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Journal articles on the topic '19th century morality'
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1
Olasky, Marvin. "Late 19th-Century Texas Sensationalism: Hypocrisy or Biblical Morality?" Journalism History 12, no. 3-4 (1985): 96–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00947679.1985.12066612.
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Zhao, Jialin, and Rainer Feldbacher. "Reflection of Sexual Morality in Literature and Art." Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 1, no. 3 (2020): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v1i3.32.
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Tocqueville, in his book “Democracy in America”, talked about the concept of sexual morality, introduced it into his newpolitical science, and reflected on the situation of social morality before and after the French Revolution with the help of hisinvestigation of American social morality. From the end of the 19th century to late 20th century, the development of sexualmorality in the US and France has undergone different changes. In France before and after the Revolution, sexual ethicsshowed a very different picture, from palace porn culture and pornography before the Revolution to revolutionary moralethics during the revolutionary period and to sexual ethics after the revolution. The US turned from the Puritans' sexualmorality in the early 18th century to the sexual liberation movement in the 19th and 20th centuries. From the historicalexperience of the US and France, we can see three basic forms of sexual morality: the state of greed, the state of politics, andthe state of holy love. The revolutions were not only initiating the construction of democracy, but also changed the definitionof its most basic figure that is the individual. This paper places sexual morality in the three dimensions of reality, politics andreligion. Taking The United States and France as examples, with the help of textual analysis and comparison, thedevelopment course, different forms and contemporary values of sexual morality will be explored.
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Engel, B. A. "Peasant Morality and Pre-Marital Relations in Late 19th Century Russia." Journal of Social History 23, no. 4 (1990): 695–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/23.4.695.
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Rimke, Heidi, and Alan Hunt. "From sinners to degenerates: the medicalization of morality in the 19th century." History of the Human Sciences 15, no. 1 (2002): 59–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695102015001073.
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Young-Sung Choi. "19th-Century Morality Dispute in Context of History of Thought - From Four-Seven Dispute to Morality Dispute." JOURNAL OF KOREAN PHILOSOPHICAL HISTORY ll, no. 59 (2018): 9–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35504/kph.2018..59.001.
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Guan, Bei, and Jian Xie. "Morality and Evil in Baudelaire’s The Flowers of Evil." English Language and Literature Studies 7, no. 4 (2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v7n4p73.
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Dandyism reflected the social reality and the rebellious spirit of resistance within 19th century Western Europe. As an aesthetic dandy, Baudelaire combined form, spirit and rebellion. He forever sought beauty with passion and sincerity. His work was about a decadent spirit and wild ideas, he displayed to his world the evil flowers of aestheticism, and thus fulfilled the last flash of light of an aesthetic heroism. The article investigates the dandyism of Baudelaire and his aesthetic revolt, and how his works represented rebellion towards the bourgeois authority.
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Gruca, Anna. "Duchowieństwo i stowarzyszenia katolickie wobec bibliotek dla ludu w Galicji na przełomie XIX i XX wieku." Studia o Książce i Informacji (dawniej: Bibliotekoznawstwo) 37 (June 26, 2019): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7729.37.1.
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The clergy, Catholic associations and libraries for the folk in Galicia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuriesIn the last decades of the 19th century libraries for the folk began to be created, founded by various educational societies for example by Catholic communities. In the documents of libraries’ functions and tasks it was emphasized that libraries should spread education consistent with Catholic faith and morality. The clergy were encouraged to set up and run parish libraries. The journals for priests provided advice on the organization of libraries. Appropriate guides were issued, too. In order to facilitate the selection of books appropriate for the assumed educational purposes, annotated catalogs were prepared by priests or various Catholic communities.
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Adjei, Stephen Baffour. "Conceptualising personhood, agency, and morality for African psychology." Theory & Psychology 29, no. 4 (2019): 484–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354319857473.
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One of the functions of psychological science is to develop concepts for thinking about people and their well-being. Since its establishment as a scientific discipline in the late 19th century, psychology has developed concepts that are essentially rooted in the specific spatio-temporal context of Western, Educated, Industrial, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) countries. There is a growing ontological and epistemological awareness that psychological science and practices from WEIRD cultural spaces cannot be exclusively representative of the African experience. I draw from interpersonal violence research to discuss the concepts of personhood, agency, and morality from an African perspective and highlight their theoretical and practical utility for psychological science. Based on African communalism, I argue that an understanding of personhood, agency, and morality as culturally contextualised and socially intentioned phenomena is foundational to the advancement of heterogeneous practices of knowledge production in diverse contexts.
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Rato, Montira. "Filial Piety and Chastity in Nguyen du’s The Tale of Kieu." MANUSYA 10, no. 4 (2007): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01004005.
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The early 19th century Vietnamese masterpiece, The Tale of Kieu by Nguyen Du, is a story that famously highlights the conflict between the Confucian concepts of filial piety and female chastity, and between personal obligations and personal morality. This paper explores how issues of love and sexual relationships, as portrayed in the Tale of Kieu, influenced the thinking of Vietnamese intellectuals in the early 20th century. Drawing on parallels to Kieu’s plight, it is argued that the Vietnamese, who collaborated with the French, often made sense of their actions in terms of sexual submission and sacrifice as well as being compelled to prostitute themselves for the sake of a higher obligation - in their case to the nation. The portrayal of female sexuality and morality in Nguyen Du’s story continued to be discussed by Vietnamese intellectuals well into the 20th century. This paper charts the course of this debate and the wider discussions relating to sexuality and literature up until the 1945 August Revolution with the aim of showing how closely female chastity, Confucianism, and nationalism, came to be interlinked.
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Salzman, Todd A., and Michael G. Lawler. "Natural Law and Perspectivism: A Case for Plural Definitions of Objective Morality." Irish Theological Quarterly 82, no. 1 (2017): 3–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021140016674275.
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This essay is about Catholic theological ethics and an explanation of competing answers to questions raised by Catholic ethicists. The core of the essay is a presentation of the cognitional theory of perspectivism as a counter to the concerns of relativism raised by Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI. The essay considers the foundational theory of natural law and contrasts its 19th-century neo-Thomist understanding with Aquinas’s own understanding of natural law as reason. As a concrete illustration of the theories of perspectivism and natural law, the essay considers the question of contraception and its competing Catholic answers.
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Kaczmarek, Anna. "Des œuvres décentes qui font rougir : la métaphore véhiculant la sexualité (apparemment) absente dans quelques romans zoliens." Quêtes littéraires, no. 2 (December 30, 2012): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31743/ql.4625.
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Sex and sexuality are two obsessions of the 19th century. As the literature of this time, influenced by the Victorian hypocritical morality, rejects these subjects, considered as “immoral”, the relation of any form of sexual act is consequently absent in the works of 19th century writers, even of those who consider themselves as realists. However, the work of a writer like Emile Zola cannot overlook this problem, so important for naturalism. For Zola, sex is a vital activity and should be shown in works of art. Therefore, to give his writings the appearance of decency, Zola uses metaphors that “sexualise” some elements of the world of his novels, like plants, animals, things, places and everyday occupations. This allows him to show, in an imaginary way, the aspects of life that cannot be displayed openly and directly. Thank to his poetic talent these images constitute a valuable part of his Rougon-Macquart series.
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Bland, Sidney R. "Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics and Class in the 19th-century United States." History: Reviews of New Books 19, no. 4 (1991): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03612759.1991.9949344.
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Zhao, Xue, and Liang Zhang. "The Confrontation between Desire and Morality: A Study of the Freudian Tendency in Sister Carrie." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 1 (2021): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1101.13.
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Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie (1900) suffered sharp criticism at the very moment of their appearance. Most critics and readers pointed out he depicted something amoral, especially on sexual amorality. Yet, with the development of feminism, a few years later Sister Carrie was appraised as the model of ‘new woman’ of the late 19th century. In the light of Freudian thought, the paper will not only draw attention to the confrontation between desire and morality but also to the effects of human inner mind in the external world in attempt to explore the permanent factors that influence human’s actions.
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Więckowski, Paweł. "Filozoficzno-historyczne zaplecze etyki biznesu." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 2 (December 3, 2018): 151–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2012.2.7.
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The text describes different philosophical concepts and historically important cultural phenomena that should be considered while rethinking ethical side of business. Broad range of both philosophical (such as the search for the foundations of morality, social contract) and social subjects (such as history of centralized state, individualism) is presented to help the reflections. The background for analysis is the history of culture, especially of primary collective society; contrasted with it is individualism of classical Athens with corresponding reaction of philosophers; development of state and Christianity in Roman Empire; organismic medieval state; Renaissance, reformation and the birth of capitalism; the Enlightenment breakthrough and English capitalism; liberalism and Darwinism of the 19th century; the catastrophe of European culture and success of America of the 20th century.
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Božić Bogović, Dubravka. "Vjerska svakodnevica u kanonskim vizitacijama za područje Srijema u 18. i prvoj polovici 19. stoljeća." Miscellanea Hadriatica et Mediterranea 4, no. 1 (2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/misc.1358.
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Based on the data from canonical visitations to the dioceses in the territory of Syrmia in the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century, this paper analyses the determinants of the religious life of Catholics with a view to describing the basic characteristics of everyday religious life. The analysis and interpretation focus on determining the degree of acceptance of church regulations concerning cult and service issues, on religious practice, forms of popular piety, believers’ morality and behaviour, as well as religious disciplining and conformism. It determines the relation between the Catholic and other religious communities, particularly in the context of religious identity building. The paper also estimates the value of canonical visitations as a source for the history of everyday religious life.
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Wood, William Peter. "Nietzsche’s Praise of Master Morality: The Question of Fascism Revisited." Politeja 18, no. 3(72) (2021): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.18.2021.72.07.
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One of the most disquieting facts about the totalitarian movements of communism and fascism which threatened the European political order in the interwar period is the support both these movements appear to derive from the writings of two of the most important European philosophers of the 19th century, Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche. The destruction of Western civilization seems to have been engendered by Western civilization itself. It is commonplace to charge that Bolshevism represented a travesty of Marx’s ideas, just as Nazism represented a travesty of Nietzsche’s ideas. But while it is impossible to describe Nietzsche as a fascist avant la lettre, it is no less untenable to maintain that there is no connection whatsoever between his ideas and the ideological turmoil which brought Europe to the brink of destruction in the first half of the 20th century. My paper examines the locus classicus of proto-fascist elements in Nietzsche’s writings – his praise of “master morality” in the First Treatise of the Genealogy of Morality. I argue that when Nietzsche’s praise of master morality is approached with a proper appreciation of the distinction Nietzsche himself makes between “the exoteric and the esoteric,” the proto-fascist elements in his rhetoric reveal themselves to be playful, ironic and intentionally self-undermining, and subservient to Nietzsche’s goals of philosophical pedagogy. Yet, at the same time, this insight does not absolve Nietzsche of the charge of fatal irresponsibility in the rhetoric he chose to employ.
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Waley-Cohen, Joanna. "English Lessons: The Pedagogy of Imperialism in Nineteenth-Century China. By James L. Hevia. [Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2003. xviii+387 pp. £18.50. ISBN: 0-8223-3188-8.]." China Quarterly 179 (September 2004): 843–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741004400605.
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Cloaking its bullying of China in high morality, Britain in the 19th century and the first part of the 20th aimed to teach China how to become more tractable, and more English. In describing this project, James L. Hevia follows Deleuze and Guattari by identifying capitalist power in China as “a kind of productive apparatus that oscillates between deterritorializing and reterritorializing new zones of contact” (p. 21). In other words, Britain enforced such wide-ranging and radical changes in the meaning and value of Qing authority and power that its actions in China effectively amounted to the “violent placement of China within a colonial world” (p. 281), creating a form of colonization even without formal institutional takeover.
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Molnár, Erzsébet. "Sámuel Brassai, the Last Transylvanian Polymath." Hungarian Cultural Studies 1 (January 1, 2008): 18–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2008.8.
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The aim of this paper is to introduce Sámuel Brassai, the teacher, the outstanding scholar of the 19th century. He played a great role in the Reform era. His life, work and activity were inspired by thoughts that nowadays, a hundred years after his death, at the beginning of the 21st century are still valid. These thoughts are in the fields of education, economy, morality, research into the nation’s prosperity. He was an excellent linguist, natural scientist, philosopher, critic, mathematician, musician, teacher, essay writer, university professor, and a regular member of the Academy of Sciences. At the centre of Brassai’s life-work was his research into the methodological principles of teaching. His pedagogical system is the harmonious synthesis of his educational goals and methods. He was an encyclopaedic scholar, the great teacher of the nation who was continuously searching for the solution to the reform of education.
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Padeski Ferreira, Ana Leticia, and Marchi Júnior Wanderley. "Concerning Abolitionism, Black People, and Capoeira in the History of Brazil: Social and Moral (Im)Balances." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 56, no. 1 (2012): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10141-012-0021-4.
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Abstract The purpose of this article is to discuss the changes that took place in relation to the peculiarities of Capoeira within Brazilian society. This popular practice, which is considered a martial art, a dance and a game, developed during the 19th century, where it was practiced by individuals from the lower walks of life. Practicing Capoeira was a felony, as it posed a threat to public safety, order, and morality. Presently, it has been upgraded to a Brazilian cultural asset, which shows how the perception of its practice has changed. These changes follow the different views of the historical processes related to abolitionism and the perverse incorporation of blacks into society at that time, which have continued until present time, having undergone significant changes and grown as a valued physical expression
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Carrai, Maria Adele. "The Politics of History in the Late Qing Era: William A. P. Martin and a History of International Law for China." Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d’histoire du droit international 22, no. 2-3 (2020): 269–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718050-12340152.
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Abstract In the light of 19th-century attempts to universalize history and international law, the purpose of this article is to show how the theory of an Ancient Chinese international law matured and disseminated within one politics of history and helped generate another at the end of the Qing Dynasty. On the one hand, the middleman William Alexander Parsons Martin, who as part of his Christian mission and in order to make international law more acceptable to the Chinese, translated systematically international law into Chinese and attempted to universalize it by finding a proto-international law in Ancient China. On the other hand, Chinese scholars and officials sought to use Martin’s theory to universalize Confucianism and rectify international law according to what they believed to be their own superior morality and history.
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Артюхов, Э. Э., А. М. Денисов, Н. И. Полищук, and С. А. Комаров. "To the question of the theoretical origins of the irrationalism of the school of “revived natural law” (from Savinya to Novgorodtsev and Vysheslavtsev)." Юридическая мысль, no. 4(120) (September 20, 2020): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.47905/matgip.2020.120.4.002.
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В качестве теоретических истоков школы «возрожденного есте- ственного права» П.И. Новгородцева авторы статьи рассматривают историзм Ш.-Л. Монтескьѐ, иррационализм немецких романтиков и особенно Ф.В.Й. Шел- линга, учение о «духе народа» Ф.К. фон Савиньи. Постепенное усиление иррацио- налистических мотивов в трактовке права в XIX веке имело следствием разработ- ку Б.П. Вышеславцевым мистического варианта теории морали и права. As the theoretical origins of the school of "revived natural law" P.I. Novgorodtsev, the authors of the article consider the historicism of S.-L. Montes- quieu, the irrationalism of the German romantics and especially F.W.J. Schelling, the doctrine of the "spirit of the people" F.K. von Savigny. The gradual strengthening of irrationalistic motives in the interpretation of law in the 19th century resulted in the development of B.P. Vysheslavtsev a mystical version of the theory of morality and law.
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Cooley, Ivy. "Public Perception of the Illustrious Redcoat." General: Brock University Undergraduate Journal of History 5 (April 11, 2020): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/tg.v5i1.2373.
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The redcoat, particularly the uniform itself, has become a symbol of often contrasting ideas. Jane Austen disliked the collective redcoat while others viewed the British infantryman in a more positive light. The redcoat permeated early 19th century society in terms of fashion, literature, and even plays, though still remains shrouded in mystery as to how civilians perceived this conflicting symbol. This paper will argue that the public perception of the redcoat during the Napoleonic era was paradoxical and depended on historical and personal context, though it largely projected a romanticized view of the British soldier. The redcoat symbolized heroism, chivalry, and power, often impressing the public at military events. However, beneath these gaudy coats were mere mortals who could cloak their sins beneath a convenient symbol of morality, effectively fooling the public with their new and pristine identity.
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Steegstra, Marijke. "'A MIGHTY OBSTACLE TO THE GOSPEL': BASEL MISSIONARIES, KROBO WOMEN, AND CONFLICTING IDEAS OF GENDER AND SEXUALITY." Journal of Religion in Africa 32, no. 2 (2002): 200–230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006602320292915.
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AbstractTo this day, the Krobo people in highly Christianised Southern Ghana celebrate their annual girls' initiation rites (dipo). However, the rites have been a much contested matter ever since the arrival of the Basel missionaries, who strongly objected to dipo. In this paper, I investigate the 19th-century encounter between the Basel missionaries and the Krobo by focusing on dipo. An ethno-historical analysis of dipo provides a valuable entry point into investigating the interaction of the mission with Krobo people, and issues of mission, gender, and identity. The striking intersection between 'traditional' Krobo and the Basel missionaries' concerns was women's sexuality and morality. Their conflicting ideas about gender and sexuality are the key to answering the question why one of the most lingering conflicts originating from missionary attempts to redefine the life-patterns of the Krobo revolves around the dipo rites.
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Hung, Tzu-hui Celina. "“There Are No Chinamen in Singapore”: Creolization and Self-Fashioning of the Straits Chinese in the Colonial Contact Zone." Journal of Chinese Overseas 5, no. 2 (2009): 257–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/179303909x12489373182975.
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AbstractThis article studies the self-making process of colonial Straits Chinese at the turn of the 20th century under the converging forces of British colonial power, plantation economy, mass labor migration from Qing-China, and everyday interracial contacts. Along the theoretical line of creolization, a term historically characteristic of the multiethnic diversity of Caribbean coloniality, the article examines how the late 19th-century changing colonial relations among the British, the localized Straits Chinese, the China-born newcomers, and the Malay indigenes together incited a sense of existential crisis on the part of Straits Chinese elites, who launched the Straits Chinese Magazine (1897-1907) in colonial Singapore to address the need to make use of local nexus of hybrid affinities to re-form and remake the meanings of being Chinese. Focusing on selected writings in the SCM dedicated respectively to topics of reform, education, morality, and nationality, this article regards the SCM as a distinctive cultural space, in which conscious discursive efforts were made to fashion the model Straits Chinese public images — as modern youth, as rightful descendants of Chinese cultures, as loyal British subjects, as fallible but educable people, and finally as deserved protégés of the Empire.
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VISHKVARTSEV, V. V. "MIKHAIL A. RISNER’S STATE-LEGAL AND RELIGIOUS VIEWS ON MORALITY (THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY)." Actual Problems of Russian Law, no. 5 (June 18, 2019): 34–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2019.102.5.034-043.
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On the basis of the analysis of the teachings of German canonists and theologians of the 19th century, a famous Russian jurist Mikhail A. Reisner elaborated his own system of views regarding the interrelationship between law and morality from the point of view of their existence in the Christian state. At the beginning of his academic life Mikhail A. Reisner was far from sharing socialist ideas and closer to the ideals of the rule-of-law State. Under the conditions of this type of the State «the moral law» acts as the predetermining social regulator; the concept of «personality altruism» is formed as the theoretical foundation for understanding of the civil society; law is explained through its properties of moral and conciliatory power; the «natural state» of the person is interpreted in the context of impossibility of influence of Christian dogmas on the subjective side of the human will. Despite the fact that Prof. Reisner considered unattainable the existence of a Christian State within the framework of the rule-of-law State, the scholar identified the issues of their joint jurisdiction. Conclusions drawn on the basis of the study of the works written by Prof. Reisner using his individual views concerning the philosophical and legal thought of other representatives of Russian law schools (B. A. Kistyakovsky, P. I. Novgorodtsev) allows the authors to reveal the commonality and relevance of their moral ideas for the modern period of time.
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Randák, Jan. "O Politice Těla a Hegemonii Měšťanského Řádu." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia 71, no. 1-2 (2017): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amnh-2017-0002.
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Since the mid-19th century until the 1930s, the Czech physical education and the scout movements formed a platform for the propagation of a specific somatology and health science discourse connected with the issues of morality, national awareness and political views. They strived to create an integral Czech personality subject to the imperative of the bourgeois values and norms. The stress was on the set of rules, diligence, commitment to the benefit of the nation, moderation, temperance, and obedience, while laziness and conspicuous revelry were, in this context, condemned. Disobedience, immorality and improper use of powers were perceived as a real threat to the national community and later to the so-called First Czechoslovak Republic (1918-1938). Hence, activities of both the physical education organisations and the Scout Movement, became a form of national defence against harmful influences. As a result of their effort to impact the society as a whole, these activities became a mobilization tool which promoted both physical and moral norms: the cultivation of the body became a moral duty for all members of the nation. The disapproval, based on political and generational reasons, towards the bourgeois morality hegemony and later, of the state paternalism (for instance by the non-organised scout-tramps), resulted in attempts to condemn all those who refused the social dictate and the state’s control.
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Sotnikov, Sergey A., Andrey A. Sotnikov, and Galina P. Kamneva. "Female terrorism phenomenon in the "Narodnaya Volya" (People's Will) movement (1870s to 80s)." Vestnik of Kostroma State University, no. 4 (2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2019-25-4-32-36.
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The article deals with the problems of the institution of autocratic monarchy in the mid 19th century, which entailed an unprecedented rise of the revolutionary territorial movement. Public life liberalisation that followed the era of the "oppression of censorship and reaction" under Nicholas I gave the ideological and philosophical foundations to the terrorist methods of the revolutionary struggle. The spread of nihilistic ideas in society based on the denial of existing state foundations, law and morality, contributed to the radicalisation of forms and methods of political struggle against the government, which, in the opinion of revolutionaries, was uneager to continue socio-economic transformations in the interests of the broad masses of people. The authors are of the opinion that transition to terror was associated with disillusionment with peaceful methods of political struggle (especially after the failure of "going to the people"). The article analyses the gender aspect of terrorism in the Russian empire – female terrorism from the point of view of new historiographic approaches.
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Balabanić, Ivan. "The Social Doctrine and Presence of the Catholic Church in the Media." In medias res 9, no. 16 (2020): 2533–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.46640/imr.9.16.5.
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The social doctrine of the Church involves greater commitment and engagement of the Church in social problems as well as the promotion of relationships that serve justice and peace. The Catholic Church first began relating mass media to its social teaching in the 19th century. As the Church aimed at a broader scope of public, it dealt with means of social communication and examined it through numerous sources – papal encyclicals, conciliar and episcopal documents. The relationship between the Catholic Church and the media is not simple. Approaches to ethics, morality, responsibility and dignity of human beings are sometimes different in media reports and in the aims of the Church in its social doctrine which should provide all members of the society with a sense of direction and instruction for everyday actions. Through the documents presented here, the Church has shown a readiness to face the media as well as the possibility to use them for advancing justice, truth, peace and freedom.
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Kofod, Else Marie. "Fortællinger om forførelse og seksualmoral i 1800-tallets bondesamfund." Kulturstudier 1, no. 2 (2010): 64. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ks.v1i2.3900.
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<p>Et samfunds &aelig;gteskabsideal aff&oslash;der nogle mere eller mindre uskrevne regler for,&nbsp;hvad der er tilladt og - m&aring;ske is&aelig;r - hvad der ikke er tilladt med hensyn til udenoms&aelig;gteskabelige&nbsp;forhold. Det var ogs&aring; tilf&aelig;ldet i 1800-tallets bondesamfund,&nbsp;hvor det at indlede et seksuelt forhold til en anden person end den, man var forlovet&nbsp;eller gift med, ikke alene kunne v&aelig;re en trussel for de enkelte par, men for&nbsp;hele landsbyf&aelig;llesskabet. Seksuelle emner er ofte tabubelagte. I denne artikel vil&nbsp;jeg vise, hvordan bondesamfundets seksualmoral blev kommunikeret igennem&nbsp;s&aring;vel omgangsformer, ritualer og traditioner som igennem sagn om bjergfolk og&nbsp;ellefolk.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p>Tales of seduction and sexual moralityin 19th-century rural society.</p><p>The marital ideal of a society generates certain more or less unwritten rules forwhat is permissible and - perhaps especially - impermissible in terms of extramaritalrelations. This was also the case in the rural society of the 19th century,where engaging in a sexual relationship with someone other than the person to whom you were married or betrothed could be a threat not only to the individual couple but to the whole village community. Although the village community in 18th-century rural society underwent a number of changes in the course of the century, it was apparently still important to strengthen the authority of the community or at any rate to give the appearance that it existed. The community in the rural village meant not just something communal in general, but a particular way of performing certain communal actions, including - and perhaps especially - certain social conventions. More fundamentally,'community' therefore refers to the farmer-dominated village's culturally protected norm for what was right and wrong.Besides the norms that were communicated through the unwritten socialconventions,&nbsp;one could also express what was right and wrong through the stories that were told. In the tales it was also possible to engage with sexual themes.The tales that are most relevant in this study are legends of mountain spirits andelves, where human beings engage in some kind of interaction with the supernatural beings. There are a good 300 of these legends. Looking at the consequences such relations could have for the protagonists of the legends enables us to gain insight into how extramarital relations were regarded in rural society. In 19th-century rural society the norms of the village for sexual morality were thus communicated both through games and traditions and through the tales thatwere told of mountain spirits and elves. Both forms of expression involved acommon set of principles for the members of the village community, and laiddown guidelines for the way one was to handle relations with other people ineveryday life.</p>
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Han, Sisi. "CONVERSATION AND COMMUNITY BUILDING IN PRIDE AND PREJUDICE." AICLL: ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 1, no. 1 (2018): 290–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/aicll.v1i1.37.
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The thematic research on Jane Austen’s novels has been widely carried out, including marriage, gender, morality, politics, etc. The conception of community is also an important theme for her novels are set in a period when the notion of community is conceived and reinforced in the West. It is a transitional age that witnesses the change from the 18th century when the feudal aristocracy controls the agricultural economy to the 19th century which is dominated by the middle class as a result of the Industrial Revolution. However, the theme of community has not got enough critical attention and its research is sparse. Thus, this dissertation seeks to explore Austen’s contribution to the conception of community in Pride and Prejudice. Austen’s imagination of community is effectively displayed in Pride and Prejudice and conversation serves as a key approach. The Community is built at two levels, namely, familial level and social level. By means of conversation, a family bond based on mutual affirmation, which is the core of community building, is forged; and a community of spirit, the highest form of community, is established among social interactions outside families in two social spaces– Meryton and Pemburley. A stereoscopic vision of a community built by conversation emerges when the three levels are closely intertwined.
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Bősz, Anett. "Does morality save the people of today? The economic theoretical traditions of liberalism, particularly from the perspective of an ethical foundation." Köz-gazdaság 16, no. 2 (2021): 188–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.14267/retp2021.02.14.
Full textAbstract:
Ethics has always been playing a great role in the theoretical traditions of liberalism. The paper is trying to find the answer for the question if morality could save the people of today. Starting from the ancient philosophers and the authors of the era of Enlightenment, the classics of moral philosophy, following with the thinkers of the 19th and 20th century, liberalism has only been able to formulate meaningful proposals capable of bringing about social progress when it was centred around morality and virtue. Many scholars today claim that liberalism failed but this study argues for a historical turning point when liberalism can be renewed and returned to its classic values. The study analyses the ordo-liberal era with its Kantian tradition that helped ordo-liberal theorists in implementing liberal values in practice. According to the statement of this paper, an appropriate education system, good governance and fair public incentives are essential for opening a new page of liberal history. The study contains an educational case study and principles of social organisation that can help to reach the desired result for a well-working liberal state and governance. The author of this treatise has never gave up the hope that the constitution should be written for good citizens but she calls for strong ethical basements of the education and legal system that can help the society to return to the “old true”.
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Maine, Alexander. "Pet Lamb and Clothed Hyena: Law as an Oppressive Force in Jane Eyre." Student Journal of Professional Practice and Academic Research 1, no. 1 (2019): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.19164/sjppar.v1i1.793.
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Writing in 1864, the literary critic Justin M’Carthy stated that ‘the greatest social difficulty in England today is the relationship between men and women.’ This came at a time of unprecedented social and legal change of the status of women in the 19th Century. A prominent novel of the time concerning such social difficulty is Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre: An Autobiography which attempts to reflect these social difficulties as often resulting from law. As such, the novel may be used as a reflection of the condition of nineteenth century English law as an oppressive force against women. This force is one that enacts morality through legality, and has particular resonance in literature concerning social issues. Jane Eyre will be discussed as a novel that provides insights into women’s experiences in the mid-nineteenth century. Law is represented within the novel as an oppressive force that directly subjugates women, and as such the novel may be regarded as an early liberal feminist work that challenges the condition of law. This article will explore the link between good moral behaviour, and moral madness, the latter being perceived as a threat to the domestic and the law’s response to this threat. It will pick upon certain themes presented by Brontë, such as injustice towards women, wrongful confinement, insanity and adulterous immoral behaviour, to come to the conclusion that the novelist presented law as a method of constructing immorality and injustice, representing inequality and repression.
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Kapuścińska-Kmiecik, Nina. "When he is looking for joy beyond his home... The image of an unfaithful husband from Polish landed gentry according to 19th century handbooks, diaries, memoirs, social periodicals and belles-lettres." Studia z Historii Społeczno-Gospodarczej XIX i XX Wieku 19 (June 17, 2018): 141–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/2080-8313.19.08.
Full textAbstract:
The presented text is a catalogue of possible reasons for the infidelity of husbands from the Polish landed gentry in the 19th century, and, at the same time, a list of pieces of advice and tips for wary wives intending to enjoy a happy family life. The problem of marital infidelity was vividly reflected in the handbooks that were fashionable in the era, especially those written for brides and honeymooners, in the narrative of codes of good manners, in social and family-related journals, as well as in belles-lettres. An equally important source of information on the subject matter are diaries and letters, which give us an insight into the sphere of private life of landowners, especially into mutual relations between spouses. On the basis of such diversified sources, it is possible to recreate the mentality of that time inclined to consider husbandly infidelity as a reaction to a malfunctioning marriage, especially to the disappointment with the wife. The basis of the indulgence for betraying husbands, which was justified in all possible ways, lays in the double morality characteristic of the times in question – manifested in separate moral standards of men and women.
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Markova, I. O. "The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner by James Hogg. An English gothic novel in the context of moral philosophy." Voprosy literatury, no. 5 (December 19, 2018): 282–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2018-5-282-297.
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The article is concerned with the unique ethical and aesthetic features of gothic fiction between the 18th and 19th centuries, and its representation in James Hogg’s novel The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner. Lofty ideals in the novels by A. Radcliff, M. G. Lewis, and C. Maturin often showed strong ties with moral philosophy (its concepts of benevolence, sin as the opposite of freedom, and sense and sensibility as the sources of virtue), permeating 18th-century discussions about morality along with reflections on the elevated and the picturesque. On the artistic plane of the gothic novel, these ideas create two principal oppositions, corresponding to ethical and aesthetic levels: ‘the natural and the unnatural’, and ‘freedom and non-freedom’. They are also present in Hogg’s novel, although represented in a different way. While the ‘natural/unnatural’ dichotomy is mostly a matter of changing the angle for the story’s perception (so that the reader might follow the events from the viewpoint of the pursuer rather than the pursued), though not without interesting aesthetic derivatives, the ‘freedom/non-freedom’ opposition marks a more modern aesthetical transition from the outside world to a fictional one.
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Djurdjic, Sanja. "Jusnaturalism and legal positivism in contemporary American jurisprudence." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 144 (2013): 497–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1344497d.
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In contemporary American jurisprudence, there are many different legal-theoretical courses, orientations and legal schools. In this work, the author tries to analyze jusnaturalism and legal positivism. The reason for commitment for these two legal theories the author finds in the fact that they are actually modern forms of theories with a rich philosophical tradition. The paper argues that the jusnaturalism is the oldest philosophical tradition. Legal positivism was developed in opposition to jusnaturalism in the mid-19th century. The author points out that contemporary American jurisprudence marks the conflict between jusnaturalism and legal positivism. The main reason for their disagreement is the question of the relationship between law and morality. The paper analyzes the differences between the modern version of legal positivism and jusnaturalism and their classical theories. It is noticeable that the modern versions are purified and softened versions of the classic theories. The author concludes that a kind of mitigation of positivist-jusnaturalism dispute has already begun. Finally, the author allows that in the further development of contemporary American jurisprudence a significant convergence of legal positivism and jusnaturalism can reasonably be expected.
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Klimek, Kaja. "Życie to kaisha. Specyficzne rozumienie japońskiej przedsiębiorczości". Przedsiębiorczość - Edukacja 5 (1 січня 2009): 165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.24917/20833296.5.14.
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There are a lot of differences between Western and Japanese work culture. A discussion ofthese differences requires reference to Confucian thinking, for the organization of the kaisha,the Japanese company, is strongly influenced by Far Eastern ethics, morality and understandingof the law. Culture and tradition are also very important in determining the relations betweensuperiors and subordinates, which are organized in a way that resembles family relations.Personal responsibility, long-term commitment, the significance of mutual trust (as opposed towritten contract) are some of the qualities that characterize the Japanese labor market.Collectivism and a culture-bound ease the adaptation to changing conditions and they are alsoimportant for this matter. Strong personal connections between business and bureaucracy, aswell as long-term orientation of business contact, have a decisive role in shaping the wayJapanese companies are organized and run. In 19th century Japan, the slogan of the Meiji Erareformists was "wakon yosai", which can be translated as "Japanese spirit, Western science".At that time, Japanese commerce and industry were reformed as well. However, all thesechanges had to be implemented with respect for the "Japanese ways". The aim of this paper isto describe how these "ways" have formed Japanese entrepreneurship.
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Leikuma, Ināra. "Laiks. Mīlestība. Smiekli." Sabiedrība un kultūra: rakstu krājums = Society and Culture: conference proceedings, no. XXII (January 6, 2021): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.37384/sk.2020.22.124.
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This article describes and comments on the notions of time, love and laughter. When thinking about the eras and their characteristics, initially there is a hypothesis that time, love and laughter are self-sufficiently functioning phenomena that cannot be subdued by mind or artificially created and socialized. However, during this study it was concluded that the understanding and interpretation of these phenomena is significantly influenced by the traditions, values and morality of the era. The article accentuates the subjective nature of love and laughter. But this raises the question if these phenomena can be scientifically researched and if it is necessary to do that at all. Answering this question, the article deals with the studies on time classification and with insights of philosophers and psychologists on laughter and love. In the study, the author explores a less widely viewed aspect of the relationship between love and laughter and the question if love can be ridiculous. For illustration purposes, the materials from humour magazines published in Latvia in the early 19th century are employed. As a result, it is concluded that love in itself is neither tragic nor ridiculous. It all depends on how it is interpreted.
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Sakuma, Aki. "The origin of teaching as a profession in Japan: A transnational analysis of the relationship between professionalism and nationalism in the 19th century." Espacio, Tiempo y Educación 5, no. 2 (2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.232.
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How was the concept of «teaching as a profession» advocated in the 19th century? In this study, this question is analysed by focusing on how the Japanese version of the concept was imported from the West and subsequently transformed in this non-Christian setting. It was formulated not only by a national action to create a strong centralized nation-state in Asia, but also through the transnational interaction of European, American, and Japanese educational leaders. First, the author argues that, the early Japanese concept of «teaching as a profession» is explored by examining the ideas of Mori Arinori, the first Minister of Education. Mori claimed that, in order to safeguard children’s morality, teaching should be a holy-calling profession in Japan. For him, this meant educating the subsequent generations to be obedient to their holy nation. Second, Mori’s images of education are shown to be consistent with those in the United States, where he had studied as a diplomat. These images were shared not only by US leaders such as Horace Mann, but also with Prussian and French leaders of the era. In both countries, both the holy-calling theory and the profession theory included nationalism, whose ultimate aim was education for the nation. However, while the sacredness of the republican polity was based on the ideals of individualism and liberty in the United States, the sacredness of the imperial polity in Japan was promoted by the Emperor the apotheosis of the imperial line, unbroken for ages eternal. These historical origins of the concept of teaching suggest why the professionalisation of teaching in Japan has been advanced by forces that hoist the flag of national particularism, and by a government that supports this view. This implies that teaching professionalism does not always connote democracy or the human rights of children/teachers.
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Lapayeva, Angelina. "The idea of social human rights as interpreted by representatives of the school of revived natural law in Russia at the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th centuries." Current Issues of the State and Law, no. 16 (2020): 417–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/2587-9340-2020-4-16-417-425.
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We analyze the representatives’ views of the school of revived natural law on the social human rights problem. We note that a key milestone in the state and legal transformations of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century was the consolidation of civil rights and freedoms for Russian citi-zens. We establish that representatives of the school of revived natural law developed a theory of individual rights and freedoms in the context of the re-lationship between the constitutional state with the ethics and morality prob-lems. We doctrinally justify that social rights, along with political rights, oc-cupied an important place in the catalog of human rights classification developed by scientists, due to the fact that they were associated with values such as social justice and social equality. We offer arguments indicating that representatives of the school of revived natural law considered the right to a dignified human existence as the source of social rights emergence, which were a prerequisite for the individual’s social emancipation and an attempt to transform the estate society into a civil one.
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Latif, Syahrul Akmal, and Yusri Herman. "ANALISA RUH PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DALAM PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL (UNDANG-UNDANG 2003)." SISI LAIN REALITA 1, no. 1 (2016): 90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/sisilainrealita.2016.vol1(1).1403.
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The issue of education is never over to talk about because education is one measurement of a person's individual accomplishments and achievements systematically nation. The high education of human resources will give a lot of useful works for the individual and social. Unfortunately, the education that was developed based on this character only strengthen individual and social, it’s beyond the divine value . It is due to the historical roots of the character education by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and Charles Renouvier (1815-1857); Religious morality in the low education and August Comter (1798- 1857); secular morality. Renouvier said the weakness of youth responsibility, loss of justice equality, respect and others. The process of character education is faced with the application of secularization. Such as, in France Francois Camille Jules Ferry (1832-1893) , a French Education minister said; Moral education is important but explicitely teaching morality does not needed. The development of character education in America is very dynamic. It’s started from 19th century (1900-1950) until 1997.It’s established nationally. Finally, Thomas lichona explained the entire role of religion in the education of character with seven steps and the role of teachers in character education. Thus, the author conducted religious analysis which widely spread among society is that the teaching of Protestant religious. But, It successfully gives individual and social value as character education. On the contrary, the goal of our national educational in 1945 (Version amendment) Article 31, paragraph 3 states: The Government shall manage and organize a national education system. Which increases the Faith and piety as well as noble character in order to educate the nation that adopted by law. Article 31, paragraph 5, states that the government advances science and technology to uphold the values of religious and national unity for the progress of civilization and prosperity of mankind. Likewise, the purpose of philosophy Nasionsl Education Act No. 20 of 2003. The 1945 Constitution and the Law N0 20 of 2003.
 Strongly reflects the value of belief in one God as the first principle of Pancasila as the first principle says it is an acknowledgment that in developing the nation's education should not be separated from human relations and slave relationship with God the creator.
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Korabelnikov, Daniil. "F. Haass: doctor, scientist, public health administrator, humanist, incorrigible philanthropist and Moscow Holy doctor." Russian Medical and Social Journal 1, no. 1 (2019): 8–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35571/rmsj.2019.1.001.
Full textAbstract:
The biography of Fyodor Petrovich (Ivanovich) Haaz (Friedrich Joseph Laurentius Haass) (1780 - 1853) - Moscow doctor (1806 - 1853), a German origin, scientist, public health administrator, an outstanding humanist doctor of the first half of the 19th century, a philanthropist, known as the "Holy doctor", is showed in the article.
 Court Advisor (1811), College Counselor (1826), Knight of the Order of St. Vladimir of the fourth degree (1811), Order of St. Anna of the 2nd degree (181?) of The Russian Impire. A doctor in the army during the Patriotic War of 1812 (from January 1814), head physician of the Moscow Pavlovsk Hospital (1807-1812, 1814-1825), Head of the Moscow Medical Office (1825-1826), one of the founders of the Moscow Eye Hospital (1826), a member of the Moscow Prison Committee and the head doctor of Moscow prisons (1826-1853), the head doctor of the Moscow Catherine Hospital (1840-1844), the founder and head doctor of the Moscow Police (later - Alexander) hospital, popularly called the "Haaz" (1844- 1853).
 One of the founders of Russian balneology and balneology, who made a great contribution to the development of climatology and meteorology, pioneer in the resorts in the North Caucasus (1809-1810).
 The creator of lightweight individual shackles, he achieved their introduction at the exile stages to replace the riveting to a common rod for 6-12 convicted.
 The development of deontology in the 19th century, a science that studies the ethical standards and principles of a doctor’s behavior, as well as certain responsibilities towards the patient, is inextricably linked to the name of Dr. F.P. Haaz [F. Haass]. The life and work of this outstanding humanist physician is a wonderful example of high morality in the fulfillment of his professional duties and genuine nobility in serving the sick and suffering people.
 The motto of Dr. Haass’ life and professional work was borrowed from the Apostle Paul: “Hurry to do good” (in Galatians (6: 9-10) and in the second letter to The Thessalonians (3:13)).
 At present, the process of beatification has begun - the canonical process of classifying F. Haass as a blessed Catholic church.
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Abdurahman, Dudung. "Diversity of Tarekat Communities and Social Changes in Indonesian History." Sunan Kalijaga: International Journal of Islamic Civilization 1, no. 1 (2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/skijic.v1i1.1217.
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Islam as a religious system is generally based on three principal teachings called as aqidah (theology), syari'ah (law), and tasawwuf (Sufism, moral and spiritual). Each thought and the Islamic expertise have also established Muslim communities that demonstrate the diversity of social and religious history in various regions on the spread of Islam. In the history of the spread of Islam in Indonesia, particularly the Sufis always showed a significant role in each period of social change. Therefore, further discussion of this paper will be based on the development of tarekat communities. The historical facts in this study are presented gradually based on the unique cases in each period. The tarekat communities in Nusantara in the early period of Islam, which is the 13th century until the 17th century, have established the religious system patterned on the diversity of doctrine, thought, and tradition that is acculturative with various cultures of the local society in Nusantara. Then they developed during the Dutch colonial period in the 18th century and the 19th century. Besides contributing in the Islam religious founding, they also contributed in the patriotism struggle and even protested in the form of rebellion towards the Dutch colonial. The Sufis from various tarekat streams displayed antagonistic of political acts towards the Colonial government policies. It was developed at the beginning of the 20th century, which is the period of nationalism and of Islamic reform movements. The social force of tarekat people became an indicator of the religion revival that was very influencing towards the nationalism movement in Indonesia. The last one, it has been developing on the independence day of Indonesia, which is called the contemporary period, until today. The tarekat people have built a community system variously based on the principle of beliefs and various ritual activities. The tarekat people always develop, modify, and actualize the tasawwuf teachings and the tarekat practice, mainly in order to complete the spirituality and morality improvement of the society. The tarekat people’s contributions are very helpful for the society in general in order to fulfill the mental necessity. Their religiosity is also strategic enough to be used as a control media for the moral life of the nation.
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Jahan, Sultana. "Gender Nonconformity and Casting around Individuality, Free Will and Survival: Sharat Chandra’s Women in His Novel Srikanta." Journal of Arts and Humanities 7, no. 3 (2018): 08. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/journal.v7i3.1340.
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<p>The present paper is a sincere effort to explore the image of Indian women in the early 19th century social context as depicted in Sharat Chandra’s novel S<em>rikanta</em>. In this novel Sharat Chandra’s portrayal of women characters- Rajlaksmii, Annada, Abhaya , and Kamal Lata assert their individuality, self-worth and deliverances boldly in the then male-controlled and traditional society. These characters are unwavering and resolute enough to cast around an emancipated futuristic outlook. They are all precursors to the later day women characters depicted by the feminist writers. Sharat chandra is not a feminist in the traditional sense nor does he take the side of forceful assertion of women rights but he shows a significant understanding of woman psyche and to a great extent, protests against social and religious double standard that ultimately results in gender nonconformity. He values humanity more than chastity and raises his voice against traditional morality and religious dogmatism in depicting illicit love relationship and in disclosing the deceptions underlying the established marriage custom. To all female characters, Rajlaksmi, Annada,Kamal Lata, and Abhay, marriage fails to provide congenial atmosphere to love and value each other; rather to them, marriage is nothing but religious and social yolk that come up with patriarchal applaud but result in self-deception. This paper is an attempt to elucidate Sharat Chandra’s unconventional idea of chastity and reversed roles of women going deep into the female characters of this novel who fearlessly look down on the patriarchal impediments.</p>
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Hilton, K. C. "Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics, and Class in the 19th-Century United States. By Lori D. Ginzberg (New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1990. xii plus 230 pp. $25.00)." Journal of Social History 26, no. 2 (1992): 433–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jsh/26.2.433.
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Baranova, Irina V. "German Charity in St. Petersburg: The Contribution of the Pastor A. Mazing to the Establishment and Organization of “The Evangelical House of Diligenceˮ". IZVESTIYA VUZOV SEVERO-KAVKAZSKII REGION SOCIAL SCIENCE, № 1 (209) (30 березня 2021): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18522/2687-0770-2021-1-48-53.
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The role of the “Evangelical house of diligenceˮ in the religious space of St. Petersburg is considered. The tradition of creating “Houses of diligenceˮ originated in St. Petersburg in the 19th century and began to revive again in the city on the Neva River at the beginning of the 21st century. At present time a few “Houses of diligenceˮ operate as rehabilitation centers for children and adults with disabilities engaging them in various workshops and other labour activities. It is obvious that the possibility of providing unemployed citizens with social assistance through the provision of temporary work, as well as assistance in their further employment, does not lose its relevance. The goal of this paper is to assess the role of “The Evangelical house of diligenceˮ in the religious space of Saint Petersburg. During the writing of this paper we used materials from the Russian Central State Historical Archive of St. Petersburg. For the main research we used chronological and comparative historical methods of analysis. Using the chronological analysis, we explored the sequence of formation and development of “The Evangelical house of diligenceˮ. Using comparative historical analysis, we determined the structure of that institutions, sources of his financing and the underlying mechanism of his operation. The article makes an effort to evaluate the role of pastor A. Mazing in organisation of “The Evangelical house of diligenceˮ. Management of “The Evangelical house of diligenceˮ and in addition to organising of the temporary employment to those in need of the Evangelical Lutheran faith, was providing charitable assistance to the disabled individuals. It was also involved in creations of a hospice and a shelter for alcoholics. In that “institution of labour assistance” they paid a special attention to the concerns for morality of the wards in accordance with the canons of the Evangelical-Lutheran Church, therefore they prioritised the faithful of this Church dur-ing the admission. “The Evangelical house of diligenceˮ was offering its workers in need an option to live on the premises, which was a welcome offer especially during wintertime.
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Demin, Sergey. "The category of truth in Bakunin's political and legal theory." Advances in Law Studies 8, no. 4 (2021): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/2409-5087-2020-8-4-11-15.
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The subject of the study is the problem of truth in the political and legal theory of Mikhail Bakunin. The object of the study is the social relations that form different interpretations of the concept of truth in the teachings of M. Bakunin. The author examines in detail the correlation of truth in the works of the anarchist theorist from both a philosophical and a dogmatic point of view. It is analyzed in detail in the doctrine of interspersed jurisprudence from an economic point of view, as well as the theory of knowledge, which was understood by M.Bakunin as phenomena in their pure completeness without any admixture of fantasies, assumptions or other attachments of human consciousness, in which the difference between epistemology and law is manifested. Special attention is paid to M. Bakunin's reflection on the laws of nature and lawmaking.
 The main conclusions of the study are: 
 - the reason for the utopianism of Bakunin's teaching, in our opinion, is his rejection of the legislative consolidation of the fundamental principles of law, which in turn replaces law with morality. 
 A special contribution of the author to the study of the topic is the conclusion that the most developed economic liberalism in the middle of the 19th century in Russia was in Siberia, which was facilitated by the patronage of the Governor-General of Eastern Siberia Muravyov. 
 The novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time M. Bakin's ideas about truth are analyzed not from the point of view of criticism of Marxism-Leninism, but from the philosophical and legal-dogmatic side.
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Piskunova, Elena. "Establishment of the University System in France During the Reign of Napoleon I: Goals and the Results." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija, no. 2 (June 2020): 8–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu4.2020.2.1.
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Introduction. In the Napoleonic era, political power set itself two tasks: to continue the traditions of the revolution in the formation of a new system of people and to make these changes correlate with the requirements of the new political system associated with the formation of the Empire. Historians have not paid enough attention to Napoleon’s educational policy and the relation of these events to his political goals. Analysis. The Great French Bourgeois Revolution completely destroyed the old educational system. All universities and academies were closed. Secondary and primary schools sought to eliminate the influence of the Church. The revolutionary government proclaimed an equal right for all citizens to receive education, and the goal of education was to form a new personality in the spirit of the Republican morality. The main problems were the lack of a unified structure and the lack of teaching staff. Only during the reign of Napoleon a coherent and effective system of education was created, which included the interrelated stages of primary, secondary and higher education, the top of which was the University. All educational institutions in France were subject to it. The goal of the University was not only to train teachers, but also to establish a new imperial ideology based on the idea of national unity. Though the creation of the educational system was certainly successful for Napoleon, his main function, according to the Emperor, was ideological education, and he could not implement it. Results. The Imperial University remained ideologically independent from the political system of the Empire, since a significant part of the teaching staff held liberal views and was in hidden opposition to the Napoleonic regime. However, the structure of education created in this era lasted until the end of the 19th century, which indicates its success in terms of organizational principles and practical implementation.
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Bornedal, Peter. "On the institution of the moral subject: on the commander and the commanded in Nietzsche's discussion of law." Kriterion: Revista de Filosofia 54, no. 128 (2013): 439–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-512x2013000200010.
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The article discusses how Nietzsche understands the institution of law and morals in distinction to Kant and the Christian tradition. It argues that Nietzsche to a large extent is inspired by the paradigm-shift toward a evolutionary biological thinking introduced by several of his peers in the late 19th century, among else F. A. Lange, who sees this shift as a sobering scientific-materialistic alternative to Kant. In Nietzsche, the Kantian moral imperative is replaced with a notion of a morality emerging thanks to historical, or pre-historical, civilizational processes, imposed on a feebleminded human without any inherent rational dispositions to obey Law. It is also a process, which rather than universalizing the human, splits it in a duality where one part obeys old immediate self-interests and another part obeys new 'commands,' having been shouted 'into the ear' by a so-called 'commander.' The compliance with law takes two radically different forms in Nietzsche: servile and mediocre individuals need to be exposed to discipline and punishment in order to adopt Law; while so-called 'sovereign' individuals are able to impose law upon themselves. The figure of the 'sovereign' has consequently been an issue for vigorous debate in especially the Anglo-Saxon tradition of Nietzsche research, since his apparent 'respect for law' and 'sense of duty' reiterate typical Kantian qualities. Relating to these discussions, I suggest that Nietzsche's 'sovereign' (in one context) is identical his 'commander' (in other contexts). When the 'sovereign' as such imposes law upon himself and others, his act is conventional and arbitrary (like language in Saussure), and is rather irrational than rational as in Kant. His will is not a good will, nor a rational will with a vision of human autonomy. His command of himself and others is a performative, thus without truth-value (like illocutionary speech-acts in Austin and Searle).
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Каширина, Варвара Викторовна. "St. Theophanes the Recluse’ Project to Publish a New Journal “The Apologist”." Theological Herald, no. 2(33) (June 15, 2019): 287–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31802/2500-1450-2019-33-178-184.
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В статье рассматривается проект издания православного журнала «Апологет», предложенный святителем Феофаном в 1861 г. в письме к К. К. Зедергольму (впоследствии иеромонаху Оптиной пустыни Клименту). Святитель Феофан предложил состав редакционной коллегии, основные рубрики журнала, подробно описал методику работы редакционного коллектива. В числе ближайших соратников святителя были А. Д. и К. Д. Ушинские, С. О. Бурачок, В. И. Аскоченский, Н. В. Елагин и др. Проект по изданию журнала получил одобрение прп. Макария Оптинского. Новое издание, призванное защищать православную веру и нравственность, было особенно актуальным в эпоху ослабления цензуры и резкого увеличения периодических изданий либерально-западнического направления. Проект журнала с говорящим названием «Апологет» свидетельствовал об активной позиции святителя Феофана в области церковно-общественной жизни России второй половины XIX в., показывал его постоянную ревность о защите православия, готовность к борьбе с различными сектами и лжеучениями. К сожалению, проект по изданию журнала не был реализован. The article discusses a project publication of an Orthodox journal called “The Apologist”, proposed by St. Theophanes in 1861 in a letter to K. K. Zederholm (later hieromonk of the Optina Hermitage Clement). St. Theophanes suggested members of the editorial board, the main headings of the journal, described in detail the working methods of the editorial team. Among the closest companions of the saint were A. D. and K. D. Ushinsky, S. O. Burachok, V. I. Askochensky, N. V. Elagin, and others. The project of publishing the journal was approved by the St. Macarius of Optina. The new edition, designed to protect the Orthodox faith and morality, was particularly relevant in an era of weaker censorship and a sharp increase in the periodicals of a liberal-Westernist direction. The project of the magazine with the meaningful name “The Apologist” testified to the active position of St. Theophanes in the field of church and public life in Russia in the second half of the 19th century, it showed his unremitting zeal in protecting Orthodoxy, his readiness to fight various sects and false teachings. Unfortunately, the project for the publication of the journal was never realized.
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Viana, Fabiana Da Silva. "A família (en)contra a escola: pobreza, conflitos e obrigatoriedade escolar nas Minas Gerais do século XIX." Revista de História e Historiografia da Educação 1 (July 11, 2017): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/rhhe.v1i0.52208.
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Neste artigo dedico-me ao estudo das relações estabelecidas entre pais de família, professores primários e autoridades locais em Minas Gerais, nas primeiras décadas do século XIX. Para tanto, recorri a um grande número de documentos produzidos por presidentes de província, bem como pela Assembleia Legislativa e pelas autoridades responsáveis pela fiscalização das escolas primárias mineiras. Já no alvorecer do século XIX, o desejo de civilizar e formar o cidadão trabalhador motivara a elaboração de dispositivos legais voltados à organização e ampliação do serviço de instrução pública. Foi neste contexto que intelectuais e políticos defenderam a educação das crianças e a generalização da instrução pública primária, considerando-as como as medidas mais adequadas à formação da nação brasileira. Em Minas Gerais, o que se observa a partir daí é a intensificação, nos discursos de intelectuais e dirigentes, de uma preocupação com a infância e sua preparação para a vida adulta. Preocupação, contudo, alicerçada em uma percepção um tanto preconceituosa e negativa em relação à moralidade das famílias mineiras e na compreensão de que elas eram incapazes de zelar pelo futuro de suas crianças. O que tais intelectuais e políticos não esperavam, contudo, é que os pais de família resistissem a essas representações, demonstrando a fragilidade das críticas que lhes eram dirigidas e o caráter ainda incipiente das ações do governo do Estado.Family encounter school: poverty, conflicts and compulsory school in Minas Gerais of the 19th century. In this paper I study the relations established among parents, primary teachers and local authorities in the first decades of the nineteenth century in Minas Gerais. To do so, I relied on a large number of documents produced by provincial presidents, by the Legislative Assembly and by the authorities responsible for supervising primary schools in Minas Gerais. In the late nineteenth century, the desire to civilize and to form the working citizens motivated the elaboration of legal devices whose aim was to organize and to expand the public education service. It was in this context that intellectuals and politicians defended the children’s education for all and the generalization of primary public education as the most appropriate measures for the formation of Brazilian nation. In Minas Gerais, what is observed from there is the intensification in the discourses of intellectuals and leaders of a concern with childhood and its preparation for adult life. This concern was based on a prejudiced and negative perception of the morality of Minas families and on the understanding that they were unable to take care of the future of their children. What such intellectuals and politicians did not expect, however, was the resistance of the parents to these representations. They demonstrate the fragility of the criticisms directed against them and the incipience of the state government policies. Keywords: Public education; Compulsory school; Family-school relationship.