before the rise of social policies aiming at redistribution. The paper brings this insight to bear on the creation of the welfare state in Sweden, for many the very model of a universal welfare state, and enquires into whether equality really predated the formation of universal welfare policies in the 1950s. We present evidence on inequality based on labor market outcomes and corroborate the view that there has been a sharp reduction in inequality during the 1930s and 1940s. Hence Sweden underwent a true equality revolution prior to the establishment of the welfare state. A leveling of incomes is a necessary precondition for the rise of the universal welfare state, we suggest, because of trust, which correlates negatively with inequality. High trust levels solve the problems associated with collective goods and boosts support for universal solutions of income security. The paper provides a narrative in which the formation of institutions, the removal of large income differentials, and the creation of higher trust levels interacted in the 1930s and 1940s to form the foundation for the welfare state in the 1950s. It adopts a dynamic view of trust by departing from the assumption that trust arises endogenously as a concomitant to changes in the underlying fundamentals like income inequality and redesigned institutional frameworks.
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Bambra, Clare, Gopalakrishnan Netuveli, and Terje A. Eikemo. "Welfare State Regime Life Courses: The Development of Western European Welfare State Regimes and Age-Related Patterns of Educational Inequalities in Self-Reported Health." International Journal of Health Services 40, no. 3 (2010): 399–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.40.3.b.
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This article uses data from three waves of the European Social Survey (2002, 2004, 2006) to compare educational inequalities in self-reported health (good vs. bad) and limiting longstanding illness in six age groups based on decade of birth (1930s–1980s) in 17 countries, categorized into four welfare state regimes (Anglo-Saxon, Bismarckian, Scandinavian, Southern). The authors hypothesized that health inequalities in these age groups would vary because of their different welfare state experiences—welfare state regime life courses—both temporally, in terms of different phases of welfare state development (inequalities smaller among older people), and spatially, in terms of welfare state regime type (inequalities smaller among older Scandinavians). The findings are that inequalities in health tended to increase, not decrease, with age. Similarly, inequalities in health were not smallest in the Scandinavian regime or among the older Scandinavian cohorts. In keeping with the rest of the literature, the Bismarckian and Southern regimes had smaller educational inequalities in health. Longitudinal analysis that integrates wider public health factors or makes smaller comparisons may be a more productive way of analyzing cross-national variations in health inequalities and their relationship to welfare state life courses.
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Moldan, F., R. F. Wright, S. Löfgren, M. Forsius, T. Ruoho-Airola, and B. L. Skjelkvåle. "Long-term changes in acidification and recovery at nine calibrated catchments in Norway, Sweden and Finland." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 5, no. 3 (2001): 339–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-5-339-2001.
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Abstract. International agreements to reduce the emissions of acidifying pollutants have resulted in major changes in deposition of sulphur and nitrogen in southern Scandinavia over the past 25 years. Long-term monitoring of deposition and run-off chemistry over the past 12-25 years at nine small calibrated catchments in Finland, Norway and Sweden provide the basis for analysis of trends with special attention to recovery in response to decreased sulphur and nitrogen deposition in the 1980s and 1990s. During the 1980s and 1990s sulphate deposition in the region decreased by 30 to 60%, whereas inorganic nitrogen deposition showed very little change until the mid-1990s. Deposition of non-marine base cations (especially calcium) declined in the 1990s most markedly in southern Finland. Run-off response to these changes in deposition has been rapid and clear at the nine catchments. Sulphate and base cations (mostly calcium) concentrations declined and acid neutralising capacity increased. Occasional years with unusually high inputs of sea-salt confound the general trends. Trends at all the catchments show the same general picture as that from small lakes in Scandinavia and in acid-sensitive waters elsewhere in Europe. Keywords: acidification, recovery, Scandinavia, catchment, trend analysis
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Hipkiss, T., O. Stefansson, and B. Hörnfeldt. "Effect of cyclic and declining food supply on great grey owls in boreal Sweden." Canadian Journal of Zoology 86, no. 12 (2008): 1426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z08-131.
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In this study of 35 years of data, we examine the short-term (cyclic) and long-term relationship between breeding success of great grey owls ( Strix nebulosa Forster, 1772) and their food supply (bank voles ( Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780)), grey-sided voles ( Clethrionomys rufocanus (Sundevall, 1846)), and field voles ( Microtus agrestis (L., 1761))) in northern Sweden. Annual number of owl nests showed a 3 year cyclicity, which as predicted, corresponded to the length of the vole cycle in the region. Mean annual brood size also fluctuated and was positively dependent on the vole supply during the same spring. In this region, there has also been a decline in vole numbers in recent decades, from high-amplitude cycles in the 1970s to subsequent low-amplitude cycles. Correspondingly, and as predicted, mean annual brood size of the owls also declined, although only during the third years of the vole cycle when vole supply in spring and brood size of the owls is at its highest level in high-amplitude cycles. We predict that in the long run the vole decline, associated with increasingly milder winters, and the reduction of the brood size of the owls, especially in years of high owl breeding success, will have serious implications for the population of great grey owls in Scandinavia.
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Åhman, Birgitta. "Contaminants in food chains of arctic ungulates: what have we learned from the Chernobyl accident?" Rangifer 18, no. 5 (1998): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/2.18.3-4.1455.
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The Chernobyl accidenr of 1986 caused radioactive contamination of widespread areas of reindeer pasture in Scandinavia. Reindeer {Rangifer tarandus) are especially exposed to radioactive fallout due to their wintet diet, of which lichens are an important part. Much knowledge about the transfer of radiocaesium to reindeer, and via reindeer meat to man, was accumulated by intense scientific investigations, undertaken during the 1960s and 1970s, following nuclear weapons testing. Various ways to reduce the transfer of radiocaesium to animals and humans were also developed during this time. Much of the older knowledge proved to be of great value in the attempts to determine potential consequences of the Chernobyl accident and to suggest possible ways to ameliorate the effects of contamination. After Chernobyl, not only did reindeer prove to be a problem; many other food products originating ftom natural and semi-natural ecosystems were found to accumulate significant amounts of radiocaesium. Intense scientific work has produced new knowledge about the role of ungulates in the transfer of nutrients and contaminants within these systems. Different measures, like providing uncontaminated feed, use of caesium binders, altering the time of slaughter have been used with good results to minimize the transfer of radiocaesium to animals grazing natural pastures. The high cost of countermeasures has enforced consideration of cost against risk, which may also be of general interest with respect to other forms of pollution. Information, introduction of countermeasures and so forth would be more efficient in case a similar accident were to happen again. The Chernobyl accident is an obvious example of how human failures when dealing with a modern technical system can have global consequences and also be a potential threat to what we like to think of as the unspoiled wilderness of the Arctic.
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Krake, Kristina. "Reconsidering the Crisis Agreements of the 1930s: The Defence of Democracy in a Comparative Scandinavian Perspective." Contemporary European History 29, no. 1 (2018): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777318000607.
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This article examines the Scandinavian countries’ response to extreme political movements in the interwar period. Historians have considered the crisis agreements of the 1930s as pivotal to Scandinavian resistance to fascism. The present article revises this explanation by conducting a comparative empirical study of political practice and rhetoric. The comparison makes it clear that the socio-economic measures were primarily aimed at combating the economic crisis. However, the social democratic labour parties conceptualised their social and economic policy as a defence of democracy after Hitler seized power in Germany. The findings indicate that the social democratic solution to the depression in Scandinavia left no political space for either communism or fascism.
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Mjøset, Lars. "Nordic economic policies in the 1970s and 1980s." International Organization 41, no. 3 (1987): 403–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818300027533.
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Although the Nordic countries are small, open economies, they were able to benefit considerably from the expansion of the world economy during the “Golden Age” of the 1950s and 1960s. They achieved industrial diversification and consolidated welfare-state reforms. Throughout this period, several economic policy routines were institutionalized. These routines may be analyzed as parts of a specific economic policy model, determined by the economic structure and the pattern of political mobilization. It seems more fruitful to distinguish five such models rather than to use the generalizing notion of a “Scandinavian model.” In the 1970s, the world economic crisis posed new challenges for the Nordic countries. In the first phase of the crisis, economic policies continued to operate in accordance with the established routines. But structural problems, new patterns of political mobilization, and new forms of external pressure forced governments to shift towards austerity policies in the late 1970s. The extent and the specificities of these shifts are compared and the degree to which the economic policy models have changed assessed. Such an analysis is a first step to answer some crucial questions now facing the Nordic countries: Was their flexible adjustment merely the result of favorable conditions during the 1960s—or is it a permanent trait? Are they now trapped between large industrial nations and dynamic newly industrializingcountries? If so, what will be the fate of their advanced welfare sectors?
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Nowak, Grzegorz, and Piotr Kanty. "Mass Stabilization as reinforcement of organic soils." E3S Web of Conferences 97 (2019): 04046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199704046.
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The decreasing number of places suitable for constructing buildings forces people to creatively develop newer methods of soil reinforcement. One of these methods is the deep soil mixing. This technology has been firstly developed and applied in Japan in the 1970s. Initially, it was used to create DSM (Deep Soil Mixing) columns. In the subsequent years, it was also developed in Scandinavia. Over time, the deep mixing technology was modified and developed, and in addition to the wet method, also the dry method was started to be used, while in addition to the cement binder, also lime binders and fly ashes were used. Technologies consisting of the deep mixing of cement with soil are very popular due to the wide range of applications and relatively low implementation costs. The method of Mass Stabilization (MS) is a soil reinforcement method that is analogical to DSM and it consists of mixing large volumes of soil with cement. This article describes the method of dry Mass Stabilization of organic soils. It cites the analyzed laboratory tests of soil-cement material manufactured in MS technology. The tests included the creation of 140 material samples, and subsequently the performance of compression strength test on them, along with the registration of stress path. The main aspect of these tests consisted of increase in the primary deformation modulus over time, depending on the amount of applied cement. Also, an example of the project to strengthen the layer of aggregate mud under the floor in the hall is demonstrated. The reinforcement was implemented in the MS technology.
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Hodges, Margaret. "Nationalism and Modernism: Rethinking Scandinavian Design in Canada, 1950–1970." RACAR : Revue d'art canadienne 40, no. 2 (2016): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1035396ar.
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Cet article considère le rôle du design scandinave dans la recherche d’une identité visuelle canadienne au cours des décennies suivant la Deuxième Guerre mondiale. Nous examinons le discours provenant d’instances gouvernementales et institutionnelles, ainsi que des revues professionnelles d’art et d’architecture : le « moderne scandinave » s’est ainsi vu recontextualisé et approprié par des institutions qui cherchaient à améliorer tant le goût du public que les industries du design au Canada, et est devenu un modèle pour un design canadien potentiellement « authentique ». Nous examinons le mobilier conçu par Sigrin Bülow-Hübe, née en Suède et installée au Canada, et le comparons à l’appropriation de styles scandinaves par des concepteurs nés au Canada, afin d’explorer les effets de ces emprunts sur le design canadien.
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Borcak, Fedja Wierød. "Stå på tomma torg: Hinder för tillhörighet i bosnisk migrationslitteratur." K&K - Kultur og Klasse 46, no. 125 (2018): 95–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kok.v46i125.105545.
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The immigration of Bosnians to the Scandinavian countries in connection to the war in the 1990s is largely seen as a success. Aspects such as high employment and education levels has been foregrounded as indicating integration and personal accomplishment, especially among the younger population. However, the literature produced by Bosnian immigrant authors tells a different story, which focuses rather on personal hardships and obstacles in the affective and social “positionality” of the immigrant in the Scandinavian topography. Regarding texts by authors such as Alen Mešković, Bekim Sejranović, and Adnan Mahmutović, the article surveys recurrent themes associated with the immigrant’s inability to create belonging in the host country, such as the encounter with immigrant authorities or the continuous non-contact with Scandinavians. While the texts are not typical examples of literary “welfare criticism”, the article tries to suggest some ways in which these texts produce critique of mechanisms in the Scandinavian welfare state model.
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Sörlin, Sverker. "Circumpolar Science: Scandinavian Approaches to the Arctic and the North Atlantic, ca. 1920 to 1960." Science in Context 27, no. 2 (2014): 275–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889714000076.
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ArgumentThe Scandinavian countries share a solid reputation as longstanding contributors to top level Arctic research. This received view, however, veils some deep-seated contrasts in the ways that Sweden, Norway, and Denmark have conducted research in the Arctic and the North Atlantic. In this paper it is argued that instead of focusing on the geographical determinism of science – the fact that the Arctic is close to, indeed part of, Scandinavian territories – we should look more closely at the geopolitics of science to understand the differences and similarities between these three Nordic countries. Through case studies of, mainly, Swedish Arctic and North Atlantic glaciology in the 1920s through to the 1940s, and of Norwegian preparations in the 1950s for the International Geophysical Year 1957/58, the paper demonstrates how different styles of research – research agendas, methodological choices, collaborative patterns, international networks, availability of infrastructure, relations to politics and power – are conditioned on economic interests and strategic and geopolitical trajectories, either these are explicitly put in the forefront of scientific priorities as in the case of Norway in the 1950s, or when they are manifestly disregarded in the name of scientific internationalism, as in the case of Swedish glaciology. The case of Danish colonial science in Greenland is only cursorily drawn into this analysis but corroborates the overall thesis. The analysis of this wider science politics of Scandinavian circumpolar science is exercised against a brief introductory backdrop of Arctic science historiography. Its chief message is that the analysis of polar science applying modern theory and method of the social studies of science is comparatively recent and that the full potential of merging the literature of Arctic science and exploration with those of security, geopolitics, indigenous voices, and the politics of nationalism is yet to be realized.
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Lindqvist, Ursula. "Majors and Minors in Europe's African Enterprise: Oyono's Une vie de boy in Danish and Swedish Translations." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 128, no. 1 (2013): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2013.128.1.149.
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The publication of ferdinand oyono's anticolonial novel une vie de boy (1956) in three scandinavian-language translations—danish, Swedish, and Nynorsk Norwegian—in the 1960s and 1970s coincided with a surge of pan-Nordic interest in African culture and liberation movements. This outward turn was part of a major shift in the construction of national and regional identities in the Nordic region—particularly in Denmark and Sweden. Once minor European kingdoms with modest colonial holdings on several continents (including Africa), these considerably downsized modern nation-states were forced to reposition themselves on the world stage starting in the twentieth century. Africa's anticolonial movements presented an opportunity for the Nordic region to embrace a new global role: that of nations of conscience whose leadership on human rights issues granted them influence and authority far beyond the size of their military, population, gross domestic product, or cultural and linguistic presence in the world. While the importance of this leadership among Western nations—particularly in fighting apartheid—can hardly be disputed, it has, paradoxically, also made it possible for Scandinavians to distance themselves from their own colonial involvement in Africa and to focus instead on the more extensive, visible, and enduring colonial histories of other European nations, mainly France and England.
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Skewes, Lea, and Stine Willum Adrian. "Epistemology, Activism, and Entanglement - Rethinking Knowledge Production." Kvinder, Køn & Forskning, no. 1 (June 15, 2018): 15–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/kkf.v27i1.109677.
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Nina Lykke is Professor Emerita at the Unit of Gender Studies, Linköping University, Sweden.She has been an engaged feminist researcher, educator, and activist since the 1970s, duringwhich time she has developed important critiques of epistemologies in science and technology.She has covered topics as diverse as the space race, reproductive technologies, cancer, and death.Lykke has published widely in both Scandinavia and internationally within the field of feministcultural studies of technoscience. Her most well-known publications within the area include themonographies Cosmodolphins (2000) co-authored with Mette Bryld, and Kønsforskning (2008)(in Engl: Feminist Studies (2010)), as well as the edited volumes Between Monsters, Goddessesand Cyborgs (1996) co-edited with Rosi Braidotti, Bits of Life (2008) with Anneke Smelik, andAssisted Reproduction Across Borders (2017) with Merete Lie. She has been pivotal in establishingthe Unit of Gender Studies at Linköping University, with which she has been affiliated sincethe unit’s inauguration in 1999. She has played a major role in the development of the PhDprogramme in interdisciplinary gender studies at Linköping University, which has a strong profilewithin feminist STS. In 2007, she started the Center of Gender Excellence GEXcel, initiallyfunded by The Swedish Research Council, Vetenskapsrådet, and later by the participating Universities,Linköping University, Örebro University, and Karlstad University, Sweden. She has alsobeen the director of the Nordic Research School in Interdisciplinary Gender Studies 2004-2009,and from 2008-2017 she was the director of InterGender, the Swedish-International ResearchSchool in Interdisciplinary Gender Studies. We met with Nina Lykke in Copenhagen, in orderto let her unfold how her own interest in Feminist STS/Feminist Technoscience Studiesemerged, and how she has put feminist cultural studies of technoscience to work from the1980’s until today, through research, teaching, and activism.
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Óskarsdóttir, Stefanía. "Public committees and corporatism: How does Iceland compare to Scandinavia?" Veftímaritið Stjórnmál og stjórnsýsla 14, no. 1 (2018): 167–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.13177/irpa.a.2018.14.1.8.
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This paper compares the number of corporatist public committees, appointed by central government, in Iceland and Scandinavia (Denmark, Norway, Sweden). Its main aim is to shed light on where Iceland stands compared to these countries in term of corporatist practices. Scholars view corporatist public committees as the core expression of Scandinavian corporatism and thus well suited for the measurement of corporatism. This study shows that the functional representational channel is an important feature of Icelandic democracy. In Iceland various interest groups are integrated into the democratic process of decision-making and implementation in an institutionalized and privileged manner. This is the essence of corporatism, defined as the institutionalized and privileged integration of organized interests in the preparation and/or implementation of public policies. Moreover, the results show that Iceland is today much more corporatist than the Scandinavian countries; especially, in terms of preparatory corporatism. Already in 1970, it appears that Iceland was more corporatist than Sweden in terms of the number of corporatist committees. The paper also sheds light on sectoral corporatism in Iceland.
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Rikiishi, Kunio, Eisuke Hashiya, and Masafumi Imai. "Linear trends of the length of snow-cover season in the Northern Hemisphere as observed by the satellites in the period 1972–2000." Annals of Glaciology 38 (2004): 229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756404781815329.
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AbstractThe dataset of Northern Hemisphere EASE-Grid weekly snow cover and sea-ice extent (U.S. National Snow and Ice Data Center) for the period September 1972–August 2000 is analyzed to examine the possible influence of recent global warming on the seasonal change of snow cover in the Northern Hemisphere. It is found that the total snow-cover area in the 1980s and 1990s is diminished by 36106 km2, and the length of snow-cover season is reduced by 2 –3 weeks, as compared with the 1970s. In general, the contribution from earlier snowmelt is greater than that from delayed snow accumulation. In addition, the maximum snow-cover area during January–February has gradually decreased by about 36106 km2 within the two decades. Geographically, the rate of decrease of snow-cover duration is 50.1 week per year (wpy) in the high-latitude regions such as the Siberian Plains and Northwest Territories of Canada and 40.2 wpy in the high-elevation regions such as the Scandinavian Peninsula, Tibetan Plateau and Rocky Mountains. The earlier snowmelt in the high-elevation regions suggests that the snowfall amounts there are decreasing owing to global warming.
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Hovden, Jan Fredrik. "From Wanderers to Strangers. The shifting space of Scandinavian immigration debate 1970–2016." Communications 45, s1 (2020): 814–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/commun-2019-0199.
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AbstractThe media coverage of immigration serves as an important test for modern democracies’ ability to handle difficult public issues. Systematic and comparative studies over longer time periods are, however, still rare. This is deeply unfortunate as the nature of both immigration and the press systems vary considerably not only across nations but also over time. This article charts the immigration debate in seven Scandinavian newspapers from the birth of modern immigration in the early seventies to the present-day situation. While supporting claims about a general historical shift towards a more problematizing and cultural discourse in Scandinavia, the analysis also identifies major differences in how countries, publications, and genres have handled this complex issue, which brings out fundamental dilemmas for both modern welfare states and journalists. Using the method of multiple correspondence analysis and subsequent cluster analysis, the article also demonstrates how historical press coverage can be fruitfully studied using Geometric Data Analysis as an alternative to frequentist methods.
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Jahr, Ernst Håkon. "Et fysisk objekt fra kardinal Nicolaus Breakespears legat til Norden 1152-54." Scripta Neophilologica Posnaniensia, no. 18 (February 7, 2019): 191–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/snp.2018.18.16.
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A physical object from Cardinal Nicolaus Breakspear’s legation to Scandinavia, 1152-54This article gives an account of the background and discovery of the only remaining physical object from Cardinal Nicolaus Breakspear’s legation to Scandinavia 1152–54 on behalf of Pope Eugenius III. The Pope had invested in Cardinal Breakspear the authority to negotiate and make decisions on the organisation of the church in the three Scandinavian kingdoms: Denmark, Norway and Sweden. Until then, the church in the whole of Scandinavia was under the archbishop of Lund. Lund at that time was part of Denmark, not of Sweden, as it is today. During his time in Norway, Cardinal Breakspear (c. 1100–1159) reorganised the Norwegian church under its own archbishop in Nidaros (Trondheim), and established a new Norwegian diocese in Hamar. The Pope’s plan was in addition to establish another archbishopry in Sweden, but that could not yet be achieved due to internal Swedish disagreements. The Sweden church, therefore, remained under the archbishop of Lund. When Cardinal Breakspear left Scandinavia from the town of Lomma close to Lund, he somehow must have dropped a lead seal which was attached to a letter from the Pope. This seal was then accidentally refound in the middle of the 1980s when Mr. Per Olsson dug in his garden in Lomma. He thought he had found an old coin and kept it in a drawer in his house. Per Olsson’s son, Magnus Linnarsson, later found out that the seal was from Pope Eugenius III. It is highly probable that this seal today is the only remaining physical artifact of Cardinal Breakspear’s legation to Scandinavia 1152–54. Cardinal Breakspear soon after his return to Rome became the new Pope under the name (H)Adrian IV. Until Pope John Paul II visited Norway in 1989, Nikolaus Breakspear is the only Pope ever to have set foot in Norway, and that happened before he was elected Pope. The seal is since 2011 included in the collections of Lund’s Historical Museum.
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Faulkner, Trevor L. "The endokarstic erosion of marble in cold climates: Corbel revisited." Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 33, no. 6 (2009): 805–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309133309350266.
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After the work of Jean Corbel in the 1950s, who compared karstification in the Scandinavian Caledonide marbles with that in sedimentary limestones in temperate and tropical regions, the understanding of underground limestone dissolution has developed considerably. Corbel concluded that ‘karstification proceeds much faster in a cold than in a warm climate’, based on the knowledge that the solubilities of both CO2 and CaCO3 increase with lower temperature, without realizing that because cave streams in Scandinavia rarely reach saturation this fact is not directly relevant. We now know that the dissolutional enlargement of inception channels in limestones proceeds commonly via a slow initial ‘pre-breakthrough’ laminar flow stage before conduits can enlarge chemically at maximum rates under turbulent flow conditions. Recent research has shown that the pre-breakthrough stage is speeded up at low temperatures, as occurs in cold climates now, and as occurred during the deglaciation of the Weichselian ice sheet in Scandinavia, especially under steep hydraulic gradients and, in many cases, despite the lower partial pressure of CO2. Additionally, this whole stage might be bypassed if fractures created by deglacial seismicity were wide enough and short enough. After breakthrough, although limestone dissolution is slower in cold rather than warm climates, conduit enlargement still proceeds at a significant rate, provided the water remains unsaturated, and especially if high flow rates promote mechanical erosion. The exploration of large numbers of (short) caves in central Scandinavia shows that Corbel’s conclusion is partly true for the more recent geological past, because of the special conditions that apply during the Quaternary glacial cycles.
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McKellar, Elizabeth. "All Roof, No Wall: Peter Boston, A-Frames and the Primitive Hut in Twentieth-Century British Architecture, c. 1890–1970." Architectural History 62 (2019): 237–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/arh.2019.9.
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AbstractA very particular type of modern house in Britain — A-frames of the 1950s and 1960s — emerged from a much longer history of British and Scandinavian-German primitivism centred on the cruck-frame. This article focuses on a small number of architect-designed examples and introduces one of the main proponents of the type, Peter Boston (1918–99). The tension between the A-frame's familiarity as a universal dwelling type and its adoption as a signifier of modernity is a central theme. In the British twentieth-century context, the ‘modern’ included a strong vernacular element, and the new A-frames, which formed part of the ‘timber revival’ of the 1950s and 1960s, were informed by a long-standing interest in the history of cruck-framed construction from the Arts and Crafts onwards, which in turn was part of a wider pan-north European building culture.
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Redvaldsen, David. "The Role of Britain in Late Modern Norwegian History: A Longitudinal Study." Britain and the World 9, no. 1 (2016): 10–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/brw.2016.0212.
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Concentrating on the strength of the mutual relationship, this article examines crucial periods in Anglo-Norwegian history since 1814. In the November Treaty (1855) Britain and France guaranteed the Swedish-Norwegian union's territory against Russian encroachment. Britain was not supportive of Norwegian independence in 1905, though she had wanted better terms for Norway within the union. From a Norwegian perspective, Britain was the most important signatory to the Integrity Treaty (1907) whereby the great powers guaranteed her territory. Due to her neutrality Norway could not openly support Britain, but many events prior to 1940 showed that she oriented her foreign policy primarily towards London. The German invasion and Norway's subsequent entry into the Second World War on the side of the Allies, fostered much warmer Anglo-Norwegian relations. These were cemented by the creation of NATO in 1949, in which both nations participated. In the 1950s even British officials occasionally described the ties as a ‘special relationship’. In that decade and in the 1960s, Britain preferred to work with the Scandinavian nations in multilateral organizations such as UNISCAN and EFTA. In 1973, however, Britain entered the EEC, whereas the Norwegian people had voted to reject the membership their government was recommending. The great power's interests shifted away from Scandinavia towards mainland Europe. Consequently, relations with Norway became more distant. Norway's second stalled bid to enter the EU in 1994 underlined that the two countries have drifted apart. The article nevertheless argues that Britain was Norway's lodestar between 1905 and 1973.
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Gikandi, Simon. "Paule Marshall and the search for the African diaspora." New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids 73, no. 1-2 (1999): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/13822373-90002586.
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[First paragraph]The Fiction of Paule Marshall: Reconstructions of History, Culture, and Gender. DOROTHY HAMER DENNISTON. Knoxville: University of Tennesee Press, 1995. xxii + 187 pp. (Paper US$ 15.00)Toward Wholeness in Paule Marshall's Fiction. JOYCE PETTIS.Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1995. xi + 173 pp. (Cloth US$ 29.50)Black and Female: Essays on Writings by Black Women in the Diaspora. BRITA LINDBERG-SEYERSTED. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, 1994. 164 pp. (Paper n.p.)Literary history has not been very kind to Paule Marshall. Even in the early 1980s when literature produced by African-American women was gaining prominence among general readers and drawing the attention of critics, Marshall was still considered to be an enigmatic literary figure, somehow important in the canon but not one of its trend setters. As Mary Helen Washington observed in an influential afterword to Brown Girl, Brownstones, although Marshall had been publishing novels and short stories since the early 1950s, and was indeed the key link between African-American writers of the 1940s and those of the 1960s, she was just being "discovered" in the 1980s. While there has always been a small group of scholars, most notably Kamau Brathwaite, who have called attention to the indispensable role Marshall has played in the shaping of the literary canon of the African Diaspora, and of her profound understanding of the issues that have affected the complex formation and survival of African-derived cultures in the New World, many critics have found it difficult to locate her within the American, African-American, and Caribbean traditions that are the sources of her imagination and the subject of her major works. Marshall has embraced all these cultures in more profound ways than her more famous contemporaries have, but she has not gotten the accolades that have gone to lesser writers like Alice Walker. It is indeed one of the greatest injustices of our time that Walker's limited understanding of the cultures and peoples of the African Diaspora has become the point of reference for North American scholars of Africa, the Caribbean, and South America while Marshall's scholastic engagement with questions of Diaspora has not drawn the same kind of interest.
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Svensson, Sven-Olof. "Artotheque activities in Swedish public libraries." Art Libraries Journal 11, no. 3 (1986): 22–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200004764.
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In Sweden picture lending is not new but has been most successful in hospitals. Developments in the 1950s and 1960s involving some 70 municipal libraries were followed by withdrawal into the traditional book-centred role of libraries. Future development of artotheques must be based on the principles of quantity and renewal (ensuring ample choice), and of quality (achieved by professional selection of original prints). A campaign to foster art appreciation and visual literacy, paralleling efforts in the field of literacy, would nourish the role of artotheques. (Originally published in the Scandinavian Public Library Quarterly v.18 n.4 1985).
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Olson, Benjamin. "At the Threshold of the Inverted Womb." International Journal for the Study of New Religions 4, no. 2 (2014): 231–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/ijsnr.v4i2.231.
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During the 1980s and 1990s anti-cosmic Satanism emerged in the UK and Scandinavia as an attempt to merge ancient forms of Gnostic thought, highly performative, blasphemous manifestations of heavy metal subculture, and certain death-oriented, magical traditions from the Caribbean and Latin America. While culturally wide-ranging and syncretic in its theological outlook, anti-cosmic Satanism consistently emphasizes the abandonment of the physical body and a violent apocalyptic merger with an infinite satanic power. Anti-cosmic Satanism has risen in tandem with the popularity of Nordic black metal music, to which it is indelibly connected, making it one of the most controversial left-hand path traditions that has arisen since the 1980s. Paradoxically, anti-cosmic Satanism also borrows much from the folklore and narrative structures of Conservative Christianity regarding the existence of sincerely evil satanic cults. The hyper-transgressive attitudes and anti-Christian rhetoric of both black metal and anti-cosmic Satanism assert a fetishised morbidity, associating death with ultimate liberation.
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Grenvik, Ake. "Multidisciplinary Critical Care Medicine (CCM) in the USA." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 1, S1 (1985): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00044058.
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A status report of CCM in different countries varies considerably. In the USA, resuscitation and intensive care were pioneered by anesthesiologists in the 1950s, but CCM evolved later as a multidisciplinary movement through the initiative of the Society of Critical Care Medicine (SCCM) starting in 1970. Recently, CCM has been introduced as a subspecialty of anesthesiology, internal medicine, pediatrics, and surgery. Australia has already, for a couple of years, had a primary specialty of intensive therapy, but there are two tracks, one in medicine and one in anesthesiology. In the Scandinavian countries, as well as in Italy, CCM is an integral part of anesthesiology, since intensive care was initiated there in the early 1950s by anesthesiologists. In several Ibero-Latin American nations, we find a primary specialty in intensive therapy.
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Sterba, Christopher M. "Transcultural San Francisco." Pacific Historical Review 85, no. 1 (2016): 72–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2016.85.1.72.
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Andrew Furuseth and Olaf Tveitmoe, both immigrants from Norway, were two of the most powerful labor leaders on the West Coast in the early twentieth century. Their perspectives and experiences as Scandinavians, as immigrants, and as San Franciscans helped to forge an approach to political activism that has long been overshadowed by the far more famous events of the 1960s and 1970s. Working with innovative methods in the field of transcultural biography, this article argues that the contradictory, transcultural nature of each man’s career, which included both anti-Asian racism and a profound opposition to war and militarism, had a major impact on San Francisco’s political consciousness that is still felt today.
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Kilson, Martin. "THINKING ABOUT ROBERT PUTNAM'S ANALYSIS OF DIVERSITY." Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 6, no. 2 (2009): 293–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742058x09990191.
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AbstractThe article evaluates Robert Putnam's discussion of two differing concepts of the role of the diversity perspective toward inter-ethnic/inter-racial relationships in American society since the 1960s—namely, the “contact theory” and the “conflict theory.” The former was initially formulated by Harvard social psychologist Gordon Allport in The Nature of Prejudice (1954). Putnam's analysis—published in the comparative politics journal Scandinavian Political Studies (Vol. 30, No. 2, 2007)—favors the “conflict theory,” which holds that diversity sharpens “us-against-them” inter-ethnic/inter-racial interactions. Putnam's view opposes diversity-influenced public policies. By contrast, “contact theory” holds that diversity erodes “us-against-them” interactions and thus eventually democratizes such interactions, and thereby American society generally. “Contact theory” influenced the NAACP-led civil-rights movement's quest for desegregation public policies during the 1950s, 1960s, and onward.
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Jakobsen, Vibeke, and Peder J. Pedersen. "Poverty risk among older immigrants in a scandinavian welfare state." European Journal of Social Security 19, no. 3 (2017): 242–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1388262717725937.
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The focus of this paper is on poverty among immigrants and refugees aged 60 years and older coming to Denmark from countries outside of the OECD, with an emphasis on immigrants who came as guest workers before 1974, as refugees and as family members and marriage partners (tied movers) of the individuals coming as guest workers and as refugees. A large proportion of people in this group were fairly young at the time of their arrival in Denmark. Guest workers who came before 1974 and refugees and tied movers who arrived in the 1970s and 1980s are now either close to or above the age of 60, with conditional eligibility to a labour market-related early retirement programme or to the State pension. Poverty rates by national background are described using alternative household concepts. A number of background factors with relevance for poverty are summarised. We focus on age, gender, marital status, occupational status at age 55, and duration of residence, and find major differences between migrant groups and between immigrants and natives regarding how income is dependent at different ages on market income, pensions and benefits. We also present a number of regressions aiming at explaining differences in the risk of poverty risk in terms of these background factors.
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Duncan, Simon. "Policy Discourses on ‘Reconciling Work and Life’ in the EU." Social Policy and Society 1, no. 4 (2002): 305–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746402004050.
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This paper outlines the development EU policy discourse on ‘the reconciliation of work and family life’. This imposes a policy disjuncture on New Labour, for, while the British government may be ideologically more attracted to the liberal US model of ‘flexible’ labour, it is bound by EU law to implement a more corporatist gender equality model. The paper notes how themes of economic competition, democratisation, and protecting gender contracts emerged at the foundation EU gender policy. It traces these themes into an ‘equal opportunities at work’ discourse during the 1970s and 1980s and, with the increasing importance of the ‘demographic time bomb’ discourse and of Scandinavian style gender equality, into discourses stressing the ‘reconciliation of paid work with family life’ and gender mainstreaming. The paper ends by addressing the ‘half-empty or half-full’ assessments of EU gender policy.
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Kivinen, Osmo, and Risto Rinne. "Educational Qualifications and the Labour Market." Industry and Higher Education 7, no. 2 (1993): 111–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095042229300700208.
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During the 1970s and 1980s a great deal of effort was invested in empirical research into the relationship between educational and occupational attainment. The concepts of ‘overeducation’, ‘underemployment’, and ‘diploma disease’ have been with us for some twenty years. In recent years, attention has been paid to the matching of educational qualifications to the qualification demands of work and the labour market, and the effects of this match or mismatch. In this article, Osmo Kivinen and Risto Rinne analyse the relationships between rising levels of education and demands for job qualifications. They deal with the potential of ‘over- and under-qualification’ and then examine the potential for increased flexibility in the modern labour market, in particular from a Scandinavian perspective. Finally, they discuss the implications of the new ‘flexible society’ for the future of higher education and educational qualifications in general.
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Sinitsyn, Fedor. "“Two Socialisms”: The Soviet Perception of the “Scandinavian Model” in the Second Half of the 1960s and 1970s." Novaia i noveishaia istoriia, no. 3 (2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013038640010021-1.
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Adriaensens, Vito. "The Bernhardt of Scandinavia: Betty Nansen’s Modern Breakthrough." Nineteenth Century Theatre and Film 45, no. 1 (2018): 56–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748372718794360.
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The cinema of the 1910s witnessed the birth of the film star, modelled after theatrical strategies that were spearheaded by actresses of international renown such as Sarah Bernhardt. She can be seen to have given birth to the notion of ‘famous players in famous plays’ in 1912, though in Denmark, the influential Nordisk Films Kompagni had already invested more extensively in marketing the appeal of theatrical stars that crossed over into the realm of film by this time. I will trace how Nordic drama was marketed internationally by analysing the trajectory of one of the most important, yet undervalued, actresses of the time, Betty Nansen (1873–1943) – also known as the Bernhardt of Scandinavia. Nansen was the model for the new ‘post-Ibsen’ female in Scandinavian society, both on and off the stage, and additionally a key example of how theatre and film uniquely managed to bridge the gap in Denmark. Betty Nansen’s stage and screen work reinforced each other, from the Danish Royal Theatre to the American Fox Film Corporation, and to managing her own theatre in Copenhagen, the still extant Betty Nansen Teatret.
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Moir, Susan. "Ideological Influences on Participatory Research in Occupational Health and Safety: A Review of the Literature." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 15, no. 1 (2005): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/kmjh-qqlq-67t4-1ln6.
Full textAbstract:
Research and policy initiatives often cite the need for greater worker participation in reducing workplace hazards. However, the meaning and methods of participation are less clearly understood. To clarify the nature of worker participation in occupational health and safety (OHS), the various traditions are deconstructed in this review of the published literature. Three traditions influencing OHS emerged from larger social forces in the late 1950s and 1960s: the Scandinavian work environment movement, the Italian Workers' Model, and the Japanese model of participative management. The review is used to create a “genealogy” of worker participation in OHS, clarifying the effect of underlying political ideologies on management control, worker empowerment, and the levels and limits of participation in practice.
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Bauer, Susanne. "From Administrative Infrastructure to Biomedical Resource: Danish Population Registries, the “Scandinavian Laboratory,” and the “Epidemiologist's Dream”." Science in Context 27, no. 2 (2014): 187–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889714000040.
Full textAbstract:
ArgumentSince the 1970s, Danish population registries were increasingly used for research purposes, in particular in the health sciences. Linked with a large number of disease registries, these data infrastructures became laboratories for the development of both information technology and epidemiological studies. Denmark's system of population registries had been centralized in 1924 and was further automated in the 1960s, with individual identification numbers (CPR-numbers) introduced in 1968. The ubiquitous presence of CPR-numbers in administrative routines and everyday lives created a continually growing data archive of the entire population. The resulting national-level database made possible unprecedented record linkage, a feature epidemiologists and biomedical scientists used as a resource for population health research. The specific assemblages that emerged with their practices of data mining were constitutive of registry-based epidemiology as a style of thought and of a distinct relationship between science, citizens, and the state that emerged as “Scandinavian.”