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1
Cuno, Kenneth M. "African Slaves in 19th-Century Rural Egypt." International Journal of Middle East Studies 41, no. 2 (May 2009): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743809090588.
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By all accounts, the population of enslaved Africans in Egypt increased in the 19th century compared to earlier times. An estimated 5,000 African slaves were imported annually during the 1840s and 1850s, and as few as 1,000 in 1860. However, during the cotton boom (1861–64), some 25,000 to 30,000 slaves were brought to Egypt each year to satisfy the demand for labor generated by the rapid expansion of cotton cultivation.
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Ellis, Michael. "Mapping Southern American English, 1861-1865." Journal of Linguistic Geography 4, no. 1 (March 2016): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jlg.2016.6.
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Since April 2015 is the sesquicentennial of the end of the Civil War, now is a particularly appropriate time to review the progress of the Corpus of American Civil War Letters (CACWL) project and to suggest directions it might go in the future. Since 2007, we have located and collected images of nearly 11,000 letters and transcribed over 9,000 of these, totaling well over four million words. Of the transcribed letters, just over 6,000 were written by southerners (490 individual letter writers), a corpus extensive enough to begin identifying and describing what features were distinctively Southern in 19th-century American English. We have already mapped many of these features that are especially common in southern letters, for example, fixing to, howdy, past tense/past participle hope ‘helped’, qualifier tolerable, intensifier mighty, pronoun hit, and the noun heap. By way of comparison, we also have a somewhat smaller but rapidly growing collection of 3,000 transcribed letters written by individuals from northern states, and variant features from these letters are also being mapped. The work at present is very preliminary; there are thousands of additional letters to be collected and transcribed, particularly from northern states and from states west of the Mississippi. However, by mapping variants from letters that have already been transcribed, we can begin to get a better understanding of regional differences, as well as how regional features spread westward in the decades before the Civil War. We can also begin to obtain some sense of how American English in general, and particularly its regional dialects, may have changed since the mid 19th century. This article presents a preview of a number of those findings.
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Sadovoy, A. N., and M. V. Belozerova. "Circassian Mejlis (1861-1863): Methodological Aspects of Ethnosocial Research." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 5(115) (November 30, 2020): 96–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2020)5-14.
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The article is devoted to the study of the "Circassian Mejlis" (1861-1863). This social institution "Circassian Mejlis" in regional historiography is considered as a representative body of power of the subethnos of the Adygs (Ubykhs, Shapsugs and others) - the autochthonous population of the Black Sea coast of the 19th century. A scientific criticism of the concepts presented in regional historiography and the Internet, in which the Mejlis is considered as a state authority, is given. Based on the structural-functional and comparative analysis of historiographic sources, facts and judgments about the reasons for the formation, structure and functions of this social institution are generalized. The signs of ethnosocial and axiological approaches to the analysis of ethnopotestary processes in the border zones of southern Russia at the end of the 19th century are revealed. It is noted that the content of the administrative-territorial and social reform proposed by the Majlis is of high importance in the ethnic history of the Adyghe sub-ethnic groups of the Western Caucasus as one of the stages in the formation of institutions of state power. The possibilities of integrating social institutions formed by subethnos of the Western Caucasus into the structure of the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Port in the middle of the 19th century are considered. The focus is on the genesis of the Mejlis as a social institution was a vivid indicator of the processes of ethnopoliti-cal consolidation that determined the specifics of regional national and confessional policy in the transboundary zone of southern Russia during the imperial period.
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Chrzanowski, Tomasz. "Competition between Warmian cities for the Royal Progymnasium in Reszel in 19th century: Olsztyn’s offensive in the years 1861–1863." Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 308, no. 2 (August 10, 2020): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134770.
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The article regards a single episode from a longstanding competition for the Royal Progymnasium in Reszel between Warmian cities in the 19th century. The preserved archival materials allow for a more in-depth analysis of the efforts of Olsztyn in the years 1861–1861 to gain this secondary school. The city attempted to out-bid Lidzbark Warmiński by declaring, among others, the purchase of the Olsztyn castle to serve the needs of the school. Its authorities expressed their preliminary interest in the offer; however, the negotiations lasted for months until Olsztyn authorities assured the completion of all requirements outlined by the provincial school college in Königsberg. Olsztyn’s offer was so compelling that the Ministry of Education initially agreed to translocate the school. Yet, Reszel authorities soon began their diplomatic offensive that convinced Berlin to leave the progymna-sium in their city and transform it into a full-scale secondary school – a gymnasium.The efforts of Olsztyn authorities had, nevertheless, a significant influence over the final shape of the network of secondary schools in Warmia in the 19th century, although in the dynamically developing Olsztyn of that time such a school appeared as late as in 1970s. In the conclusions, the author additionally attests that there is a clear relationship in the way of thinking of the then elites between the offer of education above primary level and specific economic calculations; the possibility of gaining education in secondary schools was connected with perspectives of further development of the city. The efforts of the cities were the decisive factor in the rapid devel-opment of the network of Eastern Prussian secondary schools in the second half of 19th century.
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Ábrahám, Barna. "A nemzetiségi törvény szlovák szemmel." Erdélyi Jogélet 3, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): 125–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/erjog.2020.02.06.
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As a starting point, the study underlines that one cannot speak about a homogenous Slovak nation and politics in the middle of the 19th century; therefore, it gives an overview of the plebeian-middle-class movement, of its system of values, programme, and documents in 1848—1849, 1861, and in the period of the Compromise negotiations. Afterwards, it presents the nobility of Upper Hungary, with a Slovak mother tongue and ethnic feeling, who, according to its identity in the framework of the states, has belonged to the feudal Natio Hungarica. As the narrower focus of the study, the author takes the Slovak perspective and summarizes the ethnic dimensions of the activity of parliaments in 1861 and from 1865 on. The Slovak national movement could not send its own deputy, the interests of the Slavs of northern Hungary thus being represented by Adolf Dobriansky, born as a Ruthenian; however, the Nationalities Law, Art. 1868: XLIV. could be codified rather due to the mentioned Slovak-speaking nobility, standing behind the party of Ferenc Deák. Finally, we are provided a picture of the rival programmes of different newspapers that divided the Slovak public opinion, and in connection with the law we can read about their first reactions and experiences.
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Jansen, Justin J. F. J. "Towards the resolution of long-standing issues regarding birds collected during the Baudin expedition to Australia and Timor (1800–1804): specimens still present, and their importance to Australian ornithology." Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series 186, no. 1 (December 1, 2017): 51–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jzh-2018-0003.
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Abstract This paper is a follow-up to Jansen 2014 and Jansen 2016b. There are 228 Australian bird specimens preserved in European museums today, collected in 1801–1803 during the expedition commanded by Nicolas Baudin to Australia and Timor. No less than 397 specimens accumulated during the Baudin expedition still survive. The Australian bird collection made during and preserved from the Baudin expedition was the most significant up to that time, though subsequently surpassed by the collecting activities of John Gilbert (1838–1845), John Gould (1838–1840) and Jules Verreaux (1842–1852). The Baudin Timor (Moluccas) collection is likewise notable in size, with 117 bird specimens still preserved; it was the first collecting executed by Westerners and subsequently brought back to Europe, later surpassed by the collecting activities of Salomon Müller (1828–1829), Alfred Wallace (1858–1861) and Heinrich Bernstein (1860–1864). In this article, I present data on Baudin specimens in Europe’s oldest museum collections. I also traced other birds collected in Australia from the second half of the 18th century and first decade of the 19th century. I furthermore comment on the possible sources of some material, whether the specimens are still in existence, and finally, the importance of the Baudin expedition for Australian ornithology.
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Hourmat, Françoise. "Some French Amateurs of the 2nd Half of the 19th Century." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100092216.
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At that period there was keen popular interest in astronomy, and in many Paris squares, astronomers with terrestrial refractors gave talks on astronomy for a small sum. Léon Joubert created a observatory for scientific research and popularisation, allowing anyone to learn about the universe and use good instruments. He made 120 instruments: refractors, reflectors, projectors, and photographic instruments.Hermann Goldschmidt (1802–1866), born at Frankfurt am Main 17 June 1802, had poor health, became a painter and sought his fortune in Paris. He became an astronomer by accident after following a course of lectures at the Sorbonne given by Le Verrier. From a modest studio on the 6th floor of an old house in the heart of Paris, he discovered 14 minor planets between 1852 and 1861, the first being called Lutetia by Arago.
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Tarkowski, Mikołaj. "U źródeł polityki generał-gubernatora wileńskiego hrabiego Michaiła Nikołajewicza Murawjowa wobec kwestii chłopskiej i osadnictwa rosyjskiego na Litwie (1863–1865)." Czasopismo Prawno-Historyczne 69, no. 1 (October 4, 2018): 211–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/cph.2017.1.10.
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The article contains a description of the characteristics of the legal acts devoted to the status of the peasant population and of the settler population in the northwestern governorates of the Russian Empire between 1863 and 1865. The rule of Mikhail Muravyov, the governor general of Vilnius, was a significant period. In the duration of his rule, the Russian administration repeatedly undertook steps to realize the Emancipation Reform of 19th February 1861, while also taking into consideration the events connected with the January Uprising. To that end, political actions were undertaken as well as various types of legal acts were passed in relation to the peasant population. Moreover, this group was considered to a large degree to be “indigenously Russian” according to the local authorities. It was supposed to be a social stratum, together with the practically and legally supported group of settlers from the governorate from the interior of the Empire, used to politically and economically weaken the nobility which occupied the Northwestern Krai.
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Woźniewska-Działak, Magdalena. "Nineteenth Century Writers on Poland’s History in the Context of National Identity: Mickiewicz – Kraszewski – Norwid." Ruch Literacki 57, no. 4 (September 1, 2016): 426–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ruch-2017-0072.
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Summary This study is part of a larger project focused on the 19th-century understanding of national identity, Polishness, the idea of a community and the idea of a state. The article examines some historiographic texts of Adam Mickiewicz’s First Series of Lectures on Slavic Literature (December 1840–June 1841), Józef Ignacy Kraszewski’s Lectures on Civilisation in Poland (1861) and Cyprian Norwid’s ‘Boga-Rodzica’ [Bogurodzica] – a literary-historical interpretation (1873). Although these writers held widely opposed views, their portrayals of Poland’s history seem to have a lot in common. The texts analyzed here are remarkably consistent in their representations of Poland, the nation and the state, on its long historic road before the fatal partitions; they also show the importance of the Age of the Piasts and the Age of the Jagiellons for the 19th-century reflection on Polish identity.
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Shcherbakova, I. K. "Agrarian reforms of Russia at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries in the coverage of economists of the XX century." Vestnik Universiteta, no. 5 (July 6, 2021): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26425/1816-4277-2021-5-141-144.
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The article analyses the features of the development of agriculture in Russia at the end of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century. The paper studies and considers attempts to solve the agrarian issue in the specified period. The study considers the course and results of the reform of 1861, as well as economic reforms of the beginning of the 20th century. The author gives an assessment of these reforms, as well as the situation of the peasantry made by the leading economists of that time: N.D. Kondrat'ev, S.L. Maslov, A.V. Peshekhonov, A.V. Chayanov, and also analyses the measures aimed at alleviating the situation of the peasantry and solving the agrarian problems of that period. The research paper also presents a comparative analysis of the consequences of the 1861 reform, its impact on the solution of the agrarian issue in different parts of the Russian Empire, in particular in Poland after the Polish Uprising of 1863.
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Krzymkowski, Marek. "KONCEPCJA USTANOWIENIA RADY STANU (W ZWIąZKU Z PROJEKTEM RZECZNIKA PRAW OBYWATELSKICH JANUSZA KOCHANOWSKIEGO)." Zeszyty Prawnicze 13, no. 4 (December 11, 2016): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2013.13.4.10.
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A PROPOSAL TO ESTABLISH A COUNCIL OF STATE IN POLAND Summary In 2006 Janusz Kochanowski, Poland’s Civil Rights Spokesman, put forward a proposal for the establishment of a council of state. The idea itself is not new, and goes back to the Napoleonic Conseil d’État. A council of state operated on Polish territories in the 19th century, when the country was partitioned and under foreign rule, during the brief spell under the Duchy of Warsaw controlled by Napoleonic France (1807-1815), and subsequently in the so-called Kingdom of Poland under Russian rule (1815-1831, 1833-1845, 1861-1867). Nowadays councils of state operate in France, Holland, Italy, and Belgium. Their primary tasks are judicial and consultative, as a supreme administrative court. Kochanowski’s proposal envisaged a council of state empowered to issue its opinion on prospective legislation at the draft bill stage. It was to have a president and a membership of 15 counsellors elected by Sejm for a 9-year term of office. Only candidates with the required juridical and/or academic qualifications would be eligible to stand for this office.
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Sawaie, Mohammed. "Jurjī Zaydān (1861-1914)." Historiographia Linguistica 14, no. 3 (January 1, 1987): 283–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.14.3.05saw.
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Summary This article explores Jurjī Zaydān’s contribution to questions that the Arabic language was confronted with at the turn of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century. These questions pertained to the capability of Arabic as a medium of communication, its appropriateness to express new ideas, and its suitability for use in education and for naming technological items borrowed from the West. As can be imagined, the pre-occupation of the Nahḍah Arab intellectuals with linguistic matters was immense. Nonetheless Zaydān’s contribution to these debates consists of constant writings in his magazine al-Hilāl (1892–1913), and two books that specifically dealt with linguistic matters. Zaydān’s linguistic views were relevant to the on-going debate in many intellectual circles at that time. He had no doubts about the suitability of ‘simplified’ Classical Arabic in education as the case was proven at the Syrian Protestant College (now the American University of Beirut) in the 1860s. In order to fill the then existing vacuum, Zaydān took it as his responsibility to write (text)books in Arabic for use in Egyptian schools. The suitability of Arabic in education and the capability of the language to adapt itself to new situations was placed in a historical perspective by Zaydān. He argued that much as Arabic had adapted to new orders in the past, i.e., the rise of Islam (7th century), the translation period (9th-10th centuries), so can the language adapt itself to Western ‘imports’ at his time. Again, as if to prove his point and in order to bridge the gap between al-fuṣḥā and al-cÀmmiyyah, the language of the common people, Zaydān adopted a simple style in diction and syntax in his writings. Zaydān, unlike many of his contemporary Arab scholars, followed in the footsteps of many Western scholars, both predating and contemporary to him, by equipping himself with knowledge of many languages, Eastern and Western, and by applying some of these scholars’ methodologies of investigation. In order for Arabic to accommodate new technologies and ideas, the language must be subject to changes, in Zaydān’s view, as it was subject to changes at the rise of Islam in the 7th century and during the 9th and 10th centuries when many translations into Arabic were made. Zaydān rejected calls for the use of dialects in writing, thus arguing that al-fuṣḥā, i.e., the Classical Arabic language, was a unifying bond among Arabic-speaking lands. Zaydān’s actual treatment of language matters are innovative for his time. Arabic, in his view, was subject to change and evolution, not static. He examined the language by placing it in a wider perspective, i.e., in its context in the Semitic family, and in its relations to other non-Semitic languages that Arabic had come in contact with at its varying stages of growth such as Persian and Turkish in the earlier centuries, and French and English in the 19th century. Zaydān’s use of comparative methodology is innovative compared to the ways of studying Arabic at his time. However, Zaydān’s views on language origin and development can be characterized by the criteria of our times as superficial.
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Sinem Kucuk, Kamile. "The Sociocultural Aspects of Merchant Class in the Light of Russian Painting Art." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v2i1.p81-85.
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The merchant class, which contributed to the improvement of Russia, evolved due to politicial reforms. Especially in 1861 the emancipation reform of the Russian serfs caused social and culturel changes in the life of merchants. In 19th and early 20th century, the works of Russian genre painters P.A. Fedetov, A.P. Ryabushkin, V.G. Perov, F. Juravlev and B.M. Kustodiyev not only reflected the social situation and stereotypes of merchants, but also revealed cultural history of the mentioned class. In this paper it is aimed to disclose the evolution of merchant class in 19th and the early 20th century, observing and analysing the art of Russian painting in sociocultural perspective.
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Sorescu-Marinković, Annemarie. "A Romanian 19th century document from the Vidin region." Swedish Journal of Romanian Studies 4, no. 1 (May 13, 2021): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35824/sjrs.v4i1.22480.
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By bringing to the readers’ attention an unpublished Ottoman era document in Romanian, issued in 1861 in Rabrovo, a village in the Vidin region, back then under Ottoman rule, the article tries to shed light on the wider historical and sociolinguistic context of the Romanian-speaking population south of the Danube in the 19th century. The document is a donation-adoption act by which a Romanian man gives one of his sons for adoption to his brother, who does not have heirs. The document is handwritten in Romanian, using Cyrillic script, signed by the chorbaji, mayor and eight witnesses, and stamped by the Turkish administrator. Though very short, it reveals several important facts about the Romanian-speaking population in Ottoman Bulgaria and its origin, the language used in communication and writing, family relations, etc. Coming from a family archive, this document of great emotional value for its owner, has also undisputable linguistic and historical significance.
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Kovalov, Yevhen, and Tetiana Tereshchenko. "“…The Noblemen who are Kind to the People”: Representation Reform of 1861 in the Beginning of the Emancipation Reform of 1861 in the Letters of Vasyl Tarnovsky Sr. to Hryhoriy Galagan." Kyiv Historical Studies 12, no. 1 (2021): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2524-0757.2021.18.
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The article refers to the letters of Vasyl Tarnovsky Sr. (1810–1866) to Hryhoriy Galagan (1819–1888) as a source for the research of the Emancipation Reform of 1861, which became one of the most important events in the history of Ukraine in the 19th century, as it stimulated socio-economic modernization, and the concepts of “pre-reform period” and “post-reform period” are still relevant to historiographical discourse. The aim of the article is to publish Vasyl Tarnovskys letters to Hryhoriy Galagan, written during February–May of 1861. Due to this, it is possible to investigate more deeply the implementation of the reform in the Left-Bank Ukraine, considering that Tarnovsky and Galagan were named as members from Government to provincial presence of peasant affairs (the first — in Poltava, and the second one — in Chernihiv). The biographical information which was given in the article show that Vasyl Tarnovsky and Hryhoriy Galagan, who belonged to the top of the Ukrainian local nobility, were interested in the “peasant question” for a long time, also were principled supporters of the abolition of serfdom and together took an active part in preparing the Emancipation Reform. As members of the Chernihiv Provincial Committee for Peasant Affairs, and then as members of the Editorial Commissions in St. Petersburg. Vasyl Tarnovskys epistolary heritage, which refers to the first half of 1861, helps to characterise the network of social communications, which played a key role in the implementation of the Emancipation Reform in Poltava and Chernihiv. This correspondence reveals the attitude of local officials and local nobility to the reform, and shows what problems the reformers had to face at this time. The texts of the letters given in the article are accompanied by comments, which were aimed at contextualization these epistolary materials (regarding the characteristics of the personalities mentioned in them, etc.)
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Ogborn, M. "Love—State—Ego: ‘Centres' and ‘Margins' in 19th Century Britain." Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 10, no. 3 (June 1992): 287–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d100287.
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Questions of marginalization and the representations of ‘otherness' are increasingly important within geography. The author explores what such representations can tell us about the ‘centre’ rather than the ‘margins’. He does so by employing the tools of deconstruction to read a 19th century ‘historical geography’ of prostitution. This text, written by Horace St. John, forms a substantial part of Henry Mayhew's London Labour and the London Poor. Volume IV: Those Who Will Not Work (1861–62). Through an exploration of the textual strategies deployed within the text it is argued that it operates within a discursive space marked out by three sets of oppositions between ‘the same and the other’: forms of sexual relations, forms of state power, and forms of the self. The elaboration of these oppositions, and their inherent contradictions, suggests the conclusion that the ‘centre’ is made up of multiple power relations which are never able to achieve closure.
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Alekseeva, Lyubov. "The Issue of the Split (Schism) in the Vremya and Epokha Journals (1861–1865)." Неизвестный Достоевский 8, no. 1 (March 2021): 120–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15393/j10.art.2021.5281.
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The article is devoted to the issue of the schism in the Vremya and Epokha journals published by the brothers Fyodor and Mikhail Dostoevskys. The content of the articles and reviews published in them is considered from the viewpoint of pochvennichestvo (native soil) position of the publications. The stance of their editorial board is formulated in the Announcement about the publication of the Vremya journal in 1861, which became a program document. The main concept of Vremya, as well as the Epokha journal that followed it, was the need to merge the educated part of society with the people. There was a spiritual, political and social gap, a split between them, which was caused not only by the church reform of the 17th-century, but also by subsequent state reforms that caused people’s rejection. The idea of the Dostoevskys' journals was to get to know the people, recognize their originality, appeal to the native principle, pochva (soil), the communal form of life, the synthesis of the ideas developed in Europe, which will find their development in the Russian narodnost’ (Russian people). These thoughts were absorbed by F. M. Dostoevsky’s idea of enhanced knowledge of Russia, which was reflected in his article “Two Camps of Theorists.” Using the publications in the Vremya and Epokha journals, it is demonstrated that the concept of split (schism) in the minds of the 19th-century authors was much broader than the historical phenomenon caused by the 17th-century church reform. They consider the split not only as a religious, but also as a social and political phenomenon that requires deep research and rectification, a synthesis of European and popular principles.
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Kakhanouski, Alіaksandr G. "The begіnnіng of transformatіon of the Belarusіan vіllage." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2021-1-7-14.
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The artіcle presents the begіnnіng of the systemіc transformatіon of the Belarusіan vіllage, іts transіtіon from tradіtіon to modernіty lіnked wіth the abolіtіon of serfdom, whіch іn іts turn was the fіrst and most іmportant reform together wіth other bourgeoіs reforms. Transformatіon of the vіllage embraced the socіo-economіc organіsatіon, cultural lіfe of the vіllage, demographіc behavіour, іngraіned peasantry іdentіfіcatіon. The author draws attentіon to the fact that economy based on serfdom іn Belarus shortly before іts abolіtіon was more wіdely represented than іn many other regіons of the Russіan Empіre. The author goes on to show the process of іmplementatіon of the reform of 1861, іts peculіarіtіes іn Belarus. Also the land arrangement of varіous categorіes of peasantry іs characterіsed. The author states that іn condіtіons of abolіtіon of serfdom on the terrіtory of Belarus changes carrіed out by the authorіtіes of the Russіan Empіre owіng to the uprіsіng of 1863 actually had the nature of an іndependent reform іn terms of іntensіty of theіr consequences. The author concludes that the maіn result of the reform of 1861 was the attaіnment by peasants of personal lіberty, whіle the fate of modernіsatіon processes іn Belarus іn the second half of the 19th – the begіnnіng of the 20th century, fіrst of all, depended on the degree of іnvolvement peasants іn these processes, who consequently became subjects of socіo-economіc, socіo-polіtіcal and cultural processes.
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Ierusalimskiy, Yuriy Yu. "Domestic historiography of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries on the Peasant Reform of 1861." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, no. 415 (February 1, 2017): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/415/9.
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Stenton, Douglas R., and Robert W. Park. "History, Oral History and Archaeology: Reinterpreting the “Boat Places” of Erebus Bay." ARCTIC 70, no. 2 (May 31, 2017): 203. http://dx.doi.org/10.14430/arctic4649.
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Historical and archaeological records are examined for three archaeological sites at Erebus Bay, King William Island, associated with the 1845 John Franklin expedition. Comparison of 19th century historical descriptions with archaeological data from sites NgLj-1 and NgLj-3 establishes that the identification of NgLj-1 as the site of the 1859 McClintock “boat place” is incorrect and that NgLj-3 is the actual site. An assessment of 19th century oral historical information and contemporary archaeological data from NgLj-2 supports the conclusion that a ship’s boat from the Franklin expedition was once located at the site, but its identification as the second “boat place” discovered by Inuit in 1861 is problematic. The study underscores interpretive risks associated with uncritical acceptance of historical and oral historical accounts and the importance of archaeological research in the reconstruction of events surrounding the fate of the Franklin expedition.
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March, Andrew. "Islamic Constitutionalism Before Sovereignty: Two Defenses of the Tunisian Constitution of 1861." American Journal of Islam and Society 37, no. 1-2 (May 16, 2020): 1–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajiss.v37i1-2.609.
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The 19th-century witnessed the first efforts to draw up constitutions in traditional Muslim monarchies. Far from emerging out of popular pressure, never mind revolution, these documents were largely motivated by the desire of rulers and their chief advisors to rationalize state legal and bureaucratic authority, in order to both strengthen central state control internally and also deal with increasing European pressure, particularly in fiscal and economic matters. Nonetheless these texts reflect a language of authority and legitimacy that is to a large extent a reflection of traditional Islamic constitutional theory, before the rise of popular, mass politics and the associated ideological transformation of Islamic political thought. This article focuses instead on the Tunisian constitutional moment of 1857-1861. I focus on two important sources for the study of the emergence of modern Islamic political-constitutional thought and the problem of sovereignty. The first set are the first attempts to create written constitutions for existing regimes and dynasties. The second set are the writings of important reformist intellectuals, both from within the lineage of traditional Islamic scholarship and from the class of new elites educated along “European” models, that sought to provide the intellectual and doctrinal justification for formal, written constitutions.
The primary goal of this article is to explore an important moment in Islamic modernity for the purposes of drawing a contrast with 20th-century, post-caliphal Islamist thought. The primary themes visible in 19th-century Islamic constitutional thought, on my reading, are a primarily “descending” conception of sovereign constituent power with a strong emphasis on the pre-political existence of a divine law that is both binding and guiding, but not necessarily the exclusive source of lawmaking. So-called “descending” tropes of political authority are in evidence in two primary forms: first, specific offices (most notably the Caliphate) are seen as ordained by God and obligatory on the Muslim community, which does not create them; second, power is frequently spoken of as being bestowed on rulers directly, without any mediation or authorization by the people. Where the ruler is said to derive his authority from human appointment, authorization or acclamation, this is usually done by the “People Who Loose and Bind” (scholars or other social notables) on their own authority (whether grounded epistemically or in social recognition) without election by the people they are meant to represent. Finally, while the authority of God’s law is uniformly asserted, the texts in question—from constitutions to scholarly treatises—do not tend to be preoccupied with the concept of “sovereignty” and its precise location. As 19th-century constitutionalist movements were largely elite driven affairs that pursued limited, legally-constrained governance as a path to political and economic modernization, they did not yet face opposition from mass movements using the language of Islam as a mobilizing ideology. Rather, their opposition came from entrenched elites (including traditional Islamic religious authorities) who had not yet formulated a coherent counter-revolutionary language.
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Sokov, Ilya. "Review of New American Studies on the Civil War (1861–1865) and Reconstruction in the USA (1865–1877) for 2019." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 3 (July 2020): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.3.20.
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Introduction. Studies of American historians on the Civil War and Reconstruction continue to be central issues in the 21st century. There is an increased public demand for these studies. The author of the analytical review of American publications tries to answer the question of what this interest is related to. Methods. The author of the review uses the methodological tools such as the scientific principle of objectivity, the special historicalcomparative method and the systematic approach to answer this question. Analysis. The author points out the main areas of studying new aspects marked by American historians of the mid-19th century. These areas include the issues and interpretations on military, political, everyday, anthropological, social and cultural, and economic history. Besides, new approaches in peer-reviewed monographs for the comprehensive coverage of the study material of this issue are highlighted. Results. The interest of academicians and the American public to studying the historical period of the Civil War and Reconstruction, on the one hand, tells about carrying the deep psycho-civilizational trauma by all subsequent generations of both white and black Americans at this time, and on the other hand, this war debunks the myth of God’s chosen destiny of the American nation to build a “City on a Hill”. Constant refinements, additions, revisions, and reinterpretations of the events and consequences of the Civil War and Reconstruction in contemporary American historiography only confirm this conclusion. The publications selected by the reviewer on this issue for 2019 not only introduce new American historical works to Russian Americanists, but also provide an opportunity to expand their own research on this issue.
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Kuntz, Benjamin, Günter Regneri, Anne Berghöfer, Heinz-Peter Schmiedebach, and Thomas Beddies. "„Die Medizin ist eine soziale Wissenschaft“ – zum 200. Geburtstag von Salomon Neumann." DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 144, no. 25 (December 2019): 1789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-0973-6994.
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AbstractSalomon Neumann (1819–1908) is one of the outstanding representatives of 19th century social medicine. As a medical reformer, statistician and city councilor, he made a significant contribution to improving social and hygienic conditions in Berlin. His most famous work was published in 1847 under the title “Die oeffentliche Gesundheitspflege und das Eigenthum” [Public Health and Property]. From 1859 to 1905, Neumann was active in the Berlin City Council for the improvement of the living conditions of the population. He was involved in the construction of municipal hospitals, supported the modernisation of sewage disposal, organised the Berlin censuses of 1861 and 1864 and was active in the field of health and social statistics. Not only was Neumann exposed to anti-Semitic reprisals during his lifetime, a foundation he founded to promote the science of Judaism was dissolved by the National Socialists in 1940. On the occasion of his 200th birthday, this article commemorates the life and work of the democratically minded and socially committed doctor and health politician. Salomon Neumann has rendered great services to social medicine in Germany.
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Niwiński, Andrzej. "Travels of Count Michał Tyszkiewicz to Africa, his excavations in 1861–1862, and the origin of his collection of Egyptian antiquities." Światowit 57 (December 17, 2019): 223–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.6818.
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Count Michał Tyszkiewicz (1828–1897) was one of the most renowned collectors of the ancient classical art at the end of the 19th century. His interest in archaeology and ancient art was developed during his travel through Egypt in 1861. His Journal of the Travel to Egypt and Nubia, fortunately found in 1992 in Poznań, recounts this journey. From Egypt, Michał Tyszkiewicz brought a collection of antiquities, estimated to have comprised c. 800 objects; today, over a half of them can be found in museums in Paris (Louvre), Warsaw, Vilnius, Kaunas, and Moscow. The majority of the objects originated from excavations conducted by the count, particularly in Thebes (Luxor area), by virtue of an official licence granted to him exceptionally by Mohamed Said Pasha – the then head of the Egyptian state. The present article discusses the circumstances of granting of this permission in the period when a strict state monopoly was imposed on archaeological investigations and presents the course of the excavations along with their results.
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Kazimierczak, Mariola. "MICHAŁ TYSZKIEWICZ (1828–1897): AN ILLUSTRIOUS COLLECTOR OF ANTIQUITIES." Muzealnictwo 60 (January 4, 2019): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2202.
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Michał Tyszkiewicz was an outstanding collector of antiquities and a pioneer of Polish archaeological excavations in Egypt conducted in late 1861 and early 1862, which yielded a generous donation of 194 Egyptian antiquities to the Paris Louvre. Today Tyszkiewicz’s name features engraved on the Rotunda of Apollo among the major Museum’s donors. Having settled in Rome for good in 1865, Tyszkiewicz conducted archaeological excavations there until 1870. He collected ancient intaglios, old coins, ceramics, silverware, golden jewellery, and sculptures in bronze and marble. His collection ranked among the most valuable European ones created in the 2nd half of the 19th century. Today, its elements are scattered among over 30 major museums worldwide, e.g. London’s British Museum, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek in Copenhagen, New York’s Metropolitan Museum of Art, or the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston. The latest investigation of M. Tyszkiewicz’s correspondence to the German scholar Wilhelm Froehner demonstrated that Tyszkiewicz widely promoted the development of archaeology and epigraphy; unique pieces from his collections were presented at conferences at Rome’s Academia dei Lincei or at the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres in Paris, and published by Italian, French, Austrian, and German scholars. He was considered an expert in glyptic, and today’s specialists, in recognition of his merits, have called a certain group of ancient cylinder seals the ‘Tyszkiewicz Seals’, an Egyptian statue in black basalt has been named the ‘Tyszkiewicz Statue’, whereas an unknown painter of Greek vases from the 5th century BC has been referred to as the ‘Painter Tyszkiewicz’.
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Peric, Djordje. "The life and forgotten poetry collections of Danica-Zorka Raskovic." Prilozi za knjizevnost, jezik, istoriju i folklor, no. 81 (2015): 129–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pkjif1581129p.
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The paper discusses a little-known Serbian poetess from the second half of the 19th century, Danica-Zorka Raskovic (1849-1910). Based on archival research and a lot of new information, it also features her compiled biography. All her poetical works which she wrote between ages 17 and 19 are presented in the text. They include: Eulogy (Slavopoj, two collections, 1866, 1867), Euphony (Milosplet, 1868) and Elegy (Tugospev, 1868). The last book, Elegy, composed as an integral work, is an attempt at writing an epic. Eulogy celebrates the 50th anniversary of the Principality of Serbia (1815-1865), glorifies the Obrenovic dynasty, especially Prince Mihailo, Anka Obrenovic and other persons. Literary criticism judged the seventeen-year-old poetess? work too harshly (S. Novakovic, V. Jagic). However, her appearance on the 1870s Serbian literary scene is interesting, because she is one of the oldest Belgrade poetesses.
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Klynina, Tetiana. "To the Issue of Creation and Functioning of the U.S. Department of State (18th-19th Centuries)." Mìžnarodnì zv’âzki Ukraïni: naukovì pošuki ì znahìdki, no. 26 (November 27, 2017): 273–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/mzu2017.26.273.
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The article focuses on the question of the creation of the U.S. Department of State and its functions. We surveyed historiography (works by Mihalkanin E., Plischke E., West R.,Glad B. and so on). For over 200 years, the Department of State has conducted American diplomacy through war and peace, amidst the competing currents of isolationism and internationalism that have shaped American foreign policy and its commitment to liberty and democracy. The Department of State was established as the Department of Foreign Affairs by the act of July 27, 1789 and became the first Federal agency to be created under the new Constitution. In September 1789, additional legislation changed the name of the agency to the Department of State and assigned to it a variety of duties. There are 5 main periods of existence of the U.S. Department of State: the emerging State Department (1789-1860), the Department comes of age (1861-1895), managing the foreign affairs of a great power (1900-1940), the Department of state and the U.S. as a Superpower (1945-1960), the Department of State’s role in the U.S. Foreign Affairs Community (1961-2000). Special attention is paid to the positions of the Secretary of State who is in charge of defining and implementing U.S. foreign policy. Thomas Jefferson, Henry Kissinger, John Quincy Adams, William Jennings Bryan, Henry Clay, James Madison, George C. Marshall, George Schultz, and Daniel Webster are just a few of the Secretaries who played the greatest role in the providing of the USA’ foreign affairs. Then author gives the illustration of the secretary relations with the President, Cabinet and Congress.
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Sukiennicka, Marta. "La controverse Doyère-Pouchet sur la reviviscence animale et ses échos dans L’Homme à l’oreille cassée d’Edmond About." Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 47, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 77–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strop.2020.474.007.
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Rotifers and tardigrades, microscopic animals discovered in the 18th century, have exceptional abilities to survive in hostile conditions. Exposing them to desiccation, extreme temperatures, and vacuum, scientists wanted to determine whether these animals die and revive, or whether they preserve a trace of life in these lethal conditions. The question of boundaries of life had been the subject of scientific controversy throughout the 19th century, an example of which was the debate between L. Doyère and F.-A. Pouchet in the late 1850s. Its echoes can be found in E. About’s science-fiction novel L’Homme à l’oreille cassée (1861), in which tardigrades’ ability to revive is extrapolated to humans.
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Taigildin, A. V. "Industrial Revolution in the United States and Its Impact on the Relationship between the North and the South." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 162, no. 6 (2020): 86–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2020.6.86-98.
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The impact of the industrial revolution in the United States on the relationship between its two economic and political regions – the North and the South – was discussed. In the first half of the 19th century, the interests of some regions diverged as the country proceeded with its economic development. This turned out to be a primary cause of contradictions between the North and the South that led to the Civil War of 1861–1865. The development of trade, industry, and transport system during the period under consideration was analyzed. Their role in the conflict was revealed. Special attention was paid to the land question, around which the disputes among industrialists of the North, farmers, and plantation owners of the South revolved. The problem of slavery as a reason for the disagreement between the two regions was emphasized. Based on the literature data, it was shown that the issue of slavery was a minor one. It was used to merely provide cover for the actual economic problems. The conclusion was made that the industrial revolution in the United States triggered political changes, which resulted in the formation of the Republican Party and in the split within the Democratic Party.
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Taranovski, T. "Constitutionalism and Political Culture in Imperial Russia (Late 19th – Early 20th Century)." BRICS Law Journal 6, no. 3 (September 14, 2019): 22–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.21684/2412-2343-2019-6-3-22-48.
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This article analyzes the possibility of development of liberal constitutionalism in the Russian Empire during the post-reform period in the late 19th – early 20th century within the context of European history, of which Russia was an integral component. It argues that the Russian autocracy had the potential to transform itself into a constitutional monarchy during the period that followed the Great Reforms of the 1860s (1861–1881) and, second, during the Revolution of 1905–1906 and in its aftermath. This promising evolutionary process was cut short by World War I and rejected by the Soviet period of Russian history that followed. Obstacles to constitutional government were mostly objective in character, but perhaps the most significant problem was the fragmentation and insufficient development of Russian political culture, or better said, cultures that failed to produce the consensus required for effective creation and functioning of a constitutional regime. This failure was further exacerbated by an evolutionary radicalization of revolutions in modern European history that culminated in October 1917. The author concludes that the events of the late 1980s and the Revolution of 1991 changed the character of the Russian historical landscape and provided the potential for renewed development of a pluralistic political system and a strong civil society that is its precondition.
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Ludich, Andrei R. "County marshal of nobility in the system of local government and self-government in Belarus (1861–1914)." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 38–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2020-1-38-46.
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The article discusses the role and place of the marshal of nobility in the system of county administration and self-government in the post-reform period. The object of the study is the institute of county marshals of nobility in the Belarusian provinces in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The study deterncines the changes in the government policy of the Russian autocracy related to the noble elections in Belarus after the 1863–1864 uprising. The main functions of County leaders in the sphere of class self-government are revealed. The main directions of activity of local heads of nobility in management of administrative district institutions are shown. The characteristics of the functioning of the institute of county marshals of nobility on the territory of Belarus are given. As a result of analysis of the laws the conclusion is made that the marshal of the nobility took the place of a full head of county, and during the period under review, the trend of expanding the powers of the marshals of nobility, testified to their transformation from in-class bodies in administrative, public bodies.
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Adams, Neil. "Greek and Roman sculpture and inscriptions from Cyrene: recent joins and proposed associations, including a ‘new” private portrait statue, and some recent epigraphic discoveries." Libyan Studies 34 (2003): 43–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026371890000340x.
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AbstractThis article presents a number of joins and associations recently made in the Department of Greek and Roman Antiquities at the British Museum on sculpture excavated by Robert Murdoch Smith and Edwin Augustus Porcher during their expedition to Cyrene in 1861. The connections were made during an on-going programme within the Greek and Roman Department to provenance and, wherever possible, join the large collection of fragmentary sculpture originating from the big excavations of the 19th century. In addition, some tentative associations between sculpture in the British Museum and others still at Cyrene will be proposed, and some recent epigraphic discoveries made during a visit to the site will also be presented.
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Brukhanchik, Ekaterina A. "The Russian historiography of the credit and financial system of the Russian Empire (1861–1914): approaches to the study, methodology and research methodology." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 3 (July 31, 2019): 101–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2019-3-101-109.
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The article is devoted to the Russian historiography of the credit and financial system of the Russian Empire of the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century. Its purpose is to study the main methodological approaches to research of the credit and financial system of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century in pre-revolutionary, Soviet and modern historiography by identifying the main approaches and characteristic features of research on this topic in different historiographic periods, identifying the most prominent representatives and the most popular problematic issues of Russian historiography, identifying key research methods at different stages. The relevance of the article is determined by the coverage of different points of view on the problems of the development of the credit and financial system of the Russian Empire of the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries, concerning the financing of large infrastructure projects, modernization, the use of new financial instruments to increase government revenues, stabilize adverse macroeconomic problems context. This information can be used to solve modern strategic tasks of the state and rational use of financial resources. The novelty of the research is determined by the fact that to study the historiography of the credit and financial system of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries was first applied to institutional evolutionary theory. The publication identifies the main features of pre-revolutionary historiography (empiricism, a reflection of the ideology of its social group, pluralism of opinions, deep erudition of the authors), Soviet (conducting research in the framework of the formation approach, officially approved methodological principles, criticism and repression of dissidents), modern (rejection of the formation approach, the use of information technologies, the use of economic research methods, the study of the object in the context of new directions). The author covers research methods (general scientific, historical, economic), characteristic for different periods of Russian historiography, the most popular problems, and areas of study of the credit and financial system (gender history, biography, everyday history, etc.). The article shows the pluralism of opinions of pre-revolutionary researchers, the results of the application of the formation approach by Soviet researchers, expressed in the harsh criticism of predecessors, one-sided coverage of events, the use of various research methods by modern researchers, and the development of new directions.
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Vyazovchenko, Lyubov’ I. "Formation of a New System of Taxation of the Beer Production in Russia in the second half of the 19th century (on the example of “The Provision on drinkable collecting” 1861)." Economic History 15, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 341–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.047.015.201904.341-347.
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Introduction. It is possible to call a problem of replenishment of the government budget classical and universal: it is inherent for any country during any chronological period. It was inherent also for the Russian Empire. Transformations in the sphere of indirect taxation on alcoholic products, including beer were one of opportunities to increase profitability of treasury. In 1861 “The Provision on drinkable collecting” which created the harmonious system of taxation of alcoholic products and which, with insignificant adjustments, will exist up to introduction of wine monopoly at the very end of the 19th century. Separate articles in this document were devoted to taxation of beer production: from the statement feeder of the beer producer, divisions of provinces according to classes, before penal functions, in case of violation of the law. Methods. The solution of research tasks was provided with a complex complementary theoretical (the analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization) and empirical (studying and generalization of sources, hermeneutical) methods. Results. “The Provision on drinkable collecting” created 1861 quite effective control system and taxation of alcoholic production. Situation was applied practically in all territory of the Russian Empire, for its realization special fiscal bodies – Excise managements were created. The algorithm of actions for producers was created: filing of application about the beginning and plant operation term, inspection by officials of Excise management of production and a typo of tubs, adjustment of quantity of jams, tax payment. Conclusion. Entered in 1861. “The Provision…” and the created system of taxation and controlled situation to growth of receipts from production of alcohol in general and beer in particular that was very favorable to the state.
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Ehrhardt, John D., Don K. Nakayama, and J. Patrick O'Leary. "Carbolic Acid before Joseph Lister: Rail Ties, Sewage, Manure, and the Great Stink." American Surgeon 86, no. 3 (March 2020): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000313482008600324.
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Before Joseph Lister's landmark Lancet publications on the use of carbolic acid wound dressings in 1867, surgeons Jules Lemaire in France and Enrico Bottini in Italy had already used carbolic acid on hundreds of patients to control suppurative wounds. After Friedlieb Runge isolated it from coal tar in 1834, a number of scientists recognized the efficacy of carbolic acid in preventing decay and neutralizing the stench of dead animals and human cadavers. Frederick Calvert, Alexander McDougall, and Angus Smith in Manchester promoted a powdered form of carbolic acid as a deodorizing agent to treat municipal sewage across the United Kingdom, most notably during London's famous “Great Stink” of 1858. Edmond Corne in France introduced his formulation, which Alfred-Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau, Ferdinand LeBeuf, and Lemaire adapted for clinical use in 1859. Lemaire wrote extensively on carbolic acid and its surgical application in three publications from 1860 to 1862. In 1866, Bottini published his experience of 600 cases where it was used. In 1865, Lister began to use carbolic acid in open fractures after Thomas Anderson, his colleague in agricultural chemistry at the University of Glasgow, told him about its use in Carlisle sewage works. This article traces the rich history of carbolic acid from an unknown compound in coal to the cornerstone of Listerism in late-19th–century operating rooms.
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Kozykin, Aleksandr Vladimirovich. "A Technique to Evaluate Agricultural Landscape Changes on the Basis of GIS-Processed 1861 Demarcation Plans and Current Description of Kenozero National Park." Историческая информатика, no. 2 (February 2021): 221–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2585-7797.2021.2.35089.
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In many Russian nature reserves traditional landscapes are objects of important historical and cultural heritage. To preserve and restore them one needs to deeply understand their development, formation and degradation processes. In the north of European Russia agricultural landscapes are often covered with forests and lose their features when agricultural activity decreases. However, structural characteristics of these forests as a rule tell us about their development and peculiarities of successions. The study aims at creating a technique to estimate the scope of former agricultural land development, model historical transformation of agricultural landscapes and identify plots of slash and burn, shifting, two and three field agriculture judging by structural characteristics of post-agrarian forests. Aided by GIS the study compares raster analogs of land demarcation plans of the second half of the 19th century and vector layers of present day forests with attributive data on the forest structure. The use of cartographic forest data and inventory forest characteristics to compare with former land management documents related to the plot named have not been found in studies before. High precision of present day land management provides for permitted comparability with old demarcation plans and allows one to use inventory data for inter-landscape differentiation of agricultural landscapes in the 19th century. The study covers a model plot within Kenozero National Park (Arkhangelsk Region) addressing 1861 demarcation plans and 2014 forests GIS developed by Arkhangelsk branch of Roslesinforg. GIS processing of 19th century and present day demarcation plans provides for modeling agricultural landscape changes in relation to separate plots, trace the influence of soil conditions and elements of agrarian use on topological and inventory changes of emerging forests and reconstruct the biodiversity of ecosystems in the past.
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Raverty, Dennis. "Art Theory and Psychological Thought in Mid-19th-Century America: The Case of The Crayon." Prospects 24 (October 1999): 285–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300000387.
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Associationism as a school of 19th-century psychological thought has been mentioned as an important influence on American landscape painters of that period by several authors, yet little systematic investigation of the influence of contemporaneous psychological theories on 19th-century artistic thought has been attempted. This essay explores these psychological dimensions in the writings of Henry James Sr., Justin Winsor, and John B. Brown, regular contributors to the Crayon: A Journal Devoted to the Graphic Arts and the Literature Related to Them. Published in New York from 1855 to 1861, the Crayon was unique among art publications in its theoretical emphasis. Among the philosophical problems the Crayon took up were questions that today would have been identified as psychological. The ideas of these three authors concerning perception, creativity, and reception are among the clearest and most articulate of the essays in the Crayon in terms of displaying a coherent psychology. Their psychological thought will be extracted from the texts and reconstituted within the contending psychological debates of the time. It will be shown that although associationism was an important influence on artists and critics, other psychological theories stemming from different premises were of equal or even greater importance.
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Laios, Konstantinos. "Professor Samuel David Gross (1805-1884) and His Innovations in Surgery and Medicine." Surgical Innovation 25, no. 3 (January 1, 2018): 297–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1553350617750297.
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Professor Samuel David Gross (1805-1884) is considered as one of the founders of American surgery. He was a skillful surgeon who could excellently perform a lithotomy, an amputation, and a cataract surgery. He introduced many new surgical techniques and designed new surgical and medical instruments. He expertise was not limited to surgery alone; he also published studies concerning internal medicine, pathology, experimental physiology, and pharmacology. His most important treatise was his 2-volume work, A System of Surgery, Pathological, Diagnostic, Therapeutic and Operative (1861), which was a standard reference book in surgery in the United States during the second half of 19th century. Gross received many honors during his life. He was active in the operating room until his death.
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Krakow, Annett. "The Polish interest in the Eddas — Joachim Lelewel’s Edda of 1828." European Journal of Scandinavian Studies 50, no. 1 (April 28, 2020): 111–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ejss-2020-0006.
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AbstractIn the second half of the 18th century and early 19th century, a rising interest in Old Norse literature outside the Nordic countries could be noted that, to a great deal, focused on the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda as sources for Norse mythology. This interest is also reflected in the works of the Polish historian Joachim Lelewel (1786–1861) who, in 1807 and 1828, published translations and retellings of the Poetic and the Prose Edda. These were based on French, German and Latin translations. The second edition of 1828 is characterised by a more comprehensive section with eddic poetry, the selection of which is also explained by Lelewel, as well as an essay on pre-Christian religion that also includes a research overview and a list of editions/translations of the Eddas.
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Ivbulis, Viktors. "Only Western influence? The birth of literary Romantic aesthetics in Bengal." Acta Orientalia Vilnensia 9, no. 2 (January 1, 2008): 145–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/aov.2008.2.3703.
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University of LatviaMuch has been said about how fruitfully European aesthetics worked on the minds of Indian writers in the 19th century. For this reason Rabindranath Tagore (1861–1941), even before he turned twenty, in the eyes of some of his compatriots was already a Romanticist—‘the Shelley of Bengal’. Of course, he could not be Shelley because of the very different historical circumstances of India and England (in India at that time historically could not be born aesthetic rebels like Shelley). But what was implied in this assertion remains: in Bengali writing about Tagore and his embarkation upon new aesthetic approaches, almost always the view is expressed that this happened only because of foreign influences. The task of this paper is to show very summarily that such a conclusion may not be correct.
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Saetgaraeva, L. R., and G. Kh Gilazetdinova. "Structural Organization of the English Cooking Recipes Dating Back to the Second Half of the 19th Century." Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 163, no. 1 (2021): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2021.1.101-108.
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The compositional characteristics of the English cooking recipes dating back to the second half of the 19th century were analyzed in detail using the Book of Household Management compiled by Isabella Mary Beeton (also known as Mrs Beeton), a famous Englishwoman, and published in 1861. Owing to the growing interest in the gastronomic discourse, this research is of particular relevance – although the language of cooking is rich, its specifics and evolution have been still understudied. It was found that the soup recipes from the book under consideration have such structural elements as titles, ingredients list, main bodies, and, in some cases, optional elements. All of these elements were described. A classification of the obligatory and optional elements was introduced. All recipe parts (in accordance with P.P. Burkova’s classification) were divided into introductory (title, list of ingredients), instructive (recipe body), and concluding blocks (time and money required for cooking, seasonality of ingredients, number of portions, information about the history of a particular ingredient). It was concluded that the structure of the English cooking recipes of the second half of the 19th century is stereotyped, which can be explained by the author’s ambition to make it easy for young and unskilled housewives to master the art of culinary and housekeeping.
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Greaves, Peter. "Impact of diet on health and longevity in London 1850–1880." JRSM Open 11, no. 9 (September 2020): 205427042096953. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2054270420969533.
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This study examines the impact of diet on health in different districts of mid-19th century London. Surveys of London diets and living condition were compared with mortality data between 1851 and 1880. Despite an abundance of fresh foods reaching London, the very poor labouring population living in the inner boroughs between 1850 and 1861 had great difficulty obtaining sufficient nourishment because of its cost. This population showed high death rates from infectious diseases, notably pulmonary tuberculosis, which was endemic and is typically associated with poor nutrition. This high death rate was exacerbated by more deaths from gastrointestinal infections associated with a polluted water supply from the river Thames. By contrast, the poor in the outer suburbs enjoyed both more nutritious diets and cleaner water which was associated with lower death rates comparable to those in rural Britain. Outer suburbs retained a relatively rural life-style associated with cleaner water and an abundance of locally grown food. In the following two decades, there was a significant reduction in the death rates from gastrointestinal infections in the inner boroughs which correlated with the major improvements in London’s water supply. The decline in death rates from tuberculosis and other infectious disease was inconsistent and increased in some boroughs, suggesting patchy economic improvement and a persisting limited ability of many of London’s poor to afford a nutritious diet.
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Pawłowski, Bogusław. "Long-Term Variability in the Course of Ice Phenomena on the Vistula River in Toruń." Bulletin of Geography. Physical Geography Series 1, no. 1 (June 1, 2009): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bgeo-2009-0006.
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Abstract Our first information of ice cover on the Vistula River in Poland dates from the Middle Ages. However, only since the 19th century have continuous observations been available. This study makes use of a data series, obtained mainly from IMGW (Institute of Meteorology and Water Management), covering the years 1861-2003 for ice phenomena and 1814-2003 for ice cover. Considerable shortening has been observed in the duration of both ice phenomena (from 60-120 days to 30-80 days) and ice cover (from 40-100 days to 20-60 days). These trends correspond well with the trend in winter temperatures becoming warmer. However, the transformation of the ice regime on the Vistula River in Toruń has also been affected by the river control, the construction and operation of the Włocławek Dam and (to a lesser degree than at Korzeniewo) icebreaking activities.
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Sahakyan, L. N., and O. I. Severskaya. "“Russian people” in the literature and documents of the 19th century: an experience of linguistic portraiture." Slovo.ru: Baltic accent 11, no. 3 (2020): 57–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/2225-5346-2020-3-4.
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The article describes the ideologeme “Russian people” and its use in the texts of fiction and documentary literature of the 19th century. The authors explored both the socio-political concept “'Russian people” and its verbalization in Russian. The research material included examples from the Russian National Corpus, which were analysed using corpus, content-analytical and cognitive methods. This research aims to identify and to characterise the concept “Russian people”. The authors argue that it was in the 19th century that the concept “Russian people” evolved into a term and the image of Russian people was mythologized. The authors concluded that the concept “Russian people” is composed of two parts — ‘ordinary people’ and ‘society’. The latter behaves in a fatherly way, taking upon itself the mission of enlightenment of ordinary people and their liberation. In the semantic field “Russian people” there are numerous semantic components directly related to the concept analysed: faith, faithfulness, patience, tolerance, understanding, receptivity, openness, simple-mindedness, juvenility, etc. The authors consider the moral and intellectual qualities of Russian people, which are dialectical and ambivalent. The authors explore these characteristics of Russian people from the standpoint of the dichotomy own vs. alien. The analysis shows that after the abolition of serfdom in 1861, the image of Russian people undergoes significant changes under the influence of social processes.
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Lysenko, Yu A., and Cuihong Yang. "Review of the Pastoral Activity of the Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing (The 2nd Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century)." History 18, no. 8 (2019): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-8-59-73.
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The article studies the place and role of the Russian Orthodox Mission as a tool of religious propaganda in China in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Heretofore, the primary goals were to fulfill the functions of the Russian diplomatic mission in China and to conduct research in the field of oriental studies and the natural sciences, which in its turn excluded the possibility of its missionary tasks. In the second half of the 19th century the Russian Orthodox Mission had to transfer diplomatic and military intelligence functions to the Russian embassy in China that was opened in 1861. This circumstance forced the Mission to search for new directions of development and eventually focus on missionary work. The structure of the Russian Orthodox Mission was gradually transformed, adapting to the needs of pastoral activity. Its financial and material-technical base strengthened, the staff of missionaries expanded, the system of Orthodox parishes, church schools, monastery cloisters and courtyards become more complicated. In order to involve the indigenous people in the religious propaganda and to significantly increase the number of newly baptized Chinese, from the second half of the 19th till early 20th centuries the Mission developed the network of missionary offices, mills and schools in the six largest and densely populated provinces of central China. Despite the fact that the Mission worked in extremely unfavorable conditions, mostly caused by the political games of the great powers for influence in the Far East, Russian Orthodox Church achieved undoubted success. The growth of the Mission was interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War, following a reduction in funding and a number of other circumstances. As a result, the activity of the Russian Orthodox Mission in China was gradually decreasing in 1914–1917.
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Walsh, D. "Suicide in Ireland in the 19th century." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 34, no. 3 (October 11, 2016): 177–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2016.35.
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IntroductionThis paper is an attempt to determine the extent and characteristics of suicide in 19th-century Ireland and the proportion of these that occurred in asylums.MethodsThe procedures used in this presentation involve analysis of data from the 1841 and 1851 Censuses of Ireland and the Reports of the Registrar-General of Ireland from 1864 to 1899 and the Annual Reports of the Inspectors of Lunacy, 1850 to 1899.ResultsReported suicides had relatively low rates in the 19th century, ranging from 0.9 to 3.3 per 100 000 per year. The proportion of these suicides that occurred in asylums was low at ~4%.ConclusionsThe reporting of suicide as a cause of death was relatively rare in the first-half of the 19th century in Ireland, but increased in frequency progressively throughout the second-half of that century. The reported numbers are likely to have minimised the real rates because of under-reporting.
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Brukhanchik, Ekaterina A. "The study of the credit and financial system of the Russian Empire (1861–1914) in pre-revolutionary historiography: university schools of Ukraine." Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, no. 3 (July 29, 2020): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2020-3-83-92.
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The article is devoted to the study of the university schools of Ukraine that developed issues of credit and finance of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century in the pre-revolutionary period. Its purpose is to determine the main scientific achievements of the Kyiv, Kharkiv and Odessa schools of financial law in studying the credit and financial system of the Russian Empire (1861–1914) by establishing the features of pre-revolutionary Ukrainian historiography, identifying the characteristics of each of these scientific schools, and identifying their representatives. The relevance of the article is determined by studying the scientific heritage of the most progressive schools of financial law, whose representatives not only participated in legislative activities (preparation of draft legislative acts on the implementation of the foreclosure operation, financial reform of 1895–1897, in the field of small loans), were part of the collegial management bodies largest banks, but also put forward original ideas of both practical and theoretical nature. Many proposals of Ukrainian economists formed the basis for new areas of economic thought (M. I. Tugan-Baranovsky is one of the founder of institutionalism). Their legacy can be applied in solving modern strategic tasks of the state. The novelty of the study is determined by the fact that for the first time systematized the ideas of Ukrainian schools of economists regarding credit and finance of the Russian Empire in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The characteristic features of the Kyiv scientific school (status representatives, progressive ideas, contribution to the development of institutionalism), Kharkiv school (popularization of the ideas of credit cooperation, conducting scientific seminars on pressing economic issues) and Odessa school (criticism of banks, their classification) are determined. The most common topics for research are noted, prominent representatives are listed.
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Shchankina, L. N. "Mordvins in Western Siberia in the Late 19th to Early 20th Century: Certain Issues in the Migration and Settlement." Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 47, no. 3 (September 21, 2019): 119–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2019.47.3.119-126.
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This study addresses the main aspects of the Mordvin peasant relocation to Western Siberia from the mid-1800s to Stolypin’s agrarian reform, with a focus on resettlement and relationships with old residents, successful and failed unauthorized and reverse migration, and the displacement level. The sources are archival data, specifi cally E.I. Krivyakov’s and V.B. Rusyaikin’s manuscripts owned by the archives of the Government of Mordovia Institute for the Humanities. Causes of migration were mostly economical, and the process was triggered by the abolishment of serfdom in 1861 and then by the Stolypin’s reform, meant to defuse the imminent agrarian crisis in central Russia. On the basis of archival and published evidence, it is demonstrated that the main problems faced by the authorities were their unpreparedness for arranging the relocation of large numbers of peasants, insuffi cient funding, small size of land plots allotted to new settlers, diffi culties with obtaining documents, the fact that governmental help was insuffi cient and provided not to all those in need (land plots were not allotted to unauthorized settlers), administration’s laissez faire in the resettlement process, failure to limit admission fees paid to old settlers, and other factors caused by poor organizational training.
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Melnychuk, Melnychuk, and Oleksandr Sulimenko. "Economic and Cultural Life of the Czech Migrants of Volhynian Province in the Late 19th – early 20th centuries." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 60 (2020): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2020.60.04.
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The article explores the main aspects of Czech economic activity in the territory of Volhyn. Particular attention is paid to the formation of agriculture, the acquisition of land by the colonists, their agriculture and industry. The article highlights the peculiarities of Czech people cultural life in the region at the end of XIX – beginning of XX century. It is noted that the most favorable conditions for Czech emigration were created in the Volhynian province, where after the abolition of serfdom in 1861 and the unsuccessful Polish uprising in 1863, the Czechs were able to buy land at relatively cheap prices. The article shows the tsarist government’s policy towards the settlers, which he endorsed and supported in order to weaken the influence of the Polish nobility and raise the economic level of the province. It is noted that the Czech settlers were interested in local Polish landlords, who were devastated for various reasons and were considered to be real buyers of their land. The article chronologically indicates their regions of residence in the Volyn province counties. The study shows the difficulties faced by migrants in their first years of residence on new territory and ways to overcome them. It is noted that the tsarist administration saw in the Czechs the bearers of Western European progress, because they were distinguished by a high level of agro-culture. The article examines the tsarist government’s study of the quantitative and qualitative state of life of the Czechs in the province, and points to the authorities’ conclusion that the settlers were wealthy compared to Ukrainian peasants. For the first time on the basis of archival documents, the study analyzed the number of Czechs and the amount of land they purchased for private ownership in each township and in general in the Volhynian province counties. It was concluded that the largest number of Czechs lived in Dubna County, where on average there were 1,45 des. of land per person, and in general in the province there were 1,6 des. of land per person. It is noted that during the Stolypin agrarian reform, the Czechs began to migrate from the agrarian-populated Volhynian province to other regions of the empire. The article analyzes the peculiarities of Czechs’ economic activity during the reform period, the creation of exemplary farms and cutting farms. Based on individual field studies, the value of Czech living in the region is shown.
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Vyasovchenko, Lyubov’ I. "Peculiarities of Organization of Beer Production in Russia in late 19th – early 20th century." Economic History 16, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 431–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.051.016.202004.431-437.
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Introduction. The tax history of the Russian Empire is very specific: since the 17th century, indirect taxes have taken an increasing place among the objects of taxation, and indirect taxes have become increasingly important for the formation of the treasury. In this regard, beer was also referred to as excise goods, the production and sale of which began to receive increased attention from the State. If until the middle of the 19th century there was no special control over production, after the introduction of the “Regulation on Drinking Collection” of 1861 the situation changes. In addition to checking excise payments, the functional duties of excise officials included inspection and evaluation of equipment (tank, barrels), technological processes, including the number and volume of congestion, compliance with the plant technical characteristics. In this regard, it is of interest to study the structure of beer factories and their technical characteristics. The purpose of this work is to analyze the relationship between the structure of beer factories in the Russian Empire and its profitability. Materials and Methods. Solving research tasks was provided by a set of complementary theoretical (analysis of scientific literature, comparative analysis, comparison, generalization, systematization) and empirical (study and generalization of sources, hermeneutic) methods. Result. There was no uniform regulation to the technical characteristics of beer plants. In its arrangement, brewers were pushed against the capabilities of the raw material base, the quality and depth of groundwater, and the possible mark. Discussion and Conclusion. The largest beer production was in the western territories of the Russian Empire. In the central provinces and in the east of the country, beer did not have much demand, so there were fewer factories there, and their organization and modernization were rare.