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Relevant bibliographies by topics / 1971 war

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Academic literature on the topic '1971 war'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "1971 war"

1

Khan, Akhtar Hssan. "1998 Census: The Results and Implications." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 481–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.481-493.

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The 1998 Census was the fifth nation-wide census to be held in Pakistan. The earlier censuses were held in 1951, 1961, 1972, and 1981. It was the British colonial administrators who started the tradition of holding nation-wide decennial censuses in the year beginning with digit 1. Regular censuses were held in British India from 1881 to 1941. Pakistan continued with this tradition and conducted its national censuses in 1951 and 1961. The 1971 census was postponed due to civil war leading to the separation of East Pakistan. But it was promptly held in the following year in 1972. The 1981 census was held on time in March 1981, preceded by the Housing Census in December 1980. The present author was the Census Commissioner at that time.

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Sharma, Vaasu. "India’s 1971 Intervention :." Jindal Journal of International Affairs 2, no. 5 (December 1, 2021): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v2i5.79.

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Just War tradition is used to morally evaluate the warfare which nations wage against each other. This paper aims to employ Just War principles to the 1971 IndiaPakistan war, that witnessed humanitarian intervention by India in East Pakistan which later became Bangladesh. Whether Indian intervention during 1971 Bangladesh liberation war fulfils the criteria of ‘just’ humanitarian intervention? This paper aims to investigate this related question by examining India’s intervention in East Pakistan from the perspective of Just War Theory principles. The paper initially explains the theoretical concept of Just War theory and then explains the notion of humanitarian intervention within the realm of Just War tradition advocated by Michael Walzer. Further the paper provides a brief background of genesis of 1971 war and Pakistan’s claim to sovereignty over East Pakistan citing UN Charter. Paper then delves upon the arguments provided by the Indian side in favour of Just Humanitarian Intervention in the backdrop of increasing brutality by Pakistan. Paper further, broadly assesses India’s intervention in terms of Jus Ad Bellum and six principles associated with it and also Jus in Bello and its subsequent principles. Paper finally concludes that India’s Intervention was in conformity with Just War Principles.

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Lüthi, Lorenz M. "Beyond Betrayal: Beijing, Moscow, and the Paris Negotiations, 1971–1973." Journal of Cold War Studies 11, no. 1 (January 2009): 57–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.1.57.

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Contrary to later Vietnamese allegations, China did not “sell out” the Democratic Republic of Vietnam (DRV) during the last two years of the Paris negotiations (1971–1973). North Vietnamese, Chinese, Soviet, East European, and American sources show that Hanoi could have gotten from Washington an agreement similar to the final Paris Agreement (January 1973) as early as the spring of 1971. Sino-American rapprochement did not help the United States in the negotiations, as claimed by the North Vietnamese, because the Chinese side made no concessions at all on Vietnam. In fact, China increased military aid to the DRV. Similarly, U.S.-Soviet detente did not damage the North Vietnamese effort, although Moscow unsuccessfully tried to mediate between Hanoi and Washington. In the end, U.S. success in rebuffing the DRV's Easter Offensive and Hanoi's miscalculations about U.S. domestic developments in 1972 prolonged the Vietnam War unnecessarily.

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Craig, Dylan. "Screening the Border War, 1971–88." Kleio 36, no. 1 (January 2004): 28–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00232080485380021.

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Larsen, Kari. "Chronicles: Untitled." Harvard Educational Review 58, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 331–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/haer.58.3.w75p36031w4442x1.

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In the poem below, Kari Larsen expresses the pain and sense of loss felt by a child whose country has been ravaged by war. Kari was born in Vietnam sometime in 1971. In the fall of 1973,her village was destroyed. Only a few small children survived the attack; Kari, then known as"Hang," was among them. She was adopted by her new family in 1974. Ms. Larsen searches for a remembrance of her heritage through a poetic vision of her birth mother and expresses her hope to be remembered in return.

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Halvorson, Dan. "From Cold War Solidarity to Transactional Engagement: Reinterpreting Australia's Relations with East Asia, 1950–1974." Journal of Cold War Studies 18, no. 2 (April 2016): 130–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00640.

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This article challenges the position that genuine and substantive Australian engagement with Asia began only in the 1980s during the final phase of the Cold War. In reality, the deepest points of Australia's political and security engagement occurred much earlier, from 1950 to 1971, with the most intense phase from 1966 to 1968. The Cold War instilled a sense of solidarity with the non-Communist states of East Asia, with which Australia fostered and mostly enjoyed close relationships. These relationships were grounded in shared values and a non-Communist identity that transcended the narrow security interest of Australia's “forward defence” strategy. The conditions for this solidarity were eroded from 1967 to 1972 by a series of compounding factors that transformed Cold War geopolitics in East Asia. By 1974, Australia had been politically distanced from the region with its engagement premised on a broadening but shallower transactional basis.

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Ifidon, Ehimika A., and Charles O. Osarumwense. "Politics without Commerce? Explaining the Discontinuity in Soviet-Nigerian Relations, 1971-1979." African and Asian Studies 14, no. 4 (December 8, 2015): 289–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692108-12341345.

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The paper set out to explain the discontinuity in Soviet-Nigerian relations between the periods 1967-1970 and 1971-1979. The explanation usually given for the poor relations between Nigeria and the Soviet Union between 1960 and 1966 is the anti-communism of the Nigerian political elite; and ideological incompatibility for the non-vibrant relations between 1971 and 1979. These explanations appear idealistic and hypothetical. A major source of the problem of explanation is the consideration of Soviet-Nigerian relations only within the context of the Soviet-American Cold War struggle, from a trilateral perspective. What if the Cold War did not exist, what would have been the nature of Soviet-Nigerian relations? Adopting a bilateral framework, the paper argues that it was the inchoate state of trade relations, which would have provided the basis for continuity across administrations, that retarded Soviet-Nigerian political relations between 1971 and 1979.

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Mokhtar, Shehram. "Reading war photographs: the 1971 India–Pakistan war in the Anglo-American press." Visual Communication 19, no. 1 (April 17, 2019): 121–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1470357219838602.

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This article examines photographs of the 1971 India–Pakistan war published in the Anglo-American newspapers: The New York Times and The Times (London) and magazines: Life, Newsweek, Time, and The Economist. The images projected the war as a spectacle and predominantly used photographic conventions associated with non-journalistic images. The photographs showcased a rather frank representation of the 1971 war, displaying images of failed military operations, dead or injured soldiers, POWs, and revenge killings. However, some of these candid documentary war photographs offer archival value in that they challenge and complicate historical amnesia and partial accounts of the war and conflict in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh.

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Mondal, Papiya. "Indian support for Bangladesh during the war of 1971." Interactive science, no. 1 (77) (January 30, 2023): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-558929.

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Pattanaik, Smruti S. "The Liberation War of 1971 and India." Strategic Analysis 45, no. 6 (November 2, 2021): 628–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09700161.2021.2001283.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "1971 war"

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Cochrane, Iain. "Sowing the seeds : the causes of the Bangladesh war of 1971." Thesis, University of London, 2009. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529472.

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Flessati, Valerie. "PAX : the history of a Catholic peace society in Britain 1936-1971." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3801.

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In 1936 the founders of PAX aimed at 'resistance to modern warfare on grounds of traditional morality'. Believing that 'just war' criteria could no longer be met, they called themselves pacifists. Although most members were Roman Catholic Pax did not claim to be a 'Catholic society' because the RC Church at that time took an opposing view, particularly of conscientious objection. Church authorities attempted to censor Pax literature and instructed clergy to resign from the society. Pax supported conscientious objectors during the Second World War. When membership declined afterwards it continued to publish the Pax Bulletin and to provide a forum where Catholics could debate theological and practical questions of war and peace. By the 1960s Pax had gained some distinguished sponsors and a branch in the United States - support which enabled it to influence debate at the Second Vatican Council in 1965. The Council endorsed the right to conscientious objection. In 1971 Pax merged with Pax Christi, the international Catholic peace organisation which began in France in 1944/45. This is the first detailed historical study of the Roman Catholic element in the British peace movement. The story of Pax demonstrates the part that even a small pressure group can play in changing public opinion through patient work. Eventually, despite apathy and opposition, Pax helped bring the RC Church to a recognition of the right to conscientious objection and played a crucial role in the development of a more widespread peace movement within the Church

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Maniaty, Tony. "The changing role of war correspondents in Australian news and current affairs coverage of two conflicts, Vietnam (1966-1975) and Iraq (2003)." Electronic version, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.14/682.

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Thesis (MA)--Macquarie University (Division of Society, Culture, Media & Philosophy, Dept. of Media and Communications), 2006.
Bibliography: leaves 176-188.
Precursors -- An imperfect war -- Interregnum -- The perfect war -- Conclusions.
This thesis explores how war reporting on Australian television has been dramatically reshaped over the last 40 years, particularly by new technologies. Specifically, it seeks to answer these questions: 1. How did differing cultural, social, political and professional contexts, available technology and battlefield experience affect the attitudes, editorial content and narrative forms of two generations of television correspondents - in Vietnam and Iraq respectively? 2. How did technological and other industry changes over the 30 years between Vietnam and Iraq reshape the power relationship between the war correspondent in the field and his news producers and managers? What impact did these changes have on the resulting screened coverage? What are the longer-term implications for journalism and for audiences?
Mode of access: World Wide Web.
192 leaves ill. (some col.)

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Akhtar, Shakil. "US politics of betrayal : the Urdu press on Pakistan-US relations since the 1971 War." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2016. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/16626/.

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This research examines the history and structure of the Urdu press discourse on Pakistan-US relations since the 1971 War in order to understand its perceptions of US betrayal. Two of the most popular Urdu newspapers in Pakistan have been studied with reference to three alleged cases of US betrayal. These are: the US failure in the 1971 War to provide sufficient military support to Pakistan to prevent its disintegration; US opposition to Pakistan's nuclear program and ignoring of the security concerns of its ally in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s; and the unilateral US operation conducted on 2 May 2011 targeting Osama bin Laden which violated Pakistan’s sovereignty. The Urdu press has not only been identifying examples of US betrayal of Pakistan since the 1971 War, but also has developed a structure for that discourse. The dominant voices of the discourse generally argue that the US not only betrays but also conspires against Pakistan's security. The discourse offers certain modalities of US conspiracy, such as pressurising tactics like sanctions and attaching conditions onto economic and military aid to Pakistan, or interfering in Pakistan's domestic affairs through diplomatic or undiplomatic means. Further, US conspiracy and betrayal is also rationalised by mainly offering three types of causes. First, it is argued that the US betrays Pakistan in order to pursue its own strategic interests in South Asia. Second, it is argued that the US is a hegemonic, capitalistic force, which conspires against Pakistan in collaboration with the Pakistani ruling elite and betrays it in order to protect its own material interests. Third, it is argued that the US is an anti-Islamic force, which conspires against and repeatedly betrays a Muslim country. Interviews with some of the prominent journalists and politicians conducted for this research also identified some excluded voices within Pakistan which did not agree with this discourse of a US politics of betrayal. Thus, this study analyses the history of the Urdu press discourse which contributes to the social construction of the idea of a US politics of betrayal, but in so doing, it also builds understanding of its structure, and helps to rationalise the perception of a US politics of betrayal since the 1971 War.

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Mookherjee, Nayanika. "'A lot of history' : sexual violence, public memories and the Bangladesh Liberation War of 1971." Thesis, Online version, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.396279.

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Riley, David Daniel. "UK-US relations and the South Asian crisis, 1971." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2016. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/99792/.

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This thesis investigates UK-US relations with regard to the South Asian Crisis of 1971. Through a focus on an understudied point of disagreement within the relationship between Prime Minister Edward Heath and President Richard Nixon, the thesis sheds further light on Anglo-American relations in the early 1970s. Through analysis of archival documents on both sides of the Atlantic, this thesis contributes to the growing revisionist literature that has moved away from a focus upon Heath’s pro-Europeanism as the cause of problems in the Anglo-American relationship at the time. Rather, a more nuanced approach that also investigates the impact of the secretive foreign policymaking style of the Nixon White House is taken into account. The thesis reveals the issues in communication and differences of interests that, in December 1971, led the UK and US delegations at the UN Security Council to tacitly advocate for opposite sides of a hot war in South Asia. The thesis assesses the effect that these heated disagreements had upon the Anglo-American relationship going into 1972 and 1973.

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Womack, Scott Ellis. "Chaos, Clausewitz, and combat : a critical analysis of operational planning in the Vietnam War, 1966-1971 /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA306112.

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Wilson, David Joseph Humanities &amp Social Sciences Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "The eagle and the albatross : Australian aerial maritime operations 1921-1971." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. School of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2003. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/38665.

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The aim of this thesis is to examine the relationship between the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) and the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) regarding the operation of aircraft from ships of the RAN and from RAAF shore bases. The effects of the separate intellectual development of maritime doctrine in the RAAF and RAN, and the efforts of the two Australian services to transfer theory into practice will be considered in the pre- (and post) World War II period, with due consideration of the experience of the services in both wars. The thesis will also discuss the problems that were faced by the RAAF and RAN to develop mutually acceptable operational procedures to enable the efficient use of aircraft in a maritime setting. The influence and effect on RAAF and RAN doctrine and equipment procurement, as a result of the special relationships that developed between the Air Force and Navy of Australia and Britain will be critically examined. A similar approach to the post war US/Australian relationship, and its effect on the Australian services, will also be critically examined. The thesis being propounded is that the development of a unique Australian maritime policy was retarded due to a combination of the relationship with Britain and the United States, lack of suitable equipment, lack of clear operational concepts in both the RAAF and RAN and the parochial attitude of the most senior commanders of both Services. The study has been based on Department of Navy, Department of Air and Department of Defence documents held in the National Archives of Australia in Canberra and Melbourne. In addition, relevant documents from the Admiralty and Air Ministry related to the development of naval aviation on RAN vessels during World War I, the attitude of the RAF toward the deployment of RAAF units to Singapore, and the negotiations that resulted in the procurement of HMA Ships Sydney and Melbourne, have been perused. Wartime operational records of the RAAF have been examined to obtain data to enable a critical study to be made of the RAAF anti-submarine campaign, torpedo bomber operations and the maritime campaign undertaken from bases in North Western Area during World War II. The influence of the commander of the United States 5th Air Force has also been incorporated in the discussion. The research uncovered procedural and operational variations between the two Services, the diversion of key elements from Australian command and the priority given to the American line of advance that resulted in Australian operations being given a secondary, supportive, status. A conclusion reached as a result of this research has been that the development of a unique Australian maritime aerial capability was restricted by the requirement of Britain to deploy flying units to Singapore in 1940. Similarly, the pressure exerted on the RAN by the Admiralty to purchase the Light Fleet Carriers in the late 1940s was more in the interests of the RN and British foreign policy than that of the RAN. Overall, the relationship with the Britain and the United States masked the real weakness in Australia???s maritime operations and retarded its development.

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Islam, Kajalie Shehreen. "Religious ideology in the Bangladesh war of 1971 : a discourse analysis of east Pakistan's anti-liberation newspapers." Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2016. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26512/.

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Hasan, Abdul Rahman bin. "Changes in the level and pattern of mortality rates in Peninsular Malaysia, 1971-1983." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/117360.

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Mortality rates in developing countries have shown a rapidly declining trend since the end of World War II. Countries like Malaysia, Taiwan, Mauritius, Jamaica, and Mexico have increased life expectancy at birth at an average of over a year annually between the 1940's and 1960's (Gwatkin, 1980:616). There appeared to be special causes; probably due to control of endemic disease. Many developing countries have recorded life expectancy gains three or more times as great as those achieved in Western Europe at a comparable stage in its mortality transition (Gwatkin, 1980:616).

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Books on the topic "1971 war"

1

Arkless, David C. The secret war: Dhofar, 1971/1972. London: W. Kimber, 1988.

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Sanders, Alain. Chien fou: Maroc 1971, Congo ex-belge (Zaïre), 1972, Sud Vietnam, 1974-1975. Paris: Godefroy de Bouillon, 1998.

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War stories: A GI reporter in Vietnam, 1970/1971. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2016.

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The economic consequences of the Vietnam war. New York: Praeger, 1991.

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Hope for the children of war: Viet Nam 1971-1975. Lieu de publication inconnu]: [Éditeur inconnu], 2014.

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Sagar, Krishna Chandra. The war of the twins. New Delhi: Northern Book Centre, 1997.

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Jasīma, Pratyaẏa. Sājāprāpta yuddhāparādhī, 1971. Ḍhākā: Mijāna Pābaliśārsa, 2009.

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Jasīma, Pratyaẏa. Sājāprāpta yuddhāparādhī, 1971. Ḍhākā: Mijāna Pābaliśārsa, 2009.

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Jasīma, Pratyaẏa. Sājāprāpta yuddhāparādhī, 1971. Ḍhākā: Mijāna Pābaliśārsa, 2009.

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Jasīma, Pratyaẏa. Sājāprāpta yuddhāparādhī, 1971. Ḍhākā: Mijāna Pābaliśārsa, 2009.

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Book chapters on the topic "1971 war"

1

Hoey, Fintan. "Economic Woes, 1971–1972." In Satō, America and the Cold War, 161–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137457639_9.

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Rahman, Tariq. "The 1971 War." In Pakistan's Wars, 137–74. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003254645-6.

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Rahman, Tariq. "The 1971 War." In Pakistan's Wars, 97–136. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003254645-5.

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Metzler, John J. "Free China; Cold War Fortress 1951–1971." In Taiwan's Transformation, 39–57. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56442-9_3.

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Schofield, Julian. "India, Nonmilitarization, and the 1971 War." In Militarization and War, 51–63. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-07719-6_4.

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Hoey, Fintan. "The Nixon China Shock, 1971." In Satō, America and the Cold War, 138–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137457639_8.

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Moss, George Donelson. "A War for Peace, 1971–73." In Vietnam, 357–91. 7th edition. | New York, NY: Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003111955-11.

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Batabyal, Guru Saday. "Art of war." In Politico-Military Strategy of the Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971, 24–34. London ; New York, NY : Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.: Routledge India, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429317644-2.

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Batabyal, Guru Saday. "Reflection and war highlights." In Politico-Military Strategy of the Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971, 216–53. London ; New York, NY : Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.: Routledge India, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429317644-11.

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Mohanty, Nirode. "The Cold War and Strategic Partners: 1947–1971." In America, Pakistan, and the India Factor, 23–49. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137323873_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "1971 war"

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Horn, Berthold K. P. "Height and gradient from shading." In OSA Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oam.1989.mu1.

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A special case of the shape from shading problem, applicable to surfaces with unusual reflecting properties, was solved by Rindfleisch (1966). For the special reflectance properties he considered, a profile of the solution surface can be obtained by integrating along predetermined straight lines in the image plane. The general problem was formulated and solved later (Horn, 1970 and 1975). The method of characteristic strip expansion was used originally to solve the nonlinear first-order partial differential image irradiance equation. The reflectance map makes the analysis of the shape from shading algorithm much easier, provided that both light sources and viewer are far away from the scene being viewed (Horn, 1977; Horn and Sjoberg, 1979). Several iterative schemes, mostly based on minimization of some function containing an integral of the brightness error, arose later (Woodham, 1977; Strat, 1979; Ikeuchi and Horn, 1981; Kirk, 1984; Brooks and Horn, 1985; Horn and Brooks, 1986; Kirk, 1987; Frankot and Chellappa, 1988). For a collection of papers on shape from shading, as well as a review of the subject and an extensive bibliography, see “Shape from Shading" (Horn and Brooks, 1989).

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Komhyr, Walter D., and Richard D. McPeters. "Dobson Spectrophotometer 83: A Standard for Ground-based and Satellite Total Ozone Measurements." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1990.wa1.

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Dobson spectrophotometer No. 83 was established in 1962 as a standard for total ozone measurements in the United States. In 1980, the instrument was designated by the World Meteorological Organization as the Primary Standard Dobson spectrophotometer for the world. Since the early 1970’s, instrument No. 83 has been used extensively to calibrate instruments of the global Dobson total ozone station network. Calibrations of the instrument (on the Vigroux (1953) ozone absorption coefficient scale for AD wavelengths) were performed by the Langley slope method (Dobson and Normand, 1962) at Sterling, Virginia, in 1962, and at Mauna Loa, Hawaii in 1972, 1976, 1978,1979, 1980, 1981, 1984, and 1986-1989. Additionally, calibration checks on the instrument have been performed routinely since 1962 with a set of standard lamps Results of the calibrations through 1987 have been described elsewhere in detail (Komhyr et al., 1989).

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Rezmer, V. "Polish military units in Siberia in 1917–1921: source materials in Poland." In Civil War in the East of Russia (November 1917 – December 1922). FUE «Publishing House SB RAS», 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31518/978-5-7692-1664-0-59-68.

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Hamer, R. D., T. Yasuma, V. Lakshminarayanan, J. M. Enoch, D. G. Birch, and E. E. Birch. "Stiles-Crawford Functions are not Broader After One Week of Total Light Exclusion." In Noninvasive Assessment of Visual Function. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navf.1985.wa7.

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Previously, it has been reported (Enoch, Birch & Birch, 1979; Enoch & Birch, 1981) that complete occlusion of an eye for 7 days will result in a broadening of the Stiles-Crawford (S-C) function. It was suggested that this broadening reflected a dispersal of the photoreceptors, which normally tend to have their long axes aligned pointing towards the center of the exit pupil (Enoch & Hope, 1972). This result, along with the observation that the peak of the S-C function could be selectively shifted by wearing a contact lens with an off-center artificial pupil, provided support to the hypothesis that the normal mechanism of alignment of the receptors is a positive phototropism.

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Alam, I. A. H. "Gulf War 1991 Environmental Crisis." In SPE Health, Safety and Environment in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/27160-ms.

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YEŞİLBURSA, Behçet Kemal. "THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN TURKEY (1908-1980)." In 9. Uluslararası Atatürk Kongresi. Ankara: Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Yayınları, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51824/978-975-17-4794-5.08.

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Political parties started to be established in Turkey in the second half of the 19th century with the formation of societies aiming at the reform of the Ottoman Empire. They reaped the fruits of their labour in 1908 when the Young Turk Revolution replaced the Sultan with the Committee of Union and Progress, which disbanded itself on the defeat of the Empire in 1918. Following the proclamation of the Republic in 1923, new parties started to be formed, but experiments with a multi-party system were soon abandoned in favour of a one-party system. From 1930 until the end of the Second World War, the People’s Republican Party (PRP) was the only political party. It was not until after the Second World War that Turkey reverted to a multiparty system. The most significant new parties were the Democrat Party (DP), formed on 7 January 1946, and the Nation Party (NP) formed on 20 July 1948, after a spilt in the DP. However, as a result of the coup of 27 May 1960, the military Government, the Committee of National Union (CNU), declared its intentions of seizing power, restoring rights and privileges infringed by the Democrats, and drawing up a new Constitution, to be brought into being by a free election. In January 1961, the CNU relaxed its initial ban on all political activities, and within a month eleven new parties were formed, in addition to the already established parties. The most important of the new parties were the Justice Party (JP) and New Turkey Party (NTP), which competed with each other for the DP’s electoral support. In the general election of October 1961, the PRP’s failure to win an absolute majority resulted in four coalition Governments, until the elections in October 1965. The General Election of October 1965 returned the JP to power with a clear, overall majority. The poor performance of almost all the minor parties led to the virtual establishment of a two-party system. Neither the JP nor the PRP were, however, completely united. With the General Election of October 1969, the JP was returned to office, although with a reduced share of the vote. The position of the minor parties declined still further. Demirel resigned on 12 March 1971 after receiving a memorandum from the Armed Forces Commanders threatening to take direct control of the country. Thus, an “above-party” Government was formed to restore law and order and carry out reforms in keeping with the policies and ideals of Atatürk. In March 1973, the “above-party” Melen Government resigned, partly because Parliament rejected the military candidate, General Gürler, whom it had supported in the Presidential Elections of March-April 1973. This rejection represented the determination of Parliament not to accept the dictates of the Armed Forces. On 15 April, a new “above party” government was formed by Naim Talu. The fundamental dilemma of Turkish politics was that democracy impeded reform. The democratic process tended to return conservative parties (such as the Democrat and Justice Parties) to power, with the support of the traditional Islamic sectors of Turkish society, which in turn resulted in the frustration of the demands for reform of a powerful minority, including the intellectuals, the Armed Forces and the newly purged PRP. In the last half of the 20th century, this conflict resulted in two periods of military intervention, two direct and one indirect, to secure reform and to quell the disorder resulting from the lack of it. This paper examines the historical development of the Turkish party system, and the factors which have contributed to breakdowns in multiparty democracy.

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Yeh, Tsaiyao, Joel Pokorny, and Vivianne C. Smith. "The effect of background luminance on Cone Sensitivity Functions." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1988.tua3.

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Wald (1964, 1966) developed an increment threshold technique to obtain test sensitivity functions for the cone spectral sensitivities. He used bright chromatic backgrounds to differentially adapt two cone types leaving the third cone relatively more sensitive. The technique was adapted by Marré for clinical use (Marré, 1972; Marré and Marré, 1972, 1973). Subsequent studies (Eisner and Macleod, 1981; Ingling and Martinez, 1981; Eisner, 1982) suggested that rapid flicker (>15Hz) is a more effective test stimulus for isolation of the spectral sensitivity of the middle-wavelength sensitive (MWS) and long-wavelength sensitive (LWS) cone types. However, isolation of MWS cones at longer wavelengths is not complete even with a rapid flicker rate (Lutze, Pokorny and Smith, 1987). In this study, linear combinations of cone sensitivity functions were fitted to sensitivity functions obtained using a Wald-Marré technique with varying background luminance levels.

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Pham, Hue Thi, and Tien Thi Kieu Nguyen. "Applying Some Software to Create Documentaries for Historical Events in the Topic “Vietnam - Cambodia War (1975-1979)” at FPT Education." In ICMET 2022: 2022 the 4th International Conference on Modern Educational Technology. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3543407.3543411.

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Murphy, Thomas Patrick, Randall Shaw, Jay Guo, Tanya Parr, Gary Leppard, and S. Blair. "Bioremediation Of Weathered Oil From The 1991 Gulf War." In SPE International Health, Safety & Environment Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/98459-ms.

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Wilhelm, Paul, Paul Steinmann, and Jürgen Rudolph. "Fatigue Strain–Life Behavior of Austenitic Stainless Steels in Pressurized Water Reactor Environments." In ASME 2015 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2015-45011.

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A statistical model for austenitic stainless steels for predicting the effect of pressurized water reactor environments on fatigue life for a range of temperatures and strain rates is developed based on analysis of available material data. The compiled fatigue curve data include not only results from America (Keller (1971), Conway (1975), Hale (1977), and Argonne National Laboratory (1999–2005)), but also from Europe (Solin (2006), Le Duff (2008–2010), De Baglion (2011, 2012), Huin (2013) …) and Japan (Kanasaki (1997)). Only fatigue data from polished specimens of wrought material tested under strain control were considered; hollow specimens were not treated herein. The fatigue life correction factor used in this paper was defined as the ratio of life in water at 300 °C (reference conditions) to that in water at service conditions. The model is recommended for predicting fatigue lives that are 103–105 cycles.

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Reports on the topic "1971 war"

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Khan, Mahreen. The Environmental Impacts of War and Conflict. Institute of Development Studies, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.060.

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In modern warfare, the first widely acknowledged scientific study and documented case of environmental damage during conflict was the (direct and deliberate) use of Agent Orange and other toxic chemicals by US forces, from 1961-1971, during the Vietnam War in a policy known as herbicide. The Vietnam War has been relatively well documented for the sheer horror and magnitude of the devastation to natural habitats and because it was the first war where television and global media brought vivid images and accounts into people’s homes, making the war a matter of political and public conscience This helped stir academic and scientific interest and facilitated evidence collection and documentation of environmental damages. This helpdesk report is a rapid literature review on the main environmental impacts of war and conflict, drawing primarily on academic, and peer reviewed literature and only some policy and practitioner sources, as per the request. Where current situations are discussed, such as the ongoing Ukraine war, a few blogs are referred to. Within the literature focused on the environmental impacts of conflict, common case studies include: the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) bombing of Kosovo (1999), and the conflict in the Donbas region of Ukraine (2014). Interestingly there is comparatively less literature on the conflicts in Afghanistan (2001-2021), the Iraq-Iran War (1980-1988), the Gulf Wars (1991 and 2003), the Yemeni civil war (2014 – present) and the ongoing war in Syria (since 2011) despite their relatively greater severity, intensity and duration.

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Temin, Peter. Mass Incarceration Retards Racial Integration. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp155.

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President Nixon replaced President Johnson’s War on Poverty with his War on Drugs in 1971. This new drug war was expanded by President Reagan and others to create mass incarceration. The United States currently has a higher percentage of its citizens incarcerated than any other industrial country. Although Blacks are only 13 percent of the population, they are 40 percent of the incarcerated. The literatures on the causes and effects of mass incarceration are largely distinct, and I combine them to show the effects of mass incarceration on racial integration. Racial prejudice produced mass incarceration, and mass incarceration now retards racial integration.

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Jokinen, Pauli, Pentti Pirinen, Juho-Pekka Kaukoranta, Antti Kangas, Pekka Alenius, Patrick Eriksson, Milla Johansson, and Sofia Wilkman. Climatological and oceanographic statistics of Finland 1991–2020. Finnish Meteorological Institute, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35614/isbn.9789523361485.

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This report consists of climate statistics for air pressure, temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, snow depth, wind, sunshine and global radiation for the normal period covering the years 1991–2020. In addition for the first time oceanographic statistics for sea water level, sea water temperature and sea ice are included. Based on the station and gridded data the new 1991–2020 normal period is approximately 0.6 °C warmer in Finland compared to the previous 1981–2010 period. The new normal period is approximately 1.3 °C warmer when compared to the 1961–1990 period. Climate and oceanographic statistics can be used for example when anomalies for current conditions need to be calculated and put in a historical context. In addition they help in decision-making when it is needed to approximate conditions months into the future. And lastly normal periods provide a way to monitor the progression of climate change. The calculation of the normal period statistics have been carried out following the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) guidelines. Like with previous normal periods, some stricter guidelines were followed nationally, for example in the way missing observations were handled. The period 1991–2020 is both nationally and internationally the official normal period before the next one covering 2001–2030 is taken into use.

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Awad, Tarek A. The Ramadan War 1973. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada177773.

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Rochester, Stuart I., and Frederick Kiley. Honor Bound: The History of American Prisoners of War in Southeast Asia, 1961-1973. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada357624.

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Hendricks, Kasey. Data for Alabama Taxation and Changing Discourse from Reconstruction to Redemption. University of Tennessee, Knoxville Libraries, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.7290/wdyvftwo4u.

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At their most basic level taxes carry, in the words of Schumpeter ([1918] 1991), “the thunder of history” (p. 101). They say something about the ever-changing structures of social, economic, and political life. Taxes offer a blueprint, in both symbolic and concrete terms, for uncovering the most fundamental arrangements in society – stratification included. The historical retellings captured within these data highlight the politics of taxation in Alabama from 1856 to 1901, including conflicts over whom money is expended upon as well as struggles over who carries their fair share of the tax burden. The selected timeline overlaps with the formation of five of six constitutions adopted in the State of Alabama, including 1861, 1865, 1868, 1875, and 1901. Having these years as the focal point makes for an especially meaningful case study, given how much these constitutional formations made the state a site for much political debate. These data contain 5,121 pages of periodicals from newspapers throughout the state, including: Alabama Sentinel, Alabama State Intelligencer, Alabama State Journal, Athens Herald, Daily Alabama Journal, Daily Confederation, Elyton Herald, Mobile Daily Tribune, Mobile Tribune, Mobile Weekly Tribune, Morning Herald, Nationalist, New Era, Observer, Tuscaloosa Observer, Tuskegee News, Universalist Herald, and Wilcox News and Pacificator. The contemporary relevance of these historical debates manifests in Alabama’s current constitution which was adopted in 1901. This constitution departs from well-established conventions of treating the document as a legal framework that specifies a general role of governance but is firm enough to protect the civil rights and liberties of the population. Instead, it stands more as a legislative document, or procedural straightjacket, that preempts through statutory material what regulatory action is possible by the state. These barriers included a refusal to establish a state board of education and enact a tax structure for local education in addition to debt and tax limitations that constrained government capacity more broadly. Prohibitive features like these are among the reasons that, by 2020, the 1901 Constitution has been amended nearly 1,000 times since its adoption. However, similar procedural barriers have been duplicated across the U.S. since (e.g., California’s Proposition 13 of 1978). Reference: Schumpeter, Joseph. [1918] 1991. “The Crisis of the Tax State.” Pp. 99-140 in The Economics and Sociology of Capitalism, edited by Richard Swedberg. Princeton University Press.

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El-Sawah, Ossama. Deception in Ramadan War, October 1973. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada382499.

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Martin, Gregg F. From Vietnam to Beyond the Cold War: The Evolution of U.S. Army Engineer Forces, 1973-1991. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada252569.

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Maxfield, Betty, and Robert Merick. Sadat's Fall 1973 War: Averting Arab Winter. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada441488.

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Ferguson, Mel, and Michael Bouchard. Anwar Sadat and the 1973 October War. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada442646.

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