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Journal articles on the topic '19th century missions'
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1
Wariboko, Nimi. "Liverpool Merchants in 19th-Century Niger Delta." Social Sciences and Missions 31, no. 3-4 (2018): 310–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18748945-03103001.
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Abstract How does religion or worldview affect business practices and ethics? This tradition of inquiry goes back, at least, to Max Weber who, in the Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, explored the impact of theological suppositions on capitalist economic development. But the connection can also go the other way. So the focus of inquiry can become: How does business ethics or practices affect ethics in a given nation or corporation? This paper inquires into how the political and economic conditions created and sustained by nineteenth-century trading community in the Niger Delta influenced religious practices or ethics of Christian missionaries. This approach to mission study is necessary not only because we want to further understand the work of Christian missions and also to tease out the effect of business ethics on religious ethics, but also because Christian missionaries came to the Niger Delta in the nineteenth century behind foreign merchants.
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Daughrity, Dyron B. "Hinduisms, Christian Missions, and Tinnevelly Shanars." Axis Mundi 1 (October 5, 2017): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/axismundi61.
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KLUJ, WOJCIECH. "Pole pracy Misjonarzy Oblatów Maryi Niepokalanej na Cejlonie w XIX w." Annales Missiologici Posnanienses, no. 17 (December 15, 2010): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/amp.2010.17.04.
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The above presentation aimed at more specific analysis of the territory of the missionary work of oblates on Ceylon in the 19th century. On this base there will be possible to discuss more clearly forms, the scope and methods of the evangelizing work. Even though at the end of 19th century there existed in Ceylon five dioceses, from the perspective of the Oblate missions most convenient was to divide this presentation in two parts following the division of the island into the territory of the two apostolic vicariates existing in the time of the arrival of the Oblates to the island (Colombo and Jaffna). In both cases we analyzed districts and missions, where missionary posts were founded.
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Karstein, Uta. "Konkurrenzbeziehungen: Allgemeine und konfessionelle Kunstvereine im Kunstfeld des 19. Jahrhunderts." Internationales Archiv für Sozialgeschichte der deutschen Literatur 45, no. 2 (2020): 334–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/iasl-2020-0019.
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AbstractThe article compares secular and faith-based art societies in the 19th century. Of special interest are the societies’ missions and purposes, as well as their activities and organizational structures. The main thesis is based on the work of German sociologist Georg Simmel and his conflict theory. I argue that the competition of these societies had invigorating effects on the field of art and its institutionalization in the course of the 19th century.
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Garcev, I. A. "Российские миссионерские журналы о деятельности скандинавских религиозных миссий в конце XIX-начале XX века(Scandinavian missions in the materials of the Russian Orthodox magazines (from the late 19th and early 20th centuries))". Poljarnyj vestnik 1 (1 лютого 1998): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/6.1436.
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The Russian Orthodox magazines - Pravoslavny Blagovestnik, Missio- nerskoe obozrenie, Amerikansky pravoslavny vestnik, and others - are important and interesting sources. These periodicals describe missionary activity in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Naturally, these magazines were primarily concerned with the missionary attempts of the "Great Powers". But the work of Scandinavian missions was also covered. The material can be divided into three categories: historical reviews, statistics, and so-called "missionary problems". The reviews deal with the history of all influential Scandinavian missionary organizations - The Norwegian Missionary Society, The Norwegian Covenant Mission, The Danish Missionary Society, The Church of Sweden Mission. The statistical material - the number of missionary organizations and missionaries, native assistants, converts, financial support - offers a chance to compare Scandinavian missionary activity on an international scale. At the turn of the 19th century the problems between missionaries and native inhabitants became very topical. These problems, too, were touched upon in Russian religious magazines. On the whole, the role of Scandinavian missions in the missionary movement was evaluated in an objective manner.
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Sasaki, Elisa Massae. "Estudos de Japonologia no Período Meiji." Estudos Japoneses, no. 37 (June 29, 2017): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2447-7125.v0i37p19-32.
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In the end of the Tokugawa period (1603-1868), inaugurated the Meiji period (1868- 1912), which implies a transformation without precedent in Japan, when it began to have an intense contact with Western countries, sending diplomatic missions, as the Iwakura Mission, as well as getting hired foreigners (Oyatoi gaikokujin), to acquire knowledge and technology and thus they match and even surpass them in the late 19th century to the 20th. In this context, Japanology, that is, how to think and imagine Japan also won other contours.
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Lyon, Eileen Groth, and Susan Thorne. "Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in 19th-Century England." Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 32, no. 3 (2000): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4053949.
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Shukurov, Rustam. "STUDY OF DIPLOMATIC RELATIONS OF THE BUKHARA EMIRATE IN MODERN RUSSIAN HISTORIORGRAPHY." JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 4, no. 4 (2021): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2021-4-10.
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The article presents the scientific conclusions of modern historiographic research on the history of diplomatic relations of the Bukhara Emirate. The object of the research is the analysis of the history of the activities of Alexander Burns, who carried out a diplomatic mission in Central Asia in the first quarter of the 19th century. The history of the diplomatic missions of the Russian and British empires in relation to the Bukhara Emirate is highlighted. Although most of the research on the history of the Bukhara Emirate has been carried out by historians from Uzbekistan, Russia and Tajikistan, historians from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan can also be found.Index Terms:Bukhara Emirate, embassy, diplomacy, expedition, mission, historiography, research, analysis, conclusion
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GHEORGHE, Elena. "ROMANIAN RELIGION AND CUSTOMS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY IN THE VISION OF FOREIGN TRAVELERS." Icoana Credintei 7, no. 13 (2021): 92–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.26520/icoana.2021.13.7.92-102.
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The notes of foreign travelers represent a major source of interest for the reconstruction of Romanian society in the middle of the nineteenth century. Although they were not "professional" historians, most often curiosity or diplomatic missions brought them to these lands, their visits led them to numerous political, economic, cultural and psychological observations.Abundance of travelogues and testimonies on the Romanian Lands of this period represents the consequence of the international reactivation of the “oriental problem” and of the intensification of the struggle for emancipation and national liberation of the peoples of the Balkans. of the culture from which they came, foreign travelers projected, consciously or not, their own light on the realities they presented. In no other historical source will we find anything more picturesque and full of life than in the events and descriptions presented by them.
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Hall, Randolph W. "Creating the Innovative University." Technology & Innovation 21, no. 4 (2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21300/21.4.2020.3.
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Universities are among the oldest institutions in the world. In America, most of the highest-ranked universities were founded in the 19th century or earlier. Despite their age, universities need to innovate, perhaps now more than ever, to serve evolving societal needs, modernize through use of technology, stay financially viable, and fulfill their missions. University innovation is more than inventorship, technology transfer, and commercialization. It entails developing a culture that stimulates novel and integrated change through education, research, and public service as well as clinical care, athletics, the arts, and various auxiliary activities. This article shows how innovation appears in university rankings and in university mission statements, providing insights into how universities can become innovative universities.
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Holmes, Sarah A., Sandra T. Welch, and Laura R. Knudson. "THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING PRACTICES IN THE DISEMPOWERMENT OF THE COAHUILTECAN INDIANS." Accounting Historians Journal 32, no. 2 (2005): 105–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.32.2.105.
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This paper argues that a complex of accounting measures — account books, inventories of accumulated wealth, and detailed instructions for production performance — were used to inculcate Western values into the native population located at five Franciscan missions along the San Antonio River in New Spain (present-day Texas) from 1718 to 1794. Bolstered by the need to alleviate communications problems caused by extreme isolation, the missionaries constructed detailed mission documents that described the acquisition of scarce resources, reported the aggregation of material and spiritual mission wealth, and controlled daily production performance of the native population. In short, the resulting mission economic system, which held the Indians to certain notions of accountability, primarily by restricting their choices, nourished the Western view of income distribution based on effort. We propose that these procedures ultimately caused the Coahuiltecans to abandon their native beliefs, and gradually, to be absorbed into Spanish society. The 150 Coahuiltecan tribes ceased to exist as a distinct culture by the early 19th century. The exploitation and ultimate subjugation of the Coahuiltecan Indians parallels strikingly subsequent developments in Canada, Australia, and the Scottish Highlands.
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Kraśniewska, Urszula. "Restoration Work in the Main Sanctuary of Amun of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari." Studies in Ancient Art and Civilisation 23 (December 31, 2019): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/saac.23.2019.23.03.
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The Sanctuary of Amun of the Temple of Hatshepsut in Deir el-Bahari was, starting from the early 18th century, gradually discovered, and has been analyzed by many researchers and scientists. In the late 19th century E. Naville was the first to concentrate to an significant extent on the Sanctuary rooms, which resulted in the elaboration of a vast architectural description prepared by Somers Clarke, his cooperator. In the early 20th century, Herbert Winlock conducted studies and analyses of the Sanctuary rooms. In 1961, a concession for conducting works was assigned to the Polish Station of Mediterranean Archaeology of the University of Warsaw, directed by Prof. Kazimierz Michałowski. Since that time, Polish Missions have conducted numerous architectural and conservation as well as epigraphic works, gradually ordering and reconstructing the Sanctuary.
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Noorzai, Roshan. "The Battle of Maiwand and the Taliban’s Tarani." Iran and the Caucasus 23, no. 3 (2019): 233–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20190303.
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This study analyzes the post-September 11 Taliban’s discourse, exploring particularly the sujet of the battle of Maiwand (July 27, 1880) in the Taliban’s tarani (pl. of tarana “chant, song”). After providing a brief history of the post-September 11 conflict in Afghanistan, the paper examines Afghanistan’s experience of colonialism in the 19th century by discussing the Anglo-Afghan wars, with a focus on the battle of Maiwand and its importance in the modern history of Afghanistan. This study takes a postcolonial and postmodernist approach to discourse analysis. Using a postmodernist approach, the author tried to understand how the Taliban saw the post-September 11, 2001 conflict, and how they legitimized their actions. This study concludes that the Taliban used Afghanistan’s past experience of colonialism in their discourse. In fact, they refer to the historical events and personalities, those led resistance against colonial powers in the 19th century, for propaganda purposes. In addition, the paper shows that the colonial past is an important factor in the success or failure of interventions and peacekeeping missions, particularly in Afghanistan.
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Elbourne, Elizabeth. "Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in 19th-century England, by Susan ThorneCongregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in 19th-century England, by Susan Thorne. Stanford, California, Stanford University Press, 1999. 247 pp. $49.50 U.S." Canadian Journal of History 36, no. 1 (2001): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjh.36.1.164.
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Miyamoto, Ken Christoph. "Mission, Liturgy, and the Transformation of Identity." Mission Studies 27, no. 1 (2010): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157338310x497955.
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AbstractThis article considers the significance of liturgical worship for the purpose of overcoming the problem of intellectualism and rationalism that have been prevalent in the modern Christian missions since the 19th century. Despite its centrality in Christian life, worship has been given a marginal place in the discussions of Christian mission. The author, however, maintains that it should play a crucial and powerful role in mission at the age when human identity is increasingly becoming fluid and problematic, as it is capable of producing profound spiritual transformation among worshippers and thus establishing in them a new identity centered on Christ without eradicating “primordial attachments.” This is because liturgy has a holistic nature with its rich symbolism and is able to reach the non-rational level of personality where the primordial attachments operate. The author, who teaches courses in Christianity at a Christian college in Kobe, Japan, takes as his starting point the apparent impasse of Christian higher education in today’s Japan which still operates on the Enlightenment model of mission with its emphasis on knowledge as the foundation of faith. He takes advantage of some insights of recent Ritual Studies to illuminate the identity-forming character of liturgical rituals.
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Boyle, Colleen. "You Saw the Whole of the Moon: The Role of Imagination in the Perceptual Construction of the Moon." Leonardo 46, no. 3 (2013): 246–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_00564.
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The author offers a short history of how our perceptual relationship with the Moon has changed over time. Examples of lunar imaging by Early Renaissance painter Jan Van Eyck, Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, 19th-century photographer James Nasmyth and NASA's Ranger and Lunar Orbiter missions of the 1960s reveal ways in which our perception of the Moon has changed. Images of the Moon produced by technology remain far from “complete”—they are akin to fragments, sketches or models, providing information upon which the imagination can build. How we imagine the Moon, the author argues, is symbiotically linked with our representations of it; we only perceive the truly complete, whole Moon in the non-localized zone of our imaginations.
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Tomes, Roger. "Book Review: New Light on Missionary Meetings: Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in 19th-Century England." Expository Times 111, no. 7 (2000): 244–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001452460011100721.
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Fal’ko, S. A. "Activity of European Military-Instruction Missions in the Countries of South-Eastern Europe at the beginning of the XX century." Problems of World History, no. 13 (March 18, 2021): 24–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-2.
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This article studies one of the components of the history of modernization processes in the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the latter half of the 19th century – the early 20th century – military modernization.
 The purpose of research is to analyze the role of foreign military assistance in formation of military forces of Romania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, Albania and Greece. Separate directions of military assistance provided to the countries of South-Eastern Europe in the form of military missions, training of officers in Europe, arms export and other aspects are disclosed.
 One of the markers of military development during the period in question was the military instructor activity of the developed European countries in the framework of military modernization of possible military allies in these countries.
 The lower limit of research is the Bosnian crisis in 1908 caused by annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. The conflict was the reason of rapid militarization of the region. Military missions from the countries of Europe began their activity in Greece, Montenegro, Turkey. Thousands of officers from Balkan army studied in military establishments of Europe. The top limit of the research is the First world war І 1914-1918. The obvious success was attained with modernization of the armed forces of allies by military missions from Germany in Turkey and from France in Romania in that time.
 The work deals with the process of military modernization, i.e. the activities of military instructor missions of the leading European countries during the interwar period. The time interval of the study ranges within 1908-1918. This was the period marked by modernization of new national armies in Eastern Europe. Military missions played an important role in this complex process.
 The comparison of the results of transformations provides for better understanding of the regional specifics and concrete results of this form of military modernization of armed forces during the twenty-year interwar period.
 The method for comparing variations of military modernization of armies of Oriental countries occurring at the turn of the 20th centuries and reorganization of military forces of the countries of South-Eastern Europe is used. This method instantiates results, consequences, failures and success of military modernization.
 The research is relevant for studying modern processes of military modernization.
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Yegorenkova, E. N. "The Omsk Diocesan Vedomosti about the System of Parochial Education in the Steppe Territory (the Turn of the 19th-20th Centuries)." Izvestiya of Altai State University, no. 3(113) (July 6, 2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/izvasu(2020)3-05.
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From the middle of the 19th century, church periodicals in the form of the Omsk Diocesan Vedomosti occupy an important place in the sorial, socio-political life of the Russian provinces, plaring on their pages not only documents and addresses of church and offidal authorities (Holy Synod, Sovereign Emperor), sermons and instructions, reports of orthodox missions and committees, but also material of a journalists, local history, historical and ethnography nature and etc From this point of view, “The Omsk Diocesan Vedomosti ” with good reason can represent a full-fledged, original and versatile source of the history of church and parochial education in the Steppe Territory in the late 19th — early 20th centuries, which reflets on its pages both the general condition of parish schools, church literacy schools, and certain aspects of the functioning of the education system in the region under the patronage of the Russian Orthodox Church, such as: education as one of the tools of missionary activity, newly baptized Kyrgyz (Kazakhs) and the education system, missionary schools and their role in missionary work, boarding schools for children of immigrants baptized Kyrgyz (Kazakhs) and much more.
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Andreyev, Alexander. "Russian Buddhists in Tibet, from the end of the nineteenth century – 1930." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 11, no. 3 (2001): 349–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186301000323.
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AbstractThe article offers a survey of religious contacts maintained between Tibet and Russian Buddhists, the ethnic Buryats and Kalmyks, from the late 19th C. to the 1930s. Chronologically, the story falls into two parts, the dividing point being the Bolshevik revolution of 1917. The focus in the first portion is on the Russian Buddhist colony in Lhasa centred around the Gomang Datsang (school) of the Drepung monastery, its emergence and growth in the early 20th C., in the wake of Russo-Tibetan rapprochement brought about by a Buryat scholar-monk and adviser of the 13th Dalai Lama, Agvan Dorjiev. The tsarist government tried to use their Buddhist connection with Lhasa to political ends – in January 1904, shortly after the beginning of the British military invasion of Tibet, they sent a secret Kalmyk reconnaissance mission to Lhasa under a Cossack subaltern, Naran Ulanov, assisted by a cleric (bakshi) Dambo Ulianov. The latter part of the article concentrates on the dramatic post-revolutionary period. It begins with the story of the Kalmyk refugees in Turkey and their abortive attempt to emigrate to Tibet. There's also a detailed discussion of the endeavours by Soviet leaders to win the Dalai Lama over, by employing the loyal Buryats and Kalmyks for their secret missions to the Potala. The key figures behind this scheme were the Soviet foreign minister, G. V. Chicherin, and the same Agvan Dorjiev, posing as the Dalai Lama's representative in the USSR. As a result of the Bolshevik propaganda, many of the Buryat and Kalmyk residents in Lhasa began to return to their homeland in the 1920s. The crackdown on Buddhism in Soviet Russia put an end to the Moscow–Lhasa political dialogue. Hence all connections between the Buryat and Kalmyk Buddhists and their religious “Mecca” were deliberately cut by the Soviet authorities by 1930.
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Gagnon, Denis, and Lynn Drapeau. "Les échelles catholiques comme exemples de métissage religieux des ontologies chrétiennes et amérindiennes." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 44, no. 2 (2015): 178–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008429815580788.
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The discovery of a unique version of Lacombe’s Catholic Ladder annotated in the Innu language, and in use in the middle of the 20th century among the St Laurence North Shore Innus (who were known as Montagnais from the 17th to the 20th century), gives us opportunities to question again the production history of these illustrated catechism posters, which served as tools of conversion. After showing the connection between this “Catholic ladder” and aboriginal selective writing practices, we look at the rich history of the tradition from its emergence on the Pacific Coast to its spread throughout world Catholic missions from the middle of the 19th until the middle of the 20th century. We also present a commented translation of the Innu annotation of Lacombe’s Ladder and show that the origin of its success among Aboriginal peoples is that it transmits a Christian content using a symbolic method of spreading knowledge that is typically aboriginal. The Ladder is a product of religious “ métissage” (cultural mixing or cultural combination) between Catholic and aboriginal religions, and it is this “ métissage” that has led to its international success.
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Li, Yinghan, Xuanfan Li, Qiaochu Jiang, and Qi Zhou. "Historical Study and Conservation Strategies of “Tianzihao” Colony (Nanjing, China)—Architectural Heritage of the French Catholic Missions in the Late 19th Century." Buildings 11, no. 4 (2021): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11040176.
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The “Tianzihao” colony was built by the French Jesuits in the 1890s. As one of the earliest examples of the French Catholic Church’s mission in China, as well as the only case in Nanjing, it shows the historical scenes of Western missionaries in Nanjing 120 years ago. It is a demonstration of cultural exchanges between China and the West after China opened to the Western world in the late 19th century. In architectural style, the “Tianzihao” colony is Western-style townhouses, but a large number of traditional Chinese architectural technologies were used for it, and therefore it is characterized by Western space and Chinese technology. The “Tianzihao” colony was badly damaged during these decades, with a lot of decayed building materials and structures on the verge of collapse. Based on the historical research and technical analysis of the “Tianzihao” colony, this article explores the conservation strategies and methods of reusing the architectural heritage. In addition, this article is to study the characteristics of the times before introduction of Western architectural technology in Nanjing based on an analysis on the building technology used for the “Tianzihao” colony. The authors participated in the conservation and restoration project of the “Tianzihao” colony, and the objective of this study was achieved through some qualitative methods, including collection and analysis of archival data, analysis of old maps and photos, architectural mapping and a large amount of historical information found in the conservation process.
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Makhmutov, Zufar A. "The Roles and Activities of Tatar Mullahs in Kazakhstan, 18th to Mid-21st Century." RUDN Journal of Russian History 20, no. 1 (2021): 61–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2312-8674-2021-20-1-61-73.
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This article is devoted to the study of the functions by the Institute of Tatar mullahs in Kazakhstan at different historical periods. The author examines the activities of clergymen in the region, analyzes the internal policy of the Russian and later Soviet state, which regulated their activities by legislative acts, creating certain political contexts. Research interest is also caused by the internal policy of the state, which regulated Tatar mullahs activities by legislative acts and it created certain political contexts. The sources for writing the work were materials of personal origin and office work, legislative and regulatory documents stored in the archives of Kazakhstan and Russia. In the initial period of the Kazakhstan's colonization the institute of Tatar mullahs was integrated into the management system of the newly-joined territory. In these conditions, the Tatar clergy had rather large powers in the Kazakh steppe. They conducted civil proceedings, document management, taught the Kazakhs literacy and agriculture, participated in government decisions, and carried out diplomatic missions. Their work gave legitimacy to the actions of the empire for the Kazakhs and promoted loyalty to the new government. In the middle of the 19th century, the attitude of the tsarist officials towards the mullahs changed dramatically. Activity of Tatar clergy was significantly limited by the Temporary Provision of 1868. Despite the prohibitions being undertaken, the political and religious influence of the ulama on the Kazakhs remained quite strong. In Soviet times, a significant part of the Tatar clergy was destroyed and completely removed from the legal field. However, although they were in an illegal situation, they continued to perform religious functions. After some religious relaxation during the Great Patriotic War, they made a significant contribution to the formation of Kazakhstani Kaziyat. The author considers that Tatar mullahs were the elite of the mobilized diaspora оn the basis of the analyzed material. Tatar ulemahs conspicuous influence was until the middle of the 19th century and occurred outside the religious sphere as well.
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Schriber, Mary Suzanne. "Women's Place in Travel Texts." Prospects 20 (October 1995): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300006049.
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In the 19th Century, white American women of the middle and upper classes began to travel abroad in significant numbers for the first time in history. Prior to the 19th Century, and with the exception of such women as Abigail Adams and Martha Bayard, who accompanied their parents or husbands on diplomatic missions, American women as a rule traveled only about the countryside or to frontier settlements. Beginning in the 1820s, however, and escalating after the Civil War, the prototypes of Henry James's Isabel Archer and Edith Wharton's Undine Spragg set out by the hundreds to see the world, from Europe to the Middle East and from Africa to Japan and China. The greatest number of them visited the British Isles and continental Europe. As early as 1835, according to Paul R. Baker, some fifty American women visited Rome during Holy Week. Many women were among the fifty thousand Americans who, in 1866 alone, traveled to Europe. According to Mrs. John Sherwood in 1890, there were “more than eleven thousand virgins who semi-yearly migrate[d] from America to the shores of England and France.” Women found their way to virtually all parts of the world, as the book-length travel accounts of women (far fewer than the numbers of women who traveled) show. Women published accounts of twenty journeys to China, seventeen to Palestine, eleven to India, twenty-two to Egypt, two to the East Indies, twenty to Greece, three to Arabia, six to Algeria, and four to Africa, as well as travel in Central and South America, Cuba, the Yucatan, and Jamaica.
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Romanova, O. S., O. A. Lazebnik, and A. G. Khropov. "Mapping the Yakutsk province (oblast’) in the second half of the 19th century: to the 150th anniversary of G. L. Maydell’s Chukotka expedition." Geodesy and Cartography 943, no. 1 (2019): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2019-943-1-76-83.
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The article is devoted to Chukotka expedition of 1868–1870 to the North-East of Russia under the leadership of G. L. Maydell, the official for special missions of the Eastern Siberia General Directorate, and is presented in connection with the 150th anniversary of its beginning. Along with administrative and management objectives the expedition was entrusted with a task of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and the Imperial Russian Geographical Society to conduct scientific observations and collect geographical data. The longest part of the expedition route passed through the territory of the Yakutsk province (oblast’), thus the bulk of scientific results concerns just to this region. Topographic, geodetic, and cartographic works performed during the expedition by G. L. Maydell, surveyor P. Afanasyev, and astronomer K. Neumann, as well as an in-depth analysis of maps published by Military Topographic Department of the General Staff for this area before, made it possible for G. L. Maydell to compile maps of the Atlas published by the Academy of Sciences as part of the expedition records. The maps of this Atlas are characterized and the methods are regarded of their compilation and original features. It is suggested that G. L. Maydell, being familiar with the advanced works by P. A. Kropotkin and E. A. Koversky, used some of their techniques to confirm the reliability and accuracy of the Yakutsk province (oblast’) map. The uniqueness and scientThe uniqueness and scientific significance of G. L. Maydell’s cartographic works are confirmed by the fact that the map of the Yakutsk province (oblast’), published in the Atlas of 1896, was recognized as the only relatively complete and accurate cartographic depiction of the area during nearly three following decades.
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Zherlitsyna, Natalia A. "Concerning History of the Establishment of Russian Diplomatic Missions in the Maghreb in Late 18th – 19th Century: Materials from the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire." Herald of an Archivist, no. 4 (2017): 159–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-0101-2017-4-159-171.
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Lyon, Eileen Groth. "Susan Thorne. Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in 19th-century England. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 1999. Pp. xiv, 248. $49.50. ISBN 0-8047-3053-9." Albion 32, no. 3 (2000): 516–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0095139000065315.
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Manktelow, Emily J. "Mission Station Christianity in 19th-Century South Africa." Journal of Southern African Studies 42, no. 1 (2016): 173–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2016.1126464.
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Andrade Alvarez, Norby Margot. "Religión, política y educación en Colombia. La presencia religiosa extranjera en la consolidación del régimen conservador durante la Regeneración." HiSTOReLo. Revista de Historia Regional y Local 3, no. 6 (2011): 154–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/historelo.v3n6.12267.
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El texto interpreta el contexto institucional y gubernamental a partir del cual se instaura el Concordato en Colombia en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. Explica el papel de la Iglesia sobre la enseñanza de la educación y la llegada de órdenes religiosas extranjeras al país, en especial la congregación francesa de los padres Eudistas. La recristianización y la implementación de un sistema educativo católico-moderno orientado al control y dominio de la técnica son expuestos como objetivos centrales de los gobiernos conservadores y las congregaciones religiosas extranjeras, en un contexto en el que se adopta un positivismo orientado a la idea de orden y progreso, pero relacionado con la función de instrucción y formación técnica y católica que cumplieron misiones especialmente francesas en el país apoyadas por los gobiernos conservadores de la Regeneración. Palabras clave: Regeneración, educación, Eudistas, radicales, conservadores, congregaciones religiosas. Religion, Politics and Education in Colombia. The Foreign Religious Participation for the Conservative Party Consolidation during the Regeneración Period in Colombia AbstractThe article explains the institutional and governmental context from which, in the second half of the 19th century, the Concordat in Colombia is established. It also explains the role from the Church about the education teaching and the arrival to the country of foreign religious orders, especially the French congregation from the Eudist Fathers. The central objectives from the conservative party’s governments and foreign religious congregations are the re-Christianization and the implementation of a modern-catholic educational system aimed at controlling and dominating the technique. Thus in a context in which it is adopted a positivism aimed at the order and progress idea, but related to the instruction and technical and catholic training function that were accomplished in the country by French missions supported by the conservative governments from the Regeneración.[1]Keywords: Regeneración, Education, Eduists, Radicals, Conservative Party Members, Religious Congregations.[1] Regenaración is a Colombian history period from 1880 through 1900.
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Snow, Jennifer. "The Altar and the Rail: “Catholicity” and African American Inclusion in the 19th Century Episcopal Church." Religions 12, no. 4 (2021): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel12040224.
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Examining the denominational history of The Episcopal Church from the point of view of mission shifts the view of the church’s nature and its most important figures. These become those people who struggled to overcome boundaries of race, culture, and geography in extending the church’s reach and incorporating new people into it, and puts issues of racial relationships at the forefront of the church’s story, rather than as an aside. White Episcopalians from the 1830s forward were focused heavily on the meaning of “catholicity” in terms of liturgical and sacramental practice, clerical privilege, and the centrality of the figure of the Bishop to the validity of the church, in increasingly tense and conflicted debates that have been traced by multiple scholars. However, the development of catholicity as a strategic marker of missional thinking, particularly in the context of a racially diverse church, has not been examined. The paper investigates the ways in which Black Episcopalians and their white allies used the theological ideal of catholicity creatively and strategically in the nineteenth century, both responding to a particular missional history and contending that missional success depended upon true catholicity.
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Cayme, Jan-Michael, Renz Matthew L. L. Aurellano, Carmen Luisa P. Cabral, Gellyn Ann R. Alonzo, and Aniano N. ,. Jr Asor. "Assessing the Composition of 19th Century Lime Mortars from a Mission Chapel in the Former Hacienda de San Isidro de Mariquina Philippines." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 21, no. 3 (2018): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.21.3.131-138.
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This paper presents the results of a chemical study on lime mortars manufactured during the Spanish Colonial Period in the Philippines. Lime mortar samples, MRK-01 and MRK-02, were obtained from the facade of a historical mission chapel in Marikina City. The nature of the aggregate and binder components in these mortar samples were determined by performing sieve analysis and classified to be poorly graded with uniform gradation. An aggregate to binder ratio of approximately 1:1 was computed based on the solubility of the individual sieved fractions in hydrochloric acid. The silicate character of the aggregate was confirmed by the absorbance peaks attributed to silicon dioxide (SiO2) in the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Natural river sand was used as aggregates in both mortar samples which is apparent from the particle shapes of the sieved fractions. There was also no evidence of sea shells, broken potteries, brick fragments and bulk unburned limestone used as aggregates in any of the mortar samples tested. The binder portion is mainly calcitic or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) based on the FTIR spectra and was shown to be removed by hydrochloric acid digestion. Titration method using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was employed to determine the amount of calcium in the acid soluble fractions. The percentage of calcium for MRK-01 ranges from about 1.0% to 9.5%, while MRK-02 ranges from about 2.3% to 16.8%, respectively. These percentages indicate that MRK-02 was manufactured with more lime binder compared to MRK-01. From this study, a simple method of understanding the composition of old lime mortars in the Philippines was established, which is useful for general heritage conservation work.
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Stoner, Allan, and Kim Hummer. "19th and 20th Century Plant Hunters." HortScience 42, no. 2 (2007): 197–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.42.2.197.
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The latter part of the 19th and the first several decades of the 20th century can be described as a “golden age” for plant exploration and collecting. During the initial years of this period, agricultural scientists from the United States and elsewhere devoted considerable resources to collecting potential new crops for farmers as well as superior plants or cultivars of the species that farmers were already growing. Over time, there was a shift toward collecting unadapted germplasm, or raw material that possessed traits that plant breeders and other scientists could use for cultivar improvement and other types of research. Although many institutions and individuals were involved in plant collecting during this period, the creation of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Office of Seed and Plant Introduction in 1898, resulted in the largest single program devoted to plant exploration. This office employed many individuals, including David Fairchild, P.H. Dorsett, Frank Meyer, Walter Swingle, and Wilson Popenoe. These and many other individuals collected—and introduced into the United States—seeds and plants of thousands of fruits, vegetables, nuts, ornamentals, cereals, forages, oilseeds, and other types of crops. Although the mission of most of the plant explorations during this period was to collect any plants that appeared interesting or potentially useful, others focused on collecting targeted species. Much of the material collected during this era is still maintained by the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS), and much more of it shows up in the pedigrees of cultivars grown by farmers and gardeners today. In addition to collecting plants for immediate and future use, scientists of this era, such as Nicolai I. Vavilov and Jack Harlan, contributed greatly to the understanding of the evolution of plants and plant genetic diversity, and the interdependence of plants and civilization.
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Harvey, Thomas Alan. "Diaspora: A Passage to Mission." Transformation: An International Journal of Holistic Mission Studies 28, no. 1 (2010): 42–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0265378810386420.
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This paper looks at some of the missiological implications of the history, presence and ministry of diaspora Christians in Singapore and Malaysia in the 19th and early 20th century. More particularly, it considers how their lives and legacy tied together Europe, China and Southeast Asia in mission. It suggests that the global movement of people, ideas and faith is not new, but has ridden the waves of globalization for centuries if not millennia.
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Denny, Elaine. "The second missing link: Bible nursing in 19th century London." Journal of Advanced Nursing 26, no. 6 (1997): 1175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.1997.tb00810.x.
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Jakobsson, Mikael, and Anna Källén. "A Hobbling Marriage: On the Relationship Between the Collections and the Societal Mission of the Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm." Current Swedish Archaeology 17, no. 1 (2021): 151–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2009.10.
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In the late 19th century, the new Museum of National Antiquities in Stockholm was a cutting-edge institution for the presentation of ideas of a universal human development from primitive to modern —ideas that were at the heart of the European colonial project. We argue that the archaeological collections with their unaltered 19th-century structures still represent a narrative that reproduces a colonial understanding of the world, a linear arrangement of essential cultural groups according to a teleological development model. Contrary to this, the contemporary mission of the Museum, inspired by the late 20th-century postcolonial thinking, is directed towards questioning this particular narrative. This problematic relationship is thus present deep within the structure of the Museum of National Antiquities as an institution, and it points to the need for long-term strategic changes to make the collections useful for vital museum activity in accordance with the Museum's mission.
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Goncharov, Yu M., та L. M. Dmitrieva. "Educational Activities of the Altai Ecclesiastical Mission in Mounting Altai and Mounting Shoria in the Second Half of the 19th – Early of the 20th Centurу". Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series History 36 (2021): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2222-9124.2021.36.40.
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The missionary activity of the Russian Orthodox Church was of great importance for the socio-cultural development of the outskirts of the Russian Empire. The purpose of the work is to consider the educational and educational activities of the Russian Orthodox Church in Siberia on the example of the Altai Ecclesiastical Mission, which operated on the territory of modern Mounting Altai and Mounting Shoria. The article discusses the process of creating mission schools, the specifics of their activities. The basis of the mission's educational activities was the understanding that schools are the most effective way to spread Christian teaching and education. Because of this, large financial resources were allocated for the development of schools. It was common practice to attract merchants to finance the construction and equipment of school buildings. The opening of schools and the education of aboriginal children in them sometimes met with resistance from the local population. Altai missionaries contributed to the formation of the national culture of the inhabitants of Altai and Mounting Shoria. The activities of the Altai Ecclesiastical Mission influenced the formation of the Altai intelligentsia. The first representatives of the national intelligentsia of the Altai Mountains (teachers, writers, artists, doctors) were almost all either students of mission schools, children of foreign missionaries, or employees of the mission. The missionary and educational activities of the Altai Ecclesiastical Mission consistently achieved its main goal – the rebirth of the pagan way of thinking of foreigners, the formation as individuals of entire generations in the bosom of the Orthodox Church. The educational nature of the activities of the Altai Spiritual Mission contributed to the birth of a new culture: the spread of sedentary life, literacy of the local population.
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Lysenko, Yu A., and Cuihong Yang. "Review of the Pastoral Activity of the Russian Orthodox Mission in Beijing (The 2nd Half of the 19th – Early 20th Century)." History 18, no. 8 (2019): 59–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2019-18-8-59-73.
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The article studies the place and role of the Russian Orthodox Mission as a tool of religious propaganda in China in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Heretofore, the primary goals were to fulfill the functions of the Russian diplomatic mission in China and to conduct research in the field of oriental studies and the natural sciences, which in its turn excluded the possibility of its missionary tasks. In the second half of the 19th century the Russian Orthodox Mission had to transfer diplomatic and military intelligence functions to the Russian embassy in China that was opened in 1861. This circumstance forced the Mission to search for new directions of development and eventually focus on missionary work. The structure of the Russian Orthodox Mission was gradually transformed, adapting to the needs of pastoral activity. Its financial and material-technical base strengthened, the staff of missionaries expanded, the system of Orthodox parishes, church schools, monastery cloisters and courtyards become more complicated. In order to involve the indigenous people in the religious propaganda and to significantly increase the number of newly baptized Chinese, from the second half of the 19th till early 20th centuries the Mission developed the network of missionary offices, mills and schools in the six largest and densely populated provinces of central China. Despite the fact that the Mission worked in extremely unfavorable conditions, mostly caused by the political games of the great powers for influence in the Far East, Russian Orthodox Church achieved undoubted success. The growth of the Mission was interrupted by the outbreak of the First World War, following a reduction in funding and a number of other circumstances. As a result, the activity of the Russian Orthodox Mission in China was gradually decreasing in 1914–1917.
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POTOČNIK, VIKTOR. "POVELJEVANJE Z NAMERO IN SLOVENSKA VOJSKA." CONTEMPORARY MILITARY CHALLENGES, VOLUME 2014/ ISSUE 16/2 (June 30, 2014): 97–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.33179//bsv.99.svi.11.cmc.16.2.6.
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Besedilo obravnava doktrino in načela poveljevanja z namero, njegov izvor in temeljne pogoje za njegovo delovanje. Glede na to, da je bila doktrina poveljevanja z namero razvita konec 19. stoletja, članek v nadaljevanju opredeli nekatere družbene, tehnološke in vojaškostrokovne dejavnike, ki so bistveni za uveljavitev poveljevanja z namero, so se pa od nastanka doktrine do danes precej spremenili. Nazadnje spregovori tudi o smiselnosti uveljavitve te doktrine v Slovensko vojsko in čemu bi bilo treba ob njenem uveljavljanju nameniti posebno pozornost. The text deals with the doctrine and principles of mission command, its origin and basic precondition for its functioning. Given that the doctrine of mission command, developed in the late 19th century article goes on to identify some of the social, technological, and military technical factors that are essential for the implementation of mission command, but have, since the creation of the doctrine, changed significantly. Finally, it speaks about the reasonableness of the entry into force of such a doctrine in the Slovenian army and what should be given special attention in the enforcement of the doctrine.
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Dziadek, Magdalena. "Polish Female Composers in the Nineteenth Century." Musicology Today 16, no. 1 (2019): 31–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/muso-2019-0002.
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Abstract The article discusses the activities of selected women-composers who worked in Poland in the 19th century. They have been presented in a broad social-political context. Specific historical conditions have been taken into account, which have contributed to the perception of women’s creativity as a mission. The model of women’s activity discussed in the categories of social and political mission influenced the shape and forms of Polish women’s creativity in the first half of the century. In the second half of the century, women’s access to education increased and finally a milieu of professional women-composers emerged. Among them, we should distinguish the group of women born into musical families, due to the fact that some among them took up the profession of composer.
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Beltrán Tapia, Francisco J., and Domingo Gallego-Martínez. "Where are the missing girls? Gender discrimination in 19th-century Spain." Explorations in Economic History 66 (October 2017): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2017.08.004.
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Mulligan, Michael. "Piracy and Empire: The Campaign against Piracy, the Development of International Law and the British Imperial Mission." Journal of the History of International Law 19, no. 1 (2017): 70–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340079.
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This article will examine the issue of piracy and how the prohibition of piracy developed in international law from the 19th century onwards. The campaigns against piracy in the 19th century influenced the development of international law into the 21st century with the prohibition on piracy achieving the status of peremptory norm ‘jus cogens’ under international law. The anti-piracy campaign of the British led to the signing of treaties which, although ostensibly designed to prohibit the trade, had the effect of consolidating British power and influence over the Gulf States and furthered imperial interests there. The campaign also further contributed to the notion of the ‘civilising mission’. The legacy of the campaigns reverberate in the contemporary debates about piracy, particularly in relation to the so-called pirates who operate off the west coast of Africa.
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Hoel, Virginia. "The Norwegian Seamen’s Mission in two North Sea ports 1864–1920: A national ‘home’ in an international maritime world." International Journal of Maritime History 27, no. 4 (2015): 811–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0843871415610290.
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This study illuminates how the the identity and functioning of the Norwegian Seamen’s Mission was influenced by developing national sentiments in the period from the start of the Mission in 1864, until the aftermath of World War I c. 1920. The central hypothesis that the Mission must be understood within the broader cultural, political and economic context of Norway in the 19th century, was confirmed on the basis of extensive research of the correspondence between the pastors of the Mission working in the field and its headquarters in Bergen, Norway.
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Kooiman, Dick. "Conversion from Slavery to Plantation Labour: Christian Mission in South India (19th Century)." Social Scientist 19, no. 8/9 (1991): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517699.
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Hur, Soon-woo. "Annie Baird's Interest in Literary Mission in the Late 19th Century and SaitPyuljeon." Research of the Korean Classic 52 (February 28, 2021): 203–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.20516/classic.2021.52.203.
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Blondeel, William. "Les Missionnaires Belges en Afrique Centrale, Fin 19e-20e Siecle." Afrika Focus 2, no. 1 (1986): 93–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2031356x-00201005.
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Belgian Missionaries in Central Africa, At the End of the 19th and in the 20th Century. Evangelization: Not a World Apart. This contribution is an attempt to define in rather general terms the field in which Belgian catholic missionaries were active in Central Africa at the end of the 19th and in the 20th century. It is not an acceptable synthesis, but rather a “tour d’horizon”. The image of the missionary is examined as a consistent whole as well as in its different aspects, such as teacher, medical agent, social worker and researcher. The relation between the mission on the one hand and the whole community life on the other appears as a central issue.
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Chekalov, Kirill A. "Rocambole’s theatrical mission." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 3 (2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2019-25-3-72-78.
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The article deals with the influence of theatrical aesthetics on Pierre Alexis Ponson du Terrail – the famous writer of the French popular literature of the second half of the 19th century. The great connoisseur of the theatre, Viscount of Ponson du Terrail filled his novels – and first of all, an extensive cycle of works about Rocambole – with allusions to the scenic practices of his time (first and foremost, he speaks about Parisian pulp theatres) and plays that had won favour with the commonalty: "Le Chiffonnier de Paris" by Félix Pyat and "La Tour de Nesle" by Alexandre Dumas. On the other hand, performability is a paradigmatic feature of feuilleton. Viscount of Ponson du Terrail was the leading representative of this genre. Particular attention is paid to the production of the play "Rocambole" by Auguste Anicet-Bourgeois and Ernest Blum (1864) and the transformations that the novel text underwent in the stage version.
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Gladwin, Ryan R. "Streams of Latin American Protestant Theology." Brill Research Perspectives in Theological Traditions 1, no. 2 (2020): 1–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25898809-12340002.
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Abstract Although church historians often call the 19th century the Great Century of Protestant mission, for Latin America it was the 20th century that was the great century of Protestant growth and expansion. The 20th century witnessed vast societal changes and the realization of systemic poverty and injustice as well as the exponential growth, pentecostalization, and diversification of Latin American Protestantism. Latin American Protestant Theology emerged during this century of change. This text provides an introduction to Latin American Protestant Theology by engaging its dominant theological streams (Liberal, Evangelical, and Pentecostal) and how they understand themselves through the lens of mission. The text offers both a critique of the Christendom cartography that is dominant in Latin American Protestant Theology as well as suggestions for how to move towards a transformative theology of mission. The primary intention of this text is to offer an informed outline and analysis of the theological landscape of Latin American Protestantism. The secondary intention of this book is to note the contributions as well as deficiencies of the streams of LAPT in the hope to signal a possible path towards the development of an integral, transformative, contextual, and decolonial theological voice.
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Polunov, Alexander Yu. "“Old Civilized Asian States”: the Perception of Eurasian Space by Russian Public Figures and Publicists at the End of the 19th and Beginning of the 20th Centuries." Almanac “Essays on Conservatism” 58 (October 1, 2020): 267–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.24030/24092517-2020-0-3-267-276.
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The article analyzes the issue of conceptualization by Russian public leaders and publicists of the causes and goals of the turn of Russian foreign policy to the East at the end of the 19th century. In those years there took shape the idea of specific eastern mission of Russia that influenced later the configuring of Eurasian ideology. At the same time the ideological constructions of the publicists at the end of the 19th century were rather peculiar. In contrast to the Eurasians those authors paid special attention to the “old civilized states in Asia”, like Persia and China. The necessity to support the Celestial Empire and the Christian communities in Persia was determined, according to those publicists, by Russia’s duty to protect the weak. Besides, China was viewed as the state with established autocracy concept that was very important for Russia. At the beginning of the 20th century the ideas of the “orientalists” and other publicists contemplating Russia’s special mission in Asia, lost their former influence. Their distant echo can be found in the program of the prominent White movement leader baron R.F. Ungern, who brought forward the idea of establishing a Pan-Asian monarchy relying on China during Civil War.
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Shcherbich, S. N. "THE OBDORSK MISSION ITINERARIES (60–70s OF THE 19TH CENTURY): ANALYSIS OF PUBLISHED SOURCES." VESTNIK ARHEOLOGII ANTROPOLOGII I ETNOGRAFII, no. 3 (34) (2016): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.20874/2071-0437-2016-34-3-154-163.
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Homza, Martin. "Sclavinia – Intermarium? Or About One Missing Roman Province." Politeja 15, no. 6(57) (2019): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.57.04.
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If someone had sighed at the beginning of the 19th century that a unified German state would be formed in some time and Italy would able to unite itself, that one would certainly concerned to be a fool. Yet these ideas were realized in full around the year 1870. Few, however, realized that the 19th century by the accomplishing those political goals Europe came to a state that reminds the dearest dreams of the ideologists of the year 1000, who put forward a concept of European political arrangement built as an imaginary Tetrarchy consisting of 4 equal provinces Galia, Germania, Roma and Sclavinia. As it is clear, Sclavinia of these provinces, is still missing. The presented article attempts to give an overview of the implementation of the „Sclavinia project” with the assignment of its other names, such as Intermarium, throughout history. Martin Homza demonstrates this on mutual Slovak‑Polish relations, which considers the basic axis of this possible construction. Methodologically, these relations divids into 4 subcategories according to the strength and weakness of their bearers: Relation: Strong: Strong; Weak: weak; Weak: Strong and Strong: Weak.