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Journal articles on the topic '19th-century Vienna'
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1
DEĞİRMENCİ, Esma, and Nuran KARA PİLEHVARİAN. "Vienna in the 19th Century and Otto Wagner." GRID - Architecture, Planning and Design Journal 1, no. 2 (2018): 109–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37246/grid.420636.
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Šteiner, Ivo. "Czech medical personalities in Vienna during the 19th century." Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift 170, no. 11-12 (2019): 268–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10354-019-00724-2.
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Schäfer, Lea. "Between Fiction and Reality: The Vienna Jewish Cabaret as a Mirror of Vienna Jewish Speech." Journal of Jewish Languages 7, no. 2 (2019): 261–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134638-07021154.
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Abstract This article shows what we can learn from Vienna Jewish cabaret, so-called Jargontheater ‘jargon theater’ and the language situation of Vienna Jews at the end of the 19th century. By analyzing one of the most popular plays of this genre, we can see how structures from Yiddish dialects fused with Viennese German and what may have caused ‘Vienna Jewish speech,’ a Judeo-German city variety in the First Austrian Republic (1920s and 1930s).
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Soursos, Nathalie Patricia. "The Financial Management of Donations, Foundations and Endowments in the Greek Communities in Vienna (1800–1918)." Endowment Studies 2, no. 1 (2018): 25–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24685968-00201002.
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The two Greek Orthodox communities in Vienna, St George and Holy Trinity, administered several foundations and endowments from the 18thcentury onwards. This paper aims to reconstruct the communities’ role as administrators for those foundations whose capital was invested in immovable property. The focus lies on threeStiftungshäuserand on nine mortgage-backed buildings located in today’s first and second district of Vienna. The history of these buildings – from the purchase to the benefactors’ death, and from the establishment of the foundations to the buildings’ sale – will be reconstructed by taking into account Vienna’s urban development and housing situation in the 19th-century. Furthermore, the benefactors’ identities as homeowners and their relationship to the buildings and their residents will be examined.
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Thomas, Riley, Jocelyn Alcantára-García, and Jan Wouters. "A Snapshot of Viennese Textile History using Multi-Instrumental analysis: Benedict codecasa’s swatchbook." MRS Advances 2, no. 63 (2017): 3959–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.604.
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AbstractThe Habsburg Empire was a sovereign dynasty ruled by the Habsburgs between the 15th and 20th centuries. Although its borders were not defined before the 19th century, what is now Austria, Hungary, some areas of the Czech Republic, the Netherlands and Italy were at some point part of the Empire. Starting in the 17th century, the Empire had Vienna as the capital, which was a hub for culture and craft where silk was a valued commodity. Despite the political and cultural importance of the Empire, little is known of its trade practices and sources of raw material. Using a combination of X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Photodiode Array Detector (HPLC-PDA) for the study of a Viennese swatch book, we conducted the first systematic approach to understanding the industry. Benedict Codecasa, a prominent merchant active in Vienna between the late 18th and early 19th century sold silk and other textile goods. Authorized by the Royal Court, Codecasa was assumed to sell luxurious and high-quality textiles. However, our results suggested colored goods were dyed with more focus on aesthetics (finding a similar color) rather than quality through unique recipes. This greatly contrasts with other contemporary textile industries praised for their quality and which, in turn, might be related to comparatively lesser quality textiles sold in Vienna.
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Купчинська, Лариса. "Academy of Fine Arts Vienna and painters of Transcarpathia of the 19th Century." Artistic Culture. Topical Issues, no. 12 (November 19, 2016): 122–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.31500/1992-5514.12.2016.178898.
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Mihelič, Breda. "Maks Fabiani and urbanism in Vienna at the turn of the 19th century." Urbani izziv 19, no. 1 (2008): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5379/urbani-izziv-en-2008-19-01-001.
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Aniyathodiyil, Preetha Unni. "Von Hebra – Legend in dermatology." Journal of Skin and Sexually Transmitted Diseases 2 (April 17, 2020): 35–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25259/jsstd_41_2019.
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Ferdinand Von Hebra was one of the founders of Vienna School of Dermatology in the 19th century when dermatology was not recognized as a specialty. He popularized dermatology in Europe. He made valuable contributions to the subject and is still considered as one of the legends in dermatology. This is a review article about his life and achievements.
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Абашева, Екатерина, and Ekaterina Abasheva. "Features of formation of unified tariff system cus toms legislation of the Russian empire and the Kingdom of Poland in the late 40’s of the 19th century." Advances in Law Studies 2, no. 1 (2014): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/5088.
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This articke discloses a process for legalization of the principles
 and foundations of the content of the customs legislation of the
 Russian Empire in the late 40s of the 19th century in connection with
 the introduction of it, after the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the
 Kingdom of Poland at the Congress of Vienna in 1815.
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Sigmirean, Cornel. "Romanian Students in Vienna: The End of the 19th Century and the Beginning of the 20th Century." Transylvanian Review 19, Supliment 1, 2020 (2020): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.33993/tr.2020.suppl.1.13.
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Maszczyńska, Dominika. "Nannette and Johann Andreas Streicher - their role in shaping musical life in Vienna in the early 19th century." Notes Muzyczny 1, no. 13 (2020): 49–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.1937.
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Nannette and Andreas Streicher were important figures in the musical life of Vienna in the early 19th century. The article introduces their profiles, describes the history of their company, their social, cultural and teaching activity as well as different types of artistic activity. It also explains how keyboard instruments shaped sound and aesthetics-related piano ideals at the turn of the 19th century. The versatile activity of the Streichers, which first of all included instrument building, piano play- ing, composition, teaching and organisation of musical life, made a great contribution to Europe’s cultural heritage. We can notice their numerous connections with outstanding figures of musical life of that time, one that deserves particular attention is their acquaintance with Beethoven. Nannette Streicher was an extremely talented builder who not only coped with the typically masculine craft at that time, but she was also significantly successful in that field. Her instruments were popular, earning general recognition, and the innovative solutions introduced by her also influenced the work of other builders and further development of the piano. Their marriage became the basis for a very fruitful cooperation. Andreas’s numerous connections and his familiarity with the community became an important part of the activity of the company and contributed to its development. Nannette and Andreas shared their passion and passed it on to their son Johann Baptist, who successfully continued their piano making tradition and introduced further improvements, earning a great reputation as well. Social, cultural and teaching activities of the Streichers also played an important role in the musical life of Vienna. Andreas Streicher taught his students the secrets of piano technique and apart from that he shaped their musical and aesthetical awareness. His Kurze Bemerkungen are a valuable source of knowledge also for modern-time performers who can – thanks to this text – learn more about the piano playing aesthetics at the turn of the 19th century as well as a number of universal music and performance topics, which remain accurate to this day. Concerts organised in their house had an educational function too, on the one hand they shaped the tastes of music lovers and supported composers, allowing them to present their latest pieces, and on the other hand they contributed to the promotion of young performers for whom concerts there were often the first step leading towards Vienna’s professional musical stage. The development of the topic of the article in this issue of “Notes Muzyczny” is the trans- lation of the text by Andreas Streicher entitled: Some observations on the playing, tuning and maintenance of pianos built in Vienna by Nannette Streicher nee Stein.
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Basso, Sara. "Trieste: un porto, una cittŕ tra Impero Austro-Ungarico e Mediterraneo." STORIA URBANA, no. 120 (July 2009): 165–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/su2008-120008.
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-Trieste was the main commercial port of the Hapsburg Empire on the Mediterranean since 1719. During the 19th century the city underwent a series of projects for upgrading its port facilities and rail projects in order to improve its links with Vienna and with the productive regions inland. Eighteenth-century city planning was an orderly affair leading to an orderly expansion. However, the second half of the nineteenth century brought Trieste into a period of great instability, where projects approved by the government of Vienna clashed with guidelines proposed by the city's elite The projects presented in this period do not follow any general plan. They are neither broad-range nor long-term. The city developed through partial plans. These plans tried to exploit the plains areas between the sea and the high karst plateau that dominated the city. In addition, they went towards reinforcing the interests of the local economic powers.
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Soursos, Nathalie Patricia, and Anna Ransmayr. "Akteure im Dazwischen." Administory 2, no. 1 (2018): 88–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/adhi-2018-0017.
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Abstract From the late 18th century to the end of the Habsburg Monarchy in 1918, Vienna’s two Greek Orthodox communities administered a remarkable number of endowments. By founding endowments the benefactors acted between several spaces and subspaces. The transgression of boundaries by endowments addressed to the benefactors’ hometowns in the Ottoman Empire as well as the instability of these boundaries in the 19th century led to various problems in the interaction with the state authorities. But also endowments given to Viennese institutions were sometimes problematic, depending on the benefactors’ character as either Ottoman or Habsburg subjects. In contrast to Ottoman subjects, Habsburg subjects could also endow real estate and thus show their integration into the Viennese bourgeoisie. In this article we discuss the legal frameworks for the administration of endowments in the two Greek communities in Vienna as well as its practical realization in interaction with the Habsburg authorities.
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Frătean, Denisa-Maria. "Influenţe Secession În Lirica Blagiană." Lucian Blaga Yearbook 20, no. 1 (2019): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/clb-2019-0013.
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AbstractSecession Influences in Blaga’s Poetry (Influențe Secession în lirica blagiană) – This essay analyses the impact of the years spent in Vienna on the formation of Lucian Blaga, taking into consideration the fact that, at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the capital of the Empire was the centre of an impressive art movement called the "Vienna Secession". The aim of this paper is to identify the similarities that can be established between the art of the painter Gustav Klimt, a representative figure for that period and the president of Secession, and the poetry of Blaga. The comparison includes the symbols to be found in the works of the two artists, such as the spring flowers and the serpents, the dominant colours, the type of lines used in the creation of their images and the reaction of people to their modern art.
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Tyszkiewicz, Adam. "MANAGING THE COLLECTIONS OF THE MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF WARSAW VERSUS THE EXPERIENCE OF THE HUMBOLDT UNIVERSITY AND THE UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA." Muzealnictwo 60 (July 24, 2019): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3012.
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The Medical History Museum founded in 2011 within the structure of the Medical University of Warsaw (WUM), following the solutions introduced at the Humboldt University in Berlin and the University of Vienna, is planning to shortly introduce coordination of protection and display of the historic tangible heritage of the school. In both Berlin and Vienna in the early 21st century the project of university collection inventory was launched. Just over several years it yielded a large-scale digitizing process, foundation of theme websites, publications, and organization of temporary exhibitions promoting the historic university collections. The Association of University Museums established in Poland in 2014 has for several years been drawing inspiration from the German and Austrian models. The WUM Medical History Museum, resorting to the experience of the Berlin and Vienna universities, has applied numerous ideas for the integration of the historic collections, their identification, and recreation. Following the history of medical collections in Warsaw from the 1st half of the 19th century up to contemporary times, the Author analyses the model for this museum strategy, while also presenting examples of dangers resulting from the mismanagement of university historic heritage.
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Pusztai, Gábor. "Onze man in Nagasaki." Acta Neerlandica, no. 15 (July 10, 2020): 49–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.36392/actaneerl/2019/15/3.
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The history of András Jelky was published in German in 1779 in Vienna and in Prague. Jelky was employed by the VOC and had sailed to the Dutch East Indies, had had adventures there and built a career. According to the book from 1779, he also worked as an emissary in Japan. In this article I will discuss the topic of the Dutch-Japanese relations in the 16th to 19th century and the potential role of Jelky.
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Kurpiewski, Piotr. "Architectural space of Jan Rybkowski’s Warszawska premiera and Aleksander Ford’s Młodość Chopina. The film vision of 19th-century cities in the times of socialist realism." Images. The International Journal of European Film, Performing Arts and Audiovisual Communication 22, no. 31 (2019): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/i.2017.31.01.
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Two Polish historical films set in 19th-century cities were created. The paper analyzes film images of Warsaw, Paris and Vienna. For the needs of Warszawska premiera [Warsaw Première] and especially Młodość Chopina [Youth of Chopin] impressive sets of 19th-century cities were built in an atelier in Łódź. The author presents the main architectural principles behind these visions and points to the problems faced by the artists who wanted to create a credible and convincing illusion of the past. The films of socialist realism are today a peculiar souvenir of the Stalinist culture with its brazen propaganda message. It is, however, worth noting that the staging and decorations in the films depicting the past were created with great historical accuracy and some of the solutions applied during the production of Warsaw Première and Youth of Chopin were a great hint for later films of a similar character.
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Schumann, Bianca. ""... so merkt man ihr allerdings den achtzehnjährigen, unbeholfenen Komponisten an..."." Die Musikforschung 73, no. 4 (2021): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.52412/mf.2020.h4.4.
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In the course of the aesthetic controversy of the 19th century over programme music, which was particularly intense in Vienna, 'conservative' as well as 'progressive' ciritcs, who wrote for the daily press, endeavoured to appropriate Hector Berlioz for their personal aesthetic convictions. Even for reviews written in the 1860s and 1870s, when Berlioz's large-scale works were first performed by leading Viennese orchestras, Robert Schumann's review of the Symphonie fantastique (1835) played a significant role. Schumann's appreciative assessment of the symphony, which was strongly influenced by his misconception that Berlioz was only eighteen years old at the time of composition of the Symphony fantastique, had a decisive influence on the journalistic discourse on Berlioz in Vienna far beyond the first half of the century, for example on Hugo Wolf and Edmund Schelle. Other critics, such as August Wilhelm Ambros and Eduard Hanslick, took Schumann's ambiguity as their starting point to validate their less positive judgements.
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Adam, Gabriela, Ulrich Pont, and Ardeshir Mahdavi. "Evaluation of Thermal Environment and Indoor Air Quality in University Libraries in Vienna." Advanced Materials Research 899 (February 2014): 315–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.899.315.
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This contribution presents the results of an indoor environmental study of university libraries in Vienna. Indoor climatic parameters (air temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 levels) in the main spaces of four different library buildings (two historic buildings from the 19th century, two buildings from the late 20th century) were monitored over a period of ten months. Furthermore, to obtain a general impression of the quality of the visual environment in these buildings, illuminance levels at selected locations were measured. The measured data was analyzed and enriched with additional calculated indicators (e.g., PMV/PPD). To put the monitored data in the proper context, recorded outdoor climate data was also taken into consideration. The findings point to a certain overheating risk during the summer period as well as increased CO2 levels during the winter period.
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Brown, Bronwen. "Embroideries and Patterns From 19th Century Vienna from the Nowotny Collection99169Raffaella Serena. Embroideries and Patterns From 19th Century Vienna from the Nowotny Collection. Woodbridge: Antique Collectors’ Club 1998. 207 pp, ISBN: 1 85149 283 6 £25.00." Reference Reviews 13, no. 3 (1999): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.1999.13.3.42.169.
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Ivanišević, Milan. "Utjecaj Bečke oftalmološke škole na početke suvremene oftalmologije u Hrvatskoj." Acta medico-historica Adriatica 18, no. 2 (2021): 337–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.31952/amha.18.2.7.
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The founder of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology was Prof. Dr. Georg Joseph Beer, who founded the First University Eye Clinic in the Vienna General Hospital in 1812. Prof. Ferdinand von Arlt led it for 27 years from 1856 to 1883. As the First Eye Clinic became too small, the Second University Eye Clinic was founded in 1883 at the same hospital in Vienna. Since 1885 it had been led for 30 years by Prof. Ernst Fuchs. Many well-known ophthalmologists were leading those Viennese eye clinics. However, Arlt and Fuchs were the main representatives ofthe Vienna School of Ophthalmology, which was always characterised by the high standards in the diagnosis and therapy of eye diseases. Many Croatian ophthalmologists were educated by them or their students, and later they established eye departments in the major cities in Croatia and transmitted acquired knowledge and experience. The first eye departments in Croatia were formed at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. The First University Eye Clinic in Croatia started to work in Zagreb in 1923. Our ophthalmologists transmitted the organisation of the clinics as they existed in Vienna, and that was the matrix form of all European clinics at that time. Therefore, the tradition of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology was passed on to the next generations. The paper also gives short biographies of Viennese and Croatian ophthalmologists and their mutual relations in education and work.
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Milin, Melita. "Recognition of two great contemporaries." Muzikologija, no. 18 (2015): 147–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/muz1518147m.
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The common denominator in the careers of two contemporaries and great men, citizens of Austria-Hungary - Leos Jan?cek and Sigmund Freud - was that, in spite of their status as outsiders, they managed to achieve well-deserved recognition. Both non-Germans, they had to surmount a number of obstacles in order to attain their professional goals. The Slavophile Jan?cek dreamed for a long time of success in Prague, which came at last in 1916, two years before a triumph in Vienna. Freud had serious difficulties in his academic career because of the strengthening of racial prejudices and national hatred which were especially marked at the end of the 19th century. After the dissolution of the Empire things changed for the better for the composer, whose works got an excellent reception in Austria and Germany, whereas the psychiatrist had to leave Vienna after the Anschluss.
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Krustev, Lubomir. "Reflections on Russophobia in Britain in the First Half of the XIX Century." Istoriya-History 29, no. 4 (2021): 371–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/his2021-4-3-russo.
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This article explores some of the most important aspects of the beginnings and early development of Russophobia in Britain. In the first half of the 19th century public opinion started to shift from Francophobia to Anti-Russian sentiment. The reasons for this were political and cultural. Britons were afraid of the Russian expansionism and felt contempt for the Russians as being less civilized than other European nations. A great impact on the British perception of Russia made Emperor Nicholas I and his conservative and despotic policies. Thus, the period between the Vienna Congress of 1815 and the outbreak of the Crimean War was marked by increasing Russophobia, that shaped the political view of the British people.
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Rubinfeld, Mark. "Sounds of the Metropolis: The 19th-Century Popular Music Revolution in London, New York, Paris, and Vienna." Popular Music and Society 33, no. 1 (2010): 122–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03007760902785886.
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Shi, Connie R., Peter H. Schur, and Vinod E. Nambudiri. "From Paris to Vienna—The Varied Names and Descriptions of Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus in the 19th Century." JAMA Dermatology 153, no. 10 (2017): 998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.3108.
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Jaeger-Klein, Caroline. "Monuments, Protection and Rehabilitation Zones of Vienna. Genesis and status in legislation and administration." International Journal of Business & Technology 6, no. 3 (2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.33107/ijbte.2018.6.3.10.
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Austria has a very long tradition in monument protection. Already in 1853, the central commission to research and preserve the built historic monuments started to operate. The current law on monument protection is from the year 1923. Hence, the most successful steps to secure the country’s built cultural heritage date back to a new provincial legislation, administration and finance system implemented in the early 70ies of the 19th century based on so-called Old-City Preservation Acts. By this sensitive approach, Austria safeguarded the most important historic city centers of Austria like Salzburg, Graz and Vienna vividly in their traditional characteristics without turning them into museum cities without contemporary life. Especially Vienna managed to balance the protection of its extent historic urban environments with parallel ongoing directed urban expansion. This paper will reflect the genesis of this very successful integrated conservation process for its capital Vienna in the context of the Austrian tradition of monument protection and the European Year of Architectural Heritage 1975. Further, it will outline its legal, administrative and financial framework. Finally, it will describe its different phases of development reacting on shifting goals during the course of the times.
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Meyer, Imke. "Gender and the City: Schnitzler’s Vienna around 1900." Literatur für Leser 40, no. 3 (2017): 219–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3726/lfl032017k_219.
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At first glance, Arthur Schnitzler’s narratives Die Toten schweigen and Lieutenant Gustl seem to be rather different from each other, both with regard to their respective sujets and with regard to form. Die Toten schweigen relates the horrific end of an illicit affair between a married bourgeois woman and a young man from her social circles. Lieutenant Gustl opens a window onto the emotional turmoil that engulfs a young lieutenant in the Austro-Hungarian army who fears that an insult he experienced has taken away his honor. The story of Die Toten schweigen is related to us by a third-person figural narrator who at various points utilizes both of the text’s main characters, Franz and Emma, as reflector figures.1 Lieutenant Gustl, by contrast, does away with the agency of a narrator and introduces to German-language literature the radically new concept of the Monolognovelle, a narrative presented in interior monologue, and entirely from the perspective of its central character.2 And yet, for all their differences, the two texts also share certain characteristics. They were published in fairly close chronological proximity to each other—in 1897 (Die Toten schweigen) and 1900 (Lieutenant Gustl), respectively. Moreover, both texts represent characters who move through the cityscape of Vienna while they live through personal crises. Thus, as Schnitzler allows his readers to access the inner lives of the characters at the centers of his stories, his narratives capture images of Vienna as a conflicted imperial city suspended between its past and the threshold of modernity.3 Most strikingly, though, the mapping of the topography of figural consciousness onto the chronotopography of Vienna4 makes plain that Schnitzler’s texts render the experience of urban spaces as distinctly marked by gender. On the following pages, then, I want to elucidate what I believe to be a particular kinship between Die Toten schweigen and Lieutenant Gustl, namely the representation of a gendered experience of the imperial city that was Vienna as the 19th century drew to a close.
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Kruszewski, Tomasz. "NIEZREALIZOWANA KODYFIKACJA PRAWA ŁUŻYCKIEGO NA ŚLĄSKU W POŁOWIE XIX STULECIA." Zeszyty Prawnicze 11, no. 3 (2016): 167. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/zp.2011.11.3.09.
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UNREALIZED CODIFICATION OF LUSATIA’S LAW IN SILESIA IN THE MID – 19TH CENTURYSummary The statement refers to designed codification of Lusatia’s law, which was in effect (from 1815) in Prussian Upper Lusatia up to that time. There had been Saxon law so far, which saved operative power after had being connected to the area of Prussia during deliberation of the Congress of Vienna. When law was sorted in Prussia in the mid – 19th century two schemes of codifications – the first for Silesia and the second for Upper Lusatia – were formulated in Silesian province, Upper Lusatia belonged to it. But after the Spring Peoples the possibility of sustaining principle of law’s particularism was refused. In that time development of the capitalist economic relationships included solidity of law in particular country and in that case the idea of possibility to in every provinces or in every cities could exist narrow legal norms relating to small area.
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Kostadinovska, Maja, Orhideja Grupče, Zorica Jakovleska Spirovska, and Biljana Minčeva-Šukarova. "Micro-Chemical and Spectroscopic Study of Component Materials in 18th and 19th Century Sacred Books." Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 38, no. 3 (2017): 299–330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/res-2016-0027.
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AbstractThe Cyrillic books Menology for May (1705), The Bible (1822) and Mirror (1816) were consigned for conservation to the Conservation Laboratory at the National Library in Skopje. The first two books were printed in Moscow, while the third book was issued in Vienna, although it originates from the territory of the former Ottoman Empire, present-day Republic of Macedonia. In order to design a conservation protocol, papers and inks used in the books were characterized and their condition was assessed. Micro-chemical tests were used in order to identify the type of paper fibres and materials added to the paper pulp. FTIR was applied to confirm the findings for the sizing and fillers found in the paper support. Inorganic pigments were analysed by micro-Raman spectroscopy. The original paper in the Russian books was made of rags with less than 5 % lignin content present, whereas the paper in Mirror was made of raw and unbleached hardwood. Distinct types of sizing have been identified: gelatine/alum in Menology for May and Mirror and gelatine/rosin in The Bible. The pigments identified are lamp black, vermilion, Prussian blue and calcite. The study elucidates which internal and external factors could cause further decay of the books and will help in making informed decisions concerning the further preservation of the objects.
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Ellis, Harold. "The Early Days of Surgery for Cardiac Injuries." Journal of Perioperative Practice 27, no. 11 (2017): 268–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/175045891702701106.
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Over many centuries, wounds of the heart were thought to be fatal. With the introduction of first anaesthesia and then antiseptic surgery in the second half of the 19th century, there was an explosion in surgery; the abdominal cavity, the chest, the skull were explored and operated upon and yet the heart was considered to be a ‘no go’ region of the body. One of the greatest and most innovative surgeons of that time, Theodor Billroth of Vienna, who must be considered one of the fathers of modern surgery, with pioneering work on many parts of the body, wrote: ‘The surgeon who attempts to suture a wound of the heart should lose the respect of his colleagues’.
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Tamássy-Lénárt, Orsolya. "Graf Johann Mailáths „österreichischer“ Briefwechsel." Hungarian Studies 34, no. 2 (2021): 239–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/044.2020.00016.
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AbstractThe present paper deals with the correspondence of Count Johann Mailáth, a supranational go-between in the first half of the 19th century. The essay is a stocktaking of Mailáth's letters, they are collected in the Austrian National Library and the Vienna City Library. The author of the article would like to show that 1) Count Mailáth can be seen as a multiple “Grenzgänger” between communication spaces, languages and genres and 2) that the analysis of his multilingual and multiethnic network can determine several turning points in his writing career. The aim of the contribution is to supplement the previously known biography of the author and to define epochal boundaries in his oeuvre.
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Loh, Eva-Maria, Sigrid Eyb-Green, and Wolfgang Baatz. "The Development of Mounts and Mounting Techniques at the Albertina in Vienna from 1805 to 2018." Restaurator. International Journal for the Preservation of Library and Archival Material 40, no. 3-4 (2019): 141–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/res-2019-0026.
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Abstract This article is part of the oral history research project at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna and discusses the development of mountings and passe-partouts at the Grafische Sammlung Albertina from 1805 until 2018. Based on the history of passe-partouts, the professionalisation of paper conservation in Vienna can be described. Passe-partouts of drawings and prints were chronologically classified. The collection history, the appearance of the passe-partouts as well as inventory catalogues and collection stamps served to classify the passe-partouts. The prints were mounted on back mounts at the beginning of the 19th century, after 1822 they were stored in albums. Since 1900, prints were removed from the albums, from nationalisation in 1919 onwards, they were set in passe-partouts. The drawings, however, were always kept in passe-partouts. At the beginning, these only consisted of back mounts. In the 1860ies, they were supplemented by a window mount. The hinged window mount that appeared in the 1960ies has been complemented with a cover sheet since the 1990ies.
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Doubek, Vratislav. "Parameters of the Transition from a Cultural to a Political Program by the Czech and Slovak Elites in the Mid-19th Century." Journal of Nationalism, Memory & Language Politics 12, no. 2 (2018): 236–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jnmlp-2018-0012.
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Abstract This article examines the rise of the nascent intellectual and business bourgeois elites of the Czechs and Slovaks, focusing on the transformation of their cultural program into a political one. The article takes a comparative approach and investigates the relationship of political programs to prepolitical identities, zooming in on the parameters of a broader Czech and Slovak state identity, including the role of the center (Vienna, Pest, Prague, or Pressburg) or language (analyzing both its unifying and divisive roles in bridging the ideas and visions of the emerging local elites). As I argue, in the case of the Czech and Slovak nationalist movements, we can observe a transition from a prepolitical to the political program in the mid-19th century itself.
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SKOKANOVÁ, KATARÍNA, PAVOL MEREĎA Jr., BARBORA ŠINGLIAROVÁ, and STANISLAV ŠPANIEL. "Lectotype of Solidago ×niederederi (Asteraceae) selected from a recently rediscovered original material." Phytotaxa 438, no. 1 (2020): 62–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.438.1.8.
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Solidago ×niederederi Khek (1905: 22) is a hybrid between North-American S. canadensis Linnaeus (1753: 878) and European native S. virgaurea Linnaeus (1753: 880). Solidago canadensis was introduced to Europe in the 17th century (Kowarik 2003). It has spread invasively throughout Europe since the second half of the 19th century (Weber 1998), reaching, besides sites disturbed by human activity, also (semi)natural biotopes, as forest edges, abandoned meadows and field margins which are often inhabited by native S. virgaurea. Their hybrid was discovered for the first time in nature by a local schoolmaster Franz Niedereder in the area of Vorderstoder village (Austria). Niedereder sent a plant material of the assumed hybrid to Eugen Johan Khek (born in 1861, Neuhaus/Jindřichov Hradec; died in 1927, Vienna), the pharmacist and botanist who lived in Vienna since 1889 (Anonymous 1916). Khek described the hybrid species under the name S. ×niederederi in honour of his discoverer (Khek 1905). The protologue indicates that the relevant communication between Niedereder and Khek was going on between July 1900 (when they met for the first time) and February 1905 (when the hybrid’s description was published). Before its description, Khek studied the hybrid for four years and he saw a herbarium material from Niedereder as well as a living material. In the protologue, no particular herbarium specimens or illustrations had been indicated or associated with S. ×niederederi (Khek 1905).
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Albano, Paolo G., Sara-Maria Schnedl, Ronald Janssen, and Anita Eschner. "An illustrated catalogue of Rudolf Sturany’s type specimens in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria (NHMW): Red Sea bivalves." Zoosystematics and Evolution 95, no. 2 (2019): 557–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.38229.
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Rudolf Sturany, the curator of molluscs of the Natural History Museum of Vienna between the late 19th and early 20th century described 21 species of bivalves from the Red Sea collected by the pioneering expeditions of the vessel “Pola” which took place between 1895 and 1898. We here list and illustrate the type material of these species, provide the original descriptions, a translation into English, and curatorial and taxonomic comments. All species are illustrated in colour and with SEM imaging. To stabilize the nomenclature, we designate lectotypes for Gastrochaena weinkauffi, Cuspidaria brachyrhynchus, and C. dissociata, whose type series contained specimens belonging to other species. This paper concludes the series on the type specimens of marine molluscs described by Sturany from the “Pola” expeditions.
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Horbec, Ivana. "Multilingualism in the Croatian lands under the sceptre of the Habsburgs in the eighteenth century." Central-European Studies 2019, no. 2 (11) (2020): 107–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2619-0877.2019.2.5.
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The paper examines the role of multilingualism in Croatian lands under the Habsburg rule during the 18th century. The focus of the research is set on Croatian-Slavonian nobility and other local elites (clergy, officers, physicians, engineers, etc.) as part of the society susceptible to the influence of the educational norms and linguistic policies set by the Habsburg authorities. It provides an insight into the language skills of the 18th-century Croatian society, the impact of educational policy on the language learning and the importance of language choices for social or political representation. It is argued that the culture of the educated, mostly politically active part of the Croatian society remained intensely multilingual until deep into the 19th century due to the specificity of language practices, and that the educational policy of the Court in Vienna contributed more to the affirmation of the national language than did the activity of the Croatian elites. The research is based on archival sources kept in Croatian, Hungarian and Austrian state archives and selected contemporary records (correspondence, memoirs, and publications).
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Hotsuliak, Svitlana. "Legal regulation of sanitary affairs in Europe in the 19th century." Law and innovations, no. 1 (29) (March 31, 2020): 65–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.37772/2518-1718-2020-1(29)-10.
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Problem setting. Since ancient times, guardianship of the health of the population has become an obligatory part of the foundation of a powerful state. Later on, special bodies began to be created, whose powers at first were limited only to the monitoring of food supplies, but with the spread of epidemics their role increased and spread around the world. In the 19th century, cities began to grow rapidly and the number of inhabitants increased. States were faced with the challenge of ensuring healthy living conditions. Analysis of recent researches and publications. The scientific research on this issue is reflected in the works: Derjuzhinsky V.F., Busse R, Riesberg A., Lochowa L. V., Hamlin C., Shambara K., Norman G. Scientists have analysed the regulatory framework of individual countries in the medical context. Target of research. Identification of the essence and features of sanitary legislation (including international sanitary conventions, interstate agreements on sanitation and epidemiology) operating in the territory of European countries in the XIX century. Article’s main body. The legal and regulatory framework for sanitation includes a set of legal, technical and legal standards, the observance of which involves ensuring that an adequate level of public health is maintained. European countries in the nineteenth century devoted considerable attention to sanitation not only in domestic law, but also in the international arena. Health protection, sanitation and preventive measures are reflected in many legislative acts, for example, the “Medical Regulations” (Prussia, 1725), the “Law on Health Insurance during Diseases” (Germany, 1883) and, in Austria, the “Health Statute” (1770), the “Public Health Act” (Great Britain, 1848 and 1875) and the “Medical Act” (Great Britain, 1858) and the “Public Health Protection Act” (France, 1892). The legislative acts formulated the powers of sanitary authorities, and in the same period, works on the impact of ecology on human health and on the importance of a healthy lifestyle appeared. The State has a duty to protect citizens who have the sole property, their labour, but health is essential to work. Separately, it should be noted that in the middle of the XIX century elements of the international health system began to emerge in Europe. In particular, starting from 1851. At the initiative of France, a number of international conferences on sanitation were organized in Paris. Subsequently, such conferences were held in Constantinople (1866), Vienna (1874), USA (1881), Rome (1885), Dresden (1893). These conferences addressed various issues of sanitation and the fight against epidemic diseases. At the same time, the application of land and river quarantine in Europe was considered impossible by most delegates. Instead, the use of “sanitary inspection” and “observation posts” with medical personnel and the necessary means for timely isolation of patients and disinfection of ships was recommended Conclusions and prospects for the development. Thus, the forms of organization of national health systems in Europe in the 19th century were diverse. Each country created and developed its own unique systems, different ways of attracting financial resources for medical care and health preservation. Thanks to the development of the legislative framework, water supply, sewerage, working and living conditions, sanitation and hygiene have improved. International cooperation to combat epidemics has made a significant contribution to the development of effective and progressive legislation in the international arena, and has greatly influenced the creation of appropriate domestic legislation in Member States, developing more effective models to combat epidemic diseases.
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Theocharis, Christoforos, Ernst Kainmüller, Josef Lechleitner, Ulrich Pont, and Ardeshir Mahdavi. "Improving the Impact Sound Insulation of an Existing and Refurbished Wooden Beam Floor Construction." Applied Mechanics and Materials 861 (December 2016): 527–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.861.527.
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A common source of dissatisfaction in buildings pertains to acoustical issues. Specifically, in existing buildings, exposure to impact noise represents a frequent problem. In Central Europe generally, and in Vienna (Austria) specifically, there is a significant number of existing buildings with floor constructions involving wooden beams as structural elements. Given the steady rise in inhabitants' expectations regarding buildings' acoustical quality, such existing floor constructions do not sufficiently provide the sufficient impact noise insulation. In many instances, the replacement of these floor constructions with concrete slabs is not an option, given a number of structural, financial, and legal (conservation related) obstacles and constraints. The present contribution thus explores the acoustical improvement potential of floor constructions with wooden beams by using modern materials and techniques. Toward this end, a typical 19th century building in Vienna downtown was selected. Multiple improvement options were realized. These involved the deployment of a honey-comb acoustic system, installation of stiffeners bolted to the original wooden beams, as well as an additional structurally decoupled ceiling layer. The impact sound was measured at different stages of retrofit and compared with the performance of the original construction.
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Srbová, Veronika. "The Family of the Prague Patriotic Physician Václav Staněk in the Revolutionary Years 1848 and 1849." Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 61, no. 3-4 (2017): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amnpsc-2017-0030.
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The article deals with the topic of family in the Czech patriotic milieu of the 19th century on the example of the family of Václav Staněk, a physician and patriot. Václav Staněk was in close contact with Josef Frič and František Ladislav Čelakovský. Before the revolution in 1848, Staněk and his wife Karolina opened a Czech ‘parlour’, one of the first places for women interested in education. The paper focuses on the public activities of the family during the revolution 1848 and presents the work of Václav Staněk at the Imperial Diets in Vienna and Kroměříž. Not only does it pay attention to the political activities of Staněk himself, but it also shows the political opinions of his wife a partly his daughter as well. An important space is dedicated to the everyday life of V. Staněk as a member of the Imperial Diets in Vienna and Kroměříž and to the everyday life of his family in Prague. The main source of information is the rich and unexploited correspondence of the Staněk family, which provides insight into the political and family life at that time.
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Ittu, Gudrun-Liane. "Siebenbürgisch-deutsche Künstlerinnen vom Ende des 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Historia Artium 65, no. 1 (2020): 127–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbhistart.2020.07.
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"Transylvanian German women artists from the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The paper is aiming at analyzing the life and art of a group of six German women artists from Transylvania, the first ones who studied abroad, real forerunners for the next generation of female plastic artists. Emancipated ladies, determined to become artists and earn their own money, the gifted women studied in Budapest, Vienna, Munich or Paris. Only Molly Marlin did not come back home, while the others had a prodigious artistic and pedagogical activity, being present at the annual exhibitions, together with well-known male colleagues. Keywords: art academies, women artists, painters, graphic artists, art teachers, exhibitions, Sibiu, Betty Schuller, Hermine Hufnagel, Molly Marlin Horn, Anna Dörschlag, Lotte Goldschmidt, Mathilde Berner Roth "
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Oliskiewicz-Krzywicka, Anna. "Use of 19th century cartographic source materials to study spatial changes of villages in Wielkopolska (Poland)." Proceedings of the ICA 2 (July 10, 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-94-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Wielkopolska as a geographical and historical land covers the area of the central and western part of Poland. Its territorial boundaries have changed over the centuries. In 1793, as a result of the second partition of Poland, Wielkopolska was incorporated into Prussia. From 1815 &amp;ndash; after the re-occupation of Polish lands by Prussia &amp;ndash; the Grand Principality of Poznań was established based on the decisions of the Vienna Congress. In its territory, the Prussian power gradually began to implement rural relations in the Prussian style. In 1823, the Prussian power started an agricultural land reform on the territory of the Grand Principality of Poznań. The reform involved the separation of peasant land from grange land and determined what peasant farms may be enfranchisemented and on what terms. The course of the reform was richly documented cartographically and descriptively. Cartographic material (plans, maps) as well as descriptive &amp;ndash; enfranchisement recessions, to a large extent preserved to the present times and are stored in the State Archives in Poland. The paper presented the genesis and the method of these materials &amp;ndash; how they were created, what they were about and what they contained. Spatial changes taking place in rural areas were significant. The layout of rural lands and the manner of land management underwent reconstruction. Buildings of peasants were often transferred to other places. New roads were created or their course changed. The agricultural reform initiated in 1823 had a huge impact on today's appearance of the Wielkopolska countryside.</p>
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Selimovic, Salih. "Some characteristics of the origin, migration and demographic processes at Sjenica-Pester plateau." Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, no. 163 (2017): 429–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1763429s.
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According to this paper it can be concluded that until the War of Candia, and in particular the Battle of Vienna or the Great Turkish War, the Sjenica-Pester plateau population was mainly Serbian Orthodox with special separate groups such as Vlach shepherds. After the aforementioned wars, the religious denomination and somewhat ethnic structure changed. The existing Serbian population experienced a real exodus during the well-known migrations in 1690 and 1737. The Malisors from Montenegro and highlanders settled in the deserted Pester and Sjenica valley. That was the beginning of the process of Islamization which was completed in the middle of the 19th century. Intense emigration of Orthodox and Muslim population took place during the 19th and 20th centuries. There were multiple causes of dynamic migrations even after the Great Migrations. The natural tendency of Dinaric highlanders to settle in flatter and tamer areas, agrarian overpopulation, wars, rebellions, uprisings, epidemics and religious and political reason were not negligible. Until the breakup of Yugoslavia, internal migrations were the largest and most dinamic, which along with a very low population growth led to depopulation and migration from villages in which only the elderly population remained.
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Šimac, Miha. "Croatian military chaplains Marko Hummel and Ivan Kralj in the light of the archival records of the War Archives in Vienna." Diacovensia 28, no. 2 (2020): 167–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31823/d.28.2.1.
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Several archival records and documents in the War Archives in Vienna portray the life and work of military clergy in the Habsburg armed forces. The paper presents the life and work of military chaplains from the Diocese of Bosnia or Đakovo and Srijem, Croatia, Marko Hummel and Ivan Kralj, who worked and operated in the Habsburg armed forces. Marko Hummel joined the aforementioned armed forces in the mid-19th century and performed religious services until his retirement, while Ivan Kralj served in the army for a much shorter period of time, since he supposedly had trouble with his superiors and due to the circumstances he encountered in Petrovaradin (Peterwardein). The main purpose of the following paper is to cast some light on a part of the Croatian church history that is frequently forgotten and to hopefully motivate further research of the topic.
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Hoszowska, Mariola. "Wpływ podróży na dynamikę życia wybranych uczniów Ksawerego Liskego." Galicja. Studia i materiały 6 (2020): 181–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.15584/galisim.2020.6.9.
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The author of the article analyses the questions of the influence of travelling on the dynamics of life of selected students of Ksawery Liski, i.e. Bronisław Gorczak (1854–1918) and Wiktor Czermak (1863–1913). The former, after graduating from his studies in Lviv, at the beginning of 1870s, he became an archivist, and subsequently also a librarian, in Sławuta in Volhynia, for the prince Roman Damian Sanguszko. The latter, after defending at the Jagiellonian University his Ph. D. thesis written in Lviv, could take part in search queries in archives in Rome, Berlin, Vienna, with time obtaining full professorship. The author concludes that at the turn of the 19th and 20th century, scientific travels were an important factor in the research development of the past and Lviv remained a constant point of reference for Liski’s alumni.
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Mesterházi, Máté. "Die Umwertung der Idee der Nationaloper um 1900." Studia Musicologica 52, no. 1-4 (2011): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/smus.52.2011.1-4.7.
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The years immediately following the Austro-Hungarian Compromise (1867) would politically have been the best time to make Bánk bán, Ferenc Erkel’s most important opera known in Vienna, thus launching his work in the German cultural area. However, the plot of Bánk bán and Erkel’s personal attitude regarding the Compromise were probably at that time too much of a sensitive issue. In terms of cultural policy the International Exhibition of Music and Theatre at the end of the 19th century could have presented itself as an opportunity to premiere it in Vienna. Instead, Katona’s Bánk bán was presented. One could have expected that Gustav Mahler would stage Bánk bán at the Vienna Court Opera, as he did Dalibor at the beginning of his period as artistic director. Apparently Mahler did never even consider the idea of its staging which may have been connected with both his personal tastes and the unfavourable memories he had of Budapest. The success of Smetana’s Dalibor in winning a wide recognition on German stages around 1900 as opposed to Erkel’s neglect, may partly be explained by its post-Wagnerian musical language. However, since in the meantime opera houses have again been conquered by Italian belcanto and French grand opéra — the two main operatic styles from which Erkel took his inspiration — stylistic reasons clearly cannot explain why his work remains internationally unknown up to this day. One of the reasons for the lack of success may very well be the over-emphasizing by its Hungarian partisans of the opera’s national qualities instead of its inherent dramatic values.
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Nosov, Boris V., and Lyudmila P. Marney. "The regional policy of the Russian Empire in the first half of the 19th century: The Kingdom of Poland (1815–1830)." Slavic Almanac, no. 3-4 (2020): 83–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2020.3-4.1.05.
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The article is devoted to the problems of the regional policy of the Russian Empire at the beginning of the 19th century discussed in the latest Russian historiography, to the peculiarities of the state-legal status and administrative practice of the Kingdom of Poland. It was the time when basic principles and a special structure of management at the outlying regions of the empire were developed, and when special (historical, national, and cultural) regions were formed on the periphery of the Empire. The policy of the Russian government in relation to the Kingdom of Poland depended both on the fundamental trends in the international relations in Central and Eastern Europe (as reflected in international treaties), as well as on the internal political development of the empire, and the peculiarities of political, legal, social, economic, cultural processes in the Kingdom and on Polish lands in Austria and Prussia. All these aspects have an impact on the debate that historians and legal experts are conducting on the state and legal status of parts of the lands of the former Principality of Warsaw that were included in the Russian Empire in 1815 by the decision of the Congress of Vienna. The fundamental political principles of the Russian Empire in the Kingdom of Poland in the first half of the 19th century were a combination of autocracy (with individual elements of enlightened absolutism), based on centralized bureaucratic control, and relatively decentralized political, administrative and estate structures, which assumed the presence of local self-government.
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Rosiek, Stanisław. "Drohobycz stolicą XX wieku." Schulz/Forum, no. 11 (December 3, 2018): 3–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/sf.2018.11.01.
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Nowadays it is impossible to think about Schulz outside Drogobych. Wherever else he showed up, be it Vienna, Marienbad, Kudowa, Zakopane, Warsaw or Paris, he was a refugee, a patient, a visitor or a tourist – always a stranger. And he considered himself one, while others did the same. To an extent, it was his own fault. It could perhaps be otherwise if he did not so often write in his letters (and most likely said in conversations) that he was unable to live and work outside his hometown. But the words of the writer could only encourage others to contribute to a stereotype of a “modest schoolteacher from a small town.” The provincial status of Schulz, however, is not so obvious. At the end of the 19th century, thanks to oil Drogobych reached the end of centuries long stasis from which even the salt mines opened in the Middle Ages could not save it. Oil changed the life of many people in Galicia. Without leaving Drogobych, Schulz could actually watch and personally experience in doses which let him keep his independence and inner stability the rise of a metropolitan mentality described by Georg Simmel. Yet Paris was too much for him – after three weeks he escaped from the French capital with not a single word of commentary. To live in the capital of the 19th century, as Walter Benjamin called it, would have been a torture for him. Thus Schulz did not cancel the opposition of center and periphery, the capital and the provinces, but turned such distinctions upside down. Thanks to writing, the center of the world moved to his hometown so that perhaps Drogobych became the capital of the 20th century.
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Laslavíková, Jana, and Beatriz Gómez-Pablos Calvo. "Conveyance of the Dramatic Work El Gran Galeoto by José Echegaray to the European Scene and His Reception in Bratislava at the End of the 19th Century." Slovenske divadlo /The Slovak Theatre 66, no. 4 (2018): 335–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sd-2018-0020.
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Abstract This study looks at the work of Spanish playwright José Echegaray and the circumstances of his domestication on the European theatre stages at the turn of the 20th century. One of his most important works, El gran Galeoto55, arrived in Bratislava in 1889, only one year after its premiere in Vienna and three years after the opening of the new building of the Bratislava City Theatre. The premiere of the work, translated into German and in a theatrical adaptation from Paul Lindau’s pen named Galeotto took place around the same time as the premiere of the work Ralph William from the domestic author Josef Julian, which thanks to a similar theme was perceived as «Bratislava’s Galeotto».
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Langhorne, Richard. "Reflections on the significance of the Congress of Vienna." Review of International Studies 12, no. 4 (1986): 313–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500113877.
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The Final Act of Congress of Vienna was signed on June 9, 1815. More accurately, because of Napoleon's escape and the consequent battle of Waterloo, the Vienna settlement was completed with the signature of the second Treaty of Paris on November 20s 1815. There is thus no doubt that last year marks the 170th anniversary of the settlement. There is equally no doubt that in many ways 1815 has come to seem very remote. There are no great historical arguments in progress about it, nor does it seem to attract any great interest from the students of international relations, unless their attention is actually drawn to it. So it may be as well to remember that the Vienna settlement has generated much more substantial debate at other times. Very soon after its making, it began to be said that the settlement represented a failed attempt to control, at worst, or suppress, at best, the two doctrines that were to be the political foundation of the 19th century: liberalism and nationalism. By the end of the century this attitude had intensified. In any case, the immense social and political changes which were moulding the modern state structure were beginning to create a new kind of international environment in which the ‘unspoken’ as well as deliberate assumptions of 1815 were less relevant. Approved or not, in practical terms, the settlement remained as a basis for the conduct of international politics until 1914, and thus was the obvious point of departure for discussion about the new settlement which would have to be made when the First World War ended. It is not surprising therefore to find that part of the British preparation for the Paris Peace Conference, which were made by the Political Intelligence Department of the Foreign Office, was a study of the Congress of Vienna by C. K. Webster. It is a somewhat routine piece, and his treatment of the subject was much better based and wider ranging in his monumental study of British foreign policy under Lord Castlereagh. It contained, however, one conclusion which may have had an important effect on the way in which the 1919 settlement was arrived at. Webster said that it had been an error on the part of the allies to have permitted the French to be present at Vienna because of the successful attempt by Talleyrand to insert France into the discussions of the other great powers. It has of course been subsequently felt that one of the cardinal respects in which Vienna was more, sensible than Versailles was precisely in that the French were included and became in effect joint guarantors of the agreement. Whether anything fundamental would have been different had the same been done for the Weimar republic is open to question, but there can be no doubt that the circumstances at the time and afterwards would have been greatly easier had the agenda of post-war international politics not had to include the status of Germany as a first item.
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Magowska, Anita. "Veterinary science in the nascent state: the animal hospital in Vilnius, 1834-1842." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 4 (2017): 252–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5671.
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This article investigates early trends in veterinary research using a comparative analysis of historical records concerning a model early-19th-century animal hospital. Such a hospital was organized at the Medical and Surgical Academy in Vilnius in 1834-1842 to provide clinical teaching for vets and control animal plagues and was assumed to be a model one because its structure and activity were patterned on the best veterinary hospitals at that time which existed in Lyon, Alfort and Vienna. It has been shown that the characteristic features of veterinary medicine in the period under consideration included: conducting clinical observations and performing autopsies to clarify the pathogeneses of animal diseases; studying epizootics; anthropomorphizing sick animals, which involved borrowing knowledge from medical theories and applying fashionable therapies used on humans to animals; as well as providing practical education to vets to make them versatile and independent. Horses and dogs were the most numerous groups of patients treated at the Vilnius animal hospital.