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Journal articles on the topic '19th century instruments'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

CHINNICI, ILEANA. "19TH CENTURY SPECTROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS IN ITALIAN ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES." Nuncius 15, no. 2 (2000): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539100x00092.

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Abstracttitle RIASSUNTO /title Questo paper esamina l'attivit di ricerca condotta in Italia nella seconda met del XIX secolo nel campo della nascente astrofisica, soffermandosi sugli strumenti allora utilizzati dai principali esponenti di questa disciplina e sui costruttori italiani di strumenti spettroscopici. Si tenta quindi di dare una spiegazione della debolezza dell'industria italiana in questo settore che si inquadra nella crisi generale del settore degli strumenti scientifici nel XIX secolo in Italia.

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CHINNICI, ILEANA. "19TH CENTURY SPECTROSCOPIC INSTRUMENTS IN ITALIAN ASTRONOMICAL OBSERVATORIES." Nuncius 15, no. 2 (2000): 671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221058700x00096.

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Brooks, Randall C., and William J. Daniels. "Surveying instrument makers of Central Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 20, no. 6 (1993): 1037–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l93-134.

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This paper describes the impetus for the development of a trade in surveying instruments in Central Canada in the 19th and early 20th centuries and compares it with the nautical instrument trade in our developing nation. The careers of several of the known makers are considered and some of the extant instruments made by them are briefly described. The question of the extent that they were makers is also considered. Key words: surveying, instruments, makers, history, Canada, Ontario, Québec, 19th–20th century.

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Dick, John B., and Sergio Paganelli. "Musical Instruments from the Renaissance to the 19th Century." Galpin Society Journal 44 (March 1991): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/842224.

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Meucci, Renato, and William Waterhouse. "The Cimbasso and Related Instruments in 19th-Century Italy." Galpin Society Journal 49 (March 1996): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/842397.

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Blondel, Christine. "Electrical instruments in 19th century France, between makers and users." History and Technology 13, no. 3 (1997): 157–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07341519708581904.

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Brenni, Paolo. "Instruments, Tools and Materials." Nuncius 31, no. 3 (2016): 611–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03103004.

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The Minutier central des notaires de Paris, which is preserved in the Archives nationales in Paris, is a huge archive group with several millions of documents recording all the official deeds written by the Parisian notaries. In it, it is possible to find very interesting documents concerning the activities of 19th century Parisian scientific instrument makers. I publish here the inventories of the instruments and tools which were in the workshop of two important makers: Jules Duboscq (1817–1886) and Heinrich Daniel Ruhmkorff (1803–1877). The first was compiled in 1859 after the death of Dubos

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Hourmat, Françoise. "Some French Amateurs of the 2nd Half of the 19th Century." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 98 (1988): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100092216.

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At that period there was keen popular interest in astronomy, and in many Paris squares, astronomers with terrestrial refractors gave talks on astronomy for a small sum. Léon Joubert created a observatory for scientific research and popularisation, allowing anyone to learn about the universe and use good instruments. He made 120 instruments: refractors, reflectors, projectors, and photographic instruments.Hermann Goldschmidt (1802–1866), born at Frankfurt am Main 17 June 1802, had poor health, became a painter and sought his fortune in Paris. He became an astronomer by accident after following

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Przerembski, Zbigniew Jerzy. "Kolberg’s opinions on changes in the choice of instruments in 19th century folk music." Musicology Today 11, no. 1 (2014): 6–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/muso-2014-0013.

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Abstract In the second half of the 19th century, when Oskar Kolberg conducted his folkloristic and ethnographic work, folk song and music were still alive and, to a great extent, functioned in their natural culture context. However, already at that time, and especially in the last decades of the century, gradual changes were taking place within folk tradition. Those changes were brought about by industrialization and factors in the development of urban civilization, which varied in intensity depending on the region. Folk music was also influenced by those changes and they themselves were furth

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Sakai, Naotaka. "Keyboard Span in Old Musical Instruments: Concerning Hand Span and Overuse Problems in Pianists." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 23, no. 4 (2008): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2008.4034.

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The keyboard spans (i.e., octave spans) of old keyboard instruments was compared with those of modern pianos to explore whether the relationship between keyboard span and hand span is a contributory factor in overuse problems among pianists. The distance on the keyboard between the left side of the C4 key and the right side of the C5 key was measured in 120 old keyboard instruments, including 26 harpsichords, 8 clavichords, 7 spinets, 4 virginals, 75 pianofortes, and 20 square pianos, manufactured from 1559 through 1929. The oldest harpsichords and pianoforte showed a keyboard span equal to th

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Braun, Ramona. "Voyaging in the Vein: Medical Experimentation with Heart Catheters in the Twentieth Century." Nuncius 26, no. 1 (2011): 132–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539111x569793.

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AbstractHistorical research on physiology has to date largely been confined to the rise and peak of physiological investigations in the 18th and 19th century. This article examines how the instrument of the cardiac catheter was used in 20th century research on the heart. The development of the domain of interventional cardiology is shown in the efforts of standardising balloon angioplasty. A special focus is given in the three studies on Werner Formann, Andr Cournand and Dickinson Richards and Andreas Grntzig to issues arising from the human being as an experimental object in medicine and to i

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Cházaro, Laura, and Paul Kersey. "Mexican Women's Pelves and Obstetrical Procedures: Interventions with Forceps in Late 19th-Century Medicine." Feminist Review 79, no. 1 (2005): 100–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400204.

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This essay is an inquiry into the socio-cultural history of the use of forceps in 19th-century Mexico. It argues that the knowledge and practices that the use of such instruments implied were related to complex and controversial issues of the time regarding gender, race and national identity. In my study of operations involving forceps, I found that the adoption of medical instruments depended not only upon their supposedly greater operative efficiency but also upon the political and medical meanings attributed to the pelves of Mexican women. Early 19th-century obstetrics conceived the womb as

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Trček, Katarina. "Organs and Organ Music in Slovene Cultural History until the Cecilian Movement." Musicological Annual 52, no. 1 (2016): 227–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/mz.52.1.227-230.

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The doctoral thesis entitled Organs and Organ Music in Slovene Cultural History until the Cecilian Movement explores the history of organ building in Slovenia from the beginning of the first half of the 15th century to the second half of the 19th century, when organs became a mandatory instrument in every parish church. The upper time line of the discussion is set in the year 1877, when the Slovene Cecilian Movement was founded, taking up the leading role in overseeing the planning of church music. The aim of this dissertation is to present the spreading of organ instruments in Slovene history

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Quiles, A., S. Emerit, V. Asensi-Amorós, et al. "NEW CHRONOMETRIC INSIGHTS INTO ANCIENT EGYPTIAN MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS HELD AT THE MUSÉE DU LOUVRE AND THE MUSÉE DES BEAUX-ARTS DE LYON." Radiocarbon 63, no. 2 (2021): 545–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/rdc.2020.135.

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ABSTRACTVery little is known about the manufacturing and use of ancient Egyptian instruments, and their discovery is very rare. An extensive radiocarbon (14C) dating program has been conducted on 25 ancient Egyptian musical instruments currently held at the Louvre Museum (musée du Louvre) and the Lyon Museum of Fine Arts (musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon). This study includes cordophones (harps, lyres, lutes), membranophones (drums, tambourines), idiophones (clappers, crotales), as well as wind instruments (oboe) that have entered the museum collections during the 19th century or the first half of

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Yoo, Hyokyung, and Byung Jun Kim. "History and Recent Advances in Microsurgery." Archives of Hand and Microsurgery 26, no. 3 (2021): 174–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.12790/ahm.21.0097.

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Since the late 19th century, microsurgery has achieved many miracles in history of surgery. With the development of microsurgical instruments and techniques, especially the first operating microscope invented by Carl Zeiss in 1953, the limitations steadily decreased and finally reached a limitless level of today’s supermicrosurgery. The chronological history of microsurgery can be divided into four periods: the beginning period of the late 19th to early 20th century when the essential microsurgical tools and concepts were established; the successful replantation of amputated extremities in the

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Espinoza, Lianggi, Juan Redmond, Pablo César Palacios Torres, and Ismael Cortez Aguilera. "Numerus surdus y armonía musical. Sobre el temperamento igual y el fin del reinado pitagórico de los números." Revista de Humanidades de Valparaíso, no. 16 (January 21, 2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.22370/rhv2020iss16pp137-167.

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AbstractThe development of philosophical ideas throughout history has sometimes been assisted by the use of handcrafted instruments. Some paradigmatic cases, such as the invention of the telescope or the microscope, show that many philosophical approaches have been the result of the intervention of such instruments. The aim of this article is to show the determining role that stringed musical instruments with frets had in the crisis and generation of philosophical paradigms. In fact, just as the observations of the moon with the telescope broke more than a thousand years of Aristotelian hegemo

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Spolsky, Bernard. "EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 29 (March 2009): vii—xii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190509090011.

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From the beginning, public tests and examinations were instruments of policy. The Imperial Chinese examination was created to permit the emperor to replace the patronage system by which powerful lords were choosing their own candidates to be mandarins. The Jesuit schools in 17th-century France introduced a weekly testing system to allow central control of classroom teaching. In 19th-century England, Thomas Macaulay argued for employing the Chinese principle in selecting cadets for the Indian Civil Service; a similar system was later used for the British Civil Service. A primary school examinat

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Baretzky, B., M. Friesel, and B. Straumal. "Reconstruction of Historical Alloys for Pipe Organs Brings True Baroque Music Back to Life." MRS Bulletin 32, no. 3 (2007): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2007.30.

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AbstractThe pipe organ is the king of musical instruments. No other instrument can compare with the pipe organ in power, timbre, dynamic range, tonal complexity, and sheer majesty of sound. The art of organ building reached its peak in the Baroque Age (∼1600–1750); with the industrial revolution in the 19th century, organ building shifted from a traditional artisans' work to factory production, changing the aesthetic concept and design of the organ so that the profound knowledge of the organ masters passed down over generations was lost.This knowledge is being recreated via close collaboration

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Lopičić-Jančić, Jelena. "International criminal law protection of prisoners of war in the nineteenth century." Glasnik Advokatske komore Vojvodine 75, no. 9-10 (2003): 423–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gakv0312423l.

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The author writes about International conventions and other legal acts in the field of Law of War in the 19th century, with special emphasis on the criminal law protection of prisoners of war. She underlines that although the 1874 Brussels Declaration and the 1880 Oxford Manual of the Laws and Customs of War were not international conventions, they still represented very important international instruments, which had a great impact on the International Law of War in the 20th century. A number of principles established in those acts were later adopted in the Hague and the Geneva Conventions.

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Schweitzer, Johannes. "The Birth of Modern Seismology in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries." Earth Sciences History 26, no. 2 (2007): 263–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.17704/eshi.26.2.q412767051228155.

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The earliest seismic instruments were seismoscopes, which could only indicate that a ground shaking had occurred. Modern seismology started in the late 19th century when, mostly in Italy, Japan, Russia, and Germany, seismic instruments were developed, which were able to record ground movements as function of time and orientation. During the decade before World War I, the fundamental development of seismic instruments was completed with seismograph systems of high resolution in time and enough sensitivity to record the most important seismic phases. Since seismic waves traverse the whole Earth

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Romanou, Ekaterini. "Italian musicians in Greece during the nineteenth century." Muzikologija, no. 3 (2003): 43–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz0303043r.

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In Greece, the monophonic chant of the Orthodox church and its neumatic notation have been transmitted as a popular tradition up to the first decades of the 20th century. The transformation of Greek musical tradition to a Western type of urban culture and the introduction of harmony, staff notation and western instruments and performance practices in the country began in the 19th century. Italian musicians played a central role in that process. A large number of them lived and worked on the Ionian Islands. Those Italian musicians have left a considerable number of transcriptions and original c

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Brenni, Paolo. "Prizes, Medals and Honourable Mentions." Nuncius 34, no. 2 (2019): 392–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03402010.

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Abstract Ever since antiquity, medals that were often also remarkable works of art were used to mark the achievements and testify to the glory of a person or his bravery on the battlefield, or to celebrate or commemorate a particular event. Sovereigns and nobles wore medals as symbols of their power, wealth and achievements or distributed them as exceptional gifts in order to maintain or garner support. In the 19th century the use of medals increased dramatically. In fact, with the machine age a new class of heroes was born. These were the engineers, the technicians and the manufacturers who w

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MINIATI, MARA. "ABOUT THE FLORENTINE STROZZI MANUSCRIPTS." Nuncius 16, no. 2 (2001): 681–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539101x00604.

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Abstracttitle SUMMARY /title The Archivio di Stato of Florence preserves an incredible amount of manuscripts. The Strozzi series constitute a large group which includes correspondences and private and public documents from the Middle Ages to the 19th century. Trying to find additional information on the mathematical instruments from the Strozzi family collections sold in 1911 in Amsterdam, this paper introduces this enormous archive, its history and that of this very important Florentine family.

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Ward, Catharine, and Julian A. Dowdeswell. "On the Meteorological Instruments and Observations Made during the 19th Century Exploration of the Canadian Northwest Passage." Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 38, no. 3 (2006): 454–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1657/1523-0430(2006)38[454:otmiao]2.0.co;2.

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Foljanty, Lena. "Zur Problematik der Übersetzung richterlicher Methoden: Frankreich und Japan im 19. Jahrhundert." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 133, no. 1 (2016): 499–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/zrgga-2016-0116.

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Abstract On the Problems of Translating Judicial Practice - France and Japan in the 19th century: What does it mean to shape judicial practice in a process of massive legal transfer? The translation of the normative framework and the institutional settings into a foreign legal culture might be difficult; even more difficult is translating methods, instruments and tools of decision-making. The article suggests in a first step how legal historians can reconstruct these unwritten methods of judicial practice. In a second step, it discusses the case of France and Japan in late 19th century. It arg

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Pantring, Gabriela, Sebastian Bußmann, and Hendrick Stoeckert. "Konstanz und Wandel in der Wirtschaftsförderung – Historie, aktuelle Rahmenbedingungen und notwendige Anpassungen für ein zukunftsfähiges Förderinstrumentarium am Beispiel der NRW.BANK." Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 89, no. 2 (2020): 9–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/vjh.89.2.9.

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Zusammenfassung: In Nordrhein-Westfalen reicht die Wirtschaftsförderung durch staatliche Banken bis in das frühe 19. Jahrhundert zurück. Mehrere der Ziele und Instrumente der damals agierenden Institute leben in der NRW.BANK fort. Im Zeitverlauf haben geänderte wirtschaftliche und politische Rahmenbedingungen jedoch auch zu neuen Geschäftsfeldern und Förderinstrumenten geführt. Heute sind es insbesondere das Niedrigzinsumfeld, die Digitalisierung sowie sich ändernde Vertriebsstrukturen in der Kreditwirtschaft und ganz aktuell die Corona-Pandemie, die bei der NRW.BANK – wie auch bei anderen Ins

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Gouthier, Daniele. "Nearly five centuries of science books." Journal of Science Communication 10, no. 01 (2011): C01. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.10010301.

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In four steps – from Renaissance to the dawn of the 20th century – this issue explores some aspects of the history of book sciences, as research and popularisation instruments also playing a role in economy. Adrian Johns speaks about the origin of science books in the Renaissance. Then, through the papers respectively by Bruce Lewenstein and Paola Govoni, the focus moves to science books in 19th-century America and Italy. They demonstrate that, in both countries, science books were a stimulus to the establishment of a national scientific community. Finally, Francesco De Ceglia exemplifies the

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Suay, Juan Miguel, and David Teira. "Kites." Nuncius 29, no. 2 (2014): 439–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-02902004.

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Between 1753 and 1914 kites constituted objects of scientific interest in different branches of physics. First, as instruments in experiments on the nature of electricity. Then, still in the 1750s, we find theoretical models of the flight of kites. In the late 19th century technologically sophisticated kites were used for aerological measurements. Finally, at the turn of the past century kites served early aeronautical researchers as scale models of wings. In each of these cases a rise and a fall can be seen: kites were reasonably successful in various applications, but they could not produce

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Toskovic, Oliver. "Ghost in the Shell - Collection of Old Scientific Instruments of Laboratory for Experimental Psychology." ACTA IMEKO 7, no. 3 (2018): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.21014/acta_imeko.v7i3.554.

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Creating of Collection of old scientific instruments of Laboratory for experimental psychology, Faculty of philosophy, University of Belgrade is an attempt to preserve a part of history of science in Serbia. There are around 100 instruments in Collection, which mostly came to Belgrade within German war reparations to Kingdom of Yugoslavia, after the World War I. Most of the instruments were made in workshop of E. Zimmermann, precise mechanic of the first psychology laboratory in the world, founded in 1879 by Wilhelm Wundt in Leipzig. They can be grouped on those aimed for examining visual and

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BRENNI, PAOLO. "IL METEOROGRAFO DI PADRE ANGELO SECCHI." Nuncius 8, no. 1 (1993): 197–247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/182539183x00082.

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Abstract<title> SUMMARY </title>During the 19th Century the systematic collecting of meteorological data became a general practice. Several scientists and instrument makers invented new meteorological instruments and improved the existing ones. Probably the most impressive and sophisticated recording apparatus was the meteorograph devised between 1855 and 1865 by the Italian astronomer Padre Angelo Secchi (1818-1878). This huge and complicated machine was presented to the 1867 Paris Universal Exhibition where it was considered the technological masterpiece. The instrument worked in

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Barboza, Christina Helena. "Twentieth-century astronomical heritage: the case of the Brazilian National Observatory." Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union 11, A29A (2015): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743921316002519.

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AbstractThis paper aims at contributing to the UNESCO-IAU Astronomy and World Heritage Initiative's discussions by presenting the case study of a 20th-century observatory located in a South American country. In fact, the National Observatory of Brazil was created in the beginning of the 19th century, but its present facilities were inaugurated in 1921. Through this paper a brief description of the heritage associated with the Brazilian observatory is given, focused on its main historical instruments and the scientific and social roles it performed along its history. By way of conclusion, the p

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Tsiuliupa, S. D. "Doctoral dissertations of wind instruments musicians in Ukraine (the end of XX – early XXI century)." Problems of Interaction Between Arts, Pedagogy and the Theory and Practice of Education 54, no. 54 (2019): 24–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.34064/khnum1-54.02.

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This paper is the first attempt to lay out the major scientific achievements of teachers of faculties of wind and percussion instruments of Ukrainian universities with 3-4 accreditation levels, for the period from second half of XX – to beg. of XXI century. This article systematizes and precisely analyzes the content of obtained PhD dissertations on musical art, theory and methodic of professional education, musical art, theory, the methodic and organization of cultural and educational activities. In the period of Ukraine’s integration into the European entities, scientific work becomes the le

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Kirby, Sarah. "Prisms of the musical past: British international exhibitions and ‘ancient instruments’, 1885–1890." Early Music 47, no. 3 (2019): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/em/caz043.

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Abstract Nineteenth-century international exhibitions were monumental attempts to represent modernity, ‘progress’ and ‘invention’ through displays of material objects. In materially illustrating a narrative of cultural ‘progress’, these exhibitions sometimes engaged vividly with the past, incorporating displays of historical objects shown in striking contrast to the new manufactures that were their core focus. This article examines musical displays at exhibitions held in London in 1885 and Edinburgh in 1890, where large exhibits of ‘ancient’ musical instruments, scores and related objects were

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Ledinek Lozej, Špela. "BRANDING TOLMIN CHEESE." Traditiones 49, no. 3 (2020): 53–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3986/traditio2020490304.

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The author presents the history of local cheese evaluation, from the commodification at the end of the 19th century to modern qualification instruments, emphasizing the collective trademark and the protected designation of origin. The main actors involved in the branding process, their objectives, effects, and specific features are outlined. In addition to strengthening agricultural production, food processing, and market supply, the branding processes have shaped and consolidated representations of (past) regional cheese production and livestock breeding, and have built locality.

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Laios, Konstantinos, Antonis Charalampakis, Konstantinos Manes, Efstathia Lagiou, Evangelos Mavrommatis, and Marianna Karamanou. "Eugène Louis Doyen (1859-1916): The Reformer of French Surgery." Surgical Innovation 25, no. 6 (2018): 645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1553350618799541.

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Eugène Louis Doyen (1859-1916) is considered as the reformer of French surgery at the end of 19th and early 20th century. Although he had a short life, dying at the age of 57, he left his mark in the history of French medicine and especially surgery, not only because he introduced many new medical instruments but also for his innovative idea to introduce cinematography in surgical education, which is crucial until today in the education of every surgeon in the world.

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Maszczyńska, Dominika. "Nannette and Johann Andreas Streicher - their role in shaping musical life in Vienna in the early 19th century." Notes Muzyczny 1, no. 13 (2020): 49–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1937.

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Nannette and Andreas Streicher were important figures in the musical life of Vienna in the early 19th century. The article introduces their profiles, describes the history of their company, their social, cultural and teaching activity as well as different types of artistic activity. It also explains how keyboard instruments shaped sound and aesthetics-related piano ideals at the turn of the 19th century. The versatile activity of the Streichers, which first of all included instrument building, piano play- ing, composition, teaching and organisation of musical life, made a great contribution to

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Bondarenko, S. B. "Origins of global scientific technical revolution." Alma mater. Vestnik Vysshey Shkoly, no. 5 (May 2021): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20339/am.05-21.117.

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Examined are origins of the scientific and technological revolution (STR). Definitions of globalization and STR are analyzed. The role of Russia in accelerating the process of STR globalization in general and the importance of activities of Leningrad Institute of Physics and Technology for scientific and technological development of Russia in particular are noted. The main directions of STR in the United States at the end of the 19th century (electrical engineering, communications, mechanization, power generators, motors, aviation, automobiles, microbiology, genetics, military equipment) are h

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Moodley, Nareshni, Unathi Ngxamngxa, Magdalena J. Turzyniecka, and Tahir S. Pillay. "Historical perspectives in clinical pathology: a history of glucose measurement." Journal of Clinical Pathology 68, no. 4 (2015): 258–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2014-202672.

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This is the second in the series of historical articles dealing with developments in clinical pathology. As one of the most commonly measured analytes in pathology, the assessment of glucose dates back to the time of the ancient Egyptians. It was only in the 19th century that advances in chemistry led to the identification of the sugar in urine being glucose. The following century witnessed the development of more chemical and enzymatic methods which became incorporated into the modern analysers and point-of-care instruments which are as ubiquitous as the modern day cellphones. Tracking the mi

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Repetowski, Radosław. "Zmiany w marketingowej orientacji przedsiębiorstw przemysłowych w dobie postępującej globalizacji." Studies of the Industrial Geography Commission of the Polish Geographical Society 12 (June 4, 2009): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20801653.12.14.

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Globalization is not a new phenomenon. This process has been initiated by great geographic discoveries. One can say, that the first age of globalization has been started in the 19th century. Continuous reducing of duty caused England to become the trade – open country. It allowed to accelerate the develpment of international business. In the end of the 19th century, innovations were a significant factor for development of globalization. They enabled a boost of efficiency of enterpreneurship through organizing mass production, reducing elementary cost and reducing price of final products. Techn

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León Sáenz, Jorge. "Nineteenth Century Navies Role in Developing an understanding of the Pacific Coast of Central America." Diálogos Revista Electrónica 19, no. 2 (2018): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/dre.v19i2.33352.

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Navies, apart from their traditional use by nations as instruments for the projection of power, for the protection of maritime interests and for exercising peacekeeping and war activities, have also had an important role in developing scientific and technical knowledge. The survey work undertaken by various navies since the 18th century, has in particular been of great benefit in improving and making navigation safer on high seas and coasts, through the provision of maritime charts and sailing directions, to all mariners. The technical efforts and geopolitical interests behind those efforts in

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Dragomirescu, Daniel. "Stylistic-Interpretative Statistics of The Creation for Guitar Solo (Preludes no. 1-5) by Heitor Villa Lobos." Review of Artistic Education 17, no. 1 (2019): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rae-2019-0016.

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Abstract In the past, more precisely in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth centuries, both pieces for keyboard instruments (organ or clavecin) and those for the guitar’s ancestor, the lute, were preceded by an introduction bearing the title of prelude. In the seventeenth century, this prelude was used as an introduction to some religious works, being synonymous to the preamble, as both were meant to prepare the atmosphere and tone of a musical piece. Johann Sebastian Bach played a decisive role in the evolution of the prelude, using it as the first part of the preclassic instrumental suite, with the

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Korvin-Piotrovskyi, A. O. "ARCHAEOLOGICAL MAPS OF THE SOUTH UKRAINE." Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 26, no. 1 (2018): 66–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.01.04.

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Archaeological investigations of southern regions of our country have a long story. By the efforts of amateurs and connoisseurs of antiquities, and as time academics were discovered hundreds of the new sites that got its place on archaeological maps. The history of archaeology operates by dozen archaeological maps created since 2nd quarter of 19th century to the present day. They were good spotlighted of territories exploration degree at certain stages of scientific development, illustrated priority subject matters for researchers, and the level of demand of special knowledge and instruments r

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Kochetkova, Uliana. "Influence of Philosophical and Aesthetic Concepts on the Description of the Acoustic Characteristics of Vowels (Late 17th – Early 20th Centuries)." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 3 (August 2020): 144–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2020.3.13.

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The article deals with the potential explicit or implicit impact of the cultural and scientific tradition on the way of thinking of the researchers in different epochs. The hypothesis is that aesthetic and philosophical thoughts may influence in some way the results of the scientific experiments. The paper follows the order of the research. It starts from the results of vowel acoustics measurements in 19th century and ends by finding their conceptual basis in works of the 17th century. Measuring vowel acoustic characteristics, researchers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries in most of ca

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Kerameus, K. D. "Organs of Enforcement and Enforceable Instruments in a Comparative Perspective." Israel Law Review 25, no. 1 (1991): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021223700010268.

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Professor Lawrence M. Friedman, the well-known legal historian and legal sociologist, stressed in a recent essay that the contemporary relevance of law within broader social phenomena could be analysed in terms of community expectations. He wrote that during the 19th century “[p]eople knew that they were exposed, at all times, to the risks of sudden disaster — disease, death in childbirth and childhood, accidents, chronic economic uncertainties. They faced these calamities without private insurance, without public welfare programs, and without legal liability rules that made it practical to co

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Morabito, Carmela. "Plastic Maps: The New Brain Cartographies of the 21th-Century Neurosciences." Nuncius 32, no. 2 (2017): 472–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18253911-03202008.

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Ever since the phrenological heads of the early 19th century, maps have translated into images our ideas, theories and models of the brain, making this organ at one and the same time scientific object and representation. Brain maps have always served as gateways for navigating and visualizing neuroscientific knowledge, and over time many different maps have been produced – firstly as tools to “read” and analyse the cerebral territory, then as instruments to produce new models of the brain. Over the last 150 years brain cartography has evolved from a way of identifying brain regions and localiz

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Fomicheva, Daria Vladimirovna. ""Picturesque graphics": three pencil technique, multi-layered charcoal drawing." Secreta Artis, no. 1 (July 11, 2021): 16–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.51236/2618-7140-2021-4-1-16-46.

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The article describes methods of achieving painterly qualities while drawing with soft materials, which include: 1) creation of a polychrome image effect using an extremely limited color palette (white, black and red chalk (sanguine)); 2) thorough work on a multi-layer charcoal drawing employing techniques similar to those of multi-layer watercolor, oil and pastel painting, as well as papier-pelle drawing. The study was first conducted by analyzing drawing manuals, catalogs of manufacturers and suppliers of art materials from France, Great Britain, Germany, USA and Russian Empire in the second

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Miller, Jason T., Scott Y. Rahimi, and Mark Lee. "History of infection control and its contributions to the development and success of brain tumor operations." Neurosurgical Focus 18, no. 4 (2005): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2005.18.4.5.

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Before advancements in infection control, only conditions that brought patients near death warranted the risk of surgical intervention. If patients survived the operation, infection was nearly inevitable and death by overwhelming sepsis was knocking at their door. In the late 19th century, with the development of germ theory by Louis Pasteur and its subsequent application to surgical sterility by Joseph Lister, surgeons were able to operate with a substantially reduced risk of infection. Consequently, surgeons became more confident and began to explore more extravagant procedures, including el

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Egorova, Tatiana, Eugene Rozanov, Pavle Arsenovic, and Timofei Sukhodolov. "Ozone Layer Evolution in the Early 20th Century." Atmosphere 11, no. 2 (2020): 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020169.

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The ozone layer is well observed since the 1930s from the ground and, since the 1980s, by satellite-based instruments. The evolution of ozone in the past is important because of its dramatic influence on the biosphere and humans but has not been known for most of the time, except for some measurements of near-surface ozone since the end of the 19th century. This gap can be filled by either modeling or paleo reconstructions. Here, we address ozone layer evolution during the early 20th century. This period was very interesting due to a simultaneous increase in solar and anthropogenic activity, a

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Wiązek, Paweł. "Legislatywa we francuskich systemach konstytucyjnych pierwszej połowy XIX wieku." Prawo 330 (November 9, 2020): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0524-4544.330.3.

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Legislation in French constitutional systems in the fi rst half of the 19th century after the fall of the First Empire The author attempted to present and compare the formal and legal position of the legislature in three successive constitutions that were passed in France in the fi rst half of the 19th century. The subject of the researcher’s exploration has consequently become the provisions of two Bourbon Constitutional Charters (proclaimed in 1814 and 1830 respectively) and the Republican Constitution passed by the French National Assembly in 1848. The choice of the subject of interes

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Serebrennikova, А. V., and А. V. Staroverov. "Socio-criminological and legal nature of trafficking in human beings (the slave trade, the slave trade)." E-Journal of Dubna State University. A series "Science of man and society -, no. 1 (2020): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.37005/2687-0231-2020-0-2-24-31.

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Human trafficking as a social phenomenon originated in the period of antiquity, the greatest spread reached in the early middle ages. Until the mid-19th century in many countries of the world, and in some countries until the mid-20th century, it was carried out quite legally. Modern trafficking in human beings, committed in the form of the purchase and sale of a person, his recruitment, transportation and concealment, is a criminal act, so it is carried out in disguise or completely hidden. Modern human trafficking dates back to ancient forms of the slave trade, which allows it to be defined a

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