Relevant bibliographies by topics / 2+1-route

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic '2+1-route'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic '2+1-route.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "2+1-route"

1

O'Connor, Joseph M., Kristin Hiibner, Rich Merwin, Peter K. Gantzel, Bella S. Fong, Melanie Adams, and Arnold L. Rheingold. "[2 + 2 + 1] Alkyne Cyclotrimerizations: A Metallacyclopentadiene Route to Fulvenes." Journal of the American Chemical Society 119, no. 15 (April 1997): 3631–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja970007p.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Al Dulayymi, Ahmad R., and Mark S. Baird. "A flexible route to 1-bromo-2-alkylcyclopropenes." Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1, no. 12 (1994): 1547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/p19940001547.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Trofimov, Boris, Al’bina Mikhaleva, Andrey Ivanov, Elena Skital’tseva, Igor’ Ushakov, and Alexander Vasil’tsov. "An Efficient Route to 1-Vinylpyrrole-2-carbaldehydes." Synthesis 2009, no. 04 (January 12, 2009): 587–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1083312.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Likhatchev, D., S. Granados-Fócil, R. Gaviño, M. Canseco, and L. Alexandrova. "Low-Temperature Route to 1, 2-Benzoylenebenzimidazole Ladder Structure." High Performance Polymers 11, no. 4 (December 1999): 405–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0954-0083/11/4/306.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Orlek, Barry S. "A Stereoselective Route to trans-1-Arylthio-2-aminoindanes." Synlett 1996, no. 05 (May 1996): 477–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1996-5454.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Imramovský, Aleš, Juana M. Férriz, Karel Pauk, Martin Krátký, and Jarmila Vinšová. "Synthetic Route for the Preparation of 2-Hydroxy-N-[1-(2-hydroxyphenylamino)-1-oxoalkan-2-yl]benzamides." Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry 12, no. 4 (July 12, 2010): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cc900168s.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Tsuge, Otohiko, Shuji Kanemasa, and Hiroyuki Suga. "Synthesis of 2-(1-Phosphorylalkyl)- and 2-(1-Alkenyl)furans through Nitrile Oxide Cycloaddition Route." Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 61, no. 6 (June 1988): 2133–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1246/bcsj.61.2133.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Boga, Carla, Diego Savoia, Claudio Trombini, and Achille Umani-Ronchi. "A Short Route to 2-(6-Methoxycarbonylhexyl)-cyclopent-2-en-1-one." Synthesis 1986, no. 03 (1986): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-1986-31618.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Khoroshilov, Gennadiy E., Natalia M. Tverdokhleb, Vladimir S. Brovarets, and Eugene V. Babaev. "Simple stepwise route to 1-substituted 2-amino-3-ethoxycarbonylindolizines." Tetrahedron 69, no. 21 (May 2013): 4353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tet.2013.02.049.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Binns, Malcolm R., Richard K. Haynes, Dale E. Lambert, and Paul A. Schober. "A route to prostaglandin precursors from 1-(phenylthio)-2-octenyllithium." Tetrahedron Letters 26, no. 28 (January 1985): 3385–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(00)98304-7.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "2+1-route"

1

Kraus, Helmut. "A second-generation route to spongistatins 1 and 2." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608702.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

George, Michael Edward. "Route 2 rigid pavement instrumentation project installation of instruments, testing, and data analysis of slabs 1, 2, 5, and 8." Ohio : Ohio University, 1994. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1176923715.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Hamadi, Farah, and Viktor Wallin. "Förseningstimmar på mötesseparerade 2+1-vägar : Hur förseningskostnaden påverkas av ombyggnad till 2+2-väg i relation till investeringskostnaden." Thesis, KTH, Byggteknik och design, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-260251.

Full text
Abstract:
Från slutet av 1990-talet har en stor mängd av de icke-separerade 13 meter breda vägarna byggts om till mötesseparerade vägar, där trafiken i varje riktning separeras med en mittremsa. Mötesseparerade vägar har varit ett mycket lyckat projekt för trafiksäkerheten och bidragit med en stor minskning av svårt skadade och döda i trafiken. Det finns många mötesseparerade vägar i Sverige. Vid olyckor på 2+1-vägar blir det svårt för trafiken att vända på vägen vilket leder till stopp och gör det även svårt för Blåljusmyndigheten samt bärgningsbilar att ta sig fram. Dessa olyckor leder till förseningstimmar och i sin tur till samhällskostnader. Det här examensarbetet är skrivet för Trafikverket för att granska 2+1-vägar i Trafikverkets Region Öst. Rapporten tar fram och jämför minskning av förseningskostnader efter en ombyggnad från 2+1- till 2+2-väg, rapporten tar även fram och jämför förseningskostnaden med investeringskostnaden för ombyggnationen. Resultatet för den här studien har framförts genom litteraturstudier, analys av data från Trafikledningen, webbverktyg och genom användning av Microsoft Excel för kalkylering av förseningstimmar och -kostnader för utvalda vägar och sträckor. Resultatet från rapporten visar om det är värt att undersöka en 2+1-väg för ombyggnation från 2+1- till 2+2-väg ur förseningskostnadsperspektiv. Detta redovisas genom en generell jämförelse per mil 2+1-väg baserad på väg 50, 55 och 56 i Trafikverkets Region Öst. Rapporten innehåller även en analys över de fem mest drabbade olycksplatserna på E18:s 2+1 sträckor. Analysen av dessa visade att alla fem sträckor låg mellan Köping och Västerås i Västmanland.
From the late 1990s, a large part of the non-separated 13-meter-wide roads have been reconstructed into meeting separated roads, where traffic in each direction is separated by a middle strip. Meeting separated roads have been a very successful project for road safety and have contributed to a large reduction in severely injured and casualties in traffic. There are many meeting separated roads in Sweden. In the case of accidents on 2+1-roads, it becomes difficult for the traffic to turn around on the road, which leads to a stop and makes it difficult for the emergency services and tow trucks to reach the scene of the accident. These accidents lead to delay hours and, in turn, to community costs. This thesis is written for the Swedish Transport Administration to review 2+1 roads in the Swedish Transport Administration’s Region East. The report produces and compares the reduction of delay costs after rebuilding a road from 2+1- to 2+2-standard, the report also presents and compares the delay cost with the investment cost for the reconstruction. This study is based on literature studies, analysis of data from the “Traffic Management”, internet-based programs and through the use of Microsoft Excel for calculating delay hours and -costs for selected roads and routes. The result of the report shows whether it is worth investigating in a reconstruction from 2+1- to 2+2-road from delay cost perspective. This is presented through a general comparison per Scandinavian mile of 2+1-road based on roads 50, 55 and 56 in the Swedish Transport Administration’s Region East. The report also contains an analysis of the five most affected accident sites on the E18's 2+1-routes. The analysis of these accident sites showed that all five were between Köping and Västerås in Västmanland county.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Bazeley, Christopher C. "Route 2 rigid pavement project placement, testing and data analysis of instrumentation on slabs 1 thru 9." Ohio : Ohio University, 1995. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1179853438.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Dufour, Claire. "Part 1. Novel route to di- and triquinanes by photocyclization- fragmentation of norbornanes. Part 2. Stereoselective synthesis of (+ -[+ over -])-isocomene /." The Ohio State University, 1993. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487847761307002.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Baptista, Murilo da Silva. "Perturbando Sistemas Não-Lineares, uma Abordagem do Controle de Caos." Universidade de São Paulo, 1996. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/43/43131/tde-13122007-093342/.

Full text
Abstract:
Inicialmente, consideramos o mapa Logístico com os vários fenômenos nele presentes, para depois, ao perturbarmos esse mapa, adicionando periodicamente um termo de amplitude constante, identificarmos os novos fenômenos e as alterações que a introdução da perturbação faz aparecer. Apresentamos o circuito eletrônico de Matsumoto e, em seguida, o consideramos em um regime caótico perturbado por uma tensão elétrica senoidal externa. A introdução desta perturbação faz o circuito permanecer caótico, tornar-se periódico ou quasi-periódico no toro de duas frequências. Aplicamos diversos métodos de controle de caos a três sistemas (mapa Logístico, mapa de Hénon e circuito de Matsumoto). Para a estabilização de uma órbita periódica, consideramos os métodos de Ott-Grebogi-Yorke (OGY), de Romeiras, de Pyragas, de Sinha, de Singer e de H¨ubbler. Para o direcionamento da trajetória para um ponto de equilíbrio, usamos o método de Sinha. Para a transferência da trajetória para um dos atratores coexistentes no sistema de Matsumoto, usamos o método de Jackson-H¨ubbler (OPCL). Usando um conjunto de pertubações constantes em um parâmetro previamente escolhido, mostramos como é possével dirigir rapidamente uma trajetória, de qualquer um dos três sistemas considerados nesta tese, para um determinado alvo. Além disso, é mostrado como esse método pode ser aplicado experimentalmente.
Initially, we consider the Logistic map with its many non-linear phenomena. Then, we use this knowledge to discern new phenomena that shall appear when the map is perturbed, that is the Logistic map perturbed by a periodic and constant term. The Matsumoto\'s circuit is presented and, after we set this circuit to behave chaotically, we perturb it with a sinoidal wave, characterized by its frequency and amplitude. This perturbation is responsible for the appearence of a quasi-periodic and periodic oscillations, or the maintenance of chaos. We presented and applied many methods for controlling chaotic oscillations in three systems (the Logistic and Henon maps, and the Matsumoto\'s circuit), showing many ways for stabilizing a periodic orbit, using the methods of Ott-Grebogi-York (OGY), Romeiras, Singer, Sinhas and Huebbler. For targeting the trajectory to a equilibrium point, the Sinha\'s method was used. To transfer the system trajectory from one to another of the coexisting attractors presented in the Matsumoto\'s circuit, we use the Jackson-Huebbler (OPCL) method. Using a set of constant perturbations, in a previously chosen parameter, we showed how we can rapidly direct a trajectory of any of the considered three systems to a aimed target. Besides, it is shown how this method can be experimentally applied.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Tulum, Kamil. "Route Planning For Unmanned Air Vehicles." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12611030/index.pdf.

Full text
Abstract:
In this thesis, automatic routing technologies for unmanned air vehicles are investigated. A route planner that minimizes the fuel consumption and maximizes the survivability is developed. While planning the route, using more than one objective entails the auto-routing problem to multi-objective optimization considerations. In this work, these considerations are handled with search algorithms. In order to assess the route options, a fuel consumption model and a survivability model are utilized for the route planner. As the assessment models are established, required computational time is taken into account without deteriorating the fidelity.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Mancuso, Carmela. "Energy transfer and waveguide studies of Eu3+ and Tb3+ doped 2 SiO2-TiO2 glass prepared via the sol-gel route." Thesis, 2001. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/1551/1/MQ68410.pdf.

Full text
Abstract:
In recent years, waveguide studies have played an active role in the telecommunication industry. High doping concentrations are essential in the manufacture of short and compact optical amplifiers, yet quenching can reduce the performance of the amplifier. Sol-gel chemistry, combined with the dip-coating method is a means to develop rare-earth doped planar waveguides for such integrated optics components. The sol-gel process involves three main steps: first, a metal alkoxide (Si-alkoxide) in alcohol-based medium undergoes hydrolysis at a predetermined pH; the next step involves condensation, where Si-OH tetrahedra linkages occur and eventually result in an SiO 2 network. The third step involves solvent evaporation to eliminate residual organics and hydroxyl groups within the pores of the gel. This thesis reports on the luminescence properties of Eu 3+ and Tb 3+ within the SiO 2 -TiO 2 host prepared via the sol-gel method with both H 2 O and D 2 O hydrolyzed systems. Sol-gel synthesis and dip-coating methods were used to develop a planar waveguide for a 5 mol % europium sample in the aforementioned host.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Alagha, Lana Zakaria. "Cyclic polyacetylenes : a new route for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes of one type /." 2003. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=932346481&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=10361&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Szczepanski, Christopher Michael. "General and special interest magazine advertising and the Elaboration Likelihood Model A comparative content analysis and investigation of the effects of differential route processing execution strategies /." 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1059997501&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=39334&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis (Ph.D.)--State University of New York at Buffalo, 2006.
Title from PDF title page (viewed on July. 14, 2006) Available through UMI ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Thesis adviser: Cassata, Mary B. Includes bibliographical references.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Books on the topic "2+1-route"

1

Geib, Phil R., and Davina Two-Bears. Archaeological testing/data recovery, Navajo route 15 (9-1) (11-2) (12-2) 4 Leupp to the western Navajo Agency boundary, Coconino and Navajo counties, Arizona. Window Rock, Ariz: Navajo Nation Historic Preservation Dept., 2005.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Rhodes, Christopher Mark. Part 1: the synthesis and study of anthracine and anthraquinone-containing polymers by means of a precursor route: Part 2: a kinetic study of model reactions of an epoxy resin cure. Manchester: University of Manchester, 1996.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Services, South West Mining. Report of Stage 2 geotechnical assessment of potential mining hazards on or adjacent to new trail route extensions (as identified by Stage 1 geotechnical assessment) for Mineral Tramways Heritage Project (2004), Cornwall County Council. Penzance: South West Mining Services, 2004.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Route 1-2-3: Follow the Road Through the World of Numbers. McClanahan Book Company, 1998.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Forrest, Kenton. Route 3, Englewood: The Broadway line of the Denver Tramway, routes 1-2-3. Tramway Press, 1990.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

(Foreword), Joe Focht, ed. The Royal Route to Heaven and Blessings Out of Buffetings: Studies in 1 and 2 Corinthians. Word for Today, 2007.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Lawrence, T. P., and R. S. C. Kerr. Intracranial abscesses. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.0241103.

Full text
Abstract:
The incidence of intracranial abscess is low in countries where antimicrobial treatment for infections is widespread (e.g. 2–3 per million in the United Kingdom), but they remain frequent causes of space-occupying masses in developing countries.Aetiology—abscesses may be classified by (1) Route of transmission, including (a) direct—from a local source of infection, e.g. otitis media; (b) haematogenous—from a distant source, e.g. endocarditis, bronchiectasis, other septic lung conditions; or (c) following cranial surgery or fracture. (2) Microbiology—the commonest organisms are aerobic, anaerobic and micro-aerophilic streptococci, ...
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Araújo, Ana Cláudia Vaz de. Síntese de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro e nanocompósitos com polianilina. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-120-2.

Full text
Abstract:
In this work magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized through the precipitation method from an aqueous ferrous sulfate solution under ultrasound. A 23 factorial design in duplicate was carried out to determine the best synthesis conditions and to obtain the smallest crystallite sizes. Selected conditions were ultrasound frequency of 593 kHz for 40 min in 1.0 mol L-1 NaOH medium. Average crystallite sizes were of the order of 25 nm. The phase obtained was identified by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) as magnetite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed polydisperse particles with dimensions around 57 nm, while transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed average particle diameters around 29 nm, in the same order of magnitude of the crystallite size determined with Scherrer’s equation. These magnetic nanoparticles were used to obtain nanocomposites with polyaniline (PAni). The material was prepared under exposure to ultraviolet light (UV) or under heating, from dispersions of the nanoparticles in an acidic solution of aniline. Unlike other synthetic routes reported elsewhere, this new route does not utilize any additional oxidizing agent. XRD analysis showed the appearance of a second crystalline phase in all the PAni-Fe3O4 composites, which was indexed as goethite. Furthermore, the crystallite size decreases nearly 50 % with the increase in the synthesis time. This size decrease suggests that the nanoparticles are consumed during the synthesis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the amount of polyaniline increases with synthesis time. The nanocomposite electric conductivity was around 10-5 S cm-1, nearly one order of magnitude higher than for pure magnetite. Conductivity varied with the amount of PAni in the system, suggesting that the electric properties of the nanocomposites can be tuned according to their composition. Under an external magnetic field the nanocomposites showed hysteresis behavior at room temperature, characteristic of ferromagnetic materials. Saturation magnetization (MS) for pure magnetite was ~ 74 emu g-1. For the PAni-Fe3O4 nanocomposites, MS ranged from ~ 2 to 70 emu g-1, depending on the synthesis conditions. This suggests that composition can also be used to control the magnetic properties of the material.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Keegan, James, and Charles D. Deakin. Pathophysiology and management of anaphylaxis in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0314.

Full text
Abstract:
Anaphylaxis is a severe life-threatening systemic hypersensitivity reaction, which occurs in approximately 10–20 per 100,000 population per annum, and accounts for 0.3% of adult critical care admissions. Anaphylaxis most commonly results from an exaggerated immune reaction to foreign antigens, prompting release of vasoactive substances from mast cells. A broad range of agents including foods, insect stings, latex, and drugs can trigger anaphylaxis. Common food allergens include nuts, shellfish, milk, and eggs. The most frequently implicated drugs include neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) and antibiotics. The clinical features of anaphylaxis are variable and may occur together or in isolation. Epinephrine is the primary treatment for anaphylaxis, administered via the intramuscular route. Measurement of mast cell tryptase is essential for the diagnosis of anaphylaxis. Samples should be taken immediately, at 1–2 hours, and at 24 hours after the onset of symptoms. Investigations should be directed at identification of the trigger agent, and patients should be provided with information to enable them to avoid probable triggers and recognize future episodes.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Briggs, Andrew, Hans Halvorson, and Andrew Steane. It Keeps Me Seeking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808282.001.0001.

Full text
Abstract:
Two scientists and a philosopher aim to show how science both enriches and is enriched by Christian faith. The text is written around four themes: 1. God is a being to be known, not a hypothesis to be tested; 2. We set a high bar on what constitutes good argument; 3. Uncertainty is OK; 4. We are allowed to open up the window that the natural world offers us. This is not a work of apologetics. Rather, the text takes an overview of various themes and gives reactions and responses, intended to place science correctly as a valued component of the life of faith. The difference between philosophical analysis and theological reflection is expounded. Questions of human identity are addressed from philosophy, computer science, quantum physics, evolutionary biology and theological reflection. Contemporary physics reveals the subtle and open nature of physical existence, and offers lessons in how to learn and how to live with incomplete knowledge. The nature and role of miracles is considered. The ‘argument from design’ is critiqued, especially arguments from fine-tuning. Logical derivation from impersonal facts is not an appropriate route to a relationship of mutual trust. Mainstream evolutionary biology is assessed to be a valuable component of our understanding, but no exploratory process can itself fully account for the nature of what is discovered. To engage deeply in science is to seek truth and to seek a better future; it is also an activity of appreciation, as one may appreciate a work of art.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Book chapters on the topic "2+1-route"

1

Tiwari, Udit, and Sahab Dass. "Moisture Stable Soot Coated Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Photoelectrodes for Hydrogen Production in Water." In Springer Proceedings in Energy, 141–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63916-7_18.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractMetal halide perovskites have triggered a quantum leap in the photovoltaic technology marked by a humongous improvement in the device performance in a matter of just a few years. Despite their promising optoelectronic properties, their use in the photovoltaic sector remains restricted due to their inherent instability towards moisture. Here, we report a simple, cost-effective and highly efficient protection strategy that enables their use as photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production while being immersed in water. A uniform coating of candle soot and silica is developed as an efficient hydrophobic coating that protects the perovskite from water while allowing the photogenerated electrons to reach the counter electrode. We achieve remarkable stability with photocurrent density above 1.5 mA cm−2 at 1 V versus saturated calomel electrode (SCE) for ~1 h under constant illumination. These results indicate an efficient route for the development of stable perovskite photoelectrodes for solar water splitting.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Kirsch, Brian James, Shu-Jyuan Chang, Michael James Betenbaugh, and Anne Le. "Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Metabolism." In The Heterogeneity of Cancer Metabolism, 103–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65768-0_7.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractNon-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid neoplasms with different biological characteristics. About 90% of all lymphomas in the United States originate from B lymphocytes, while the remaining originate from T cells [1]. The treatment of NHLs depends on the neoplastic histology and stage of the tumor, which will indicate whether radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or a combination is the best suitable treatment [2]. The American Cancer Society describes the staging of lymphoma as follows: Stage I is lymphoma in a single node or area. Stage II is when that lymphoma has spread to another node or organ tissue. Stage III is when it has spread to lymph nodes on two sides of the diaphragm. Stage IV is when cancer has significantly spread to organs outside the lymph system. Radiation therapy is the traditional therapeutic route for localized follicular and mucosa-associated lymphomas. Chemotherapy is utilized for the treatment of large-cell lymphomas and high-grade lymphomas [2]. However, the treatment of indolent lymphomas remains problematic as the patients often have metastasis, for which no standard approach exists [2].
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Xia, Wen, Li Hua Xu, Han Zhang, and Jun Jun Song. "Preparation of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 Relaxor Ferroelectric by Sol-Gel Route." In Key Engineering Materials, 46–48. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-410-3.46.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Jonker, Jan, and Niels Faber. "Alternative Routes." In Organizing for Sustainability, 167–75. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78157-6_13.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractThis book is designed to support you to work through the ten building blocks of the Business Model Template (BMT), grouped into three stages, from left to right and top to bottom. The underlying idea is to develop a business model from scratch by following the various steps in the Business Model Template in a straightforward and almost linear manner. There is nothing wrong with your first attempt at developing a business model. But there are many other possible routes. Here we outline five possible alternatives: (1) Idea-driven, (2) Proposition-driven, (3) Network-driven, (4) Impact-driven, and (5) Competence-driven. Depending on your circumstances, the networks you have access to, and the nature of the idea you would like to pursue, an alternative route might be worth looking at. You can still use all of the building blocks of the Business Model Template, but in a different order. That part is up to you.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Jonker, Jan, and Niels Faber. "Strategy." In Organizing for Sustainability, 103–14. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78157-6_8.

Full text
Abstract:
AbstractIn this chapter, we explore the nature of strategy. We have touched upon the subject in earlier chapters but here we present a typology of strategies. We define strategy as a route consisting of a set of deliberate actions leading to realizing your sustainable value proposition. Strategy can be approached as a plan or a process. Six strategies are distinguished: (1) eco-efficiency, (2) product as a service, (3) use optimization, (4) lifespan extension, (5) cascading, and (6) community building. Each of these strategies can be used as a stand-alone strategy or in a balanced combination while developing one of the business model archetypes. Which of these strategies or combinations you choose depends on the specific circumstances and stakeholders involved and the context in which you are seeking to realize your business model, as well as the underlying value proposition. A functional strategy is fundamentally a matter of clear, reasoned and actionable choices.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Zhou, Dong Xiang, Hui Li, and Yi Hua Deng. "Characteristics of (1-y)[(Na0.5Bi0.5)1-xBax]O3-yBa(Cu1/2W1/2)O3 Ceramics Prepared by Hydrothermal Synthesis Route." In Advances in Science and Technology, 2472–76. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908158-01-x.2472.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Mittelman, James H., and Mustapha Kamal Pasha. "The Conventional Route, Joining Global Capitalism: Track 2 — the Asian NICs." In Out from Underdevelopment Revisited, 130–53. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25183-4_6.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

"2 Application of the 1-2-3 rule for calculations of a vessel’s route using evolutionary algorithms." In Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, 445–48. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203869345-87.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Ghazy, Ayman M., and Hesham A. Hefny. "TAntNet-4." In Handbook of Research on Machine Learning Innovations and Trends, 942–74. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-2229-4.ch042.

Full text
Abstract:
Traffic Routing System (TRS) is one of the most important intelligent transport systems which is used to direct vehicles to good routes and reduce congestion on the road network. The performance of TRS mainly depends on a dynamic routing algorithm due to the dynamic nature of traffic on road network. AntNet algorithm is a routing algorithm inspired from the foraging behavior of ants. TAntNet is a family of dynamic routing algorithms that uses a threshold travel time to enhance the performance of AntNet algorithm when applied to traffic road networks. TAntNet-1 and TAntNet-2 adopt different techniques for path update to fast direct to the discovered good route and conserve on this good route. TAntNet-3 has been recently proposed by inspiring the scout behavior of bees to avoid the bad effect of forward ants that take bad routes. This chapter presents a new member in TAntNet family of algorithms called TAntNet-4 that uses two scouts instead of one compared with TAntNet-2. The new algorithm also saves the discovered route of each of the two scouts to use the best of them by the corresponding backward ant. The experimental results ensure the high performance of TAntNet-4 compared with AntNet, other members of TAntNet family.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Ghazy, Ayman M., and Hesham A. Hefny. "TAntNet-4." In Robotic Systems, 874–905. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1754-3.ch044.

Full text
Abstract:
Traffic Routing System (TRS) is one of the most important intelligent transport systems which is used to direct vehicles to good routes and reduce congestion on the road network. The performance of TRS mainly depends on a dynamic routing algorithm due to the dynamic nature of traffic on road network. AntNet algorithm is a routing algorithm inspired from the foraging behavior of ants. TAntNet is a family of dynamic routing algorithms that uses a threshold travel time to enhance the performance of AntNet algorithm when applied to traffic road networks. TAntNet-1 and TAntNet-2 adopt different techniques for path update to fast direct to the discovered good route and conserve on this good route. TAntNet-3 has been recently proposed by inspiring the scout behavior of bees to avoid the bad effect of forward ants that take bad routes. This chapter presents a new member in TAntNet family of algorithms called TAntNet-4 that uses two scouts instead of one compared with TAntNet-2. The new algorithm also saves the discovered route of each of the two scouts to use the best of them by the corresponding backward ant. The experimental results ensure the high performance of TAntNet-4 compared with AntNet, other members of TAntNet family.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "2+1-route"

1

Ramesh, G., G. Aruna, V. Subramanian, Alka B. Garg, R. Mittal, and R. Mukhopadhyay. "Dielectric Properties Of Pb(In[sub 1∕2]Nb[sub 1∕2])O[sub 3]-PbTiO[sub 3] Solid Solution Synthesized By Solid State Reaction Route." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS, PROCEEDINGS OF THE 55TH DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2010. AIP, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3606324.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Ye, Yin, Shuhui Yu, Haitao Huang, and Limin Zhou. "A polyethylene glycol-assisted route to synthesize Pb(Ni 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -PbTiO 3 with improved electric properties." In International Conference on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology in Engineering. SPIE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.779871.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Tripathi, Astitva, and Anil K. Bajaj. "On 1:2 Internal Resonances in In-Plane Vibrations of Electrostrictive Plates." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-35008.

Full text
Abstract:
Electrostrictive polymers are popular materials being employed in fabrication of high-strain actuators for use in new generation micro- and nano-scale devices along with applications such as artificial muscles. In this work, possibility of 1:2 internal resonances in in-plane vibrations of appropriately designed electrostrictive plates is investigated. The polymer is assumed to have mechanical response similar to that of a Mooney Rivlin material and the induced strain having a quadratic dependence on the applied external electric field. A Finite Element Method (FEM) formulation is used to develop mode shapes of a structure whose lowest two natural frequencies have been brought close to the ratio of 1:2. Using the mode shapes thus obtained, a more complete Lagrangian formulation is used to develop a nonlinear two-mode model of the electrostrictive plate structure. Application of a harmonic electric field results in in-plane parametric oscillations of the structure. The nonlinear response of the structure is developed using averaging on the two-mode model. The structure exhibits 1:2 internal resonance due to the large amplitude vibrations through the route of parametric excitation. The effects of material constitutive parameters on the nonlinear response are investigated.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Schramm, W., L. G. Gürtler, H. Pohlmann, I. Weigel, J. Eberie, and F. Deinhardt. "INCIDENCE OF HIV-1 AND HIV-2 ANTIBODIES IN HEMOPHILIACS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644142.

Full text
Abstract:
The presence of antibodies to HIV-1 (anti-HIV-1) was tested in 167 hemophiliacs surveyed and treated at Munich hemophilia center. Increasing numbers of HIV infected patients were observed in the years 1981 to 1986 from 0% to 51,5% (86 positive patients in January 1987 of 167 followed patients). Most of the seroconver-sions occured between 1982 and 1984. The 150 clinically severe affected hemophiliacs (F-VIII-levels up to 5% and need of replacement therapy) showed positive HIV-test results in 55,3% (83 patients) and negative results in 44,7% (67 patients). 5 patients died since 1981, one because of AIDS. 17 patients were not seen since 1984, 14 of those belong to the severly affected group, 12 of them were negative. Since spring 1985 only heat or chemically treated clotting factor preparations are used for substitution. Despite this still 5 seroconversions were observed. Two may be attributed to the use of a preparation heat inactivated in dry state, this preparation is no longer used. The other 3 seroconversions possibly were caused by an occasional use of an noninactivated preparation in the beginning of the change to inactivated clotting factor preparations. 38 of the anti-HIV-1 positive sera were tested for the presence of HIV-2 antibodies also. The methods were ELISA,immunofluorescence and immunoblot. HIV-2 (LAV-2) for these tests was kindly provided by L. Montagnier. Antibodies specific for HIV-2 antigens were not detected, but crossreactions were observed between anti-HIV-1 with HIV-2 antigens particularly epitopes on HIV-2-p27.The data indicate that the use of adequately inactivated clotting factors can prevent infection of hemophilia patients by this route and that HIV-2 was not present in the clotting factor preparations used for the substitution of this group of patients. The incidence of full blown AIDS since 1981 in our group of hemophiliacs is still low (1,2%).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Carney, Nina F., Sarah K. Ramp, and Dylan P. Davis. "Case Study: Design, Installation, and Analysis of Column Supported Embankment Systems at I-295/I-76/Route 42 Direct Connection Contracts 1 and 2." In Eighth International Conference on Case Histories in Geotechnical Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482117.003.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Campo, Antonio. "Reduction of the 2-D Heat Equation for Straight Fins of Uniform Profile Into a Quasi 1-D Equation." In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-81571.

Full text
Abstract:
Owing to the combined action of transverse convection and longitudinal conduction, the temperature in fins varies longitudinally since the transversal temperature change is practically insignificant. Textbooks on heat transfer widely employ the quasi one-dimensional approximation for the analysis of straight fins of uniform profile [1-6]. Unfortunately, justification of this simplistic approach has been based on the prevalent criterion of fins owing large slenderness ratios, i.e., large length and small thickness. This route is a mere geometric consideration that obviates the heat path implications that are inherent to fins. Beginning with the formulation with the 2-D heat conduction equation, the primary aim of this paper is to develop a systematic mathematical procedure for the validity of the quasi 1-D approximation in terms of two parameters: (1) the transverse Biot number and (2) the slenderness ratio.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Schindler, Sebastian. "Comparison of Design by Analysis Methods." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-94028.

Full text
Abstract:
The paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the two well known Design by Analysis methods for unfired pressure vessels: the stress categorisation method (as given e.g. in the 2004 ASME B&BV Code Section VIII Division 2 [1], and EN 13445-3 Annex C [2]) and the new Direct Route (using elastic-plastic finite-element analysis) as given in EN 13445-3 Annex B [2]. A comparison of results is given for examples of various degree of difficulty to show the principal ideas and the applicability of the two approaches: a dished end with a nozzle in the knuckle region, a cylindrical shell to flat end connection and a rather complex header of an air cooler with rectangular cross section. As shown by the considered examples, the Direct Route method gives unique solutions (which is not always the case for stress categorisation) and can be advantageous in some cases, but requires a more time consuming analysis. The questionable design limits given by the 3f-criterion of the stress categorisation method can be avoided by usage of the progressive plastic deformation design check of the Direct Route if the required number of action cycles is low.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Xu, Xiaojing, and Jinqi Cao. "A Simulation and Study on Strain Uniformity of Equal Channel Angular Pressing." In 2007 First International Conference on Integration and Commercialization of Micro and Nanosystems. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnc2007-21381.

Full text
Abstract:
The preparation of dense bulk nanostructured materials is becoming an important research subject with the development of nanostructured materials. Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) is thought to be one of the major technologies to prepare bulk nanostructured or ultra-fine grained metals, which can improve the mechanical property of materials considerably, but its processing effect was affected by many factors, such as press route, angle of channels, etc. Since some questions in the procedure of ECAP were not understood clearly, the researchers have different judgments on these factors affecting the result of ECAP processing. There were few reports about the processing condition that affect the strain uniformity, most of which deal with only 1 and 2 passes of ECAP. In present paper, a model dealing with four connective channels which can implement the continuous 4 passes ECAP processing was established firstly, the finite element software, DEFORM-3D, was used to simulate the processing of ECAP to study how the processing condition (press route and structure of die such as the channel angle and inner-arc radius) to affect the strain uniformity. Results show that the influence of press route is associated with pressing passes. In term of 4 passes pressing, route Bc has a most uniform distribution of strain, while in term of 2 passes pressing, route C can get a good strain uniformity. In addition, with the increase of channel angle and inner-arc radius, the strain uniformity was also improved considerably. So to get the best strain uniformity all the above factors should be taken into consideration.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Behseta, K., and S. Schindler. "On the Design of the Tubesheet and the Tubesheet-to-Shell Junction of a Fixed Tubesheet Heat Exchanger." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-15612.

Full text
Abstract:
On the hand of the (mechanical) design of an existing, very large, extreme fixed tubesheet heat exchanger, a C2-Hydrogenation reactor in a petrochemical plant, various code solutions are compared, with each other and with a Finite Element solution based on the Direct Route in Design by Analysis (EN 13445-3, Annex B). The codes and standards used in the investigation are ASME Section VIII, Division 1 (and 2), (TEMA), and EN 13445-3, Clause 13 and Annex J. ASME VIII/2, and TEMA are not appropriate for this design. ASME VII/1 and EN 13445-3 Clause 13 approaches are similar. Differences in maximum permissible pressures result partly from different nominal design stresses. The modern EN 13445-3 Annex J approach, being based on limit analysis theory, leads to very different, much more efficient results. The Direct Route in Design by Analysis confirms the EN 13445-3 Annex J results, but gives, at the same time, clear insight into the behaviour of the whole structure and the various maximum permissible pressure limiting details.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Baylac, Guy, Norbert Kiesewetter, Josef Zeman, Alain Handtschoewercker, Rod McFarlane, Corrado Delle Site, Andrea Tonti, and Stuart Holdsworth. "Creep Amendments in the European Standard EN 13445." In ASME 2007 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2007-26421.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper describes the Creep Amendments which will be implemented in EN 13445, the European Standard for Unfired Pressure Vessels, in 2007. It will address four topics: 1) Specifications for Materials and Weldments. 2) Specifications for Design By Formula and Damage Accumulation rules. 3) Specifications for Design By Analysis — Direct Route (Creep Rupture, Excessive Creep Strain, Creep and cyclic Fatigue Interaction). 4) Specifications for Inspection and Non-Destructive Testing (NDT).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "2+1-route"

1

Madanat, Samer, and Nitin Jain. Modeling Driver's Route Choice Behavior Under the Influence of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (Vol. 2: Vol. 1: 96/10). West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313272.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Robinson, S. D., and B. J. Moorman. Ground penetrating radar surveys along the Norman Wells pipeline route, summer 1994: Part 1 - site descriptions and radar interpretations; Part 2 - radar profiles. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/203625.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Canellas, Joao Vitor, Fabio Ritto, and Paul Tiwana. Comparative efficacy and safety of different corticosteroids to reduce inflammatory complications after mandibular third molar surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.9.0023.

Full text
Abstract:
Review question / Objective: This systematic review aims to compare the effects of different corticosteroids to reduce postoperative inflammatory complications (pain, edema, and trismus) after mandibular third molar surgery by applying a frequentist network meta-analysis approach. To this end, the proposed study will answer the following questions: 1) Among diverse corticosteroids currently available, what is the best preoperative option to control postoperative inflammatory complications? 2) What is the optimal dose and route of administration of corticosteroids prior to mandibular third molar surgery to control the pain, edema, and trismus induced by the surgery? Condition being studied: Inflammatory complications after mandibular third molar surgery (Pain, edema, and trismus).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Canellas, Joao Vitor, Fabio Ritto, and Paul Tiwana. Comparative efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions to reduce inflammatory complications after mandibular third molar surgery: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2021.7.0069.

Full text
Abstract:
Review question / Objective: This systematic review aims to compare the effects of different drugs to reduce postoperative inflammatory complications (pain, edema, and trismus) after mandibular third molar surgery by applying a frequentist network meta-analysis approach. To this end, the proposed study will answer the following questions: 1) Among diverse drugs currently available, which postoperative pharmacological regimen is the most efficient to reduce pain after mandibular third molar surgery? 2) Is the pre-emptive analgesia effective in reducing pain immediately after the mandibular third molar surgery? In this case, 3) Which preoperative pharmacological regimen is the most efficient? 4) Among diverse corticosteroids currently available, what is the best option to control the edema induced by the surgery? 5) What is the optimal dose and route of administration of corticosteroids prior to mandibular third molar surgery to control the pain/ edema induced by the surgery? Condition being studied: Inflammatory complications after mandibular third molar surgery (Pain, edema, and trismus).
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Iyer, Ananth V., Steven R. Dunlop, Olga Senicheva, Dutt J. Thakkar, Ruier Yan, Karthikeyan Subramanian, Suraj Vasu, Gokul Siddharthan, Juily Vasandani, and Srijan Saurabh. Improve and Gain Efficiency in Winter Operations. Purdue University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317312.

Full text
Abstract:
This report analyzes the current service level of winter operations in Indiana and explores opportunities to optimize performance. We analyze data regarding winter operations managed by INDOT and provide specific quantified estimates of opportunities to improve efficiency while also managing costs. For our exploration, we use data provided by INDOT sources, qualitative insights from interviews with INDOT personnel, literature survey data and benchmarking information, salt and supplier data analysis, and simulation. As part of our research, we developed a simulation model to visually represent the impact of alternate management of trucks for snow removal and a dashboard to understand the impact. Our analysis suggests the following: (1) opportunities exist to coordinate salt delivery by suppliers and combine local city salt purchases with INDOT’s purchases to save costs, (2) adjusting routes will reduce deadhead, (3) understanding truck maintenance and truck locations improves performance, and (4) incorporating critical locations into snow route planning will meet service thresholds. These insights provide implementable recommendation initiatives to improve winter operations performance. The simulation tool developed in this project simulates various weather events to draw insights and determine appropriate resource allocations and opportunities for improving operational efficiency. The report thus provides a quantifiable approach to winter operations that can improve the overall service level and efficiency of the process.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

McDonagh, Marian, Andrea C. Skelly, Amy Hermesch, Ellen Tilden, Erika D. Brodt, Tracy Dana, Shaun Ramirez, et al. Cervical Ripening in the Outpatient Setting. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepccer238.

Full text
Abstract:
Objectives. To assess the comparative effectiveness and potential harms of cervical ripening in the outpatient setting (vs. inpatient, vs. other outpatient intervention) and of fetal surveillance when a prostaglandin is used for cervical ripening. Data sources. Electronic databases (Ovid® MEDLINE®, Embase®, CINAHL®, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) to July 2020; reference lists; and a Federal Register notice. Review methods. Using predefined criteria and dual review, we selected randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies of cervical ripening comparing prostaglandins and mechanical methods in outpatient versus inpatient settings; one outpatient method versus another (including placebo or expectant management); and different methods/protocols for fetal surveillance in cervical ripening using prostaglandins. When data from similar study designs, populations, and outcomes were available, random effects using profile likelihood meta-analyses were conducted. Inconsistency (using I2) and small sample size bias (publication bias, if ≥10 studies) were assessed. Strength of evidence (SOE) was assessed. All review methods followed Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Evidence-based Practice Center methods guidance. Results. We included 30 RCTs and 10 cohort studies (73% fair quality) involving 9,618 women. The evidence is most applicable to women aged 25 to 30 years with singleton, vertex presentation and low-risk pregnancies. No studies on fetal surveillance were found. The frequency of cesarean delivery (2 RCTs, 4 cohort studies) or suspected neonatal sepsis (2 RCTs) was not significantly different using outpatient versus inpatient dinoprostone for cervical ripening (SOE: low). In comparisons of outpatient versus inpatient single-balloon catheters (3 RCTs, 2 cohort studies), differences between groups on cesarean delivery, birth trauma (e.g., cephalohematoma), and uterine infection were small and not statistically significant (SOE: low), and while shoulder dystocia occurred less frequently in the outpatient group (1 RCT; 3% vs. 11%), the difference was not statistically significant (SOE: low). In comparing outpatient catheters and inpatient dinoprostone (1 double-balloon and 1 single-balloon RCT), the difference between groups for both cesarean delivery and postpartum hemorrhage was small and not statistically significant (SOE: low). Evidence on other outcomes in these comparisons and for misoprostol, double-balloon catheters, and hygroscopic dilators was insufficient to draw conclusions. In head to head comparisons in the outpatient setting, the frequency of cesarean delivery was not significantly different between 2.5 mg and 5 mg dinoprostone gel, or latex and silicone single-balloon catheters (1 RCT each, SOE: low). Differences between prostaglandins and placebo for cervical ripening were small and not significantly different for cesarean delivery (12 RCTs), shoulder dystocia (3 RCTs), or uterine infection (7 RCTs) (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin, route of administration, study quality, or gestational age. Small, nonsignificant differences in the frequency of cesarean delivery (6 RCTs) and uterine infection (3 RCTs) were also found between dinoprostone and either membrane sweeping or expectant management (SOE: low). These findings did not change according to the specific prostaglandin or study quality. Evidence on other comparisons (e.g., single-balloon catheter vs. dinoprostone) or other outcomes was insufficient. For all comparisons, there was insufficient evidence on other important outcomes such as perinatal mortality and time from admission to vaginal birth. Limitations of the evidence include the quantity, quality, and sample sizes of trials for specific interventions, particularly rare harm outcomes. Conclusions. In women with low-risk pregnancies, the risk of cesarean delivery and fetal, neonatal, or maternal harms using either dinoprostone or single-balloon catheters was not significantly different for cervical ripening in the outpatient versus inpatient setting, and similar when compared with placebo, expectant management, or membrane sweeping in the outpatient setting. This evidence is low strength, and future studies are needed to confirm these findings.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
You might also be interested in the extended bibliographies on the topic '2+1-route' for particular source types:
Journal articles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography