Relevant bibliographies by topics / 19th Century Physicians

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic '19th Century Physicians'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "19th Century Physicians"

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Eckerman, Nancy Pippen. "Researching Local 19th Century Physicians Including Civil War Surgeons." Journal of Hospital Librarianship 4, no. 4 (2004): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j186v04n04_04.

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White, William L. "The Role of Recovering Physicians in 19th Century Addiction Medicine." Journal of Addictive Diseases 19, no. 2 (2000): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j069v19n02_01.

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Liu, Kimberly E., and William A. Fisher. "Canadian Physicians’ Role in Contraception from the 19th Century to Now." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 24, no. 3 (2002): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1701-2163(16)30224-9.

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Crawford, David S. "The Ontario Medical Library Association 1887–1907." Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association / Journal de l'Association des bibliothèques de la santé du Canada 28, no. 2 (2007): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.5596/c07-012.

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In the 19th century it was difficult for the growing number of medical practitioners in North America to access current medical literature. Various ways were suggested to solve this problem; one of them was the creation of physician-run medical library associations. After other failed attempts, Ontario physicians formed the Ontario Medical Library Association (OMLA) in 1887. In 1907 the OMLA became the nucleus of the Academy of Medicine, Toronto.
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Lalević-Vasić, Bosiljka M. "Quackery in the Treatment of Syphilis in Serbia / Nadrilekari u lečenju sifilisa u srbiji." Serbian Journal of Dermatology and Venerology 4, no. 1 (2012): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10249-012-0004-9.

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Abstract During the multi-century Ottoman rule, there were no educated physicians in Serbia, and “folk healers” used to treat the sick. Just after the 3rd decade of the 19th century, when the first educated physicians came to Serbia, we can also speak about quackery. At that time, syphilis started spreading and some quacks became “specialists for syphilis”. They were most numerous in the North-East Serbia in the 4th and 5th decades of the 19th century. They represented a major problem, because people believed them more than they believed physicians, while the state authorities of just liberated country, tolerated them. The quacks were not familiar with the clinical features of syphilis, and mostly used mercury to treat it by fumigation and inhalation, rubbing it into the skin, proscribing mercury pills, while symptoms of severe, sometimes lethal intoxication were signs of successful treatment. They also used sarsaparilla. Authorities of the new Government often issued them permission to work, whereas professional control and prohibition of such treatment began in 1839, when the Health Department of the Ministry of Internal Affairs was established. The most famous quack, “specialist for syphilis”, was Gojko Marković, who was also a “physician” and the first director of the Hospital for the treatment of syphilis in Serbia during a certain period. A married couple, Gaja and Kita Savković, were also well known, as well as Stojan Milenković, a young man in the service of Prince Miloš. There were, of course, many adventurers, imposters, travelling Turkish and Greek physicians, Gipsies, fortune-tellers, old women, and ignorant people of various professions. Their work was banned by the Government.
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HALLER, JOHN S. "Prudent Checks: Physicians and Family Planning in Late 19th Century England and America." Southern Medical Journal 82, no. 11 (1989): 1397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-198911000-00013.

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BLOCH, HARRY. "Medical Education in 19th Century France: Impact on American Physicians in Parisian Hospitals." Southern Medical Journal 80, no. 8 (1987): 1036–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-198708000-00021.

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Paterson, Catherine F. "Rationales for the Use of Occupation in 19th Century Asylums." British Journal of Occupational Therapy 60, no. 4 (1997): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030802269706000412.

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The use of occupation was a key aspect of moral treatment, the reformed management of the ‘mad’1 in the late 18th and 19th centuries. Physicians observed that the lack of occupation exacerbated symptoms, and held the philosophical and religious beliefs that occupation was intrinsically good and that patients should be encouraged to become useful members of society. They propounded that occupation could divert or provide respite from the patients' delusional or painful thoughts; could counteract symptoms by stimulating the withdrawn, calming the excited and channelling the activity of the obsessive; could be used to strengthen underdeveloped mental faculties or improve existing ones; and, finally, could provide bodily exercise which induced tranquil and refreshing sleep. Some American authors have already explored the links between moral treatment and occupational therapy. This article attempts to identify the rationales for occupation in a British context.
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Defrance, Jacques, Pascal Brier, and Taieb El Boujjoufi. "Transformations des relations entre médecine et activités physiques du début du XIXe siècle au début du XXe siècle en France." Gesnerus 70, no. 1 (2013): 86–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22977953-07001007.

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In order to understand the modes of cooperation that are practically working between two groups with uneven social status, physicians and physical educators, since the beginning of the 19th century until the beginning of the 20th century, we consider the results of researches that have been realized since three decennials. The evolution of those relationships accomplishes itself while the definition of respective roles (physician hygienist, physical educator with sanitary conception) and the reciprocal adjustment of specialities are becoming more precise. The process is tight, and the adaptations of the respective tasks are continuously retranslated in terms of statuary dimensions and protection of respective jurisdictions of both groups in the process of professionalization.
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Givens, Horace R. "A TOTAL INFORMATION SYSTEM FOR PHYSICIANS: c. 1897." Accounting Historians Journal 12, no. 1 (1985): 117–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.12.1.117.

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This note describes an account book designed for the use of physicians, from the late 19th century. In addition to financial records, the book provides space for recording details of the medical problem, prescribed treatment, patient condition, and other matters of concern to the doctor. Records were to be kept for each patient, with supplemental entries by type of case. The book represents an early attempt to provide a total information system for the user; a system in which all necessary information would be available without reference to other material.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "19th Century Physicians"

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Artino, Serene. "To Further the Cause of Empire: Professional Women and the Negotiation of Gender Roles in French Third Republic Colonial Algeria, 1870-1900." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1342622253.

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Ghosh, Hrileena. "John Keats's medical notebook and the poet's career : an editorial, critical and biographical reassessment." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/8247.

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This thesis explores the significance of John Keats's medical Notebook, and his time at Guy's Hospital (October 1815 – March 1817), for the poet's career. As a primary contribution, it offers a new transcription of Keats's medical Notebook (Appendix 1). The transcription reproduces Keats's text and indicates the layout of his notes, but is neither a facsimile, nor a new edition: the visual form of Keats's notes is not reproduced, nor do I offer critical annotations; commentary follows in subsequent chapters. The achievements, limitations and influence of the only edition of Keats's medical Notebook — Maurice Buxton Forman's from 1934 — are the subject of the first chapter, which also considers accounts of Keats's medical career in Keats biography and criticism. Chapter two focuses on the poems Keats wrote while at Guy's to show that the two aspects of his life — medicine and poetry — were mutually influential. Chapter three considers Keats's medical notes in comparison to a fellow-student's, indicating how some characteristics of Keats's note-taking prefigure aspects of his mature poetry. Chapter four finds Endymion suffused with medical knowledge and imagery, and argues that this was a vital aspect of the poem's depiction of passion. Chapter five suggests that the publication of Keats's 1820 volume was greatly influenced by questions of health, medicine, and disease; concerns reflected by the poems in it, which also reveal the extent of Keats's continued awareness of, and interest in, contemporary medical thought. In sum, the thesis argues that the origins of Keats's poetic achievement can be traced in his medical Notebook and ‘hospital' poems, and that the ability to infuse his poetry with medical knowledge was a vital component of Keats's poetic power and achievement.
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DeYoung, Ursula. "The invention of the scientist : John Tyndall and the fight for scientific authority, 1850-1900." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670013.

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Reeher, Jennifer M. "“The Despair of the Physician”: Centering Patient Narrative through the Writings of Charlotte Perkins Gilman." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1523435451243392.

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Marchand, Claire. "Le médecin et l'alimentation : Principes de nutrition et recommandations alimentaires en France (1887-1940)." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR2007/document.

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Si l’histoire de la médecine et les avancées des doctrines hygiénistes sont des thèmes reconnus de l’historiographie. En revanche, peu de travaux ont explicitement porté sur le rôle des médecins dans l’émergence de nouveaux comportements alimentaires. Basée sur le modèle prosopographique, notre réflexion s’attache à mettre en exergue l’évolution du discours nutritionnel, les actions prophylactiques et les initiatives de vulgarisation d’un groupe de médecins autour de la construction des recommandations alimentaires. En s’interrogeant sur l’acte de manger, les régimes alimentaires, l’hygiène des aliments, l’apprentissage d’une bonne alimentation, ces médecins constituent un groupe de pionniers en hygiène alimentaire. Ils participent à la construction des bases théoriques et pratiques d’une diététique scientifique qui se développe en France dans les dernières années du XIXe siècle et dans laquelle la volonté de réformer le social n’est pas absente. Si la figure du médecin est au coeur de ce travail, la comparaison de trajectoires individuelles permet une réflexion plus globale sur la place particulière de l’alimentation dans la pratique médicale<br>The history of medicine and the evolution of the hygienist doctrine are traditional historiography topics. However, only a few researches explicitly focused on the medicals roles in the emergence of new eating behaviors. Based on the prosopography method, our work focuses on the evolutions of nutritionals discourses, the prophylactic actions and vulgarization initiatives taken by a medical group concerning elaboration of food recommendations. By studying the eating act in itself as well as the diet, food hygiene, and the learning of good eating habits, these physicians are considered a pioneer group in food hygiene. They introduced the theoretical knowledge and dietetics practices developed in France in the late 19th century. Social reformism was the key point of their thoughts. If the physician figure is the heart of this research, the individual careers comparison gives us a more global idea on the particular place of food in the medical practice
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Barlagiannis, Athanasios. "Hygiène publique et construction de l'Etat grec, 1833-1845 : la police sanitaire et l'ordre public de la santé." Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0044.

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Ce travail porte sur le développement de l’hygiène publique dans le royaume de Grèce entre 1833, année de l’accession au trône du prince Othon de Bavière, et 1845, lorsqu’un système complet des lazarets et d’offices de santé trace les frontières politiques et épidémiologiques du royaume. Après avoir traité les structures de prévention sanitaire érigées tantôt à l’intérieur du pays (vaccinateurs, médecins publics, médecins municipaux) tantôt sur ses frontières, nous étudions les mesures pour lutter contre les maladies contagieuses (surtout la peste et la variole) et contre les miasmes. Nous nous efforçons d’analyser également les maladies qui déterminent la mortalité à l’époque ainsi que les théories médicales qui expliquent les mesures appliquées, en essayant de dépasser certains aspects de la distinction classique d’Erwin Ackerknecht entre contagionnisme et infectionnisme. Enfin, nous abordons la formation du corps médical officiel, processus qui a entraîné des changements dans la pratique médicale. Cet intérêt pour l’hygiène publique impose l’étude de la construction de l’Etat et de sa ‘base biologique’. L’hygiène publique définit les menaces contre lesquelles elle s’érige en même temps qu’elle construit et met en sécurité la collectivité. Dans l’Etat de police du caméraliste Othon I, ces développements sont l’affaire de la bureaucratie, de l’administration, de la force publique et de la science de la police sanitaire. Son but était la construction et la mise en ordre de l’espace public, de l’espace d’action de l’Etat, qui est tout autant naturel que social. Cet établissement d’un ordre favorise la centralisation sanitaire en même temps qu’il prétend discipliner (processus de civilisation) les éléments naturels et les forces sociales pour qu’ils puissent être coordonnés sans résistances ; autrement dit, l’action d’imposer un ordre pacifie. La police sanitaire contrôle ces processus, en reconfigurant les liens que les hommes tissent entre eux, avec la géographie, avec la nature et avec leurs maladies<br>This study is about the organization of public hygiene in the kingdom of Greece between 1833, when prince Otto of Bavaria ascends to the throne, and 1845, when the political and epidemiological frontiers of the kingdom are traced by a complete system of lazarettos and sanitary offices. We will firstly analyze the structures of sanitary prevention in the interior of the country (vaccinators, public health doctors, municipal doctors) as well as at its frontiers, and then we will focus on the measures against contagious diseases (such as the plague and smallpox) and against miasmas. We are also interested in examining the main diseases that determine the mortality of the period under scrutiny and the medical theories that explain the applicable sanitary measures. At the same time, we will review some of the aspects of the classical distinction of Erwin Ackerknecht between contagionism and miasmatic theory. Finally, we will study the difficult formation of an official group of medical professionals. The interest in public hygiene imposes the study of the biological construction of the state and, subsequently, of the state itself. Public hygiene defines the threats which it tries to prevent, and it creates and secures the collectivity. In the Police State of the cameralist king Otto, these developments are controlled by the bureaucracy, the administration, the public force and the science of medical police. Its purpose is to construct and order the public space, the space of state action, which is natural as well as social. This action of ordering imposes the centralization of health and at the same time it normalizes the natural elements and the social forces so that they can coordinate without resistance; in other words, the action of ordering pacifies. Medical police controls these processes by reconfiguring the ties that bind individuals with each other and with the geography, the nature and their diseases
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Lewis, Elizabeth Faith. "Peter Guthrie Tait : new insights into aspects of his life and work : and associated topics in the history of mathematics." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/6330.

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In this thesis I present new insights into aspects of Peter Guthrie Tait's life and work, derived principally from largely-unexplored primary source material: Tait's scrapbook, the Tait–Maxwell school-book and Tait's pocket notebook. By way of associated historical insights, I also come to discuss the innovative and far-reaching mathematics of the elusive Frenchman, C.-V. Mourey. P. G. Tait (1831–1901) F.R.S.E., Professor of Mathematics at the Queen's College, Belfast (1854–1860) and of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh (1860–1901), was one of the leading physicists and mathematicians in Europe in the nineteenth century. His expertise encompassed the breadth of physical science and mathematics. However, since the nineteenth century he has been unfortunately overlooked—overshadowed, perhaps, by the brilliance of his personal friends, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879), Sir William Rowan Hamilton (1805–1865) and William Thomson (1824–1907), later Lord Kelvin. Here I present the results of extensive research into the Tait family history. I explore the spiritual aspect of Tait's life in connection with The Unseen Universe (1875) which Tait co-authored with Balfour Stewart (1828–1887). I also reveal Tait's surprising involvement in statistics and give an account of his introduction to complex numbers, as a schoolboy at the Edinburgh Academy. A highlight of the thesis is a re-evaluation of C.-V. Mourey's 1828 work, La Vraie Théorie des quantités négatives et des quantités prétendues imaginaires, which I consider from the perspective of algebraic reform. The thesis also contains: (i) a transcription of an unpublished paper by Hamilton on the fundamental theorem of algebra which was inspired by Mourey and (ii) new biographical information on Mourey.
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Books on the topic "19th Century Physicians"

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Hammond, E. Ashby. The medical profession in 19th century Florida: A biographical register. George A. Smathers Libraries, University of Florida, 1996.

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Medical practice, 1600-1900: Physicians and their patients. Brill Rodopi, 2016.

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Rothstein, William G. American physicians in the nineteenth century: From sects to science. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1985.

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Rothstein, William G. American physicians in the nineteenth century: From sects to science. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992.

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Kark, Robert M. Physician extraordinary: Dr. Richard Bright (1789-1858) : the FitzPatrick lecture given at the Royal College of Physicians of London, December 7, 1983. Horn of the Moon Enterprises, 1986.

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Adams, Ann. The Budds of North Tawton: A 19th century Devon medical family. Hayne Books, 2010.

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Adeloye, Adelola. Doctor James Africanus Beale Horton: West African medical scientist of the 19th century. Dorrance Pub., 1992.

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Ladislav, Niklíček, and Československá akademie věd, eds. Jan Evangelista Purkyně and his place in the history of medicine and natural sciences of the 19th century. Academia Praha, 1987.

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Medical malpractice in nineteenth-century America: Origins and legacy. New York University Press, 1990.

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Štolfa, Franc. Zdravnik in skladatelj dr. Anton Schwab. Inštitut za zgodovino medicine Medicinske fakultete v Ljubljana, 1999.

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Book chapters on the topic "19th Century Physicians"

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Glennie, Henry R. "Electronic Health Records." In Clinical Costing Techniques and Analysis in Modern Healthcare Systems. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5082-2.ch004.

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The physician often spends far more time gazing at the screen than at the person who has made the appointment. The patient has booked with the expectation their illness or accident will receive undivided attention. Immediately there is a problem, both for the doctor and the patient. Careful medical record-keeping is one of the most important duties of a clinician. How else can a patient's history be documented, the clinical findings recorded, the provisional diagnosis entered, and the chosen treatment pathway defined? But how does the doctor maintain confidence-giving eye contact whilst doing all this? The 19th century physician, as exemplified by the famous painting of “The Doctor” by Luke Fildes in 1891, typifies the devotion to care exhibited by the committed physician. The actuality is that today's physicians display equal amounts of dedication to their work; the difference in 1891 was that there was very little available to treat the great majority of illnesses. EHR, if used to its potential, is the means of pulling all this data together and getting it right every time!
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Obladen, Michael. "Despising the weak." In Oxford Textbook of the Newborn, edited by Michael Obladen. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198854807.003.0053.

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In Germany, paediatrics evolved at the end of the 19th century in an atmosphere of social Darwinism and nationalism which paved the way towards elimination of handicapped infants. Killing handicapped children was organized in Hitler’s Chancellery from 1939, targeting infants with idiocy and mongolism, micro- or hydrocephaly, malformed limbs, head, or spine, and palsies. A system of reporting and rating such infants was established, leading to their admission to one of 30 ‘Special Children’s Departments’. There, sedatives were applied in a dose depressing respiration which led to a slow death disguised as natural. A hundred physicians were directly involved in killing, and many more including eminent paediatricians in reporting infants. After the war, court trials were initiated, but usually discontinued. Physicians involved in murdering children continued to teach and to conduct research on the victims’ brains. Their textbooks conveyed little compassion for the weak, malformed, and handicapped. There was widespread unwillingness to keep preterm infants alive. When from 1960 artificial ventilation of neonates became possible, opposition against it persisted. Despising the weak was an enduring legacy of Nazism that may have delayed the introduction of modern neonatology in Europe.
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Obladen, Michael. "Innocent blood." In Oxford Textbook of the Newborn, edited by Michael Obladen. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198854807.003.0041.

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Haemorrhages occurring in the newborn without trauma have been observed by obstetricians since the 17th century, but were considered different diseases depending on their location. Umbilical haemorrhage associated with obstructed bile canals was described by Cheyne in 1802. Grandidier in 1871 and Townsend in 1894 grouped together various forms of neonatal bleeds and associated them with disturbed coagulation. When the clotting system became better understood in the last decade of the 19th century, effective symptomatic treatment was developed: gelatine, serum injection, and the transfusion of fresh blood. In 1935, Dam detected the function of vitamin K in the coagulation system and 4 years later, Waddell introduced vitamin K administration into therapy and prevention of neonatal haemorrhagic disease. When high doses of synthetic water-soluble vitamin K analogues were given to preterm infants, kernicterus occurred, reminding physicians that progress in neonatal therapy rests on the cornerstones of controlled trials and follow-up.
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Dix, Ebony, and Ayana Jordan. "The Public Psychiatrist as Advocate." In Public and Community Psychiatry. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190907914.003.0010.

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Given the credibility many physicians possess with legislators, political leaders, and other policymakers, along with people of influence such as thought leaders and activists, community psychiatrists play an important role in patient advocacy. Contemporary professional advocacy is rooted in mental health advocacy generally, beginning with Dorothea Dix’s asylum movement in the 19th century. This chapter reviews the historical significance of mental illness and the underpinnings of modern-day mental health advocacy. It then discusses the community psychiatrist’s role in advocating for mental health care, primary prevention, community awareness, and social justice. It includes examples of the community psychiatrist effectively serving in the advocate role, and it explains the how and where to learn about public policy and advocacy skills. It concludes with a summary of key learning points.
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Obladen, Michael. "Pap, gruel, and panada." In Oxford Textbook of the Newborn, edited by Michael Obladen. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198854807.003.0033.

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This chapter collects information on artificial infant feeding published before 1860, the date when commercial formula became available. There is extensive artefactual evidence from thousands of feeding vessels since the Bronze Age. Literature on the use of animal milk for infant feeding begins with Soranus in the 2nd century c.e. Literature evidence from the very first printed books in the 15th century proves that physicians, surgeons, midwives, and the laity were aware of the opportunities and risks of artificial infant feeding. Most 17th- to 19th-century books on infant care contained detailed recipes for one or several of the following infant foods: pap, a semi-solid food made of flour or breadcrumbs cooked in water with or without milk; gruel, a thin porridge resulting from boiling cereal in water or milk; and panada, a preparation of various cereals or bread cooked in broth. During the 18th century, the published opinion on artificial feeding evolved from health concern to moral ideology. This view ignored the social and economic pressures which forced many mothers to forego or shorten breastfeeding. Bottle feeding was common practice throughout history.
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Obladen, Michael. "Cot death." In Oxford Textbook of the Newborn, edited by Michael Obladen. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198854807.003.0054.

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Since antiquity, cot death was explained as accidental suffocation, overlaying, or smothering. Parents were blamed for neglect or drunkenness, and a cage called arcuccio was invented around 1570 to protect the sleeping infant. Up to the 19th century, accidents were registered as natural causes of death. From 1830, accidental suffocation became unacceptable for physicians and legislators, and ‘natural’ explanations for the catastrophe were sought, with parents being consoled rather than blamed. Prone sleeping originated in the 1930s and from 1944 was associated with cot death. However, from the 1960s many authors recommended prone sleeping for infants, and many countries adopted the advice. A worldwide epidemic followed, peaking at 2% in England and Wales and 5% in New Zealand in the 1980s. Although epidemiological evidence was available by 1970, the first intervention was initiated in the Netherlands in 1989. Cot death disappeared almost entirely wherever prone sleeping was avoided. This strongly supports the assumption that prone sleeping has the greatest influence on the disorder, and that the epidemic resulted from wrong advice.
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"The Intuitive Approach — Theory of Surfaces (19th Century)." In Introductory Differential Geometry for Physicists. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814415545_0001.

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Heilbron, J. L. "5. Classical physics and its cure." In The History of Physics: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199684120.003.0006.

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During the 19th century, physics became a recognized profession and its practitioners ‘physicists’. It and they acquired special training facilities in universities and technical schools that sprang up in Europe and America after 1870. ‘Classical physics and its cure’ shows physicists of the early 20th century admiring, and setting aside, their 19th-century accomplishments as ‘classical’; building a quantum science of atoms and molecules that claimed to contain all of physics and chemistry, ‘in principle’. The work of physicists such as Faraday, Kelvin, Maxwell, Boltzmann, Einstein, Planck, Röntgen, Rutherford, Bohr, and Becquerel is outlined, along with how physics increasingly made good on Bacon’s promise that experimental science would improve the human condition.
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Winter, Jerrold. "Marijuana: From Reefer Madness to THC Gummy Bears." In Our Love Affair with Drugs. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190051464.003.0007.

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No substance better exemplifies the ambivalence of Western societies toward psychoactive drugs than marijuana. In 2017, it was estimated that there were more than 22 million current users, about 6.7% of the adult population, in the United States. For those aged 18 to 25, the figure was nearly 20%. In the United Kingdom, the prevalence of recreational use of marijuana among males aged 16–34 was put at 15.5%. Despite its widespread acceptance, many regard marijuana as a serious drug of abuse which, if set free, will destroy the fabric of our society. Others see it as one of God’s gifts to humankind and regularly call for its legalization for medical use. By 2018, the United Kingdom and 40 other countries had heeded that call. In the United States, medical marijuana has been approved in 30 states and the District of Columbia with more sure to follow. Going further, recreational use is allowed in 10 of those states. Nonetheless, marijuana possession continues to be illegal under federal law in the United States, and some physicians have been threatened with loss of their licenses for advocating medical marijuana. In 2015, combined state and federal laws led to more arrests for possession of small amounts of marijuana than those for all violent crimes combined. The word marijuana (or the alternate spelling marihuana) does not appear in American medical texts of the 19th century. Instead, the term cannabis referred to flowering tops of the female plant of Cannabis sativa. At that time, while millions of persons in Asia and Africa habitually indulged in cannabis as an intoxicant, cannabis was little used for that purpose in this country. In this chapter, I will use the term “cannabis” to refer to any active material derived from Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica, the two species—some say subspecies—of the plant. Today’s controversies surrounding “medical marijuana” often ignore its long history in European and American medicine. Beginning in 1850, Cannabis indica and several extracts of the plant were listed in The United States Pharmacopeia, an official compilation of medically useful drugs.
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10

Obladen, Michael. "Systemic infection." In Oxford Textbook of the Newborn, edited by Michael Obladen. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198854807.003.0049.

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In antiquity, transmission of disease was attributed to the miasma or contagion theory. In the Middle Ages, living in proximity to domestic animals and flies, the scarce use of soap, and absent sewage augmented the exposure to bacteria. In the early 19th century, Gordon, Holmes, and Semmelweis understood that maternal childbed fever—closely related to neonatal sepsis—was transferred by the physician’s hands to the mother during delivery. Before bacteria were discovered in the mid-19th century, septic infections in the newborn were perceived as different disorders: erysipelas, Buhl’s disease, Winckel’s disease, and so on. With the advent of microbiology, sepsis became heterogeneous and was mainly defined by the causing microorganism. In the 1940s, group B streptococci emerged as a pathogen of newborns and soon became the commonest cause of neonatal sepsis. The discovery of antibiotics made the deadly disease treatable. In the 1970s, resistant bacterial strains emerged and allied dangerously with indwelling devices, especially central venous catheters. In the developing world, neonatal sepsis remains a major cause of infant mortality.
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