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Journal articles on the topic '19th Century painting'
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Tatham, David, Albert Boime, Elizabeth Johns, and John Wilmerding. "19th-Century American Painting." Art Journal 51, no. 4 (1992): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/777290.
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Goldberg, Marcia. "Textured Panels in 19th-Century American Painting." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 32, no. 1 (1993): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3179650.
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Goldberg, Marcia. "Textured Panels in 19th-Century American Painting." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 32, no. 1 (January 1993): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/019713693806066492.
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Ogden, Kate Nearpass. "Musing on Medium: Photography, Painting, and the Plein Air Sketch." Prospects 18 (October 1993): 237–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300004920.
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The relationship of photography and painting has greatly intrigued art historians in recent years, as has the uneasy status of photography as “art” and/or “documentation.” An in-depth study of 19th-century landscape images suggests two new premises on the subject: first, that opinions differed on photography's status as an art in the 19th Century, just as they differ today; and, second, that the landscape photograph is more closely related to the plein air oil sketch than to the finished studio easel painting. For ease of comparison, the visual material used here will consist primarily of landscapes made in and around Yosemite Valley, California, in the 1860s and 1870s; comparisons will be made among paintings by Albert Bierstadt, photographs by Carleton Watkins and Eadweard Muybridge, and works in both media by less famous artists.
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Titarenko, E. M. "Russian painting of the 19th century in the context of the projective aesthetics of N.F. Fyodorov." Solov’evskie issledovaniya, no. 4 (December 15, 2019): 114–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2076-9210.2019.4.114-127.
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The article is dedicated to the insufficiently studied problem of N.F. Fyodorov’s projective aesthetics research connected to his interpretation of Russian painting of the 19th century. The objects of the analysis are such works of the philosopher as “The Question of Restoration of Kinship among Mankind. The Means for the Restoration of Kinship (Sobor)” (1880s), “About the Kremlin Walls Paintings” (1893), “Kremlin Walls” (1893), “The brilliant robber. (About Ge’s Painting “The Crucifixion”)” (1894), “Moscow Rumyantsev’s Museum by the Kremlin and the Monument to the Founder of this Museum in the Kremlin” (1898) and other works. The article considers N.F. Fyodorov’s analysis of paintings by A.A. Ivanov, N.N. Ge, V.V. Vereschagin, and I.E. Repin. The comparative investigation of the aesthetic program and artistic ideas of Ivanov and Fyodorov is based on the analysis of the painting “The Apparition of Christ before the People” (1858). The article traces the influence of the artist’s works on the conceptual and compositional creation of the “pictorial demonstration” of Fyodorov’s aesthetic supramoralism. It uncovers the specificity of the philosopher’s religious-philosophical discourse, defined by the iconographic traditions and imaginary system of Christian art. The analysis of Fyodorov’s texts dedicated to the paintings by Ge and Repin, reveals that he does not accept the aesthetic program of realism. The article defines the meaning of projective ecphrasis in Fyodorov’s critical account of Ge’s “Biblical cycle” as a theurgical project. The reception of Vereschagin’s painting is considered in the context of the historiosophical ideas of Fyodorov, based on the principles of Christian eschatology.
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Hilton, Alison, and Elizabeth K. Valkenier. "The Wanderers: Masters of 19th-Century Russian Painting." Russian Review 52, no. 1 (January 1993): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/130872.
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Howden-Chapman, P. "Poverty and painting: representations in 19th century Europe." BMJ 325, no. 7378 (December 21, 2002): 1502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7378.1502.
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Tarasova, Maria, and Sabina Maremkulova. "РЕПРЕЗЕНТАЦИЯ ПОНЯТИЯ «СОЦИУМ» В РУССКОЙ ЖИВОПИСИ БЫТОВОГО ЖАНРА XIX ВЕКА." Social Anthropology of Siberia 2, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 15–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31804/2687-0606-2021-2-1-15-28.
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The aim of the study is to reveal the ways of representing the concept of “society” in the works of the genre art in the Russian painting of the 1860-1870s. The research is carried out using the method of philosophical and art history analysis of works of fine art. The main object of the study is the painting “Rural procession on Easter” by Vasiliy G. Perov. The study describes the specific features of the genre art in the Russian painting of the 19th century. The research shows how works of the genre art realize their didactive and educating functions. A theoretical analysis of the concepts of “everyday life”, “being”, “society” made it possible to conclude how genre painting of the 19th century models both an ideal person who is in co-existence with the absolute spirit, and a person who is far from the ideal. In the research the authors reveal two worldview models that developed in Russian painting in the 1860-1870s: a model of a perfect human being and a model of a person who is mired in everyday life. The study proves that the latter human model is represented in index signs of characters that worship only material values. The study investigates the versatility of the pictorial model of the Russian society, represented not only as a community absorbed in the routine of the everyday life, but also as a group of people whose life is elevated upwards to the true existence. The research has resulted in the typology of characters of paintings of the genre art, where the type of the character depends on the model of the society represented by the work of art. In its conclusion the study discloses two models of representing the society in Russian painting of the genre art in the 19th century. According to the first model, the everyday principle acts as an absorber of being. The second model represents a society in which everyday life manifests true existence, in harmony with nature and filled with the divine essence.
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Chernysheva, Maria A. "The New Historical Narrative in the 19th Century Painting." Actual Problems of Theory and History of Art 8 (2018): 140–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18688/aa188-1-13.
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Lilien Filipovitch-Robinson. "Interpreting Western Academic Traditions in 19th-Century Serbian Painting." Serbian Studies: Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies 1, no. 2 (2009): 293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ser.0.0031.
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Kwon, Jy-Eun. "Study on the Guardian Painting of the 19th Century." Journal of Art and Culture Studies 1 (December 31, 2012): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18707/jacs.2012.12.1.83.
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Yang, Guangyu. "temporal spirit, expressiveness and nationality of contemporary Chinese painting." Linguistics and Culture Review 5, S2 (July 31, 2021): 472–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5ns2.1384.
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The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that China, like Japan, took oil painting relatively recently. Japan became closely acquainted with Western technology in the 19th century, but at that time they still imposed a taboo on oil painting, the authorities in every way prevented its spread, protecting the traditions of national art. Only the 20th century allowed new trends to finally settle down. The work shows that the understanding of the European painting technology was widely represented in the imperial Celestial Empire. The article shows that the artists did not make a big problem to learn painting skills from the Europeans (originally the Portuguese). They learned the lessons, techniques and technology of European art, despite the fact that they had never had a similar school before. Separately, it is stipulated that cooperation after the formation of the USSR played a great influence on contemporary paintings. This explains the fact that many paintings by Chinese painters are very similar to Russian school of fine art. The authors determine that the Russian style, fully perceived by the PRC, was formed collectively from the Renaissance approach, with the inclusion of impressionism motifs.
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Lacina, Jan, and Petr Halas. "Landscape Painting in Evaluation of Changes in Landscape." Journal of Landscape Ecology 8, no. 2 (November 1, 2015): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jlecol-2015-0009.
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Abstract One of common methods of determining landscape change usually is to compare maps and photographic images of the same places in different time horizons. Landscape painting, which has a long and rich tradition in the Czech Republic, can be used similarly. Landscape-ecological interpretation of selected works by painters of the 19th century - Julius Mařák, František Kaván and Antonín Slavíček was done in this paper. Some pictures of the Českomoravská vrchovina (Bohemian-Moravian highlands) by Josef Jambor from the mid-20th century were used for detailed comparative analysis to the level of habitats. We compared 80 landscape paintings and found that most of the painted sceneries have changed for worse.
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Bragina, Natalia, and Jelena Jermolajeva. "THE DOLL IN THE PAINTINGS OF THE LATE 19TH – EARLY 20TH CENTURIES: HERMENEUTIC ANALYSIS." SOCIETY. INTEGRATION. EDUCATION. Proceedings of the International Scientific Conference 5 (May 20, 2020): 616. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/sie2020vol5.4859.
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The semantics of the doll in painting is not sufficiently investigated in art history and culture studies. The doll is never an accidental or unimportant component of a painting; it reveals deep psychological and symbolic undertones, complicates and concretizes the content of the painting. Each art style deals with this topic in its own way. The aim of the article is to analyse the interpretation of the image of the doll in various styles of painting of the second half of the XIX century – beginning of the XX century: in realistic painting, in symbolism, impressionism, and modernism. The research methods are the analysis of literature, the descriptive method, the hermeneutic method, and the comparative analysis method. The article may be useful for researchers in art and cultural studies, and can be used at school and university courses in the History of Art and Culture.
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Carlyle, Leslie. "Paint Driers Discussed in 19th-Century British Oil Painting Manuals." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 38, no. 1 (1999): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3179839.
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Carlyle, Leslie. "Paint Driers Discussed in 19th-Century British Oil Painting Manuals." Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 38, no. 1 (January 1999): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/019713699806113538.
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Kulakova, Olga Yu. "Dutch Flower Still Life of 17th Century: Interest and Oblivion through the Centuries." Observatory of Culture 18, no. 5 (October 29, 2021): 496–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2021-18-5-496-505.
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Over three and a half centuries, the genre of flower still life created by Dutch artists experienced ups of interest and oblivion. There were the maximum assessment of society in the form of high fees of the 17th century artists; the criticism of connoisseurs and art theorists; the neglect in the 19th century and the rise of auction prices and close attention of art critics, manifested from the middle of the 20th century to the present day. In the middle of the 17th century, there was already a hierarchy of genres, based on both the subject and the size of the paintings, which was reflected in the price. Still lifes and landscapes were cheaper than allegorical and historical scenes, but there were exceptions, for example, in the works of Jan Brueghel the Elder and Jan Davidsz. de Heem. Art theorists Willem van Hoogstraten and Arnold Houbraken, resting upon academic tastes, downplayed the importance of still-life painting. Meanwhile, the artists themselves, determining the worth of their paintings, sought for maximum naturalism, and such paintings were sold well.In the 20th century, this genre attracted the attention of collectors in Europe and the United States. A revival of interest in Dutch still lifes in general, and in flower ones in particular, began in the 20th century, the paintings rose in price at auctions, and collecting them became almost a fashion. Art societies and art dealers of the Netherlands and Belgium organized several small exhibitions of still lifes. The course for studying symbolic messages in still lifes, presented by Ingvar Bergström, is continued by Eddie de Jong, who emphasizes the diverse nature of symbolism in Dutch painting of the 17th century. Svetlana Alpers, on the contrary, criticizes the iconological method and presents the Dutch painting of that period as an example of visual culture. Norman Bryson’s view of Dutch still lifes is formed against the background of the development of a consumer society, economic prosperity and abundance. Finally, there has been an increasing interest in the natural science aspects of flower still-life painting in the researches of the last twenty years. Curiosity, skill, and admiration for nature are the impulses that can still be felt in the images of bouquets and fruits.
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Qu, Yifeng. "Interpretations of Rice Paper Watercolor Painting in Art Teaching." Review of Educational Theory 3, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30564/ret.v3i1.1635.
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The ricepaperplant pith is also known as Tetrapanax papyrine, Akebia, or tall gastrodia fruit, a kind of shrub or small tree of the Araliaceous. It is native to south China and Taiwan Prov., the raw material of rice paper. Extract its central tissue from the stem to make pith slices which could be made as the watercolor painting paper. It arose in Guangzhou in the 19th century, and the themes are mainly focused on reflecting the social life scenes as well as various characters in late Qing Dynasty, such as officials, soldiers, juggling, weaving, playing instrument, etc. The works are lively, vivid, and bright in colors. As the result of using western painting principles and reflecting Chinese local customs, rice paper watercolor paintings were admired by Westerners at that time. However, as pith paper is fragile, the size of painting was usually small and difficult to conserve, there are few works handed down in China. In recent years, the rice paper watercolor painting has attracted more and more concern, which is of great significance to the study of the development of early Western paintings in China.
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Dewa Gede, Purwita. "Foreign Figures in the Paintings of I Ketut Gede Singaraja." KALPATARU 30, no. 1 (May 31, 2021): 87–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/kpt.v30i1.828.
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I Ketut Gede Singaraja always portrays figures adopted from the depiction of wayang pattern. It is similar to Wayang Kamasan but more expressive. Aside of painting the local figures, he also painted foreign figures such as Javanese-Muslims, Chinese people, and Europeans. They were narrated as the cultural actors in the life of Singaraja City at the end of the 19th Century. This paper compares those figures, especially their attributes and faces thorugh iconographic studies. The result shows some cultural diversity through figures painted by I Ketut Gede Singaraja. The diversity is a plurality that occurred as a result of cultural unification from the previous period, namely the spice route period. The purpose of this paper is to identify the ethnic foreign figures described by I Ketut Gede Singaraja in his paintings as part of the multicultural life in Singaraja city at the end of the 19th century.
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Suphaphimol, Nattaphon, Nakarin Suwannarach, Witoon Purahong, Churdsak Jaikang, Kamonpan Pengpat, Natthawat Semakul, Saranphong Yimklan, et al. "Identification of Microorganisms Dwelling on the 19th Century Lanna Mural Paintings from Northern Thailand Using Culture-Dependent and -Independent Approaches." Biology 11, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11020228.
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Lanna painting is a unique type of painting in many temples in the Northern Thai region. Similar to most mural paintings, they usually decay over time partly due to the activity of microbes. This study aimed to investigate the microorganisms from two Lanna masterpiece paintings in two temples that differ in the numbers of visitors using both culture-dependent and -independent approaches. The microorganisms isolated from the murals were also tested for the biodeterioration activities including discoloration, acid production and calcium precipitation. Most microorganisms extracted from the paintings were able to discolor the paints, but only fungi were able to discolor, produce acids and precipitate calcium. The microorganism communities, diversity and functional prediction were also investigated using the culture-independent method. The diversity of microorganisms and functional prediction were different between the two temples. Gammaproteobacteria was the predominant group of bacteria in both temples. However, the fungal communities were different between the two temples as Aspergillus was the most abundant genus in the site with higher number of visitors [Buak Krok Luang temple (BK)]. Conversely, mural paintings at Tha Kham temple (TK) were dominated by the Neodevriesia genera. We noticed that a high number of visitors (Buak Krok Luang) was correlated with microbial contamination from humans while the microbial community at Tha Kham temple had a higher proportion of saprotrophs. These results could be applied to formulate a strategy to mitigate the amount of tourists as well as manage microorganism to slow down the biodeterioration process.
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PARSONS, C. "An Outline of 19th-Century European Painting from David through Cezanne." Oxford Art Journal 11, no. 1 (January 1, 1988): 74–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxartj/11.1.74.
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Van De Wetering, Ernst. "De paletten van Rembrandt en Jozef Israëls, een onderzoek naar de relatie tussen stijl en schildertechniek." Oud Holland - Quarterly for Dutch Art History 107, no. 1 (1993): 137–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187501793x00162.
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AbstractIn 1906, on the occasion of the Rembrandt jubilee, Jozef Israels bore witness to his lifelong admiration of Rembrandt and his art, conjuring up a picture of the master working on the Night Watch. The vision he evoked was of a painter in the throes of creation, 'dipping his broadest brushes deep into the paint of his large palette' in order to give more power and relief to certain areas of the painting. The author contends that this description is not consistent with what really went on in 17th-century studios. Numerous arguments support the hypothesis that up into the 19th century palettes were not only much smaller than the 19th-century ones envisioned by Jozef Israels, but that they did not usually carry the complete range of available oil-based pigments. On thc contrary, painters adhered to the diehard tradition of loading their palettes with a limited number of tints suitable for painting a certain passage. Support for this proposition comes from various directions. The most important sources are paintings of studio scenes and self-portraits of painters with their palettes. Examination of the depicted palettes, an examination conducted on the actual paintings, has yielded plausible grounds for assuming that painters strove for verisimilitude in their renderings of palettes. This is borne out by the surprising consistency of the examined material. On certain 15 th and 16th-century representations of St. Luke painting the Madonna, his palette is seen to contain only a few shades of blue, with occasionally white and black. Other palettes on which a greater variety of colours are depicted are incomplete, representing the range needed for the parts of the painting which were the most important and most diflicult to paint - the human skin. Texts by De Mayerne and Beurs gave rise to this assumption. One of the chief duties of the apprentice was to prepare his master's palettes. According to a dialogue in the late 17th-century Volpato manuscript, the master's mere indication of which part of the painting he was going to work on sufficed for the apprentice to prepare the palette. This implies that a specific number of pigments were necessary for the depiction of a particular element of reality. The idea is supported by the countless recipes for the depiction of every part of the visible world which have been handed down to us, notably in Willem Beurs' book but in other sources too. The implication is that the method of a 17th-century artist differed fundamentally from that of artists of the second half of the 19th century and the 20th century. Whereas there are substantial grounds for assuming that painters of the latter period tended to work up an entire painting more or less evenly, painters of earlier centuries executed their work - over an underdrawing or an underpainting in sections, on a manner which is best compared with the 'giornate' in fresco painting. This kind of method does not necessarily mean that a painter did not proceed from a tonal conception of an entire painting. Indeed, Rembrandt's manner of underpainting shows that his aims did not differ all that much from, say, Jozef Israels. Technical and economic circumstances are more likely the reason why painters continued to work in sections in the Baroque. With regard to the economic aspect: grinding pigments was a lengthy operation and the resulting paint dried fast. Consequently, no more pigments were prepared than necessary, so as to avoid waste. With regard to the technical aspect: before the development of compatible tube paints, whose uniformity of substance and behaviour are guaranteed by all manner of means, painters had to take into account the fact that every pigment had its own characteristics and properties; some pigments were not amenable to mixing, others were transparent by nature, other opaque, etc. This is best illustrated by paintings of the 15th and 16th centuries. However, the tradition persisted into the 17th century and was also carried on by Rembrandt, as scientific research has shown. Neutron-activating radiographic examination reveals that certain pigments only occur in isolated areas (as far as these pigments were not used in the monochrome undcrpainting). Scrutiny of paint samples has moreover revealed that a layer of paint does not as a rule contain more than two to five, or in very exceptional cases six, pigments. Having been made aware of this procedure, however, we can also observe it in stylistic characteristics of the painting, and we realize that for the aforesaid reasons a late Rembrandt is more akin to a Raphael than to a Jozef Israels. In the 19th-century discussion of the relationship of style and technique, figures like Semper contended that this relationship was an extremely close one. Riegl, proceeding from the concept of 'Kunstwollen', regarded technique as far less important, more as the 'frictional coefficient' in the realization of a style; while not denying technique's effect on style, Riegl did not consider its influence to be as crucial as Semper did. Paul Taylor's recent research into the concept of 'Houditng' have demonstrated the extent to which aspects as tone and colour served to create an illusion of space in the 17th century, the chief priority being the painting as a tonal and colouristic entity. If we assume that the working principles of a 15th and a 17th-century painter did not fundamentally differ, it becomes clear that the pictorial 'management' involved in attuning tones and colours so convincingly as to produce the tonal unity so typical of Baroque painting, was quite an achievement. The technical and economic limitations mentioned above in connection with the palette may thus be seen as exemplifying Riegl's view of technique as a frictional coefficient in achieving pictorial ends.
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Савицкая, Т. Е. "The Leiden views in the collection of the Radishchev State Art Museum in Saratov: reality and fantasy." Iskusstvo Evrazii [The Art of Eurasia], no. 1(24) (March 30, 2022): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.46748/arteuras.2022.01.015.
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Статья посвящена исследованию двух городских пейзажей, обозначенных как виды Лейдена, из собрания Саратовского государственного художественного музея имени А.Н. Радищева. Пейзаж, поступивший в 1920 г. как работа голландского художника XVII века, является имитацией старой голландской живописи, выполненной, предположительно, на рубеже XVIII–XIX веков. Имитатор, изображая в качестве типичного голландского городка XVII века фантазийный образ Лейдена, стремится указать на связь с традициями старых голландцев. Другой пейзаж, поступивший как работа неизвестного мастера, атрибутирован голландскому мастеру XIX века П.Г. Вертину (1819–1893). Художник соединяет реальность и фантазию, главная задача, которую он решает, — передать игру света на узкой улице. Сравнение двух работ из собрания Радищевского музея наглядно иллюстрирует два разных подхода к традиции голландского городского пейзажа. Имитация XVIII – начала XIX века является примером механического обращения к искусству старых мастеров, работа П.Г. Вертина показывает, как профессиональный художник XIX столетия, опираясь на наследие предшественников, решает художественные задачи, соответствующие своему времени. При всём различии решаемых художниками задач работы объединяет одно — обращение к образу Лейдена как к эмблеме, олицетворению Голландии эпохи золотого века живописи. The article is about the paintings of two town views (oil on panel) which are marked as the views of Leiden, from the collection of the Radishchev State Art Museum in Saratov. The first landscape was transferred to the museum in 1920. It was created by an unknown Dutch artist by the late 18th – early 19th century, imitating old Dutch painting tradition. The artist was deeply influenced by Dutch painting tradition of the 17th century both stylistically and technically. He created the fantasy image of Leiden as a typical Dutch river town of the 17th century to highlight a connection with the old Dutch painting tradition. Another town view was transferred to Radishchev Museum as a work of an unknown master in 1972. The painting was later attributed to the Dutch master of the 19th century P.G. Vertin (1819–1893). It is a typical artwork done by P.G. Vertin who used to play with reality and fantasy. The artist aims to solve the subtle play of the light and shadows on a narrow town street. The comparison of two Leiden views from the Radishchev State Art Museum in Saratov collection clearly illustrates two different approaches to the tradition of the Dutch town landscape. The imitation painting is an example of a mechanical approach to the old Dutch art. The artwork by P.G. Vertin shows how a professional artist of 19th century sees the art heritage of his predecessors as a solid base, but solves artistic problems in a modern way, corresponding to his time. The image of Leiden as a typical Dutch town is a reflection of the general art trend. The artists had different approaches and solved different tasks. However, they have one important thing in common: both of them see the image of Leiden as an emblem, the embodiment of Holland in the era of the Golden painting age.
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Ceaușu, Felicia. "Fine Arts: 6. The Healing Power of Art-Therapy." Review of Artistic Education 16, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 203–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rae-2018-0022.
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Abstract In Europe, since the middle of the 19th century, physicians realized that by plastic creation an improvement of the mental state of many patients can be achieved. Painting, household chores or gardening were meant to eliminate boredom and to take the patients out of isolation. Various activities of today’s art-therapy. At the beginning of the 20th century, various authors showed interest for the paintings and drawings of mental patients. The interest attracted by the psycho-pathological art allowed the organization of international exhibits with the artistic works of the mental patients. The scientific approach of these ways of pathoplastic expression determined the emergence of institutions, studies, periodicals and international reunions concerning this topic.
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Kang, Jiwon. "Aspects of Conceptual Flower Paintings of 19th Century Joseon Korea : Focused Peony and Lotus Flower Painting." Journal of Korean Association of Art History Education 31 (February 29, 2016): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.14769/jkaahe.2016.02.31.77.
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Mastrotheodoros, Georgios P., and Konstantinos G. Beltsios. "Original Varnish Recipes in Post-Byzantine Painting Manuals." Heritage 4, no. 4 (October 17, 2021): 3572–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage4040197.
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During the last decades, manuscripts have become increasingly available through digitization and deposition in online repositories. This trend has very much facilitated primary source research, as scholars are no longer subjected to time- and effort-consuming processes such as travel, applications for photography permissions, and so on. In this framework, the authors set forth the results of research that deals with post-Byzantine panel-painting varnish recipes which were found in a hitherto unpublished Greek painting manual dating back to 1824. The recipes in consideration are compared to those existing in the renowned “Hermeneia” by Dionysios of Fourna (early 18th century) painter’s manual. A brief discussion dealing with various pertinent terms, along with a note on data deriving from the analytical investigation of varnish samples stemming from post-Byzantine icons are also included in this work. The study reveals a shift towards lean and intermediate varnish recipes during the early 19th century that might reflect the progression of resins and oleoresins, and the gradual replacement of oil-based varnishes. In addition, a unique recipe describing various methods of varnish application is transcribed and commented upon. Finally, the analytical data revealed an unexpected employment of a protein-based varnish in a mid-19th century icon.
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Borozan, Igor. "Simbolistički opus Mihe Marinkovića i njegova recepcija u srpskoj sredini." Ars Adriatica 9 (February 28, 2020): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/ars.2928.
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The paper analyses the symbolist works in the under-researched opus of painter Miho Marinković. Trained at the Munich Academy of Fine Arts, he is primarily known as a painter of intricate themes that can be categorized as late 19th-century symbolism. In 1904, he settled in Belgrade and became an active participant in the cultural scene of the Serbian capital. In 1911, Marinković’s paintings were exhibited in the Pavilion of the Kingdom of Serbia at the International Exhibition in Rome. His symbolist oeuvre covers the standard themes of symbolist painting, such as Medusa, Lucifer, or The Sinner, which speaks both of the artist’s personality and of the eclectic turn of the century. Symbolism in Marinković’s work reflects his training in Munich, which in the late 19th and early 20th centuries was the European centre of somnambular themes and artistic experiments. In this paper, his oeuvre has been considered in the context of general symbolist structures, with particular references to the Munich symbolism. Some reviews of Marinković’s symbolist paintings have been pointed out, which testify to the history of the reception of his work in the Kingdom of Serbia in the early 20th century. The positive reception of Marinković’s paintings in the Serbian setting is evident from the fact that as many as thirty-five of his works have been included in the holdings of the National Museum in Belgrade.
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Both, Mária Gabriella. "Mozaikok a tájfestészet és a geográfia kapcsolatából." Kaleidoscope history 11, no. 22 (2021): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.17107/kh.2021.22.379-388.
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At the turn of the 18th and 19th centuries, natural sciences supported and drove economic development in a previously not experienced way. Europe created a new “mental image” of nature, scientific ideas with a newly emerging confidence while combining theoretical and practical researches. The Age of Enlightenment is best characterized by A. Humboldt’s discovery travels. The utilitarian approach of the age radically changed the relationship between landscape and people, first in the English speaking countries. This study endeavours to present the interrelations of men and landscape through the changes in landscape painting at the beginning of the 19th century while emphasizing the earlier definition of the geographic environment and indicating geography as an heir of the landscape painting. John Constable broke with the tradition of academic painting and found the idyllic landscape in rural England. In the New World, landscape painting used the European traditions, exemplified by the works of Thomas Cole, the first major American landscape painter. His iconic painting ’Oxbow’ followed the patterns of the traditional European landscape imaging, indicating ideas of the Sublime and the Beautiful of Poussin’ works.
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Sinem Kucuk, Kamile. "The Sociocultural Aspects of Merchant Class in the Light of Russian Painting Art." European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies 2, no. 1 (August 30, 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v2i1.p81-85.
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The merchant class, which contributed to the improvement of Russia, evolved due to politicial reforms. Especially in 1861 the emancipation reform of the Russian serfs caused social and culturel changes in the life of merchants. In 19th and early 20th century, the works of Russian genre painters P.A. Fedetov, A.P. Ryabushkin, V.G. Perov, F. Juravlev and B.M. Kustodiyev not only reflected the social situation and stereotypes of merchants, but also revealed cultural history of the mentioned class. In this paper it is aimed to disclose the evolution of merchant class in 19th and the early 20th century, observing and analysing the art of Russian painting in sociocultural perspective.
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Koch, Rolf Heinrich. "Entwicklungen in der Darstellung Buddhistischer Erzählstoffe in Sri Lanka." Asiatische Studien - Études Asiatiques 72, no. 2 (August 28, 2018): 363–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/asia-2017-0086.
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Abstract With this article I would like to draw attention to Buddhist murals in the southwest of Sri Lanka where a spirited artistic scene has developed during the revival of Buddhism (18th century). The artists produced mainly murals which depict the Life of Gautama Buddha (Buddhacarita) and his previous lifes (Jātaka). The construction of these paintings changed dramatically at the end of the 19th century, when the traditional continuing and two-dimensional style was displaced by a central perspective and single framed mode of painting. As an example I introduce an episode from the Ummagga-Jātaka, which is illustrated with all details in four monasteries and thereby covering the various painting styles. To show how closely the artists followed the written sources I provide the corresponding Sinhalese text by contrast with the Pali wording. During that period the knowledge of Sinhala among the members of the Sinhalese elites was at a loss and urban artists had to consult English renderings of Buddhist sources for the proper illustration of particular narratives. Regarding our episode from the Ummagga-Jātaka an essential error has crept into Chalmers English translation which is finally reflected in all murals of the 20th century.
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Antropova, Nataliya D. "HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL ASPECTS IN THE RENEWAL OF THE LANGUAGE OF CHURCH MONUMENTAL PAINTING IN FRANCE AT THE TURN OF THE 20th CENTURY ON THE EXAMPLE OF PAINTINGS BY MAURICE DENIS." Architecton: Proceedings of Higher Education, no. 3(71) (September 29, 2020): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47055/1990-4126-2020-3(71)-21.
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The study analyzes the historical and philosophical origins of the renewal in church monumental art in French culture at the turn of the 20th century. The crisis that broke out in the second half of the 19th century within the philosophical knowledge and classical religion and an attempt to rethink the evolution of Christianity entailed significant changes in artistic creativity devoted to the sacred theme. The author explores the topic based on the church mural paintings of the French painter Maurice Denis, who stood at the origins of the transformation of the language of religious painting and whose role is significant for the further history of European art. The relevance of the work lies in the fact that all previous studies on this topic were primarily art criticisms. They paid special attention to the analysis of the artistic language and pictorial and expressive means. At the same time, questions of historical and philosophical nature and their role in the formation of new European religious painting were analyzed to a much lesser extent.
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Hennrich, Dirk Michael. "Tragische Dispositionen der Moderne. Stimmung und Aura im Wandel des Landschaftsbegriffs." Philosophica: International Journal for the History of Philosophy 23, no. 46 (2015): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/philosophica2015234618.
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The present text deals with the relation between the consolidation and the development of landscape-painting and the concept of landscape during the 19th century and the catabasis of a certain economy of disposition until our days. The process of the transformation and overcoming of landscape-painting reflects the decadence of an entire epoch, influencing the introduction of the dispositions into philosophy, as well the initiation of a new philosophical discipline, the Philosophy of Landscape.
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김남희. "Research on Comparison of Gamrotaenghwa and Genre Painting of the 19th-Century." Journal of Art Education 32 (September 2012): 277–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.35657/jae.2012.32.0.012.
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Lee, Jong chan. "The Characteristics and Significance of 19th century buddhist painter seohwi`s painting." JOURNAL OF KOREAN CULTRUAL HISTORY 50 (December 31, 2018): 75–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.29334/mhsh.2018.12.50.75.
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Al-Emam, Ehab, Victoria Beltran, Steven De Meyer, Gert Nuyts, Vera Wetemans, Karolien De Wael, Joost Caen, and Koen Janssens. "Removal of a Past Varnish Treatment from a 19th-Century Belgian Wall Painting by Means of a Solvent-Loaded Double Network Hydrogel." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 2651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162651.
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Polymeric materials have been used by painting conservator-restorers as consolidants and/or varnishes for wall paintings. The application of these materials is carried out when confronting loose paint layers or as a protective coating. However, these materials deteriorate and cause physiochemical alterations to the treated surface. In the past, the monumental neo-gothic wall painting ‘The Last Judgment’ in the chapel of Sint-Jan Berchmanscollege in Antwerp, Belgium was treated with a synthetic polymeric material. This varnish deteriorated significantly and turned brown, obscuring the paint layers. Given also that the varnish was applied to some parts of the wall painting and did not cover the entire surface, it was necessary to remove it in order to restore the original appearance of the wall painting. Previous attempts carried out by conservator-restorers made use of traditional cleaning methods, which led to damage of the fragile paint layers. Therefore, gel cleaning was proposed as a less invasive and more controllable method for gently softening and removing the varnish. The work started by identifying the paint stratigraphy and the deteriorated varnish via optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. A polyvinyl alcohol–borax/agarose (PVA–B/AG) hydrogel loaded with a number of solvents/solvent mixtures was employed in a series of tests to select the most suitable hydrogel composite. By means of the hydrogel composite loaded with 10% propylene carbonate, it was possible to safely remove the brown varnish layer. The results were verified by visual examinations (under visible light ‘VIS’ and ultraviolet light ‘UV’) as well as OM and FTIR spectroscopy.
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Dredge, Paula, Richard Wuhrer, and Matthew R. Phillips. "Monet's Painting under the Microscope." Microscopy and Microanalysis 9, no. 2 (March 14, 2003): 139–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927603030198.
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An oil painting by Claude Monet, Port-Goulphar, Belle-Ile 1887 (collection of the Art Gallery of New South Wales), was examined to determine both the identity of the pigments used by the artist in this painting and his technique of mixing colors and laying paint on the canvas. The extremely complex construction of the painting was revealed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDS), and X-ray mapping (XRM) analysis of cross sections of paint flakes excised from damaged regions of Port-Goulphar, Belle-Ile. Nine different pigments were found on the painting. Many of the identified colors were modern pigments that became available only late in the 19th century as a result of scientific advances in pigment chemistry. Although similar colors were available in a natural mineral form, they lacked the vivid color of their manufactured counterparts. The use of these new synthetic metallic oxide colors by Monet accounts for the brilliance of his paintings. In addition, a separation between successive paint layers was observed in some areas of paint chip cross sections, indicating that oil-based paint was applied to paint that had dried, and consequently, Port-Goulphar, Belle-Ile was painted over a long period of time. This observation is contrary to the general perception of Monet's technique of painting freely and quickly.
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Xiaotao, Li, and Yan Qing. "The influence of the Itinerants' creative ideas on Chinese realistic painting." World of Russian-speaking countries 2, no. 8 (2021): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20323/2658-7866-2021-2-8-87-104.
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The article analyzes the influence of the Itinerants' creative ideas on Chinese realistic painting, the development of which is inseparable from the study of the Itinerants. The article examines how the painting technique and ideology of the Association of Itinerant Art Exhibitions founded in the late 19th century are relevant to many 20th-century Chinese artists. The authors identify the ideological principles of the Itinerant movement that have influenced different generations of Chinese artists (rejection of the “art for art's sake” principle, emphasis on national characteristics of painting, responsibility for reflecting the life of people in the country, advocating the spirit of critical realism as the only true way to reflect life in art) and prove that without Russian Itinerants there would be no Chinese realism in painting and modern Chinese realistic painting. The article identifies and characterizes three stages of adopting the Itinerant creative ideas in China: the period of the Republic of China (acquaintance of the Chinese public with the Itinerants' paintings and understanding the Itinerant ideology at the time of the “Movement for New Culture”), the beginning of the PRC foundation (the period of comprehensive study of realist painting, training of talented Chinese artists in art educational institutions of the USSR as part of the cultural exchange and mastering the principles of Soviet realist art) and the first decade after the Cultural Revolution (a critical “painting of scars” reflecting the experiences and fates of people during the Cultural Revolution). The authors conclude that the study of the Itinerants' creative ideas from the point of view of cultural studies in the context of the Chinese realist art school development is important for understanding the Russian- Chinese cultural dialogue.
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Cohen, Matt. "Making the View from Lookout Mountain: Sectionalism and National Visual Culture." Prospects 25 (October 2000): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0361233300000661.
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Recent scholarship in the history of American art has uncovered the deep social, political, and economic context within which specific inividuals invented highly charged (and frequently contested) visions of the American landscape. Drawing attention away from the naturalizing tendency of criticism that emphasizes landscape painting as a reflection of national and transcendental ideals, this kind of analysis has brought new richness to the study of landscapes, weaving political and social history into the criticism of American art. Charting paintings as they function within the constellations of patronage, intellectual history, and reception, these new histories help us understand the cultural work of landscape in the 19th-century United States.
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Jeffery, J. V. "The Varley family: engineers and artists." Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 51, no. 2 (July 22, 1997): 263–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.1997.0022.
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In June 1871, at the age of 43, Cromwell Fleetwood Varley was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. In May of the same year Varley and three of his brothers were four of the sixty–six original members who together formed the Society of Telegraph Engineers, the organization that was the forerunner of today's Institution of Electrical Engineers. During the second half of the 19th century the four Varley brothers contributed in no small measure to the developing telegraph and electrical industries in Britain. During the first half of the 19th century Varleys of the previous generation made an equally important contribution to the art of landscape painting.
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Zalaffi, Maria Sole, Ines Agostinelli, Najmeh Karimian, and Paolo Ugo. "Ag-Nanostars for the Sensitive SERS Detection of Dyes in Artistic Cross-Sections—Madonna della Misericordia of the National Gallery of Parma: A Case Study." Heritage 3, no. 4 (November 12, 2020): 1344–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/heritage3040074.
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In historical paintings, the detection of low amounts of pigments and dyes by Raman spectroscopy can sometimes be challenging, in particular for fluorescent dyes. This issue can be overcome by using SERS (surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy) which takes advantage of the properties of nanostructured metal surfaces to quench fluorescence and enhance Raman signals. In this work, silver nanostars (AgNSs) are applied for the first time to real art samples, in particular to painting cross-sections, exploiting their effective SERS properties for pigment identification. The case study is the Madonna della Misericordia of the National Gallery of Parma (Italy). Cross-sections were analyzed at first by optical microscopy, SEM-EDS, and micro-Raman spectroscopy. Unfortunately, in some cross-sections, the application of conventional Raman spectroscopy was hindered by an intense background fluorescence. Therefore, AgNSs were deposited and used as SERS-active agent. The experimentation was successful, allowing us to identify a modern dye, namely copper phthalocyanine. This result, together with the detection of other modern pigments (titanium white) and expert visual examination, allowed to reconstruct the painting history, postdating its realization from the 15th century (according to the Gallery inventory) to 19th century with a heavy role of recent (middle 20th century) restoration interventions.
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Abramkin, I. A. "Metamorphoses of Portrait Genre in Russian Art at the Turn of the 18th–19th Centuries." Art & Culture Studies, no. 4 (December 2021): 216–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.51678/2226-0072-2021-4-216-231.
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The article is dedicated to the research of changes in the development of portrait painting in Russian art at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries. A more common approach in the academic literature is a study of typological variants for the portrait image within the stable system, formed under the influence of classicism, or the review of a new concept in portrait painting, embodied by the artists of Romantic period. In that regard the transitional stage, related to the fundamental revision of portrait’s nature as a specific genre, lacks the close attention of researchers. The crisis of Enlightenment’s ideals at the end of the 18th century causes a rethinking of the relationship between a person and the outside world. This tendency directly influences the art of portraiture, which is now distinguished by more expressed dynamism of image. This is particularly important to the national tradition of portrait painting in the 18th century, which before showed the static approach for the representation of model and the moderation of portrait characteristic. Meanwhile, the fluidity becomes not only a method of artistic expression in a single work, but also a guiding principle for the modification of portrait painting at the system level. In other words, there is a new understanding of the fundamental categories inherent in the portrait genre: the popularity of more compact forms of portrait art, the ratio of ceremonial and chamber trends, new relationships between the master and the model, the active interaction of the individual and the surrounding nature. The interest in English culture also plays an important role in these processes. Despite the transitional nature of the era and external influences, Russian portrait painting at the turn of the 18th–19th centuries remains one of the main national features of genre — the prevalence of semi-ceremonial variants of image.
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Demchenko, Alexander I. "The Great Saratov Triad of the Early 20th Century." ICONI, no. 3 (2019): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33779/2658-4824.2019.3.052-064.
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Saratov is justifiably called one of the most significant centers of the artistic culture of the Russian Near-Volga Region. When analyzing the condition of that domain of the plastic arts represented by painting and graphics, it is necessary to state that during the course of the entire 19th century (not to mention the previous century) the figures of the artists were merely episodic: Jean Baptiste Savin, a Frenchman in his origin (famous for his portraits and watercolors), watercolor painter Maria Zhukova, Andrei Godin (who was the first teacher of Mikhail Vrubel) and Feodor Vassiliev (the first instructor of Victor Borisov-Musatov), portraitists and church painters Lev Igorev and Nikolai Rossov. For the most part, the artists who worked beyond the confines of Saratov were its natives, who were veritably well-known artists – Vassily Zhuravlev and Alexei Kharlamov. The high flourishing of painting in Saratov at the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century was prepared by the activities of Hector Baracchi, originally from Italy, and graduate from the St. Petersburg Academy of the Arts Vassily Konovalov. They exerted a decisive influence on the local artistic school, the main representatives of which were Victor Borisov-Musatov, Pavel Kuznetsov, Piotr Utkin, Alexander Savinov, Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin (a native of Khvalynsk), as well as sculptor Alexander Matveyev. However, there were three names which have become the most “celebrated” for Saratov, which led the brilliant assemblage of remarkable artists pertaining to the visual arts and were in the vanguard of the so-called era of “cultural boom,” as the high artistic accomplishments of the late 19th and early 20th century are sometimes referred to. They are Victor Borisov-Musatov, Pavel Kuznetsov and Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin. The present essay is devoted to them.
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Barnaś-Baran, Ewa. "Opieka Krakowskiego Towarzystwa Dobroczynności nad ołtarzem i obrazem Matki Boskiej w Bramie Floriańskiej w XIX i na początku XX wieku." Prace Historyczne, no. 147 (1) (2020): 63–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20844069ph.20.004.12458.
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The care of the Cracow Charitable Society over the altar and painting of Our Lady at the Florian Gate in the 19th and early 20th centuries The aim of this article is to present the actions taken by the Cracow Charitable Society in order to protect the altar and the painting in the Florian Gate. The image of Our Lady was handed over to the Society for care in 1817, which it provided until the communist authorities disbanded the Society in 1951. In order to renovate the painting and altar, the Society mainly raised funds through public sacrifices and donations of individual people. Among the benefactors there were many affluent and well-known people from Cracow, as well as anonymous individuals. Source materials reveal that the image was revered both by the inhabitants of Cracow and its surroundings and that the religious services held there in the 19th century were infused with patriotic spirit. Next to the painting an alms box was placed for financial donations to the poor who were cared for by the Society – it had the highest income among all the poor boxes in Cracow. Today, the Florian Gate still houses an altar with a painting, which is currently under the care of the Daughters of Charity.
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Pérez-Jiménez, Aurelio. "The Lamp of Anaxagoras (Plu., Per. 16.8-9) and its Reception in the Art of the 17th-19th centuries." Ploutarchos 14 (October 30, 2017): 69–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/0258-655x_14_4.
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In this article I follow the trails wich the famous anecdote of Anaxagoras, Pericles and the lamp (Plu., Per. 16.8-9) has let in European art of the last centuries. I will comment the details of different artistic pieces from the17th century emblematic and from Neoclassical painting and sculpture of the 18th and 19th Centuries, as well as some 19th French ‘pendules’, to put in value the importance that this anecdote has had in European art, due to its didactic strength and to its litterary plasticity.
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Stavrianos, C., N. Petalotis, O. Pantelidou, C. Papadopoul, A. Pantazis, and L. Grigoropou. "Humans Biting Themselves or Others: Nine Cases in European Painting (15-19th Century)." Research Journal of Medical Sciences 5, no. 3 (March 1, 2011): 155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjmsci.2011.155.160.
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Maslov, Konstantin I. "Sapozhnikovs’ Ecclesiastical Painting from the Points of View of Archimandrite Photios and the Archeologist G. D. Filimonov." Observatory of Culture, no. 6 (December 28, 2015): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/2072-3156-2015-0-6-52-56.
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The article is devoted to the points of view of archimandrite Photios and the scientist-archeologist G. D. Filimonov on the creative work of Sapozhnikov brothers, Moscow guild icon-painters of the early 19th century. While Photios would see in the mural and iconic works by the Sapozhnikovs the evidence of firmness of the ancient icon-painting school, Filimonov conversely perceived them as a proof of development opportunities for the authentic Russian folk art. The reason for such a sharp difference between their opinions was a distorted understanding of the ecclesiastical painting’s nature in the Modern Age as well as of the origin of its stylistic and iconographic dissimilarity.
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Chin, Gail. "Creating From Ashes: Huang Zhongyang’s Memories of The Shadow of Mao." Journal of American-East Asian Relations 20, no. 2-3 (2013): 234–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02003017.
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As new immigrants to Canada, Regina painter Huang Zhongyang and other cultural workers add to our diverse visual heritage. Although he left the People’s Republic of China after the end of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, his memories of senseless violence, with Communist leader Mao Zedong pitting neighbor against neighbor, son against father, scarred his psyche, which he has turned into oil paintings. These paintings of Huang’s memories of the Cultural Revolution rarely are displayed publicly, except occasionally. The intent of this article is to discuss his paintings in relation to actual events during the 1960s to 1970s. History painting, a 19th Century European genre, has become a bygone category of art, but in the hands of Huang, memory, a postmodern concern, is aroused by these very poignant images often created after popular images taken from newspapers and television, thus reflecting the contemporary interest in photographs.
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Kizyma, Yuliia. "The sacred aspect of the image of the child in the early 20th century Polish and Western Ukrainian painting: socio-historical context and local specifics." Text and Image: Essential Problems in Art History, no. 1 (2021): 64–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2519-4801.2021.1.04.
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he late 19th and early 20th centuries marked significant changes in the social perception of children and childhood in Europe and the US. The phenomenon was vividly reflected in works of art, including painting. Images of children and childhood acquired new positive connotations. A rather ambiguous notion of “innocence” became one of the most important characteristics of childhood. The category was associated with children’s ability to receive more profound and intense religious experiences in comparison to those of adults. Poetry, philosophy, and art of that time emphasized this aspect of idealised childhood. In this research, we examine and compare works of easel and monumental painting on religious subjects by American and Western European as well as Polish and Ukrainian artists which depict children and childhood. We address both works intended for sacred spaces and secular paintings containing symbols and allusions borrowed from Christian imagery. The article looks into the genesis of the sacralised image of children and childhood in Western cultures, its specific features and ways of its representation in painting, including local traditions. The study focuses on the portrayal of peasant children in paintings by Polish and Ukrainian artists (Jacek Malczewski, Kazimierz Sichulski, Wlastimil Hofman, Oleksa Novakivskyi, Yulian Butsmaniuk) on religious subjects. The sacralisation of village children in Central and Eastern European art constitutes a peculiar artistic phenomenon closely associated with the social structure as well as political situation in the region. In the course of the research we employed a range of methods—formal, iconographical, iconological analysis, content analysis and semiological analysis.
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Mochamad Fauzie. "Raden Saleh's Resistance to Colonialism in the Painting "Between Life and Death" (1848)." IICACS : International and Interdisciplinary Conference on Arts Creation and Studies 3 (April 14, 2020): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33153/iicacs.v3i1.43.
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Romanticism became a new cultural orientation in Europe in the 19th century. Through the exploration of tradition and history, romanticism gradually aroused nationalism, giving rise to a paradoxical situation: on the one hand, it fueled colonial expansion, on the other hand, aroused the spirit of resistance of colonized society. Raden Saleh was in Europe in this situation and became famous as a Romantic painter. This research departs from the assumption that Romanticism encouraged Raden Saleh to develop resistance to colonialism in painting. This study aims to prove the existence of signs of resistance to Colonialism in Raden Saleh's painting, entitled "Between Life and Death" (1848). This goal was achieved by analyzing the painting with CW Morris Semiotics, with the approach of Psychoanalysis Theory and Postcolonial Theory. Research shows that there are signs of resistance to Colonialism in the painting.
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Rohit Reddy, Karmuru, Riya Barui, and Sayantani Biswas. "Kalighat Paintings as a medium of communication in Colonized Bengal province." International Journal of English Learning & Teaching Skills 3, no. 4 (July 1, 2021): 2582–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15864/ijelts.3410.
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Kalighat’s paintings originated in West Bengal, India in the 19th century, near Kalighat Kali Temple, in Calcutta, India, and and from being souvenir pieces taken by visitors to the Kali Temple, the paintings developed over a period of time as a distinct Indian form of painting and art. The Kalighat Paintings developed to depict a range of themes ranging from mythological characters to depictions of the social scene. The paintings served as a kind of mirror of the society in which they worked. Under the influence of an increasingly growing European society, they underwent a transformation. They were able to rapidly adapt the interests of then popular interest and reflect different contemporary themes., and to represent different contemporary themes. The charm of the Kalighat paintings lies in the fact that they captured the essence of everyday life and have inspired contemporary artists like the late Jamini Roy even to this day. Experts find the brushwork on these paintings to be precise, flawless, elegant and one of India’s smoothest art types.