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Journal articles on the topic '19th century books'
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1
Dimitriadis, Dimitris, Sofia Zapounidou, and Grigorios Tsoumakas. "Semantic Indexing of 19th-Century Greek Literature Using 21st-Century Linguistic Resources." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (2021): 8878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13168878.
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Manual classification of works of literature with genre/form concepts is a time-consuming task requiring domain expertise. Building automated systems based on language understanding can help humans to achieve this work faster and more consistently. Towards this direction, we present a case study on automatic classification of Greek literature books of the 19th century. The main challenges in this problem are the limited number of literature books and resources of that age and the quality of the source text. We propose an automated classification system based on the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model trained on books from the 20th and 21st century. We also dealt with BERT’s constraint on the maximum sequence length of the input, leveraging the TextRank algorithm to construct representative sentences or phrases from each book. The results show that BERT trained on recent literature books correctly classifies most of the books of the 19th century despite the disparity between the two collections. Additionally, the TextRank algorithm improves the performance of BERT.
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Zacharopoulos, George. "The sabre in 19th century Greece." Acta Periodica Duellatorum 6, no. 2 (2020): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.36950/apd-2018-012.
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This article gives a brief overview on Greek sabre sources with a special focus on Philipp Müller’s and Nikolaos Pyrgos’ treatises. The article does not aim to give a complete list of treatises neither to analyze the any of the mentioned books in details – rather it aims to give an insight in those two books which might have had the most important impact on the development of the Greek sabre fencing in the 18th and 19th Centuries.
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ΘΑΝΑΗΛΑΚΗ, ΠΟΛΛΗ. "ΟΙ ΠΡΟΤΕΣΤΑΝΤΙΚΕΣ ΙΔΕΕΣ, Ο MARK TWAIN ΚΑΙ ΤΟ ΠΡΟΤΥΠΟ TOΥ ΠΑΙΔΙΚΟΥ ΧΑΡΑΚΤΗΡΑ ΣΤΟ ΜΙΣΣΙΟΝΑΡΙΚΟ ΒΙΒΛΙΟ ΣΤΗΝ ΕΛΛΑΔΑ (19ΟΣ ΑΙ.)". Μνήμων 27 (1 січня 2005): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/mnimon.813.
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<p>Polly Thanailaki, The protestant ideas, Mark Twain and the model of the child's character in the missionary books in Greece in the 19th century</p><p>This essay explores the historical evolution which was observed in the shaping of the child's model of character in the American literature books of the 19th century within the frame of the protestant ideas and values. It also studies the impact of this development in the missionary books for children in Greece in the same century. We particularly focus on Mark Twain's revolutionary presence in the American children's literature by, firstly, placing emphasis on the change that the great American author made to the strict puritan model with the shaping of a more liberal and «innocent» children's character and, secondly, by analyzing the response which Twain's books met from the Greek 19th century readers. In this paper we argue that Twain's writing, known for realism, biting social satire and memorable children's characters, influenced the Greek children's literature in the end of the 19th century. The translations of his works started taking the lead in the end of this century in Greece. Moreover, this essay studies the re-shaping of the child's character in the missionary books published in Greece in the mid 19th century. The missionaries also followed the new trend for the children's character. The missionary stories appeared less didactic and strict.</p>
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Kašparová, Jaroslava. "Personal Libraries in the National Museum – a Valuable Source of Information on the History of Book Culture in the 19th Century and the Early 20th Century." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 63, no. 3-4 (2019): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnpsc-2018-0014.
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Book collections from the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century preserved in the NM are among the richest and most interesting book collections of the Czech Republic. Research into personal book collections of the NM within the NAKI project (2012–2015), including besides the historical book collection also books from the 19th and 20th centuries, has provided valuable information on the history of the entire book culture. The PROVENIO database is an important source of information and knowledge in terms of book owners and ownership provenance, library history, bibliophilia and the reception by readers, as well as the history of book binding, book publishing houses and book trade of the given period.
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Karpova, Irina L., Natalya D. Kochetkova, and Irina L. Velikodnaya. "Name in the Russian Bibliography: Irina Yurievna Fomenko (1953—2020)." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science] 69, no. 6 (2021): 621–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2020-69-6-621-628.
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The article is devoted to the memory of Irina Yurievna Fomenko (April 4, 1953 — May 30, 2020), philologist and book critic, the leading researcher in the Research Scientific Department of Rare Books (Book Museum) of the Russian State Library, responsible editor of four volumes of the “Union catalogue of Russian books. 1801—1825”. The authors give brief biography of I.Y. Fomenko, summarize information about her 150 scientific publications, which reflect the domestic publishing repertoire of the first quarter of the 19th century, relate to various aspects of working with early printed books, the subtleties of bibliographic description and book annotation. I.Y. Fomenko studied the creative heritage of M.N. Muravyev and defended PhD thesis on his prose. She wrote a number of articles for the Dictionary of Russian writers of the 18th century. With her participation, there were created catalogues of books of civil press and private owner’s collections from various holdings. Biographies of Russian writers of the 18th — 19th centuries, written by I.Y. Fomenko, were included in the collection of Russian literary studies.
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Venckienė, Jurgita. "Orthography of books and their authors at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century." Lietuvių kalba, no. 15 (December 28, 2020): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/lk.2020.22451.
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During development of the Standard Lithuanian language at the end of the 19th century, the dialectal basis was chosen first, and the orthography varied yet for another twenty years. This article analyses the dual orthography – of books and personal orthography of their authors. The study is designed to find out whether the books published during that period reflect the orthographic model chosen by their authors; what factors, in addition to the author’s choice, may have influenced the orthography of the books.The influence of printers on the orthography of books during that period was smaller than before, as many authors did the proofreading themselves. Thus, printers were able to change the orthography in cases where books were printed without the author’s knowledge or consent, such as prayer books. If the author chose unusual, rare, or even self-invented characters, a limited inventory of prints could be a serious obstacle to keep their orthography in the book. As the case of Jonas Basanavičius shows, even when the author offered to finance the acquisition of the necessary prints, this was not necessarily done.At the end of the 19th century, books were published as supplements to periodicals. The editors of newspapers Ūkininkas and Tėvynės sargas adapted the orthography of such books to their periodicals. Under the terms of the press ban, it was often important for authors just to print a book, and the spelling model was chosen by the publisher. However, authors such as Basanavičius, who considered themselves the creators of the standard language, took care to present their chosen or created model of orthography in their books as well.As the cases of Liudvika Didžiulienė, Dominykas Tumėnas and Basanavičius show, two orthographic standards emerged during the research period: correspondence was written one way and books were printed another. Hence, it is not always possible to judge the orthographic model chosen by the authors in books published at the end of the 19th century and the early 20th century.
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Konířová, Marta. "School Libraries in the 19th Century: Control, Support and Control Again." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 63, no. 3-4 (2019): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnpsc-2018-0019.
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The development of school libraries established at schools providing elementary education in the 19th century is closely related to the development of this type of schools after 1774, when the General School Rules were published. For the first time, they referred to education as a political issue and declared the interest of the state in the education of all the population. In the 1820s, a decree of the court study committee ordered district school supervisors to inspect books in school libraries and gave them the right to decide whether a particular book fits into the school library. In 1869, a new school act cancelled the supervision of the Church over schools and transferred it to the state. First, the state supported school libraries by listing them among the teaching aids that should be available for every school. In addition, a decree of the Ministry of Cult and Education encouraged the establishment of school libraries where they were still missing. Subsequently (1875), however, the ministry ordered teachers to check new books acquired by school libraries, to inspect also all the other books already deposited in the libraries and to discard all of those that were unsuitable. Ten years later (1885), new inspection of all school libraries was ordered.
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Sperling, Norman. "Introductory Astronomy Textbooks in 19th and 20th Century America." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100086723.
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A survey of 138 introductory-astronomy textbooks spanning 152 years reveals growing consensus regarding each topic’s proportion, with some clearly gaining space at the expense of others. The tables in the texts cite curious numbers, claim too many significant digits, neglect to note uncertainties, and are frequently inconsistent with, or badly behind, the research of the times. This study investigates apportionment of topics, planet and star data tables, and categorization of nebulae.To probe the student/textbook interaction, I used one copy of each of 40 recent introductory textbooks when teaching astronomy in Fall 1986. Students swapped books each session. Texts’ treatments were surveyed in daily recitation as well as term papers comparing and contrasting them on specific topics. Most books sound much more positive than current data justify. There was lots of confusing phrasing, shoddy proofreading, and careless assembly of data tables. A few books are shamefully erroneous. There are numerous impressive examples of the imperfection and transience of “textbook learning.” The biggest and most pervasive sin was writing in the passive voice “Official Style” of interminable sentences laden with prepositional phrases. Illustrations, while important, are secondary to phrasing. Students need and use chapter summaries, glossaries, and indices. About half prefer paperbacks and half hardbacks. Students rated the books for appropriateness to their needs. The experience may stimulate others to develop controlled experiments to probe the student/textbook interaction.
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Gouthier, Daniele. "Nearly five centuries of science books." Journal of Science Communication 10, no. 01 (2011): C01. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.10010301.
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In four steps – from Renaissance to the dawn of the 20th century – this issue explores some aspects of the history of book sciences, as research and popularisation instruments also playing a role in economy. Adrian Johns speaks about the origin of science books in the Renaissance. Then, through the papers respectively by Bruce Lewenstein and Paola Govoni, the focus moves to science books in 19th-century America and Italy. They demonstrate that, in both countries, science books were a stimulus to the establishment of a national scientific community. Finally, Francesco De Ceglia exemplifies the role played by agrarian catechisms in the process of spreading farming skills among landowners.
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Zagorov, Vasil. "The Bulgarian 19th-Century Book as a Crossroads of Professional Literary Practices." Quaerendo 49, no. 1 (2019): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700690-12341429.
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Abstract The Bulgarian printed book began to develop dynamically only at the beginning of the 19th century. The delay in printing in the Bulgarian language for almost 350 years led to the accumulation of a number of peculiarities related to the material and textual aspects of the Bulgarian book. On the one hand, these peculiarities are related to the strong influence of the contemporary 19th century Bulgarian manuscripts; on the other hand, those peculiarities differ depending on the divergent foreign influence—Austrian, Russian, etc. The article discusses how peculiarities in the Bulgarian books produced during the Revival period (1806-78) are obstructing the creation of the Digital Database and Information Retrieval System.
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Bazanov, Petr N. "The historian of the book and book business I. E. Barenbaum (to the 100th anniversary of his birth)." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg State University of Culture, no. 1 (46) (March 2021): 164–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30725/2619-0303-2021-1-164-172.
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A detailed review of the scientific activities of professor I. Ye. Barenbaum (1921–2006), the most famous representative of the St. Petersburg school of bibliology in the field of the history of books and book business, is given. Particular attention is paid to his contribution to the study of the history of books in the second half of the 19th century. The role of I. Ye. Barenbaum as an innovator and pioneer in the study of the history of the publishing activity of revolutionary democrats is substantiated. The scientific heritage of the scientist is about 400 publications. I. Ye. Barenbaum’s main research activities were the history of the book business of St. Petersburg, the history of revolutionary-democratic book publishing in the 19th century, the history of the reader, and the French book in Russia. The article analyzes the main works devoted to the book business of St. Petersburg. His contribution to the creation of textbooks on the history of the book is shown. The work of I. Ye. Barenbaum on the historiography of the history of the book is considered.
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Ilyina, Ol’ga N., and Natal’ya G. Patrusheva. "XIX Pavlenkov Readings: Book Publishing in Russia in the 19th - early 20th century." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 6 (December 8, 2015): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2015-0-6-118-122.
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The article presents information on the International scientific conference XIX Pavlenkov Readings held on 13-15 October, 2015 in the National Library of Russia, traditionally considering the history of book publishing in pre-revolutionary Russia of the 19th - early 20th century. The conference was devoted to I. Frolova - the historian-bibliognost, a quarter of century having led the Sector of bibliology of the National Library of Russia. At the plenary session and three sections (“History of publishing, History of book collections and rare books”, “History of censorship”) there were highlighted various aspects of book culture history of the Russian Empire: issues of publishing, bookselling, history of censorship, libraries, readership, bibliophilism, and book publishing in the province. Conference
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Běhalová, Štěpánka. "The Production of the Landfras Printing Works and Publishing House in the 19th Century." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 63, no. 3-4 (2019): 154–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnpsc-2018-0021.
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The activities of the Landfras printing works and the associated publishing house are an important part of the history of book culture in the Czech lands in the 19th century and form a significant chapter in the history of book printing and publishing in this period. The focus of the production of the printing works and the publishing house reflected the new needs of literate broad social classes in the 19th century, showing increased interest in the printed word. The company used the modern methods and technologies available, which reduced the price of the final book or other printed materials. For publication, it selected titles whose sales were guaranteed or at least expected. The result was the repeated printing of a number of titles of religious, educational and entertainment literature, which had already been popular in previous centuries, and the development of contemporary titles for the general public from both urban and rural areas. For centuries, great popularity was mainly enjoyed by the titles of religious folk literature (Himmelschlüssel prayer books by the theologian Martin von Cochem and other prayer and devotional books), in which Baroque Catholic piety was reflected until the late 19th century. To the original Himmelschlüssel and other traditional titles, the printing works added titles of its regular authors and their translations of contemporary prayer and religious literature. It complemented the titles of secular entertainment literature (reprints of original works, e.g. Kronika o Štilfridovi [The Chronicle of Štilfríd] or Kronika sedmi mudrců [The Chronicle of the Seven Wise Men]) with translations and original works by Jan Hýbl and Václav Rodomil Kramerius, and it also printed moralising stories by local priests. Educational literature, such as guides for homesteaders, cooks and the like sold also well. A separate activity section comprises the publication and printing of textbooks mostly for local schools. Until the end of the 19th century, they were abundantly complemented by printed broadsides, affordable to every household. A significant chapter of the 19th century was the development of periodicals, which was mirrored in the second half of that century also in newly emerging regional titles, especially in the weekly Ohlas od Nežárky [Echoes from the River Nežárka], which began to be published in 1871.
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Engler, Suzanne Knudson. "Commonplace People: 17th-19th Century “Commonplace Books” As Ethnohistorical Sources." Teaching Anthropology: Society for Anthropology in Community Colleges Notes 4, no. 2 (1997): 8–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tea.1997.4.2.8.
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Nováková, Lenka. "Books in Burgher Households on the Moravian-Silesian Border at the Beginning of the 19th Century." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 63, no. 3-4 (2019): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnpsc-2018-0016.
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The relation of subjected municipalities of urban type on the Moravian-Silesian border to books and to education in general can be demonstrated on the example of Místek, situated in the Hukvaldy demesne. The craftsmanship–agricultural character of the town along with its position on a trade route near the Moravian-Silesian border was involved in the shaping of the social environment. Valuable sources of information on burgher households are probate inventories. It is possible to determine from them not only whether burghers owned any books at all and how many, but sometimes even what types of books they were. Among others, likewise the information on book owners, their profession and financial situation is undoubtedly interesting. Although personal motives and the attitudes of Místek burghers towards books usually remain hidden from us, it is still possible to reveal a part of everyday life.
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Kostadinovska, Maja, Orhideja Grupče, Zorica Jakovleska Spirovska, and Biljana Minčeva-Šukarova. "Micro-Chemical and Spectroscopic Study of Component Materials in 18th and 19th Century Sacred Books." Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 38, no. 3 (2017): 299–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/res-2016-0027.
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AbstractThe Cyrillic books Menology for May (1705), The Bible (1822) and Mirror (1816) were consigned for conservation to the Conservation Laboratory at the National Library in Skopje. The first two books were printed in Moscow, while the third book was issued in Vienna, although it originates from the territory of the former Ottoman Empire, present-day Republic of Macedonia. In order to design a conservation protocol, papers and inks used in the books were characterized and their condition was assessed. Micro-chemical tests were used in order to identify the type of paper fibres and materials added to the paper pulp. FTIR was applied to confirm the findings for the sizing and fillers found in the paper support. Inorganic pigments were analysed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The original paper in the Russian books was made of rags with less than 5 % lignin content present, whereas the paper in Mirror was made of raw and unbleached hardwood. Distinct types of sizing have been identified: gelatine/alum in Menology for May and Mirror and gelatine/rosin in The Bible. The pigments identified are lamp black, vermilion, Prussian blue and calcite. The study elucidates which internal and external factors could cause further decay of the books and will help in making informed decisions concerning the further preservation of the objects.
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Zhitin, Ruslan M. "Estate libraries of Tambov Governorate in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 186 (2020): 183–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2020-25-186-183-192.
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We analyze the formation of library collections estates of Tambov Governorate in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The relevance of the chosen problem is determined by the importance of updating knowledge about the library and estate culture of the Russian province. The novelty of the work lies in the formation of new conclusions about the problem of development and fate of libraries of individual owners, the importance of manor collections for the information environment of the post-reform period, the introduction of new data on the book collections of Tambov owners. It is shown that due to the lack of reliable information about the pre-revolutionary collections of individual owners verification of the appearance history of individual publications in the estates occurs on fragmentary data. Therefore, the most promising form of book culture study is the work on the systematization of the region collections, the creation of new and additions to existing collections of Tambov books. We study book collection of Karaulskoye estate of Chicherins, the Pavlovskoye manor of Volkonsky, analyze the literature composition of the library of Glazkovo estate of Mansurov family, book collection of Sosnovskoye estate of Benckendorff, reveal the joint books library of Leonid Vasilievich Voeikov and Dmitriy Vasilievich Polenov in Naryshkinskaya library of the city of Tambov. It is proved that in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century in the governorate was created a number of interesting books collections reflecting the unique documents on the history of Russia and foreign countries, the unique literature of foreign publishers. On the basis of a number of noble book collections were created public libraries, which greatly contributed to the development of public education. For some owners, the gathered collections were a source of knowledge in the social and economic modernization of the estate, allowing them to actively develop their households.
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Willis, Frances. "Innovative cover design: an exploration of 19th- and early 20th-century publishers’ cloth bindings designs." Art Libraries Journal 38, no. 1 (2013): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200017818.
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The Victoria and Albert Museum’s Renier Collection of Children’s Books provides a rich resource for research into book production as well as social history. Publishers’ cloth bindings have developed in a visually vibrant way that provides clues to the production dates of the books, as well as encouraging reflections on how they were marketed across the Victorian era and early 20th century. Questions also arise, such as, what was the relationship between the reader and cover? How did the cover designs reflect the times in which they were created? And, how different are our paperback era designs to those of the period when cloth was used?
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Suljić, Alija, Hasib Hasanović, and Enez Osmanović. "Bosniac families of the settlemenets of Ljeskovik in the second half of the 19th century." Historijski pogledi 3, no. 3 (2020): 72–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2020.3.3.72.
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The forming process of the modern Bosniac families in Ljeskovik settlement started at the beginning of the 17th century, and lasted till the end of the 19th century. However, the whole process can be tracked down from the mid 19th century, covered with data collected during the first census in Bosnia from 1850/51, and according to the informations gethered from land books of the Srebrenica District from 1894 andfrom there onwards. The first census from 1850/51 considered only male population. From the data collected in 1850/51, there are seven families or surnames in Ljeskovik, and those are: Čaušević, Duraković, Hodžić, Jahčić, (Bihačić), Kamramović, Mahmudović, Omerović, and Tabaković. By the end of the 19th century according to land books of the cadastral district of Ljeskovik, there are 43 surnames, or family names recorded: Aganović, Avdić, Beširović, Buljubašić, Demirović, Dervišević, Džanić, Efendić, Halilović, Hasanović (Duraković), Hasanović (Vranjkovina), Hasić, Hodžić, Husić, Kreševljaković, Mahmutović, Malović, Mandžić, Mehanović, Mehmedović, Memić, Mujčinović, Mujić, Mujić (Mahmutović), Mustafić, Mustafi (Katanić), Numanović, Omerović, Osmanović, Salkić, Salihović, Selimović, Selmanagić, Sinanović, Smajić (Omerović), Smajlović (Čaušević), Softić, Suljić, Špiodić, Tabaković, Travničanin, i Zukić. This work covers only families that use to live in Ljeskovik in the second half of the 19th century.
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Braziūnienė, Alma. "Lithuanian Old Personal Library Research: Status Quo." Bibliotheca Lituana 2 (October 25, 2012): 33–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/bibllita.2012.2.15580.
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The article analyzes the state of research on the old historical Lithuanian personal libraries, including the means of inquiry and sources. The author also analyzes the similarities between personal library research and institutional library research.It was found that book ownership marks are the main and most widely applicable personal library research source. This resource is used productively after Lithuanian scientific libraries have accelerated the scientific cataloging of the old books and started recording the provenance of each item (such catalogs include catalogs of the Elsevier, the Aldine, paleotypes, Bibliotheca Sapiehana by Vilnius University Library, Lituanica catalog by the Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, and the catalog of the 15th and 16th century books in Kaunas libraries by Kaunas County Public Library). The main and most widely applied Lithuanian historical personal library method is the provenance method, although good results are obtained using the hybrid method. The author concludes that most publications on old personal historic Lithuanian libraries limit their subjects to the personal libraries of nobility, state and religious actors (till the 19th Century) and the 19th century Lithuanian intellectuals. Historic personal libraries of lower-class individuals warrant more research (one example is Zigmantas Kiaupa’s publication about the book collections of ordinary old Kaunas’ citizens, published in 1985).
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Newham, Jane. "Bear facts and fiction in 19th and 20th century children's books." New Review of Children's Literature and Librarianship 3, no. 1 (1997): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13614549709510591.
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DuPuis, E. Melanie. "Books in Review: Racial Indigestion: Eating Bodies in the 19th Century." Gastronomica 14, no. 3 (2014): 97–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2014.14.3.97.
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Atamturk, Nurdan, and Seyit Ozkutlu. "Nature of Cypriots in the Light of 19th Century Travel Literature." Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, no. 31 (2020): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.31.07.14.
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This study explores the impressions of the 19th century travelers on the nature of Turkish and Greek Cypriots by focusing on their relationships with each other, their personal characteristics, and their attitudes towards foreigners and visitors. Since the focus of the study is the nature and culture of the Cypriots, Cypriots' characteristics, distinctive features, attitudes towards travelers, moods and mindset are presented comparatively in the light of travelers’ reflections in their written accounts. The data were elicited from primary and secondary sources. Primary sources in this context refer to the published books of the 19th century travelers to Cyprus while secondary sources constitute the studies on the issue in the relevant literature. All books written by travelers to Cyprus in the 19th century were perused to find the data related to the nature of Cypriots and their characters over a period of a year. The collected data were then coded and classified to reveal the themes, namely hospitality, friendliness, family loyalty and docility. Being a type of content analysis, conceptual analysis was conducted in data analysis. Since almost all studies on the 19th century Cyprus travel literature are related to the political and religious dynamics of 19th century Cyprus, this study is thought to fill a gap in the relevant literature by shedding light on the socio-cultural aspects of Cyprus. The results revealed that the Cypriots were quite hospitable towards the travelers since the travelers acknowledged that they felt properly welcomed. Friendliness, helpfulness and docility were found to be other features exhibited by Cypriots in the traveler accounts. The other highly praised characteristic was found to be devotion to home and family.
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Nastulczyk, Tomasz. "What did remain of the worn out editions? The collections of the local and foreign libraries as the base for research of the Polish popular books of the second half of the 19th century (a case study of selected religious and didactic publications)." Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 13 (December 26, 2019): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2019.162.
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The paper offers an insight into the poor state of preservation of the Polish popular publications of the second half of the 19th century, based on systematic queries for the new edition of the Estreicher family Bibliografia Polska XIX stulecia (Polish Bibliography of the 19th century). The queries revealed that many of the editions in question are now completely lost, and quite often the only one or two survived copies can be found either abroad or in small local libraries/museums. The discussed examples include several popular books by the Roman Catholic bishop, Szymon Marcin Kozłowski; the commonly used primer for country children (Elementarz dla chłopców wiejskich for boys and Upominek dla dziewcząt wiejskich for girls); and the religious publications of Blessed Father Honorat OMFCap (Florentyn Wacław Koźmiński). Problems with the preservation of popular books from cultural borderlands are illustrated by the case of the Lutheran catechism published by Rev. Karol Kotschy for the local Silesian evangelical community in Ustroń. Finally, a few examples of the 19th-century Polish-American mass publications are discussed.
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Wandel, Agnieszka. "Książka popularnonaukowa dla dzieci i młodzieży w oczach krytyków — rekonesans badawczy." Roczniki Biblioteczne 60 (June 8, 2017): 247–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0080-3626.60.11.
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POPULAR SCIENCE BOOK FOR CHILDREN AND YOUNG ADULTS IN THE EYES OF CRITICS — A RESEARCH RECONNAISSANCEThe aim of the article is to determine the position of popular science books for children and young people in Polish literary criticism and book studies, and to specify the terminology used by scholars. Opinions about such books have been formulated by theorists and practitioners of children’s books since the 19th century, with the criteria of their assessment changing in accordance with the current literary fashions and trends in pedagogy. Critics’ interest in such works was strong until the end of the 19th century, when books for children were expected mainly to serve utilitarian purposes. The phenomenon intensified especially in the era of positivism; among the most enthusiastic advocates of popular science books were Adolf Dygasiński and the co-editor of Bluszcz Maria Ilnicka. The stature of popular science books is also evidenced by the fact that their titles often appeared in recommended bibliographies at the time. A later change in the perception of the tasks of literature for the youngest readers diminished the critics’ interest in such works. In addition, there was a growing rift between literary criticism and pedagogical-library criticism. In communist Poland the perception of popular science books was also affected by the promotion of works not suited to the expectations and needs of the readers. Today, the stature of popular science books rises with their market success and innovative projects in the area. That is why there are numerous reviews of such works in professional journals Guliwer, Nowe Książki, Świat Książki Dziecięcej etc. and websites Mądre książki, 10 książek: na start do nauki etc. as well as studies devoted to the history and evolution in the content and editorial form of such publications, and their usefulness in the teaching and self-education of young readers.
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Wrede, Maria, Maria Brynda, and Zofia Głowicka. "Informacja o zbiorach dawnego Muzeum Księży Marianów im. ks. Józefa Jarzębowskiego w Fawley Court (Wielka Brytania) – obecnie w Muzeum im. ks. Józefa Jarzębowskiego w Licheniu Starym koło Konina." Z Badań nad Książką i Księgozbiorami Historycznymi 14, no. 1 (2020): 63–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33077/uw.25448730.zbkh.2020.182.
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History of the Museum of Marian Fathers, founded at the college for boys in Bielany, the district of Warsaw, reconstituted in the Fawley Court at Henley-on-Thames, Great Britain, and finally moved to the Shrine of Our Lady of Sorrows in Licheń Stary, is the key to understanding the content and organization of this collection. Patriotic, religious and educational aspects of the museums, its role for the Polish diaspora in Great Britain, and its depletion in the results of historical changes. Presentation of the collection content” museum objects – sidearm, sculptures, artistic fabrics, drawings and watercolors, paintings, graphics, commemorative items; book collection – books from the 19th and 20th centuries, journals, music prints, maps, and cityscapes. A more detailed presentation of the collection of early printed books, ephemera, and journals from the 19th century. 
 
 
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Panina, Nina L. "Illustrations in Children’s Educational Books in Russia in the Late 17th – Early 19th Centuries." Tekst. Kniga. Knigoizdanie, no. 23 (2020): 82–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/23062061/23/5.
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The aim of this article is to analyse the transition period in the history of illustrating children’s educational books on the material of Russian-language publications. It is the period in which the function of an intermedial representation gradually develops from emblematic to encyclopedic and narrative-figurative images. This process is related to the literary history of children’s books and their genre transformations. In the last third of the 18th century, children’s literature in Russia was formed as an independent direction with its special goals, and the basis for further search for specific methods of children’s book design, including educational ones, was laid. In the first quarter of the 19th century, the children’s book had a typical European visual design and continued the trends inherited from the 18th century: translations, borrowings, and revised texts in publications often copied illustrations rather than made new ones. A new stage came at the end of the 1820s, when Russia was actively developing independent children’s literature, and professional authors and criticism appeared. It was the time of the pedagogical experiments of Vasily Zhukovsky. This article does not claim to analyse Zhukovsky’s pedagogical activity comprehensively, but this activity is significant for the subject-matter of the study. In his pedagogy, Zhukovsky went to a new level when searching for intermedial ways of transmission of the universal coherence of phenomena, the systemic representation of knowledge about the world, and the ideas of the world as a system. The search, though much slower, was also observed in contemporary children’s books. The integration of cognitive and didactic functions in the Russian-language children’s book of the 18th century resulted in a mix of different principles of illustration in one publication. These principles are: (1) emblematic: the title, image, and text form a three-part structure; (2) encyclopedic: the sheet contains separate numbered images of the same type of objects excluded from the visual context; (3) narrative: the plot, expressive and figurative, including caricature, illustrations are readily used in an educational book due to their persuasiveness. Each of these principles has its own ways of displaying coherence. An encyclopedic illustration shows an object in a series of similar ones, in an enumeration, shows the structure of the object. An emblem gives its symbolic and allegorical interpretation. A narrative illustration shows its functions and its involvement in causal relations, depicting the environment of events and objects. The children’s book of the studied period tends to integrate all these ways. While the emblem as an independent intermedial genre degrades, certain elements of the emblematic tradition are actively borrowed by new forms of publications. The emblem gives the European book of modern times the most important intermedial tools for displaying universal coherence, the world as a system. The change of the epochs leads to an inevitable blurring of the meaning of the emblematic sign. The transitive nature of the analysed period is expressed in the search for a new intermedial form of coherence, similar to the lost emblematic bimediality of the text and illustration in terms of effectiveness. In the search for such a form, encyclopedic publications that claimed to be all-encompassing use the emblematic and narrative principles of illustration. In turn, the narrative illustration, driven by a similar desire for inclusiveness, consistency, and universality, absorbs the emblematic and encyclopedic principles.
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Mašek, Petr. "The Višňová Castle Library." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 62, no. 3-4 (2017): 42–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amnpsc-2017-0038.
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The core of the Višňová castle library was formed already in the 17th century, probably in Paderborn. Afew volumes come from the property of the archbishop of Cologne, Ferdinand August von Spiegel (1774–1835), but most of the items were collected by his brother Franz Wilhelm (1752–1815), a minister of the Electorate of Cologne, chief construction officer and the president of the Academic Council in Cologne. A significant group is formed by philosophical works: Franz Wilhelm’s collection comprised works by J. G. Herder, I. Kant, M. Mendelsohn as well as H. de Saint-Simon and J. von Sonnenfels. Another group consisted of historical works, e.g. by E. Gibbon; likewise his interest in the history of Christianity is noticeable. The library contains a total of more than 6,200 volumes, including 40 manuscripts, 3 incunabula and 15 printed books from 16th century; more than a half of the collection is formed by early printed books until the end of the 18th century. The other volumes come from the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Volumes from the 17th century include especially Latin printed books on law, and one can perceive interest in collecting books on philosophy. There are many publications devoted to Westphalia; in addition, the library contains a number of binder’s volumes of legal dissertations from the end of the 17th century and the entire 18th century published in diverse German university towns. Further disciplines widely represented in the library are economics and especially agriculture, with the publications coming from the 18th and 19th centuries.
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Ayalon, Ami. "PRIVATE PUBLISHING IN THENAHḌA". International Journal of Middle East Studies 40, № 4 (2008): 561–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380808149x.
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Khalil Sarkis (1842–1915) was an eminent figure in late Ottoman Beirut and an important contributor to thenahḍa, the Arab literary-cultural “awakening” that began in the latter part of the 19th century. Less known to Western scholarship than Butrus al-Bustani, Faris al-Shidyaq, or Jurji Zaydan, he is not usually regarded as a pillar of that awakening. He may not have been, but he certainly was an indispensable brick in its edifice. Born in 1842, when the most exciting changes were still in the future, Sarkis spent all his life in the service of his country's cultural betterment. He is mostly remembered for his newspaper,Lisan al-Hal, which was launched in 1877 and for many decades was one of the most credible Arabic organs. More than a journalist, however, Sarkis was a pioneering printer, a prolific publisher, and the author of nine books. In the last quarter of the 19th century he built one of Beirut's largest printing businesses, which turned out several journals, hundreds of books, and numerous publications. In the 19th-century Middle East, being a printer often meant being a publisher; Khalil Sarkis was both on a grand scale.
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Medvedeva, Ekaterina M. "Cyrillic Collection of the Russian National Library (From the History of Acquisition and Description)." Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], no. 2 (March 31, 2010): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2010-0-2-47-52.
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The article is dedicated to the history of development and description of the early printed cyrillic books collection in the Russian National Library in 19th century. The special attention is paid to the circumstances of acquisition and analysis of composition of I. Raratayev’s collection. There is the discussion during 19th century on peculiarities of elaboration and system presentation of the data on the content and accession of Imperial Public Library Cyrillic press collection. Novelty of the research is ensured by including the previously unpublished material from department of archival documents of the Russian National Library.
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Reick, Philipp. "Gentrification 1.0: Urban transformations in late-19th-century Berlin." Urban Studies 55, no. 11 (2017): 2542–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017721628.
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This article explores how contemporary theories of gentrification improve our understanding of past urban change. Discussing municipal housing statistics and local newspaper coverage from late-19th-century Berlin, it first illustrates the tremendous increase in rents that the German capital witnessed in the second half of the century. Rather than focusing on the rise of highly segregated neighbourhoods as urban historians usually do, the article then studies to what extent the growth of industrial cities like Berlin was accompanied by physical displacement in existing proletarian and middle-class quarters. Based on a methodologically innovative use of historical address books, it thus portrays an uneven geography of inner-city transformation. By compiling samples of socio-demographic change on the micro-level of individual streets, this article reveals that historical patterns of displacement followed a peculiar logic that affected socio-economic groups very differently. The article indicates that there exists a contentious pre-history of gentrification that has been utterly neglected in urban studies so far. At the same time, it epitomises the potential of historical research for the advancement of urban theory.
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Mckenzie, Robert Tracy, and Ann Fabian. "Card Sharps, Dream Books, & Bucket Shops: Gambling in 19th-Century America." Journal of American History 78, no. 4 (1992): 1442. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2079395.
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조경환. "Tense System of Western Missionaries′ Grammar Books from 17th to 19th Century." Journal of Chinese Language and Literature ll, no. 73 (2016): 31–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26586/chls.2016..73.002.
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Lee, Seok Won. "Translation of Catholicism books from Chinese into Korean in 18~19th century." Study of Korean History of Thoughts 60 (December 31, 2018): 159–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.31309/skht.60.201812.6.
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Beito, David T., and Ann Fabian. "Card Sharps, Dream Books, & Bucket Shops: Gambling in 19th-Century America." Western Historical Quarterly 22, no. 4 (1991): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970997.
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Idrisov Rashid Baysovich. "ABOUT THE HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLISHING INDUSTRY IN KARAKALPAKSTAN." International Academy Journal Web of Scholar, no. 12(42) (December 30, 2019): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31435/rsglobal_wos/30122019/6845.
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 The article deals with the issues on the history of formation of publishing houses in Karakalpakstan at the first half of the XX century. The first typographic equipment in the region appeared at the end of the 19th century. During the Soviet period publication policy became an important part of the Soviet policy. The government financed this branch totally and provided the edition of book production includingthe books in the karakalpak language. In the 1930s the system of publishing industry which is completely controlled by the Centre was created in Karakalpakstan.
 
 
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Kalvāne, Skaidrīte. "SEARCHING FOR THE SOURCES OF 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY LATGALIAN RELIGIOUS SONGS." Via Latgalica, no. 7 (March 22, 2016): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/latg2015.7.1218.
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<p><em>Latgalian </em><em>„</em><em>svātuos dzīsmis”</em><em> (‘sacred songs’) were not only sung in the church in the 18<sup>th</sup> and 19<sup>th</sup> centuries. These songs became integral and necessary components of both home and spiritual life.</em></p><p><em>Some publications of spiritual song and prayer books written by the Latvians of Latgale have been preserved until today: </em><em>„</em><em>Nabożeństwo” (1771, 1786, etc.) and </em><em>„</em><em>Dzismies Swatas” (1801, etc.). Of these are both first editions and reissues. These compilations represent the basic core of 19<sup>th</sup> century spiritual songs in conjunction with the book </em><em>„</em><em>Piļneigajā gruomotā lyugšonu” (“The Complete Book of Prayers”) published in the latter half of the century. Psalms which were written well before the birth of Christ are among the oldest religious songs. Psalms of penance and prayers for the dead were first published in Latgalian in the 1786 edition of </em><em>„</em><em>Nabożeństwo”.</em></p><p><em>The diversity of genres of songs is surprising: songs using scriptural texts, hymns of the Fathers of the Church, sequences and antiphonies. The progress of the liturgical year was supported by additional processionary hymns, hour songs (godzinkas), descriptions of the lives of saints set to music, catechism songs and prayers which are written as prose but given a melody in order to be sung. Directly arrhythmic language and certain metrical text used for worship in prayers made it unclear exactly how many texts were in fact songs.</em></p><em>It is not possible to determine the authors of all songs. Text recognition is also hampered by the lack of a printed Polish source – the work that the Jesuits translated to create the hymnals has not been found. Thus, for comparison of these texts it is necessary to find them in various books or consult the wider body of 19<sup>th</sup> century songs, wherein the content of songs is usually altered. The “sacred songs” examined and analyzed in this article were selected at random. The majority of songs so far sourced are from „Nabożeństwo”, but identification work continues at present.</em>
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Košutar, Petra. "Europski uzori i hrvatski jezični priručnici u 18. stoljeću." Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej 48 (June 16, 2015): 163–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.11649/sfps.2013.010.
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European models for the Croatian language handbooks in the 18th centuryUntil the 19th century Croatian language handbooks, namely grammars, dictionaries and ortography books, were mostly bilingual and multilingual. Only at the begining of the 19th century was the first grammar of Croatian written in Croatian published, and in the second half of the same century the first monolingual dictionary – Academy’s Dictionary was published. The origin of this is not in the language itself. When writing these multilanguage handbooks, the authors followed domestic predecessors, as well as foreign. This work is an attempt to reveal those foreign language models that Croatian linguists in the 18th century followed and on the example of one metalexicographic theme – usage labels – to show development of Croatian 18th century lexicography within the European lexicography.
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Sarma, Dhurjjati. "Reinterpreting the ‘Bard’: Shakespearean Performances in India and (East) Germany." Space and Culture, India 1, no. 2 (2013): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.v1i2.29.
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This essay attempts to undertake a comparative study of the Shakespearean appropriations in late 19th century India under colonial rule on one hand, and in mid-20th century (East) Germany on the other. While 19th century Indian responses to Shakespeare carried a covert nationalist agenda against the British rulers who had made him complicit in the colonial project, the mid-20th century German adaptations found in him, a potent site for voicing their opposition against the governments, which had imposed censorship regulations upon newspapers, books and television. Within this framework and making use of the textual, performative and audience sensibility components, the paper would endeavor to: a) explore the nuances in the performance strategies of selected playwrights from both the countries, and understand the extent of divergences and departures from the English text; and b) scrutinise the location of these performances respectively within the overlapping currents of colonial modernity, nationality and regional identity in the 19th and 20th century India, and the post-war communist regimes operating in (East) Germany.
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Herrman, Helen. "Women in psychiatry." International Psychiatry 7, no. 3 (2010): 53–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600005816.
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Borrowing books was a privilege introduced for women by several academic institutions and libraries in England in the 19th century. Cambridge University accepted women on equal terms with men in 1948. Various objectors before that feared that higher education would have untoward effects on women's bodies and minds. The eminent 19th-century psychiatrist Henry Maudsley was convinced it would make them infertile (Robinson, 2009). Yet women played an important role in the founding of many Islamic educational institutions from the first millennium, and Christian religious orders fostered education for girls and women in Europe before the modern era.
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Kolda, Vlastimil. "Accounting Books of Zink’s Bookbinding Workshop as a Specific Source for the Study of Bookbinding at the End of the 18th Century and in the First Half of the 19th Century." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 63, no. 3-4 (2019): 182–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnpsc-2018-0023.
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The members of the Zink family ran a bookbinding workshop in České Budějovice for 140 years. From the activities of the two last bookbinding masters, two accounting books with records for the years 1788–1804 and 1817–1868 have been preserved. These books are unique sources on the clientele of the bookbinding workshop, the volume of the bookbinding work performed and the amount of the prices charged for it. After more than two centuries, they make it possible to identify the authors of book bindings of a number of official books preserved in the collections of the state district archives in České Budějovice.
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Walsh, Dermot. "The birth and death of a diagnosis: monomania in France, Britain and in Ireland." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 31, no. 1 (2014): 39–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2013.65.
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ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to trace the origins and decline of the diagnostic entity monomania, which became prevalent in the early 19th century and to investigate its use in Irish psychiatry.MethodThe French psychiatric scientific writings of the early 19th century have been surveyed to identify and describe the clinical entity of monomania. The clinical description of monomania has been investigated and its cultural diffusion through literature and the arts has been reviewed. The increase in its use as a diagnosis and its ultimate decline has been documented in France, Britain and Ireland. The clinical characteristics leading to the diagnosis in Ireland have been investigated through the clinical symptoms recorded in patients accorded this diagnosis in the 19th century case books and committal documentation of the Richmond District Asylum and case books of the Central Mental Hospital.FindingsThe diagnostic entity of monomania first emerged in France in the 1820s and had disappeared from use in the hospitals of Paris by 1870. It first appeared in Ireland in the patients’ admission register of the Richmond District Asylum in 1833 and increased substantially before decreasing just as markedly with the last patient, given the diagnosis on admission being in 1878. However, the diagnosis of monomania was applied to admissions to the Central Mental Hospital as late as 1891. The Irish asylum case books have been of limited value in elucidating the clinical and symptomatological presentations leading to its use by 19th century Irish psychiatrists.ConclusionsMonomania, although enjoying a scientific and cultural success in France, both within and without psychiatric circles, was a tenuous clinical entity with an ill-defined and uncertain core and fragile boundaries, both in France and more particularly in Ireland. In pure form, rarely described, its closest modern equivalent would have been delusional disorder, but case descriptions only occasionally correspond to this concept as it is understood today. Its popularity dating from around 1830 declined and by the 1870s it was in terminal decline. The factors delineating its rise and fall are unclear.
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Jurčišinová, Nadežda. "The Role and Importance of Book Culture in the Activities of the Czech Slovakophile Movement in the 19th Century." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 63, no. 3-4 (2019): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnpsc-2018-0004.
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An important role in the activities of the Slovakophile movement, which was born in Bohemia and Moravia at the end of the 1870s, was played by book culture. Especially by means of books and articles in magazines, Czech Slovakophiles acquainted the wider Czech public with the position of Slovaks in Hungary and aroused interest in the development of Czech-Slovak solidarity. A significant role in this activity was played by the national-defence and Slovakophile association Czechoslovak Unity in Prague (1896–1914), which would send the Slovaks books and magazines, and even the entire libraries. Cooperation in this area was supported even by T. G. Masaryk, but especially by such Slovakophiles as Rudolf Pokorný, Josef Holeček, Adolf Heyduk, Karel Kálal, Jaroslav Vlček, František Pastrnek and František Bílý.
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Hatheway, Holly, Roger Lawson, and Charlotte Oertel. "The Digital Cicognara Library: transforming a 19th century resource for the digital age." Art Libraries Journal 45, no. 2 (2020): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/alj.2020.2.
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The Digital Cicognara Library is an international initiative to recreate in digital form the private book collection of Count Leopoldo Cicognara (1767–1834). His collection of five thousand early imprints comprises foundational literature of art and archaeology, and includes a diverse range of publications in all areas of the visual arts. Our partnership's 21st- century effort advances Cicognara's Enlightenment-era ideals by making digital copies of his library available through an open access web application, where they will be fully searchable from a centralized database as well as relevant subject research interfaces. The aggregated images and text offer a potentially transformative opportunity for the discipline of art history and allied disciplines. By offering a new interface for Cicognara's collection, the endeavour allows open access availability to nearly all of the key historical volumes, the illustrations within, and the searchable metadata. The Digital Cicognara Library offers a corpus that will allow scholars to ask and answer new questions in disciplines beyond art history and archaeology, and will offer scholars of early printed books a new access point to study both the individual volumes and their relationship to each other in an accessible digital collection.
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Gasperini, Antonella, Daniele Galli, and Laura Nenzi. "The worldwide impact of Donati's comet on art and society in the mid-19th century." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 5, S260 (2009): 340–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174392131100250x.
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AbstractDonati's comet was one of the most spectacular astronomical events of the nineteenth century. Its extended sword-like tail was a spectacular sight that inspired several literary and artistic representations. Traces of Donati's comet are found in popular magazines, children's books, collection cards, and household objects through the beginning of the twentieth century.
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Fawcett, Trevor. "The nineteenth-century art book: Content, Style and Context." Art Libraries Journal 17, no. 3 (1992): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200007902.
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Although ‘art books’ of various kinds existed before 1800, art publishing grew significantly and with increasing speed through the 19th century. Two key factors, each encouraging the other, were the growth of interest in art among a heterogeneous public, and developments in printing technology, especially in methods of reproducing illustrations. Increasing numbers of illustrated art books contributed to the dissemination of awareness of an ever-broader spectrum of works of art, and of the decorative arts, throughout society, and nourished the historicism and eclecticism practised by contemporary artists and designers. The Romantic Movement’s cult of the individual artist prepared the way for the emergence of the artist’s monograph as a significant category of art book, made possible by the capacity to reproduce an artist’s works. The growth of art historical scholarship, informed by a new rigour, brought about the publishing of scholarly works incorporating documentary research, and of previously unpublished or newly-edited source material; art reference works, of several kinds, also multiplied. By 1900 art publishing had set all the precedents it would need until well into the second half of the 20th century.
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Horvat, Marijana, and Martina Kramarić. "Retro-Digitization of Croatian Pre-Standard Grammars." ATHENS JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGY 8, no. 4 (2021): 297–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.8-4-4.
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In this article, we will present the rich linguistic heritage of the Croatian language and our attempts to ensure its preservation and presentation to the general public by means of the "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism ‒ RETROGRAM" project. There is a long tradition of grammatical description in the history of the Croatian language. The first grammar book of the Croatian language was written at the beginning of the 17th century and the first grammar book written in Croatian was compiled in the middle of the 17th century. In later years, when literary and linguistic activity were transferred from the Dalmatian area to the northern and eastern part of Croatia, the Latin model for the description of the Croatian language was still present, even though German was also used. There were a large number of grammars written up to the second half of the 19th century, which are considered pre-standard Croatian grammars. They are the subject of research within the project "Pre-standard Croatian Grammars" at the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics. This research proposal "Retro-digitization and Interpretation of Croatian Grammar Books before Illyrism" aims to create a model for the retro-digitization of the chosen eight Pre-standard Croatian Grammars (written from the 17th until the 19th century). The retro-digitization of Croatian grammar books implies the transfer of printed media to computer-readable and searchable text. It also includes a multilevel mark-up of transcribed or translated grammar text. The next step of the project is the creation of a Web Portal of Pre-standard Croatian Grammars, on which both the facsimiles and the digitized text of the grammars will be presented. Our aim is to present to the wider and international public the attainments of the Croatian language and linguistics as an important part of Croatian culture in general. Keywords: pre-standard Croatian grammars, history of the Croatian language, retro-digitization, Extensible mark-up language, Text encoding initiative, web portal of pre-standard Croatian grammars
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Ham, Sanda. "Croatian Shtokavian grammar books." St open 1 (2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.48188/so.1.10.
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This paper describes the criteria for the systematic periodization of Croatian grammar books. These criteria are exclusively linguistic and take into account the phonological and morphological structure described in these grammar books; where the grammar books contain a dictionary, the lexical organization has been taken into consideration as well. Based on these criteria, all Croatian grammar books may be systematized into four periods: I. 1604 – 1836 (old Croatian grammars), II. 1836 – 1899 (Croatian grammars from the Illyrian Movement to the end of the 19th century, with two parallel subgroups: grammars by the Zagreb School and Croatian Vukovians), III. 1899 – 1986 (with three successive subgroups: Croatian grammars from the beginning of the 20th century to 1940, Croatian grammars from 1940 to 1945, Croatian grammars from 1945 to the 1970s), IV. contemporary Croatian grammars. All these grammars clearly reveal the continuity of the Croatian literary language. This language is recognizable and comprehensible in all grammars, primarily owing to its Shtokavian stylization – and not to any kind of “organic basis”.
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Schultz, Lucille M. "Elaborating Our History: A Look at Mid-19th Century First Books of Composition." College Composition and Communication 45, no. 1 (1994): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/358585.
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L., K. "Some Other Books of Interest: A History of Neurophysiology in the 19th Century." Science 241, no. 4865 (1988): 605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.241.4865.605-a.
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