Relevant bibliographies by topics / 2 3 4 (Firm)

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic '2 3 4 (Firm)'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "2 3 4 (Firm)"

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Jelic, Ranko, Richard Briston, and Chris Mallin. "Gambling Banks and Firm Financing in Transition Economies." Multinational Finance Journal 3, no. 4 (December 1, 1999): 253–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17578/3-4-2.

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Schmiel, Ute. "Corporate Social Responsibility: A Fake Already According to the Theory of the Firm?Date submitted: October 4, 2017Revised version accepted after double blind review: August 31, 2018." management revue 30, no. 2-3 (2019): 154–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0935-9915-2019-2-3-154.

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This paper asks if we can support by argument the norm “we should hold firms responsible”. From a critical rationalist perspective, answering this question has an ethical and an empirical dimension. The ethical dimension discusses whether we should hold firms socially responsible for ethical reasons. However, since demanding that we should hold firms responsible requires that we can hold them responsible, this paper focuses on this empirical dimension. Thus, this paper asks whether we can hold firms responsible for theoretical reasons. Theoretical reasons means that this paper refers to theories of the firm and in particular to their hypotheses about the behaviour of firms and firm members. The paper finds that the nexus of contracts approach (which is the economic mainstream theory of the firm) ascribes behaviour to the firm that corresponds to the firm members’ behaviour. In consequence, we would not have reasons to ascribe responsibility to the firm from a social science perspective. Since the nexus of contracts approach is not adequate from a critical rationalist perspective, however, this paper develops an extended corporate actors approach. In contrast to the nexus of contacts approach, the extended corporate actors approach ascribes behaviour to the firm that differs from firm members’ actions. Thus, we do have reasons to ascribe responsibility to the firm from a social science perspective.
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Kien, Nguyen Duc, Pham Xuan Hung, Truong Tan Quan, and Nguyen Minh Hien. "The COVID-19 Pandemic Impact and Responses in Emerging Economies: Evidence from Vietnamese Firms." Economies 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies11010010.

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A nationwide survey of 162,738 firms in Vietnam asked firms to report the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the health of the business, coping strategies used, and various firm and situational characteristics. More than 80% of firms reported negative impacts from the pandemic with fewer than 4% reporting positive effects; 63% of the firms adopted at least one coping strategy. The coping strategies were categorized into seven groups as follows: (1) Non-adoption, (2) promoting e-commerce, (3) transforming key products/services, (4) training employees to improve professional qualifications, (5) finding new markets for input materials, (6) finding markets for products outside of the traditional market, (7) producing new products/services according to market demand during the epidemic period, and (8) other strategies. A multinomial logit regression model showed statistically significant associations between a firm’s selected coping strategy and several independent variables, as follows: (1) Firm size, (2) impact of the pandemic on firm health, firm access to inputs, and firm access to domestic markets, (3) decrease in firm revenue, and (4) receipt of government support. However, many businesses have not implemented coping strategies, leading to concerns regarding their resilience to upcoming threats and uncertainties.
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Chang, Ruey-Dang, Yeun-Wen Chang, Ching-Ping Chang, and Fiona Hu. "The effects of corporate governance mechanisms and investment opportunity set on firm performance." Corporate Ownership and Control 5, no. 4 (2008): 135–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv5i4p13.

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This study uses investment opportunity set (IOS) as an environmental factor, and investigates its moderating effect on the relationships between corporate governance mechanisms (including internal and external corporate governance mechanisms) and firm performance. The empirical results using regression analysis show: (1) The IOS does not have a moderating effect on audit quality and firm performance. (2) The negative relationship between institutional investor ownership and firm performance is stronger for firms with higher investment opportunities. (3) When CEO is the chairman of the board, high growth firms can lead to better firm performance. (4) The relationship between the IOS and pledged shares ratio of directors and supervisors has positive influence on firm performance
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Lan Le, Phuong. "How microeconomic factors influence Vietnam’s listed manufacturing firm value." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 20, no. 2 (June 26, 2023): 267–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.20(2).2023.23.

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It is meaningful to identify and quantify the impact of business microeconomic factors on firm value, not only for enterprises, but also for the industry, which contributes to the economic growth of the whole country. This paper aims to find evidence of how microeconomic factors relate to the value of manufacturing firms, helping businesses behave and adjust towards the goal of value maximization. This study applies three commonly used estimators with panel data, namely OLS, FEM and REM, using data obtained from FiinPro (a data providing company) and Vietstock on 691 companies listed on Vietnam’s two stock exchanges from 2008 to 2015; This was a sensitive period of world financial crisis, and Vietnamese manufacturing firms had a really hard time to overcome the difficulty in a global economy downturn. This paper found that (1) firm size, growth opportunities and financial leverage negatively affect firm value; (2) there is no evidence that operating cash flow, cash liquidity and intellectual capital affect firm value; (3) the estimation results confirm the non-linear relationship (order 3) between the directors’ share ownership ratio and corporate value; (4) state ownership and foreign ownership ratios have a negative effect on Vietnamese listed manufacturing firms during the period, but (5) there is no optimal number of BOD members. The findings help to measure the extent of the positive and negative impact of various factors, making it easier to find solutions to improve business value by promoting positive factors and preventing negative factors.
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Nugroho, Wawan Cahyo, and Dian Agustia. "Corporate Governance, Tax Avoidance, and Firm Value." AFEBI Accounting Review 2, no. 02 (January 11, 2018): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.47312/aar.v2i02.87.

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<p><em>This study aims to examine: (1) the influence of institutional ownership, independent commissioners on tax avoidance on firm value (2) the influence of tax avoidance on firm value (3) the influence of institutional ownership, independent commissioner to firm value mediated by tax avoidance. The population of this study are manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesian Stock Exchange for the study from 2013-2016. This study purposive sampling and arrived at 92 firms, using path analysis technique. The results of this study indicates that (1) institutional ownership significantly influence tax avoidance (2) independent commissioners have no influence on tax avoidance; (3) institutional ownership does not influence the firm value; (4) independent commissioner and tax avoidance have significant effect to firm value; (5) tax avoidance does not mediate the institutional ownership relationship to firm value.</em><em> </em><em></em></p><strong><em>Keywords: </em></strong><em>Executive Incentives, Firm Value, Independent Commissioners, Institutional Ownership, Profitability, and Tax Avoidance</em>
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Fadillah, Shifa Nur, and Irvan Noormansyah. "The Influence of Sustainability Report, Intellectual Capital, Liquidity, and Firm Size on Firm Value." Research of Finance and Banking 1, no. 1 (April 30, 2023): 22–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.58777/rfb.v1i1.33.

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This study aims to determine the effect of the Sustainability Report (SR), Intellectual Capital, Liquidity, and Firm Size on Firm Value in manufacturing firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). This study uses a quantitative methodology and a multiple linear regression data analysis method to analyze the quantitative data. Manufacturing businesses listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange between 2017 and 2021 comprise the study's population. The purposive sampling method was used to select the sample of 11 manufacturing firms and gave the study a total of 55 observations. The information used in this study is secondary. The methodology for gathering data uses a literature review on the official IDX website (www.idx.co.id). The results of this study prove that (1) the Sustainability Report negatively affects firm value, (2) Intellectual Capital does not affect firm value, (3) Liquidity has no effect on firm value, and (4) Firm size has no effect on firm value.
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Nuraina, Elva. "Pengaruh Kepemilikan Institusional Dan Ukuran Perusahaan Terhadap Kebijakan Hutang Dan Nilai Perusahaan (Studi Pada Perusahaan Manufaktur Yang Terdaftar Di Bei)." AKRUAL: Jurnal Akuntansi 4, no. 1 (October 16, 2012): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jaj.v4n1.p51-70.

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AbstractThis study aims to test empirically: 1)the influence of institutional ownership on corporate value, 2)the effect of firm size on firm value, 3)the influence of institutional ownership on debt policy, 4)the effect of firm size on debt policy. The population in this study is a public company in Indonesia Stock Exchange with manufacturing companies in the sample. Sampling method using purposive sampling. Analytical techniques used in this study using multiple linear regression which include normality test, test classic assumptions and hypothesis testing. The results showed that 1) the institutional ownership has a significant effect confirm value, 2) the size of the company has a significant effect on firm value, 3) institutional ownership have a significant effect on corporate debt policy, 4) firm size had no significant effect on corporate debt policy.
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Xue, Dan Dan, Chun Hong Zheng, and Shou Zhi Pu. "Synthesis and Photochromic Properties of Diarylethene 1-[2-methyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-thienyl]-2-[2-methyl-5-(3-fluoro-4-chloro)phenyl-3-thienyl]perfluorocyclopentene." Applied Mechanics and Materials 707 (December 2014): 48–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.707.48.

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A new unsymmetrical photochromic diarylethene compound, 1-[2-methyl-5-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)-3-thienyl]-2-[2-methyl-5-(3-fluoro-4-chloro) phenyl-3-thienyl] perfluorocyclopentene (1o) was synthesized, and its properties, such as photochromism and fluorescence properties in solution as well as in PMMA amorphous film, were investigated specifically. 1o exhibits good photochromism and fluorescence upon alternating irradiation with UV light and visible light (> 510 nm) in hexane and a PMMA film.
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Wahyudi, Henri Dwi, Chuzaimah Chuzaimah, and Dani Sugiarti. "PENGARUH UKURAN PERUSAHAAN, PROFITABILITAS, KEBIJAKAN DEVIDEN, DAN KEPUTUSAN INVESTASI TERHADAP NILAI PERUSAHAAN (Studi Penggunaan Indeks LQ-45 Periode 2010 -2014)." Benefit: Jurnal Manajemen dan Bisnis 1, no. 2 (December 12, 2016): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/benefit.v1i2.3259.

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A company aimed and tried to maximize shareholder prosperity. Shareholder prosperity was reflected by company value. This study aimed to review the effect of firm size, Dividend Payout Ratio, Return on Equity, and Price Earning Ratio on firm value among ILQ45 companies registered in The Indonesia Stock Exchange. Populations of this study were firms registered in The Indonesia Stock Exchange of the year 2010 – 2014. The research used purposive sampling method based on determined criteria. There were 22 firms with totally 110 data. After the outliers process, there were 18 with totally 90 data samples. Based on these data, this study carried a classic assumption analysis using multiple regression data with SPSS16. The regression test resulted: (1) Firm size positively influenced and not significant to firm value; (2) Dividend Payout Ratio positively influenced and not significant to firm value; (3) Return on Equity positively influenced and not significant to firm value; (4) Price Earning Ratio positively influenced and not significant to corporate value.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "2 3 4 (Firm)"

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FIRMINO, A. V. "QUALIDADE DA MADEIRA DE ANDIROBA EM FLORESTA DE TERRA FIRME E VÁRZEA DA AMAZÔNIA ORIENTAL." Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, 2016. http://repositorio.ufes.br/handle/10/7640.

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Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T22:35:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_10108_DISSERTACAO ANDERSON FINAL.pdf: 3609903 bytes, checksum: 7124e4d65ebf5b35fd33519034d8f000 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade da madeira de andiroba (Carapa guianensis) proveniente de floresta de terra firme e de floresta de várzea, por meio da caracterização do lenho juvenil e adulto e a cor da madeira. Para tanto foram colhidas oito árvores provenientes da reserva extrativista do Rio Cajari, situada no sul do estado do Amapá, sendo quatro provenientes de floresta de terra firme e quatro de floresta de várzea. Do tronco de cada árvore foi retirado um disco acima da região que finalizava as raízes adventícias para a caracterização no sentido medula - casca da morfologia das fibras e vasos, o ângulo das microfibrilas, a densidade básica e as contrações volumétricas e fator anisotrópico. A cor da madeira foi avaliada pelos parâmetros colorimétricos do sistema CIEL*a*b (1976). O comprimento da fibra foi a propriedade mas adequada para delimitação da transição entre os lenhos juvenil e adulto para todas as árvores de andiroba. Não ocorreu diferença significativa entre a proporção de lenho juvenil entre árvores de andirobas provenientes de floresta de terra firme e de floresta de várzea. As propriedades do lenho juvenil foram mais inferiores ao lenho adulto para a madeira em ambos os ambientes. A madeira de andiroba foi caracterizada pela coloração marrom - claro, tanto nas árvores oriundas de floresta de terra firme quanto na de várzea. A madeira de andiroba proveniente da floresta de várzea apresentou maior claridade e tonalidade amarela do que a de floresta de terra firme. A densidade básica e a morfologia das fibras e vasos tiveram influência na determinação da cor da madeira de andiroba.
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Lindberg, Erik. "1:2:3:4." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-169058.

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Mitt examensprojekt är en experimentell undersökning av proportionalitet som vägledande princip i den arkitektoniska formgivningprocessen. Proportionslära ansågs länge vara en viktig del av arkitekturämnet, men är idag mest något som hör arkitekturhistorien till. Det ursprungligen matematiska begreppet proportionalitet har utvidgats men i och med det också urvattnats. Euklides definierar det så här: en första storhet förhåller sig till en andra storhet så som den andra storheten förhåller sig till en tredje. En gång i tiden ansågs en byggnads skönhet och dess proportionerliga förhållande delar och helhet emellan, vara direkt sammankopplade. Palladio skriver t.ex: ”(...) i fråga om alla byggnader är (det) nödvändigt, att alla deras delar överensstämma med varandra och hava sådana proportioner att det ej finns någon av dem, varmed man icke skulle kunna mäta det hela och även var och en av de andra delarna(...). Inom detta sätt att tänka är skönhet och proportion sammankopplade med det musikteoretiska harmonibegreppet, dvs hur olika toner samspelar på ett enhetligt vis. Med tiden har proportionsbegreppet utvidgats och vi kan idag tala om hur exempelvis en fasad är proportionerligt komponerad eller ej, och detta utan att analysera dess matematiska egenskaper. Istället hänvisar vi till saker som upplevd av balans mellan byggnadsdelar. Här tjänar proportionsbegreppet väl som liknelse. Men det har samtidigt skett en betydelseförskjutning som inte på något sätt berikar vår förståelse av arkitektur. Proportion används idag som en synonym till ”talförhållande”, vilket som helst. Det är inte bara allmänt vedertaget att prata om exempelvis ett ”fönsters proportioner” när man syftar till förhållandet mellan dess höjd och bredd, jag upplever att detta språkbruk även vara utbrett inom arkitektkåren. Mig veterligen så finns det ingen rektangel förutom den ”gyllene” som i sig är proportionerlig (Den gyllene rektangelns kortsida förhåller sig till dess långsida så som långsidan förhåller sig till långsidan + kortsidan).Jag ser att, det i min mening urvattnade proportionsbegreppet har lett till en del missförstånd och fördomar om vad proportioner handlar om. Att det enbart skulle handla om en uppsättning normer där vissa talförhållanden helt godtyckligt har premierats framför andra. I detta sammanhang är det lätt att förstå den skepsis många arkitekter känner inför proportionsläror. Varför ska man lita på förutbestämda regler framför att lita på sin egen intuition?I mitt arbete har jag mer och mer förstått att olika talförhållanden samspelar mer eller mindre bra med varandra. Att de besitter vissa egenskaper och på olika sätt är ”besläktade” med varandra. Jag har använt beprövade förhållanden och hittat vad jag faktiskt tror är nya harmonier. Även om jag vågar påstå mig ha ritat en till hög grad både proportionerlig och harmonisk byggnad så är förstås kvaliteterna i dessa proportioner och harmonier öppna för diskussion.
My degree project is an experimental examination of proportionality as a guiding principle in the architectural design process. proportioning was long considered to be an important part of the architecture of the subject, but today is the most thing of architectural history to. It originally mathematical concept of proportionality has been extended but with it too watered down. Euclid defines it like this: a first magnitude is related to a second magnitude as the other entity is related to a third. At one time it was considered a building's beauty and its proportionate relationship between parts and the whole, be directly linked. Palladio writes for example: "(...) in all the buildings are (the) necessary, that all their parts correspond with each other, and have such proportions that there are any of them, which they would not be able to measure it all and also each of the other parts (...). In this way of thinking is the beauty and proportion connected with the music theory harmony concept, ie how different tones interact in a uniform way. Over time, the proportion concept expanded and today we can talk about how, for example, a facade is proportionally composed or not, and this without analyzing its mathematical properties. Instead, we refer to things that are perceived by the balance between building components. This serves commensurate concept well parable. But there has also been a significant shift in no way enriches our understanding of architecture. Proportion is used today as a synonym for "voice-holding" any. It is not only widely accepted to talk about, for example, a "window's proportions" when referring to the ratio of its height and width, I feel that this language even be widespread in the architectural profession. To my knowledge there is no rectangle in addition to the "golden" which itself is proportionate (The golden rectangle short side is related to the long side so that the long side is related to the long side + short side) .I see that, in my opinion watered down proportionate concept has led to some misunderstandings and prejudices about what proportions is about. It would only be about a set of norms which some speech conditions arbitrarily has been awarded over others. In this context it is easy to understand the skepticism many architects feel about proportion teachings. Why should you rely on predetermined rules rather than rely on their own intuition? In my work, I have more and more understood that various speech conditions interact more or less well with each other. That they possess certain characteristics and in different ways is "related" to each other. I have used proven circumstances and found what I actually think is new harmonies. Although I dare say I have drawn one to measure both the proportional and harmonious building so of course the qualities of these proportions and harmonies open for discussion.
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Araya, Naranjo Sandra. "Población de una base de datos jurisprudencial a base de libros de registro de sentencias de protección de la corte suprema, mayo 3-3, año 2004, julio 1-4, 2-4, 3-4, 4-4, año 2004, diciembre 1-4, 2-4, 3-4, 4-4, año 2004; enero 1-4, 2-4, 3-4, 4-4 año 2005, febrero 1-2, 2-2, año 2005." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2005. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/113738.

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Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales)
No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo
En la realización de la Tesis analice 356 fallos emanados de la Ilustrísima Corte Suprema de Justicia, de ellos se extractaron definitivamente 322 fallos, en su mayoría son Recursos de Protección, aunque también fueron analizados en menor número Recursos de Amparo Económico.
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Tembo, Norbert Olivier. "Synthèse et étude physicochimique des 4-amino-1, 2, 3, 4-tétrahydro-1-isoquinolones et 2-quinolones ; 4-aryl-2, 3-dihydropyrrolizines ; 4-aryl-1-oxo-1, 2, 3, 4-tétrahydro-pyrrolo [1, 2-a] pyrazines ; 4-aryl-2-imidazolidinones." Caen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990CAEN4044.

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Selva, Verónica. "Diastereoselective multicomponent [3+2] and [4+2] cycloadditions." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/77573.

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En esta tesis doctoral se ha estudiado los iluros de azometino generados in situ en reacciones de cicloadición 1,3-dipolar y diferentes dipolarófilos para la síntesis multicomponente (libre de metales) de derivados de indolizidina a partir de pipecolinatos, aldehídos y dipolarofilos de forma térmica, y también a partir de ácido pipecólico de forma descarboxilada. También se ha estudiado la reacción de cicloadición 1,3-dipolar térmica multicomponente entre iluros de azometino no activados generados in situ a partir de aminas, aldehídos aromáticos y alquenos electrofílicos para generar derivados de pirrolidina.Además, se describe la síntesis de pirrolizidinas diastereoméricamente enriquecidas a partir de nitroprolinatos enantioméricamente puros a través de una cicloadición 1,3- dipolar multicomponente catalizada por una sal de plata y, por otro lado, una reacción de Amina-Aldehído-Dienófilo (AAD) para sintetizar estructuras ciclohex-2-en-1-ilprolinato como diastereoisómero enantiopuro único de forma multicomponente y libre de metales.
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Allart, Eric A. "Metal-promoted [3+2] and [4+2] cycloaddition reactions." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2008. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33615.

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Dicobalt complexes have been extensively used in synthetic chemistry to protect triple bonds, to form new carbon/carbon bonds using the Nicholas reaction and to form polycyclic molecules using the Pauson-Khand reaction. Using these dicobalt complexes, the formation of new carbon-heteroatom bonds was developed through [3+2] and [4+2] cycloaddition reactions via a stabilised dipole intermediate. Initial work carried out makes use of cyclopropanes substituted with a metal-alkyne complex towards the synthesis of tetrahydrofurans and pyrrolidines in good yields and with acceptable diastereoselectivity. The initial aim of the work described hereafter was to improve and expand the previous work carried out within the group. An alternative route using dihydrofurans as a cyclopropane surrogate was explored as well as other methods to form the cyclopropane in a-position to the alkyne. To extend the scope of the methodology, [4+2] cycloaddition reactions have been explored, using Nicholas carbocation. Various precursors have been prepared using a Knoevenagel condensation or an ene reaction. For the first time in synthetic chemistry, a novel [4+2] dipolar cycloaddition reaction from a cyclobutane has been developed. This reaction has opened a new way for the synthesis of six-membered heterocycles in a totally diastereoselective fashion using cyclobutane cores as precursors. A wide range of aldehydes was used as trapping reagents to form tetrahydropyrans in good yields up to 95% and with a good to total diastereoselectivity proven by nOe and X-Ray analyses. The use of other reagents such as ketones, imines and alkenes has been investigated· towards the formation of new six-membered rings as an extension of the methodology.
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Elggren, Sara. "No. 1-2-3-4! : (Motoric Key)." Thesis, Konstfack, Textil, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-5609.

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No. 1-2-3-4! (Motoric Key) consist of a weave series and a printed edition. Each piece with the outline 21x21 cm, a size similar to a hand, or a handkerchief, generic in the relation to a blueprint of a weave sample or a leaflet; a utilitarian object to use and be used. An economical outline that enables a mobility and simplicity of direction. A one made as one, one, one, through two years. A handkerchief tool. Potential efficiency, tunes and characters, stating the importance of listening as a way of working.
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Keogh, Melissa. "Research projects 1, 2, 3 and 4." Thesis, The Author [Mt. Helen, Vic.] :, 2002. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/56750.

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These projects deal with 2 different themes. Firstly the training of parents whose children suffer from DSM-IV attention-deficit /hyperactivity disorder. Secondly therapy for the treatment of separation disorder.
Doctor of Psychology (Clinical)
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Ludwig, Thomas. "Thermoanalytische und konstitutionelle Charakterisierung des Systems Si 3 N 4 -Y 2 O 3 -Al 2 O 3 -SiO 2." [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:93-opus-36377.

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Rau, Dorothée. "Elektronentransfer-induzierte [4+2]-Cycloadditionen an 3-Vinylindolen." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2005. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=981158072.

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Books on the topic "2 3 4 (Firm)"

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Christine, Edekins, and Rodriguez-Pagès Simon, eds. Deux, trois, quatre-- / [conception et réalisation, Christine Edekins, Simon Rodriguez-Pagès]. Paris: Archibooks, 2007.

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Arene, Olivier. Siège social, Rennes: 2 3 4. Paris: Archibooks + Sautereau éditeur, 2018.

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(Firm), 2. 3. 4. Ateliers 234. Pamplona, España: T6, 2008.

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1961-, Soygeniş Murat, ed. Yapı 1-2-3-4. İstanbul: Birsen Yayınevi, 2005.

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Webber, Sharon G. 2, 3, 4 "sequences galore". Greenville, SC: Super Duper School Co., 1999.

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Horvath, David. 1 2 3 4 U. New York: Random House Children's Books, 2009.

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Morisseau-Leroy, Félix. Dyakout 1, 2, 3, 4. Jamaica NY: Haïtiana Publications, 1990.

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Sun-Min, Kim, ed. 1 2 3 4 U. New York: Random House Children's Books, 2009.

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Ionesco, Eugène. Stories 1, 2, 3, 4. [San Francisco, Calif.?]: McSweeney's McMullens, 2012.

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Düren, Leopold-Hoesch-Museum der Stadt, ed. ZERO, 4, 3, 2, 1. Düsseldorf: Richter/Fey Verlag GmbH, 2012.

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Book chapters on the topic "2 3 4 (Firm)"

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Weismüller, Christoph. "Die Dinge therapieren? - Zu Terror, Trieb, Film und Fernsehen." In Therapie der Dinge?, 223–32. Bielefeld, Germany: transcript Verlag, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.14361/9783839464762-012.

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Können oder müssen die Dinge von den Menschen therapiert werden, oder sind die Dinge bereits die Therapie der Menschen? Die Antwort auf diese Frage und damit die zentrale These dieses Beitrags lauten: Beides ist der Fall! Diese Antwort wird anhand folgender Themenabschnitte entwickelt: 1. Die Fernsehserie In Therapie; 2. Psychoanalyse des terroristischen Attentats; 3. Der Film, die Television und das Triebgeschehen; 4. Die Wendung auf die Objektivität hin in der Serie In Therapie
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Parente, Joana, Marj Tonini, Malik Amraoui, and Mário Pareira. "Socioeconomic Impacts and Regional Drivers of Fire Management: The Case of Portugal." In Fire Hazards: Socio-economic and Regional Issues, 181–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50446-4_14.

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AbstractWildfires are uncontrolled and unwanted fires that usually occur in forested/rural areas and burn forests, agricultural areas, and wildlands. Land abandonment, with the consequent growth of the rural–urban interface, increases the exposure and vulnerability of fire-prone regions around the World. In the last two decades, Europe experienced a high number of wildfires causing large burnt areas mainly concentrated in the Mediterranean Basin. This high fire incidence seems to be the result of human activities including land use/land cover changes, but also of climate variability and change. In the present study, we analyse the current situation in Portugal, which is the European country with the highest total number of wildfires and the second-highest total burnt area. The spatial and temporal variability of the wildfires within the country is very heterogeneous, due to the human and biophysical drivers. In this regard, four main aspects are considered and discussed: (1) the spatial and temporal distribution of wildfires in mainland Portugal; (2) the main human and biophysical fire drivers; (3) socioeconomic impacts; and (4) the main strategies for fire risk mapping and management. The main results indicate high spatial heterogeneity of the fire incidence, with higher fire activity in the northern region than the southern region, mainly promoted by a higher irregular topography and significantly different types of climate and land use/land cover characteristics. We highlight how fire incidence is strongly dependent on many biophysical and human factors/drivers and the direct and indirect socioeconomic impacts of wildfires. Methodologies and indexes developed by Portuguese authorities to map fire risk and assess fire danger are described. The elements discussed in this chapter result from research and lessons learned in recent years on the fire regime in Portugal and Europe. These findings can contribute to improving forest, landscape, and fire management, in Mediterranean European countries which share similar characteristics.
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Tse, Eliza Ching-Yick. "Multinational Firm in Tourism." In Encyclopedia of Tourism, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_482-2.

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Staneva, Mila, and Stuart Elliott. "Measuring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics on the Workplace." In New Digital Work, 16–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-26490-0_2.

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AbstractUnderstanding how AI and robotics impact the workplace is fundamental for understanding the broader impact of these technologies on the economy and society. It can also help in developing realistic scenarios about how jobs and skill demand will be redefined in the next decades and how education systems should evolve in response. This chapter provides a literature review of studies that aim at measuring the extent to which AI and robotics can automate work. The chapter presents five assessment approaches: 1) an approach that focuses on occupational tasks and analyzes whether these tasks can be automated; 2) an approach that draws on information from patents to assess computer capabilities; 3) indicators that use AI-related job postings as a proxy for AI deployment in firms; 4) measures relying on benchmarks from computer science; 5) and an approach that compares computer capabilities to human skills using standardized tests developed for humans. The chapter discusses the differences between these measurement approaches and assesses their strengths and weaknesses. It concludes by formulating recommendations for future work.
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Buffo, Simonetta. "Fashion Film and OBC (Online Brand Community): The Co-authoring Dynamics." In Fashion Communication in the Digital Age, 262–68. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38541-4_24.

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AbstractThe aim of this research project is to investigate how fashion brands and their online communities begin a co-authoring process in fashion films. Since the early days, fashion market has always enriched its dreamlike imageries with garments and images [1], with the advent of internet, those dressed bodies could move, tell stories and spur deeper engagement. In fact, fashion films are the direct digital evolution of the static fashion magazine images. Transposed on the web, such images can now reach online brand communities who often start a debate on both the fashion film and the brand, thus nurturing the brand contents. This results in a typical communicative flow that we can commonly observe on social media, which has also been object of study by some academics [2–4]. However, the dynamics and inferences produced are not fully clear: the OBCs are often similar to black holes. In order to gain more clarity on the topic, this study compares different types of fashion film with OBCs profiles. The final goal is to outline several classes of engagement and verify the contribution this process has in generating (cultural) contents.
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Bradshaw, H. H. (Pete). "The Purpose of Business." In 4 × 4 Leadership and the Purpose of the Firm, 15–22. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315865423-3.

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Dajuma, Alima, Siélé Silué, Kehinde O. Ogunjobi, Heike Vogel, Evelyne Touré N’Datchoh, Véronique Yoboué, Arona Diedhiou, and Bernhard Vogel. "Biomass Burning Effects on the Climate over Southern West Africa During the Summer Monsoon." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1515–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_86.

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AbstractBiomass Burning (BB) aerosol has attracted considerable attention due to its detrimental effects on climate through its radiative properties. In Africa, fire patterns are anticorrelated with the southward-northward movement of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Each year between June and September, BB occurs in the southern hemisphere of Africa, and aerosols are carried westward by the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and advected at an altitude of between 2 and 4 km. Observations made during a field campaign of Dynamics-Aerosol-Chemistry-Cloud Interactions in West Africa (DACCIWA) (Knippertz et al., Bull Am Meteorol Soc 96:1451–1460, 2015) during the West African Monsoon (WAM) of June–July 2016 have revealed large quantities of BB aerosols in the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) over southern West Africa (SWA).This chapter examines the effects of the long-range transport of BB aerosols on the climate over SWA by means of a modeling study, and proposes several adaptation and mitigation strategies for policy makers regarding this phenomenon. A high-resolution regional climate model, known as the Consortium for Small-scale Modelling – Aerosols and Reactive Traces (COSMO-ART) gases, was used to conduct two set of experiments, with and without BB emissions, to quantify their impacts on the SWA atmosphere. Results revealed a reduction in surface shortwave (SW) radiation of up to about 6.5 W m−2 and an 11% increase of Cloud Droplets Number Concentration (CDNC) over the SWA domain. Also, an increase of 12.45% in Particulate Matter (PM25) surface concentration was observed in Abidjan (9.75 μg m−3), Accra (10.7 μg m−3), Cotonou (10.7 μg m−3), and Lagos (8 μg m−3), while the carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratio increased by 90 ppb in Abidjan and Accra due to BB. Moreover, BB aerosols were found to contribute to a 70% increase of organic carbon (OC) below 1 km in the PBL, followed by black carbon (BC) with 24.5%. This work highlights the contribution of the long-range transport of BB pollutants to pollution levels in SWA and their effects on the climate. It focuses on a case study of 3 days (5–7 July 2016). However, more research on a longer time period is necessary to inform decision making properly.This study emphasizes the need to implement a long-term air quality monitoring system in SWA as a method of climate change mitigation and adaptation.
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Roney, Jennifer Lynn. "Concentric Circles of Polish Life 4." In Webs of Resistance in a Newly Privatized Polish Firm, 41–62. New York: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003250098-3.

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Nation, I. S. P. "4/3/2." In The Twenty Most Effective Language Teaching Techniques, 147–56. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003496151-15.

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Weißgerber, Wilfried. "4 Wechselstromtechnik." In Elektrotechnik für Ingenieure 2, 1–185. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-09100-2_1.

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Conference papers on the topic "2 3 4 (Firm)"

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Zhu, Yanyan, Xiaoyan Yang, Jinrong Cheng, Shengwen Yu, Wenbiao Wu, and Zhongyan Meng. "Preparation and characterization of multiferroic CoFe 2 O 4 -Pb(Zr 0.53 Ti 0.47 )O 3 composite films." In Sixth International Conference on Thin Film Physics and Applications. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.792355.

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Frykfors, Carl-Otto. "From Firm Network to a Sector-System of Production and Innovation: A Case Study of Innovation Policy Initiative." In 18th Annual High Technology Small Firms Conference, HTSF 2010. University of Twente, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3990/2.268475509.

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This paper examines innovation policy making during the transition of innovative ideas into mature industries within building/construction and mineral extraction/mining industries. The main focus is how interaction occurs between major stakeholders and intermediating actors and how industrial change processes are orchestrated. A case study approach examines the rather complex processes occurring within industrial sector development. Two main success criteria were observed: (1) continuity in initial vision and leadership and (2) a clear intention to achieve strategic interplay and knowledge fusion between heterogonous industrial sectors. Currently, this has been achieved in a classic way using R&D and technology development approaches combined with explorative market development to co-ordinate and allow knowledge fusion between the sectors. The transition process is illustrated in four phases: (1) idea and start-up, (2) formation of a technical R&D programme and networking, (3) consolidation of actor networks and formation of an embryological innovation system, and (4) development of a more sector-based production and innovation system.
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Kumar, Amit, and K. L. Yadav. "Synthesis of novel multiferroic composite film of MnFe[sub 2]O[sub 4]-poly (vinylidene-fluoride)-BaTiO[sub 3]." In SOLID STATE PHYSICS: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 57TH DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2012. AIP, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4791479.

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Puke, Ieva, Anda Batraga, Jelena Salkovska, and Henrijs Kalkis. "Specific Marketing Capabilities for Improved Export Performance in Young Firms." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002655.

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The key challenge for young firms in export markets is to find the market opportunity and to develop an appropriate value proposition. The aim of this study is to identify the specific marketing capabilities that support the process of internationalization in young firms and to develop the model that links marketing capabilities to the export performance. The research model was tested within young exporting firm sample in Latvia. Quantitative data was analysed using factor analysis and structural equation modelling with PLS-SEM. This study identifies a unique set of marketing capabilities that enhance the export performance. Strategic marketing capabilities that have a positive effect on export performance are 1) customer engagement (the largest effect), 2) partner linking, 3) market sensing, 4) new product development and 5) strategic creativity capabilities. Firms need to develop cultural marketing capabilities - agility, proactivity, adaptiveness and openness to experiments in the export marketing process. This type of behaviour, particularly proactivity and openness to experiments, has a positive effect on export results and enhances the level of strategic marketing capabilities. The research model can be used by export firm managers and owners to improve the export performance and by government export promotion program leaders to develop and substantiate support tools and activities.
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Shimizu, D., H. Kobori, A. Yamasaki, A. Sugimura, T. Taniguchi, H. Kawanaka, A. Ando, T. Shimizu, Amitabha Ghoshray, and Bilwadal Bandyopadhyay. "Magnetoresistance Enhancement Of Half-metal Magnetite (Fe[sub 3]O[sub 4]) Thin Film On SiO[sub 2]-Glass Substrate." In MAGNETIC MATERIALS: International Conference on Magnetic Materials (ICMM-2007). AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2928942.

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Mendes, Sergio B., James Burke, S. Scott Saavedra, Lifeng Li, and Nasser Peyghambarian. "How to determine the spectral properties of a 3-nm thin film?" In Optical Interference Coatings. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oic.1998.thd.2.

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The optical characterization of ultra-thin films, such as molecular monolayers, is simultaneously a research tool for fundamental studies in molecule-interface interactions and an attractive configuration for a sensor platform. Molecular monolayers, which exhibit thickness of only a few nanometers, are attractive candidates for transducer layers in highly species-selective bio and chemical sensors. The planar waveguide is a configuration that has seen increasing use for research in thin film structure and surface characterization. The single mode planar waveguide, a substrate-supported dielectric layer, is an inherently sensitive geometry for probing ultra-thin films. At visible wavelengths, a single-mode planar waveguide supports up to several thousand reflections per cm of beam propagation using a ray optics model. This reflection density is about 4 orders of magnitude greater than using bulk optical elements in conventional attenuated total reflection (ATR) techniques, and yields a concomitantly much higher sensitivity. Nonetheless almost all-previous waveguide based studies have utilized monochromatic sources. Only a few works have reported spectroscopic detection either by using discrete laser lines1 or a monochromator2,3 to sequentially select a frequency to perform absorbance measurements.
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Mototani, Suguru, Shizuyasu Ochiai, Shinnya Tanabe, Asao Ohashi, Yoshiyuki Uchida, Kenzo Kojima, and Teruyoshi Mizutani. "Orientation and Electrical Conduction of Poly(3-hexylethiophene) Thin Film Prepared by Using a Different Solution-process Method." In 2006 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2006.d-4-2.

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Nakazumi, M., Y. Nishi, Y. Kito, and K. Iwahori. "Development of spinel-type ZnGa2O4 thin-film transistor and its application to flexible devices." In 2018 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2018.n-3-01.

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Akiyama, K., T. Ozaki, H. Higashijima, Y. Tanaka, T. Shibata, Y. Akasaka, and T. Kaitsuka. "Roles of Traps Generated in Al2O3 Film with respect to Memory Characteristics in MANOS." In 2009 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2009.g-2-4.

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Gao, F., T. Maeda, and T. Wada. "Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4-Type Thin Film Solar Cells Using Printing and High-Pressure Sintering Process." In 2013 International Conference on Solid State Devices and Materials. The Japan Society of Applied Physics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/ssdm.2013.n-5-3.

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Reports on the topic "2 3 4 (Firm)"

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Naim, Michael, Gary R. Takeoka, Haim D. Rabinowitch, and Ron G. Buttery. Identification of Impact Aroma Compounds in Tomato: Implications to New Hybrids with Improved Acceptance through Sensory, Chemical, Breeding and Agrotechnical Techniques. United States Department of Agriculture, October 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7585204.bard.

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The tomato, a profitable vegetable crop in both the USA and Israel, has benefited significantly from intensive breeding efforts in both countries, and elsewhere (esp. Holland). : Modem hybrids are highly prolific and resistant to a variety of major pests. They produce attractive, firm fruit for both processing and fresh-marketing. In all cases, however, reduction in flavor and aroma have occurred concomitantly with the increase in yield. Sugars-acids ratio dominate fruit taste, whereas aroma volatiles (potent at minute ppb and ppt levels) contribute to the total characteristic tomato flavor. An increase in sugars (1-2%) contributes significantly to tomato fruit taste. However, because of energy reasons, an increase in fruit sugars is immediately compensated for by a decrease in yield. Our main objectives were to: (a) pinpoint and identify the major impact aroma components of fresh tomato; (b) study the genetic and environmental effects on fruit aroma; (c) determine precursors of appealing (flavors) and repelling (off-flavors) aroma compounds in tomato. Addition of saturated salts blocked all enzymatic activities prior to isolation of volatiles by dynamic and static headspace, using solvent assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) from highly favored (FA-612 and FA-624) and less preferred (R 144 and R 175) tomato genotypes. Impact aroma components were determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC- MS) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The potent odorant (Z)-1,5-octadien-3-one, was identified for the first time in fresh tomato. From the ca. 400 volatile compounds in the headspace of fresh tomato, the following compounds are proposed to be impact aroma compounds: (Z)-3-hexenal, hexanal, 1-penten-3-one, 2-phenylethanol, (E)-2-hexenal, phenyl acetaldehyde, b-ionone, b-damascenone, 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethyl-3-(2H)-furanone (FuraneolR), (Z)-l,5-octadien-3-one, methional, 1-octen-3-one, guaiacol, (E,E)- and (E,Z)- 2,4-decadienal and trans- and cis-4,5-EPOXY -(E)-2-decenal. This confirms the initial hypothesis that only a small number of volatiles actually contribute to the sensation of fruit aroma. Tomato matrix significantly affected the volatility of certain impact aroma components and thus led to the conclusion that direct analysis of molecules in the headspace . may best represent access of tomato volatiles to the olfactory receptors. Significant differences in certain odorants were found between preferred and less-preferred cultivars. Higher consumer preference was correlated with higher concentrations of the following odorants: l-penten-3-one, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E,E)- and (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal and especially Furaneol, whereas lower consumer preference was associated with higher concentrations of methional, 3-methylbutyric acid, phenylacetaldehyde, 2-phenylethanol, and 2-isobutylthiazole. Among environmental factors (salinity, N source, growth temperature), temperature had significant effects on the content of selected aroma compounds (e.g., 3-methylbutanal, 1- penten-3-one, hexanal, (Z)-3-hexenal, (E)-2-hexenal, 2-isobutylthiazole, 6-methyl-5-hepten- 2-one, 1-octen-3-one, methional, 2-phenylethanal, phenyl acetaldehyde, and eugenol) in fresh tomatoes. Salt stress (20 mM NaCl) increased the content of odorants such as (Z)-3-hexenal, 2-phenylethanol and 3-methylbutanal in the R-144 cultivar whereas salinity had minor effects on 1-pentene-3-one, 2-isobutylthiazole and b-ionone. This fundamental knowledge obtained by comprehensive investigation, using modem chemical, sensory and agrotechnical methodology will assist future attempts to genetically modify the concentrations of key odorants in fresh tomatoes, and thus keep the tomato production of Israel and the USA competitive on the world market.
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Hunn, John D., Fred C. Montgomery, Tamara {Tammy} Jo Keever, Benjamin Roach, and Ralph Ilgner. Determination of Average Burnup in AGR-2 Compacts 3-3-1, 3-3-2, 2-2-2, and 6-4-2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1569364.

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Hunn, John D., Robert Noel Morris, Charles A. Baldwin, and Fred C. Montgomery. Safety testing of AGR-2 UO2 compacts 3-3-2 and 3-4-2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1222564.

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Stempien, John D. Heating Tests of AGR-2 Compact 6-4-1 Loose Kernels and AGR-3/4 Compacts 3-2 and 10-4. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1467395.

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Kashyap, Varsha, Jill Hooks, Asheq Rahman, and Md Borhan Uddin Bhuiyan. Institutional Determinants of Carbon Financial Accounting Practices. Unitec ePress, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.34074/ocds.084.

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This paper investigates how and why firms affected by Emissions Trading Schemes (ETSs) are financially accounting for carbon in a voluntary setting. Using institutional theory, the authors seek to identify the determinants of a firm’s decision to adopt a particular carbon financial accounting practice. We identify the recognition and measurement practices for carbon-emission allowances using data gathered from the annual reports of ETS-affected firms in Australia. These practices are identified in the five stages of carbon-emission allowance transactions, namely, when these are: (1) received for free, (2) purchased, (3) used, (4) sold, and (5) surrendered. Inconsistencies in carbon financial accounting practices are observed. The findings reveal that carbon-emission allowances are recorded as intangible assets, but most firms provide incomplete information on their carbon financial accounting practices. Firms also exhibit inconsistencies in specifying how they are ‘recognising’ and ‘measuring’ carbon-emission allowances. The results provide evidence of coercive (regulation) and mimetic (size, leverage, and listing status) pressures being the main determinants of carbon financial accounting practice.
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Helmreich, Grant, John Hunn, Fred Montgomery, and Darren Skitt. Radial Deconsolidation and Leach-Burn-Leach of AGR-3/4 Compacts 1-3, 4-3, 10-1, and 10-2. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1887677.

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Hunn, John D., Robert N. Morris, Charles A. Baldwin, Zachary M. Burns, Fred C. Montgomery, and Darren J. Skitt. Safety Testing of AGR-2 UCO Compacts 6-4-2 and 2-3-1. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), August 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1376621.

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Quirós, Rodolfo, and Mark D. Wenner. Agricultural Credit Card Innovation: The Case of Financiera Trisan. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008881.

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The purpose of this paper is to analyze a program that extends credit cards to agricultural input suppliers and rural producers in Costa Rica and to determine whether this program is financially viable and potentially replicable in other rural areas of Latin America. A credit card program is very innovative and unusual for a rural setting. Normally, credit cards have been promoted in urban areas with business firms and salaried employees who have steady cash flows. Credit cards in rural areas are not as common because potential clients, especially agricultural producers, have more seasonal and uncertain monthly cash flows. This paper seeks specifically (1) to recount the genesis of an agricultural credit card program; (2) to describe the product, the typical client, and service delivery methodology; (3) to analyze the financial performance of this product; and (4) to conclude with outstanding challenges facing the expansion and replication of the product.
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Glick, Mark. An Economic Defense of Multiple Antitrust Goals: Reversing Income Inequality and Promoting Political Democracy. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp181.

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Two recent papers by prominent antitrust scholars argue that a revived antitrust movement can help reverse the dramatic rise in economic inequality and the erosion of political democracy in the United States. Both papers rely on the legislative history of the key antitrust statutes to support their case. Not surprisingly, their recommendations have been met with alarm in some quarters and with skepticism in others. Such proposals by antitrust reformers are often contrasted with the Consumer Welfare Standard that pervades antitrust policy today. The Consumer Welfare Standard suffers from several defects: (1) It employs a narrow, unworkable measure of welfare; (2) It excludes important sources of welfare based on the assumption that antitrust seeks only to maximize wealth; (3) It assumes a constant and equal individual marginal utility of money; and (4) It is often combined with extraneous ideological goals. Even with these defects, however, if applied consistent with its theoretical underpinnings, the consideration of the transfer of labor rents resulting from a merger or dominant firm conduct is supported by the Consumer Welfare Standard. Moreover, even when only consumers (and not producers) are deemed relevant, the welfare of labor still should consistently be considered part of consumer welfare. In contrast, fostering political democracy—a prominent traditional antitrust goal that was jettisoned by the Chicago School—falls outside the Consumer Welfare Standard in any of its constructs. To undergird such important broader goals requires that the Consumer Welfare Standard be replaced with the General Welfare Standard. The General Welfare Standard consists of modern welfare economics modified to accommodate objective analyses of human welfare and purged of inconsistencies.
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Canto, Patricia, ed. 2022 Basque Country Competitiveness Report. Foundations of competitiveness in times of uncertainty. Universidad de Deusto, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/mhzr4339.

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In circumstances of high uncertainty, both recent performance and competitiveness fundamentals need to be well understood. Structured around our territorial competitiveness for wellbeing framework, the Basque Country Competitiveness. Report 2022 offers an analysis of the situation in the Basque Country, with the aim of identifying actions that will underpin future competitiveness beyond the current economic situation. The first chapter of this report presents an up-to-date analysis of the Basque Country’s performance in wellbeing and economic/business dimensions. The next two chapters analyse key dimensions of the structural context of the Basque Country: economic structure (Chapter 2) and demographics and personal values (Chapter 3). In turn, Chapter 4 analyses recent developments in the main indicators for the six dynamic levers of competitiveness in the Basque Country. In addition to pinpointing several specific points of action for each lever, the Report concludes with five priority cross-cutting actions to guide the activities of firms, governments and other stakeholders.
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