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Sharulatha, Venugopal, Anbazhagan Abinaya, Rajeswari M., and Sundaram Sivakamasundari. "Synthesis, characterization and molecular docking of N-aryl amides of pyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin2-ones as potential antibacterial agents." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 97, No. 9b, Sept 2020 (2020): 1584–89. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5665014.
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Department of Chemistry, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore-641 043, Tamil Nadu, India <em>E-mail:</em> abinayachemist@gmail.com <em>Manuscript received online 26 July 2020, accepted 30 August 2020</em> Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds play the most key role in the discovery of new drugs. Among all, pyrimidine pos­sesses a wide spectrum because of its positive pharmacological and biological properties. Some novel amides of pyrido[1,2- <em>a</em>]pyrimidine-2-one acetic acids were synthesized, and the structure of the products was confirmed by FTIR, Mass, <sup>1</sup>H NMR, and <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectral analysis. The compounds synthesized were evaluated for their <em>in vitro </em>antibacterial activity against <em>Ba­</em><em>cillus subtilis </em>and <em>Escherichia coli </em>by the disc diffusion method. All the compounds showed moderate antibacterial activity. Out of the all synthesized compounds(<em>Z</em>)-<em>N</em>-(naphthalene-2-yl)-2-(2-oxo-7-methyl-2<em>H</em>-pyrido[1,2-<em>a</em>]pyrimidin-3(4<em>H</em>)- ylidene)acetamide and (2-oxo-2<em>H</em>-pyrido[1,2-<em>a</em>]pyrimidin-3(4<em>H</em>)-ylidene)-<em>N</em>-phenylacetamide showed high sensitivity to the bac­teria <em>Bacillus subtilis. </em>While in case of <em>Escherichia coli </em>compound <em>N</em>-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-oxo-2<em>H</em>-pyrido[1,2-<em>a</em>]pyrimidin­3(4<em>H</em>)-ylidene)acetamide showed higher activity. Further the newly synthesized compounds docking studies were performed against the active site of 1T9U and 3UZ0 protein. The compound (<em>Z</em>)-<em>N</em>-(naphthalene-2-yl)-2-(2-oxo-7-methyl-2<em>H</em>-pyrido[1,2-<em>a</em>]pyrimidin-3(4<em>H</em>)ylidene)acetamide possess great binding affinity towards 3UZ0 and 1T9U bacterial protein targets and possess bioavailability. Based on the docking result, we claim that (<em>Z</em>)-<em>N</em>-(naphthalene-2-yl)-2-(2-oxo-7-methyl-2<em>H</em>-pyrido[1,2-<em>a</em>]pyrimidin-3(4<em>H</em>)-ylidene)acetamide could serve as an effective antimicrobial compound to treat bacterial infections.
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Byers, Jeffrey H., Michael P. Duff, and Gregory W. Woo. "A one-step radical synthesis of pyrrol-2-acetic acids." Tetrahedron Letters 44, no. 36 (2003): 6853–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-4039(03)01714-3.
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Zarei, Maaroof. "One-step Synthesis of β-lactams Using Cyanuric Fluoride". Journal of Chemical Research 37, № 1 (2013): 25–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751912x13545429290478.
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Cyanuric fluoride works as an efficient acid activator reagent for the direct [2+2] ketene–imine cycloaddition of substituted acetic acids and imines in a one-pot synthesis under mild conditions. The yields are good to excellent and the reaction conditions are mild, simple and efficient.
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Hussein, Waleed M., and Ross P. McGeary. "Use of Ethyl (Benzothiazol-2-ylsulfonyl)acetate for Malonic Ester-type Syntheses of Carboxylic Acids and Esters." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 9 (2014): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14085.
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A new methodology for the synthesis of substituted carboxylic acids is described. Alkylation of either ethyl (benzothiazol-2-ylsulfonyl)acetate or ethyl 2-(benzothiazol-2-ylsulfonyl)propionate was achieved with alkyl halides and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene (DBU) in dichloromethane solution. These products were then desulfinated and hydrolysed in one-pot under mild conditions to give substituted acetic acids in good-to-excellent yields.
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Lynch, DE, G. Smith, KA Byriel, and CHL Kennard. "Molecular Cocrystals of Carboxylic Acids. I. The Crystal Structures of the Adducts of Indole-3-acetic-Acid With Pyridin-2(1H)-one, 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic Acid and 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene." Australian Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 6 (1991): 809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9910809.
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Three molecular cocrystal adducts of the plant hormone indole-3-acetic acid ( iaa ) have been prepared and their structures determined by X-ray diffraction. They are indole-3-acetic acid-bis [pyridin-2(1H)-one] (1), indole-3-acetic acid-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (2) and indole-3-acetic acid-1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (3). Complexes (2) and (3), which may be prepared in a solid-state reaction, are orange and are structurally similar, having significant π-π indole -benzene ring interactions. However, the colourless complex (1) shows no π-π ring interactions. In complex (2), the 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid molecules form hydrogen-bonded cyclic dimers (O…O, 2.64 Ǻ), while in (3) the indole-3-acetic acid molecules form dimers (O…O, 2.66 Ǻ). This feature contrasts with the structure of adduct (1) in which the pyridin-2(1H)-one molecules exist as dimers [N…O, 2.79, 2.74 Ǻ] analogous to those found in the parent compound.
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Zhang, Jun-Wei, Jin-Hui Xue, Hua-He Zhang, Fan Xu, Qing-Guang Chen, and Jing-Hua Li. "Reaction of Meldrum's Acid with an Aminomethylating Agent and Nitroalkanes." Journal of Chemical Research 41, no. 2 (2017): 72–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/174751917x14839766277251.
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5-(2-Nitroalkyl)isopropylidene malonate and 5,5&prime;-(2-nitro-1,3-propylidene)bis(isopropylidene malonate) were easily synthesised by one-pot tandem reaction of substituted Meldrum's acids with the aminomethylating agent (Me2NCH2OAc) and nitroalkanes in the presence of a weak acid, such as acetic acid.
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Nováková, Zdena, Jana Tomanová, Lucie Štěrbová, and Pavel Drašar. "Steroid and bile acids amide conjugates with D-glucosamine." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 76, no. 1 (2011): 65–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc2010105.
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New type of amide conjugates of steroid and bile acids with D-glucosamine 1 and 2 were prepared. Title compounds are prepared via acid chloride or using N-[({[(1E)-1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidene]amino}oxy)(dimethylamino)methylidene]-N-methylmethanaminium tetrafluoroborate as condensation agent. They were examined for gelation properties with negative results. Per-O-acetylated D-glucosamine hydrochloride was prepared in one step procedure from D-glucosamine hydrochloride by acetylation in a mixture of acetyl chloride and acetic acid.
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Haase, R., and R. Lorenz. "Enthalpies of Mixing for Binary Liquid Mixtures of Monocarbonic Acids and Alcohols." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 40, no. 9 (1985): 947–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1985-0915.
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We present the results of calorimetric measurements of the molar enthalpy of mixing (molar excess enthalpy) H̄E as a function of temperature and composition (described by the mole fraction x of the alcohol) for 18 binary liquid systems consisting of an aliphatic monocarbonic acid (formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, valeric acids) and an aliphatic alcohol (methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol. 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol). The experiments cover temperatures between 298.15 K and 318.15 K and the whole range of compositions (usually nearly 40 compositions at each temperature). There is a great variety of behaviour as far as the function H̄E(x) for T= const is concerned. Many systems show endothermic mixing ( H̄E > 0), other systems exothermic mixing (H̄E < 0), again other systems partly endothermic, partly exothermic behaviour. There is one case (acetic acid + 2-methyl-2-propanol) where H̄E(x) changes its sign twice and the molar excess heat capacity exhibits unusually large negative values.
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Shilin, Serhiy, Olga Shablykina, Igor Levkov, Oleksandra Bugera, and Zoia Voitenko. "6-Oxyindan-1-ones with dipeptide chains." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 2 (2019): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv7i2p111-119.
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Through N-acylation of a- or b-amino acid units by 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yloxy)acetic acid using the method of N-hydroxysuccinimide esters new dipeptide indan-1-one derivatives were obtained. In general, the direct interaction of the acetic carboxyl group of the substrate with the amino group of the a- or b-dipeptide is a more productive strategy than the sequential peptidic condensation of the two amino acids.
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Midtvedt, Ann‐Christine, and Tore Midtvedt. "Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids by the Intestinal Microflora During the First 2 Years of Human Life." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 15, no. 4 (1992): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1992.tb10770.x.
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SummaryWe have followed the establishment of one group of intestinal microflora‐associated characteristics, namely, the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), in 30 healthy children, by gas chromatography analysis of fecal samples taken at 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 months of age. Acetic and propionic acids were the principal SCFAs at 1 and 3 months. Successively, the production of iso‐ and n‐butyric, valeric, and caproic acids was established. At 2 years, the absolute amounts of all SCFAs with the exception of n‐valeric acid had reached adult values. However, not all children had achieved a typically adult range of stool SCFAs by the end of the study. Both absolute and relative amounts of SCFAs were influenced by exposure to foods other than breast milk and exposure to antibiotic therapy. After standardization for exposure to foods other than breast milk, a positive age factor could be seen between 0 and 1 month of age for total amounts produced of SCFAs, acetic, propionic, and n‐butyric acids. After this time, however, no clear age factor could be distinguished.
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Smith, Graham, and Daniel E. Lynch. "Two-dimensional coordination polymeric structures in caesium complexes with ring-substituted phenoxyacetic acids." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 70, no. 6 (2014): 606–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229614010596.
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The two-dimensional polymeric structures of the caesium complexes with the phenoxyacetic acid analogues (4-fluorophenoxy)acetic acid, (3-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid and the herbicidally active (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), namely poly[[μ5-(4-fluorophenoxy)acetato][μ4-(4-fluorophenoxy)acetato]dicaesium], [Cs2(C8H6FO3)2]n, (I), poly[aqua[μ5-(3-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetato]caesium], [Cs(C9H8ClO3)(H2O)]n, (II), and poly[[μ7-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetato][(2,4-dichlorphenoxy)acetic acid]caesium], [Cs(C8H5Cl2O3)(C8H6Cl2O3)]n, (III), are described. In (I), the Cs+cations of the two individual irregular coordination polyhedra in the asymmetric unit (one CsO7and the other CsO8) are linked by bridging carboxylate O-atom donors from the two ligand molecules, both of which are involved in bidentate chelateOcarboxy,Ophenoxyinteractions, while only one has a bidentate carboxylateO,O′-chelate interaction. Polymeric extension is achieved through a number of carboxylate O-atom bridges, with a minimum Cs...Cs separation of 4.3231 (9) Å, giving layers which lie parallel to (001). In hydrated complex (II), the irregular nine-coordination about the Cs+cation comprises a single monodentate water molecule, a bidentateOcarboxy,Ophenoxychelate interaction and six bridging carboxylate O-atom bonding interactions, giving a Cs...Cs separation of 4.2473 (3) Å. The water molecule forms intralayer hydrogen bonds within the two-dimensional layers, which lie parallel to (100). In complex (III), the irregular centrosymmetric CsO6Cl2coordination environment comprises two O-atom donors and two ring-substituted Cl-atom donors from two hydrogen bis[(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetate] ligand species in a bidentate chelate mode, and four O-atom donors from bridging carboxyl groups. The duplex ligand species lie across crystallographic inversion centres, linked through a short O—H...O hydrogen bond involving the single acid H atom. Structure extension gives layers which lie parallel to (001). The present set of structures of Cs salts of phenoxyacetic acids show previously demonstrated trends among the alkali metal salts of simple benzoic acids with no stereochemically favourable interactive substituent groups for formation of two-dimensional coordination polymers.
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Mansoorian, Bahareh, Emilie Combet, Areej Alkhaldy, Ada L. Garcia, and Christine Ann Edwards. "Impact of Fermentable Fibres on the Colonic Microbiota Metabolism of Dietary Polyphenols Rutin and Quercetin." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 2 (2019): 292. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020292.
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Dietary fibre and polyphenols are both metabolised to short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and phenolic acids (PA) by the colonic microbiota. These may alter microbiota growth/diversity, but their interaction is not understood. Interactions between rutin and raftiline, ispaghula or pectin were investigated in human faecal batch cultures (healthy participants; 19–33 years, 4 males, 6 females, BMI 18.4–27.4) after a low (poly)phenol diet three days prior to study. Phenolic acids were measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and SCFAs by gas chromatography-flame ionisation after 2, 4, 6, and 24 h. Rutin fermentation produced Phenyl acetic acid (PAA), 4-Hydroxy benzoic acid (4-OHBA), 3-Hydroxy phenyl acetic acid (3-OHPAA), 4-Hydroxy phenyl acetic acid (4-OHPAA), 3,4-Dihydroxy phenyl acetic acid (3,4-diOHPAA), 3-Hydroxy phenyl propionic acid (3-OHPPA), and 4-Hydroxy phenyl propionic acid (4-OHPPA). 3,4-DiOHPAA and 3-OHPAA were predominant at 6 h (1.9 ± 1.8 µg/mL, 2.9 ± 2.5 µg/mL, and 0.05 ± 0.0 µg/mL, respectively) and 24 h (5.5 ± 3.3 µg/mL, 3.1 ± 4.2 µg/mL, and 1.2 ± 1.6 µg/mL). Production of all PA except 3-OHPPA and 4-OHPPA was reduced by at least one fibre. Inhibition of PA was highest for rutin (8-fold, p < 0.01), then pectin (5-fold, p < 0.01), and ispaghula (2-fold, p = 0.03). Neither rutin nor quercetin had a detectable impact on SCFA production. These interactions should be considered when assessing dietary polyphenols and potential health benefits.
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Yates, Peter, and Magdy Kaldas. "The synthesis of norbornanes with functionalized carbon substituents at a bridgehead. 1-(3-Oxonorborn-1-yl)ethanone and 1-(3-oxonorborn-1-yl)-2-propanone." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 5 (1992): 1492–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v92-185.
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Treatment of 2-norobornene-1-carboxylic acid (7) with one equivalent of methyllithium in ether followed by a second molar equivalent after dilution with tetrahydrofuran gave 1-(norborn-2-en-lyl)ethanone (10) and only a trace of the tertiary alcohol 11. Reaction of 7 with formic acid followed by hydrolysis gave a 4:3 mixture of exo-3- and exo-2-hydroxynorbornane-1-carboxylic acid (16 and 17), whereas oxymercuration–demercuration gave only the exo-3-hydroxy isomer 16. Oxidation of 16 and 17 gave 3- and 2-oxonorbornane-1-carboxylic acid (27 and 29), respectively. Oxymercuration–demercuration of 10 gave exclusively 1-(exo-3-hydroxynorborn-1-yl)ethanone (30), which was also prepared by treatment of 16 with methyllithium in analogous fashion to that used for the conversion of 7 to 10. Oxidation of 30 gave 1-(3-oxonorborn-1-yl)ethanone (1). Dehydrobromination of exo-2-bromonorbornane-1-acetic acid and dehydration of 2-hydroxy-norbornane-2-acetic acid derivatives gave 1-(norborn-2-ylidene) acetic acid derivatives to the exclusion of norborn-2-ene-1 -acetic acid derivatives. Treatment of exo-5-acetyloxy-2-norobornanone (52) with ethyl bromoacetate and zinc gave ethyl exo-5-acetyloxy-2-hydroxynorbornane-(exo- and endo-2-acetate (53 and 54). Reaction of 53 with hydrogen bromide gave initially ethyl endo-3-acetyloxy-exo-6-bromonorbornane-1-acetate (59), which was subsequently converted to a mixture of 59 and its exo-3-acetyloxy epimer 61. Catalytic hydrogenation of this mixture gave a mixture of ethyl endo- and exo-3-acetyloxynorbornane-1 -acetate (62 and 63). Basic hydrolysis of this gave a mixture of the corresponding hydroxy acids, 70 and 71; the former was slowly converted to the latter at pH 5. Oxidation of the mixture of 70 and 71 gave 3-oxonorbornane-1-acetic acid (72). Treatment of the mixture with methyllithium as for 16 gave a mixture of 1-(endo- and exo-3-hydroxynorborn-1-yl)-2-propanone (73 and 74), which was oxidized to 1-(3-oxo-norborn-1-yl)-2-propanone (2). Reaction of exo-2-hydroxynorbornane-1-acetic acid lactone (75) with methyllithium in ether gave (1-(exo-2-hydroxynorborn-1-yl)-2-propanone (76), which on oxidation gave the 2-oxo isomer 78 of 2.
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Al-Kuhla, A. A. M. "The Effect of Malic and Acetic Acid Added to Drinking Water on Some Biochemical Blood Measurements in Quail." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1449, no. 1 (2025): 012032. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1449/1/012032.
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Abstract In the current research, 120 local male quails were used to study the effects of adding malic and acetic acids individually and as a combination to drinking water on quail production performance and intestinal histomorphometry. Quails were divided into 4 groups, with 3 replicates for each group and each replicate included 10 birds. group one stood for the control group, which was free of any additives. malic and acetic acid respectively were added to drinking water of the second and the third groups with a percentage of 0.025%. from the other hand, group four had drinking water to which malic and acetic acids were added with a percentage of 0.025%. finally, all birds were slaughtered, blood samples were taken, blood was analyzed, and biochemical measurements were taken. where it was found that adding organic acids increases blood sugar levels compared to the control group [group 1]. Group 4, which contains a mixture of acetic acid and malic acid, shows the highest blood sugar level. The results also showed that adding malic acid to group 2 reduces the total cholesterol level compared to the control group and other groups, while group 3, which contains acetic acid, shows a cholesterol level similar to the control group. The results showed that there was a positive effect of malic acid on reducing the levels of urea and creatinine in the blood, and thus an improvement in the kidney function. The results also showed a similar positive effect of acetic acid on improving kidney function through reducing the levels of urea and creatinine.
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Didyk, O. K. "Assessment of the functional state of gut microbiota in patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease in combination with type 2 diabetes mellitus." GASTROENTEROLOGY 58, no. 1 (2024): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.22141/2308-2097.58.1.2024.586.
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Background. The purpose of the study was to assess the functional state of gut microbiota in patients with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) combined with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Materials and methods. The prospective interventional randomized study included 71 patients with MAFLD in combination with T2DM, who were examined and divided into the 2 groups. The first group included 39 people with MAFLD and T2DM without small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO). The second group consisted of 32 patients with MAFLD in combination with T2DM and SIBO. The control group included 25 practically healthy patients. The content of serum zonulin was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using test systems IDK Zonulin ELISA, KR5601. Serum concentration of interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-10 was assessed by the ELISA method using the Human Interleukin 6 and 10 ELISA Kit test systems. The content of short-chain fatty acids in feces was determined by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry in the PerkinElmer Clarus 680 GC Gas Chromatograph. Results. Patients of the first and second groups had an increase in hepatic aminotransferases, total cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, glycosylated hemoglobin, serum zonulin, leptin, IL-6 and liver attenuation coefficient and a decrease in high-density lipoprotein. The results of steatometry revealed a severe degree of hepatic steatosis (S3) in patients with MAFLD combined with T2DM and SIBO and without SIBO. During the quantitative study of the level of butyric acid in feces, it was found to be significantly reduced, by 2.3 times in the first group and by 3.4 times in the second one, compared to the controls (p < 0.001). The content of butyric acid was decreased by 1.4 times in the second group compared to the first one (p < 0.001). When evaluating the level of acetic acid, it was found to be significantly increased compared to the controls, by 1.2 times in the first group and by 1.3 times in the second one (p < 0.001). The concentration of propionic acid was increased by 1.3 times in the first group and by 1.5 times in the second one compared the control group (p < 0.05). When comparing the level of acetic acid, a significant increase by 1.3 times was observed in patients of the first and second groups compared to patients of the control group (p < 0.001). The content of propionic and acetic acids was increased by 1.1 times in the second group compared to patients of the first group (p < 0.05). When analyzing the correlation coefficients in patients with MAFLD combined with T2DM and SIBO and without SIBO, a direct proportional strong correlation was revealed between the levels of butyric, acetic and propionic acids and serum zonulin, IL-6, IL-10. A direct moderate correlation was found between the content of short-chain fatty acids and leptin, indicators of lipid metabolism (total cholesterol, triglycerides), carbohydrate metabolism (fasting blood glucose, HOMA-IR, HbA1c) and inverse weak correlation with high-density lipoprotein. A direct moderate correlation was revealed between levels of short-chain fatty acids and indicators of functional activity of the liver (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase), liver attenuation coefficient in patients with MAFLD combined with T2DM and SIBO and without SIBO. Conclusions. Increased intestinal permeability and hyperleptinemia have been found in patients with МAFLD combined with T2DM and SIBO and without SIBO. When studying the functional state of the gut microbiota, an increase was found in propionic and acetic acids and a decrease in butyric acid, which indicates an increase in the number of Bacteroidetes in the intestine and a decrease in Firmicutes. Patients with MAFLD combined with Т2DM and SIBO and without SIBO had a direct proportional strong correlation between the levels of butyric, acetic and propionic acids and serum zonulin, IL-6, IL-10, which is associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes in the intestinal mucosa and a violation of the permeability of the intestinal barrier. It was found that concentrations of short-chain fatty acids correlate with indicators of functional activity of the liver (alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase), leptin, indicators of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, degree of hepatic steatosis.
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Cuffia, Facundo, Carina Viviana Bergamini, Irma Verónica Wolf, Erica Ruth Hynes, and María Cristina Perotti. "Influence of the culture preparation and the addition of an adjunct culture on the ripening profiles of hard cheese." Journal of Dairy Research 86, no. 1 (2019): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029918000870.
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AbstractThe aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of two factors on the ripening profiles of hard cooked cheeses: (F1) the growth medium for the primary and adjunct cultures, constituted by autochthonous strains: Lactobacillus helveticus 209 (Lh209) and Lactobacillus paracasei 90 (Lp90), respectively, and (F2) the addition of L. paracasei Lp90 as adjunct culture. Four types of cheeses were made: W and M cheeses in which only Lh209 was added after its growth in whey and MRS, respectively; Wa and Ma cheeses in which both strains (Lh209 and Lp90) were added after their growth in whey and MRS, respectively. Physicochemical and microbial composition, proteolysis and profiles of organic acids and volatile compounds were analyzed. According to the methodology of the cultures preparation, W and Wa cheeses showed a higher level of secondary proteolysis and lower level of primary proteolysis (P < 0·05), lower content of citric and acetic acids and higher amount of propionic acid (P < 0·05), in comparison with M and Ma cheeses. The incorporation of Lp90 increased the secondary proteolysis (P < 0·05), decreased the citric acid (P < 0·05), and increased the propionic acid only when was added after their growth in whey (P < 0·05). Both factors significantly modified the percentages of the volatile compounds grouped in chemical families; in addition, for the half of the compounds detected, significant differences were found. Based on the obtained results, the use of Lp90 as an adjunct in hard cooked cheeses, and the preincubation of the cultures in whey are strategies to accelerate the cheese ripening and to enhance the production of some characteristic compounds of this type of cheeses, such as propan-2-one, hexan-2-one, 2- and 3-methyl butanal, heptan-2-ol, acetic and 3-methylbutanoic acids and 3-hydroxy butan-2-one.
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Azev, V. N., A. N. Chulin, M. V. Molchanov та A. I. Miroshnikov. "Derivatives of (5-Oxooxazolidin-4-yl)acetic acids in aspartic acid α-carboxyl protection: a word of caution". Биоорганическая химия 50, № 3 (2024): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0132342324030084.
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Isomeric products could be isolated in a reaction of pentafluorophenyl ester of (S)-2-(3-((benzyloxy)-carbonyl)-5-oxooxazolidin-4-yl)acetic acid with aminoacid esters. One product is an expected dipeptide, the isomeric one is an N-hydroxymethylamino succinimide – a product of methylene bridge cleavavge. Steric bulkness of aminoacid esters favors the formation of a peptide, however the reaction selectivity is quite unpredicatable. Moreover, the precise structure assignement requires high-temperature NMR experiments.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Synthesis and Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity of several new Maleimides to Benzothiazole moiety." Baghdad Science Journal 10, no. 3 (2013): 658–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.10.3.658-672.
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In this work, a series of new maleimides linked to substituted benzothiazole moiety were synthesized. Synthesis of these new cyclic imides were performed via three steps, the first one involved preparation of a series of 2-aminobenzothiazole substituted with different substituents via reaction of different primary aromatic amines with ammonium thiocyanate and bromine in glacial acetic acid. The prepared 2- amino benzothiozoles were introduced in the second step in reaction with maleic anhydride producing a series of N-(substituted benzothiazole-2-yl) maleamic acids.The resulted maleamic acids were dehydrated in the third step via treatment with acetic anhydride and anhydrous sodium acetate to afford a series of the desirable N-(substituted benzothiazole -2-yl) maleimides.The synthesized maleimides were screened for thier antibacterial activity against two types of bacteria including (staphylococcus aureus) Gram positive and (Klebsiella pneumoniae) Gram negative bacteria respectively.Antifungal activity of the prepared imides also were tested against (Candida albicans) fungi.The new compounds were found to exhibit good antibacterial and antifungal activities.
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Azzawi, Ahlam Marouf AL, and Suroor Abdul Rhahman Mahdi. "Synthesis and Evaluation of Antimicrobial activity of several new Maleimides to Benzothiazole moiety." Baghdad Science Journal 10, no. 3 (2013): 658–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2013.10.3.658-672.
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In this work, a series of new maleimides linked to substituted benzothiazole moiety were synthesized. Synthesis of these new cyclic imides were performed via three steps, the first one involved preparation of a series of 2-aminobenzothiazole substituted with different substituents via reaction of different primary aromatic amines with ammonium thiocyanate and bromine in glacial acetic acid. The prepared 2- amino benzothiozoles were introduced in the second step in reaction with maleic anhydride producing a series of N-(substituted benzothiazole-2-yl) maleamic acids.The resulted maleamic acids were dehydrated in the third step via treatment with acetic anhydride and anhydrous sodium acetate to afford a series of the desirable N-(substituted benzothiazole -2-yl) maleimides.The synthesized maleimides were screened for thier antibacterial activity against two types of bacteria including (staphylococcus aureus) Gram positive and (Klebsiella pneumoniae) Gram negative bacteria respectively.Antifungal activity of the prepared imides also were tested against (Candida albicans) fungi.The new compounds were found to exhibit good antibacterial and antifungal activities.
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Lu, Ying, JiaYin Li, MiLu Li, Xia Hu, Jun Tan, and Zhong Hua Liu. "Efficient Counter-Current Chromatographic Isolation and Structural Identification of Two New Cinnamic Acids from Echinacea Purpurea." Natural Product Communications 7, no. 10 (2012): 1934578X1200701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1200701026.
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Two new cinnamic acids, 2- O-caffeoyl-3- O-isoferuloyltartaric (3), and 2, 3-di- O-isoferuloyltartaric acid (5), along with three known caffeic acids, cichoric acid (1), 2- O-caffeoyl-3- O-feruloyltartaric acid (2) and 2- O- caffeoyl-3- O-p-coumaroyltartaric acid (4), have been successfully isolated and purified from Echinacea purpurea. In this study, we investigated an efficient method for the preparative isolation and purification of cinnamic acids from E. purpurea by high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC). The separation was performed using a two-phase solvent composed of n-hexane-ethyl-acetate-methanol-0.5% aqueous acetic acid (1:3:1:4, v/v). The upper phase was used as the stationary phase and the lower phase as the mobile phase, with a flow rate of 1.6 mL/min. From 250 mg of crude extracts, 65.1 mg of 1, 8.3 mg of 2, 4.0 mg of 3, 4.5 mg of 4, and 4.3 mg of 5 were isolated in one-step, with purities of 98.5%, 97.7%, 94.6%, 94.3%, and 98.6%, respectively, as evaluated by HPLC-DAD. The chemical structures were identified by electro spray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) and one- and two-dimensional NMR spectra. HSCCC was very efficient for the separation and purification of the cinnamic acids from E. purpurea.
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Lynch, DE, G. Smith, KA Byriel, CHL Kennard, AK Whittaker, and JV Hanna. "Molecular Cocrystals of Carboxylic Acids. XVII. Spectral Characterization of the Adducts of Triphenylphosphine Oxide With Substituted Phenoxyacetic Acids and the Crystal Structure of the 1 : 1 Adduct With (4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic Acid." Australian Journal of Chemistry 47, no. 7 (1994): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9941401.
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A series of 1:1 molecular adducts of triphenylphosphine oxide ( tppo ) with substituted phenoxyacetic acids has been prepared and characterized by using infrared, solid-state 1H and 31P n.m.r. spectroscopy, and X-ray powder diffraction methods. The crystal structure of one of these, with the herbicidally active (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid ( mcpa ),[( tppo )( mcpa )], has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. This compound is isomorphous with the tppo adduct of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid. The title compound has two independent and different molecular adducts in the asymmetric unit each with strong hydrogen-bonding interactions between the carboxylic acid proton and the phosphoryl oxygen of tppo [O...O, 2.579, 2.647(9)Ǻ].
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Mayangsari, Cholivia, Gunanti Mahasri, and Ahmad Shofy Mubarak. "Collagen Extraction from Red Snapper (Lutjanus malabaricus) Scales via Hydroextraction: Toward Nanocollagen Development." Journal of Marine and Coastal Science 14, no. 2 (2025): 101–14. https://doi.org/10.20473/jmcs.v14i2.72271.
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Generally, collagen is isolated using acid, base and enzymatic hydrolysis methods. However, this has the constraint of the length of time for the release of procollagen to produce collagen. Acetic acid hydrolysis combined with the hydroextraction method is one alternative to produce quality collagen. The use of acetic acid in the extraction of red snapper scales (Lutjanus malabaricus) will produce H+ ions to release procollagen in the raw material. The study aims to evaluate the potential of red snapper (L. malabaricus) scales as a collagen source through the hydroextraction method for the development of nanocollagen formulations. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD). Isolation of red snapper scales collagen using acetic acid solvent concentrations of 1 M; 1.5 M and 2 M with a hydrolysis time of 2 hours and hydroextraction for 2 hours with three repetitions. The parameters observed in this study were the proximate of collagen raw materials, collagen yield, and collagen amino acids. The data analysis results were tested statistically using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey's further test. The best result of collagen isolation from red snapper (L. malabaricus) scales was achieved using 2 M acetic acid hydrolysis combined with hydroextraction. This study demonstrated that the combination of different acetic acid concentrations with hydroextraction had a significant effect (P<0.05) on collagen yield parameters. The amino acid content consisted of 22.37% glycine and 12.45% proline. These findings indicate that red snapper (L. malabaricus) scales have the potential to be developed as a raw material for nanocollagen developments.
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Cihanoğlu, Aydın, Gönül Gündüz, and Meral Dükkancı. "Influence of ultrasound on the heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation of acetic acid." Water Science and Technology 76, no. 10 (2017): 2793–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.416.
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Abstract The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of ultrasound on the heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation of acetic acid, which is one of the most resistant carboxylic acids to oxidation. For this purpose, firstly, the degradation of acetic acid was examined by using ultrasound alone and the effects of different parameters such as: type of sonication system, ultrasonic power, and addition of H2O2 were investigated on the degradation of acetic acid. There was no chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction in the presence of sonication alone. In the presence of the heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation process alone, at 303 K, COD reduction reached only 7.1% after 2 h of reaction. However, the combination of the heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation process with ultrasound increased the COD reduction from 7.1% to 25.5% after 2 h of reaction in an ultrasonic bath operated at 40 kHz, while the COD reduction only increased from 7.1% to 8.9% in the ultrasonic reactor operated at 850 kHz. This result indicates that the hybrid process of ultrasound and heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation is a promising process to degrade acetic acid.
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Roy, Siddhartha, Desh Deepak Singh, and M. Vijayan. "X-ray studies on crystalline complexes involving amino acids and peptides. XLII. Adipic acid complexes of L- and DL-arginine and supramolecular association in arginine–dicarboxylic acid complexes." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science 61, no. 1 (2005): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108768104030010.
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The adipic acid complexes of DL-arginine and L-arginine are made up of zwitterionic, singularly positively charged arginium ions and doubly negatively charged adipate ions, with a 2:1 stoichiometry. One of the two crystallographically independent arginium ions in the L-arginine complex has a conformation hitherto unobserved in crystal structures containing the amino acid. In the present study the structural data on arginine complexes of saturated dicarboxylic acids with 0–5 C atoms separating the two carboxyl functions are given. In terms of molecular aggregation, formic and acetic acid complexes behave in a similar way to those involving fairly long carboxylic acids such as adipic acid. By and large, the supramolecular assembly in complexes involving dicarboxylic acids with 3 or more C atoms separating the carboxyl groups (glutaric, adipic and pimelic acids), and those involving formic and acetic acids, have common features. The aggregation patterns in complexes involving oxalic, malonic and maleic acids do not share striking features among themselves (except for the mode of hydrogen-bonded dimerization of arginium ions) or with those involving larger dicarboxylic acids. Complexes of succinic acid, the shortest linear dicarboxylic acid, share features with those involving shorter as well as longer dicarboxylic acids. The difference in the behaviour of long and short dicarboxylic acids and the ambiguous behaviour of succinic acid can be broadly related to their lengths.
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BABUCHOWSKI, ANDRZEJ, EARL G. HAMMOND, and BONITA A. GLATZ. "Survey of Propionibacteria for Ability to Produce Propionic and Acetic Acids." Journal of Food Protection 56, no. 6 (1993): 493–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.6.493.
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Ninety strains of Propionibacterium were screened for their ability to lower the pH of maltose broths. Strains attaining a pH &lt;5 in enriched maltose broth consisted of 12 strains of Propionibacterium acidipropionici, 2 of Propionibacterium jensenii, and 3 of Propionibacterium thoenii. These 17 strains were further tested for their ability to produce propionic acid on maltose, lactose, lactate, and starch and their ability to produce propionic acid on various concentrations of maltose and lactate between 0.5 and 5.0%. On the basis of these tests, strains were selected to be tested in a batch fermentor for their ability to produce propionic acid on a substrate of partially hydrolyzed corn. P. acidipropionici P9 proved to be one of the most productive strains and achieved concentrations of 3.25% propionic acid and 14 g/L biomass in 140 h.
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Sladek, Alexander, Wolfgang Schneider, Klaus Angermaier, Andreas Bauer, and Hubert Schmidbaur. "Polynuclear Gold(I) Complexes of Mercaptocarboxylic Acids." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 51, no. 6 (1996): 765–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/znb-1996-0602.
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Abstract In a search for air-stable and water-soluble mercapto compounds of gold with a high gold content, benzylthiol, a-m ercapto-acetic acid, β-mercapto-propionic acid, and thiosalicylic acid were converted into aurated sulfonium salts by treatment with reagents of the type [(R3P)Au]3O+ BF4- or [(R3)P)Au]+ BF4-. - BzSH served as a mono-functional model thiol, which was converted into BzS[Au(PMe3)]2+ BF4- (1). The small tertiary phosphine was chosen in order to minimize steric effects. In the crystal the cations are associated into centrosymmetrical dimers through short Au-A u contacts (auriophilicity). - The two carboxylic acids with thiol functions, HSCH2COOH and HSCH2CH2COOH, gave triply aurated species of the type {[(Ph3P)Au]2S(CH2)nCOOAu(PPh3)}+ BF4- (2: n = 2, 3; n = 3). The crystal structure analysis of the representative compound 2 showed again the presence of centrosymmetrical cation dimers with geometrical details of the sulfonium part of the molecules very similar to those of the reference compound 1. In addition, the carboxyl groups in 2 and 3 bear a (phosphine)gold unit mono-hapto bound at one of the oxygen atoms. -2-HS-C6H4-COOH was converted into a sulfonium salt {[(Ph3P)Au]2S-C6H4-COOH}+ BF4- (4), which crystallizes free of solvent from dry dichloromethane, and as a monohydrate with one mole of dichloromethane (4a = 4 H2O-CH2CI2) from hydrous CH2CI2. In the solvent-free crystalline phase (4) the cations are associated into dimers with the usual intermolecular double A u-A u contacts, but in 4a there are monomeric cations with the water molecule hydrogen-bonded to the carboxylic acid function
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Buchanan-Smith, J. G. "An investigation into palatability as a factor responsible for reduced intake of silage by sheep." Animal Science 50, no. 2 (1990): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003356100004700.
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ABSTRACTTo separate ingestive factors involving palatability from post-ingestive factors responsible for forage intake being depressed by ensiling, silages were evaluated using sham-fed animals. Protocol for all experiments was to formulate low dry matter (DM) silages from a high DM lucerne silage reconstituted with either water, solutions containing constituents commonly found in silage, or extracts of low DM silage. Solutions of silage constituents were adjusted before reconstitution to a pH typical of silage. Tests were performed by offering silages one at a time once daily to oesophageal fistulated sheep, maintained on lucerne hay, but starved for 5 h prior to the test. Intake was measured over 30 min. Sheep were adapted to intermediate levels of each test ingredient(s) before experiments were done to evaluate effects of four to five levels of each ingredient using Latin-square designs. Animals were sham fed during both periods of adaptation and of testing ingredient levels. Mean of 30-min intakes for control silages was 573 g DM. Lactic and acetic acids added together, to levels of 53·2 and 35·4 g/kg, respectively, enhanced intake with a linear response due to level (P < 0·05). Acetic acid added by itself to 88·0 g/kg depressed intake with a linear response due to level (P < 0·05) in which 10 g/kg added acetic acid depressed 30-min intake by 13·5 g. Acetic and butyric acids added together to levels of 36·2 and 54·4 g/kg respectively, were without effect as was ammonia added to 3·8 g/kg as ammonia nitrogen (N). A mixture of free amino acids added to a level of 9·2 g amino-N per kg was without effect, but at a level of 13·8 g/kg, intake was depressed to proportionately 0·75 of the control. A mixture of two amines and gamma amino butyric acid added to a level of 4·6 g N per kg caused a quadratic response (P < 005) in which intermediate levels enhanced intake but the highest level was without effect. An extract from good-quality silage had no effect on intake and that from a poor-quality silage enhanced intake in a linear manner (P < 0·05). These data indicate that elevation of acetic acid in silage without increases in amounts of other constituents decreased intake of silage through an effect on palatability. This conclusion modifies interpretation on the significance of palatability, determined from studies of ingestive behaviour of ruminants, as a factor to explain reduced intake of sheep given silage.
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Berrío Escobar, Jhon Fernando, Victor Hugo Arango Carmona, Elkin Galeano Jaramillo, et al. "Synthesis and cytotoxic activity of tri-acyl ester derivatives of uridine in breast cancer cells." Ars Pharmaceutica (Internet) 57, no. 4 (2016): 183–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.30827/ars.v57i4.5560.
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Aims: Synthesize tri-acyl ester derivatives of uridine, and evaluate its cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells line. Methods: The tri-esterified uridine derivatives were obtained through Steglich esterification reaction by fatty and aromatic acids, and with acetic anhydride. An acetonide derivative from uridine was prepared with acid catalysis. Compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy (1H NMR and 13C NMR), and mass spectrometry. Derivatives were assessed in chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Results: Five tri-acyl ester derivatives of uridine were obtained one acetic acid, three fatty acids (myristic acid, stearic acid and oleic acid) with an aromatic acid. The uridine per-acetylated and uridine acetonide were obtained in high yields, however, the tri-acyl ester derivatives of uridine with fatty and aromatic acids were obtained in moderate and low yields, respectively. The acetonide and compounds 2 and 3 exhibited a cell viability inhibition significant on both cell lines to the higher concentration. Conclusions: Esterification method with coupling agents allowed obtained tri-acyl ester uridine derivatives with aliphatic and aromatic acids. However, significant cytotoxic activity (p<0.05) for uridine and its derivatives was not observed.
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BREIDT, F., J. S. HAYES, and R. F. McFEETERS. "Independent Effects of Acetic Acid and pH on Survival ofEscherichia coli in Simulated Acidified Pickle Products†‡." Journal of Food Protection 67, no. 1 (2004): 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-67.1.12.
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Our objective was to determine the effects of organic acids and pH on the rate at which selected strains ofEscherichia coli O157:H7 die in acid solutions representative of acidified pickle products (pH &lt; 4.6). We used gluconic acid/sodium gluconate (pKa = 3.7) as a noninhibitory buffer to maintain pH at selected values in the absence of other organic acids. This was possible because we found that the inhibitory effects of this acid onE. coli strains at pH 3.1 were independent of acid concentration over a range of 2 to 200 mM. By this method, the lethal effects of acetic acid solutions (100 to 400 mM) at selected pH values between 3.1 and 4.1 were compared with the effects of pH alone (as determined using gluconate buffer). We found D-values were two- to fourfold lower with acetic acid compared with the effect of pH alone for simulated pickle brines in this pH range. Glutamic acid, an amino acid that is known to enhance acid resistance inE. coli and is a component of pickle brines, protected theE. coli strains from the specific effects of acetic acid.
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Sietmann, Rabea, Elke Hammer, Michael Specht, Carl E. Cerniglia, and Frieder Schauer. "Novel Ring Cleavage Products in the Biotransformation of Biphenyl by the Yeast Trichosporon mucoides." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 9 (2001): 4158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.9.4158-4165.2001.
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ABSTRACT The yeast Trichosporon mucoides, grown on either glucose or phenol, was able to transform biphenyl into a variety of mono-, di-, and trihydroxylated derivatives hydroxylated on one or both aromatic rings. While some of these products accumulated in the supernatant as dead end products, the ortho-substituted dihydroxylated biphenyls were substrates for further oxidation and ring fission. These ring fission products were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses as phenyl derivatives of hydroxymuconic acids and the corresponding pyrones. Seven novel products out of eight resulted from the oxidation and ring fission of 3,4-dihydroxybiphenyl. Using this compound as a substrate, 2-hydroxy-4-phenylmuconic acid, (5-oxo-3-phenyl-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl)acetic acid, and 3-phenyl-2-pyrone-6-carboxylic acid were identified. Ring cleavage of 3,4,4′-trihydroxybiphenyl resulted in the formation of [5-oxo-3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-2,5-dihydrofuran-2-yl]acetic acid, 4-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pyrone-6-carboxylic acid, and 3-(4′-hydroxyphenyl)-2-pyrone-6-carboxylic acid. 2,3,4-Trihydroxybiphenyl was oxidized to 2-hydroxy-5-phenylmuconic acid, and 4-phenyl-2-pyrone-6-carboxylic acid was the transformation product of 3,4,5-trihydroxybiphenyl. All these ring fission products were considerably less toxic than the hydroxylated derivatives.
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Raskil’dina, Gul’nara Z., Evgeniya A. Yakovenko, Luisa M. M. Mryasova, and Simon S. Zlotskii. "SYNTHESIS AND HERBICID ACTIVITY OF ARYLOXYACETIC ACIDS AND AMIDES OF ARYLOXY ACETIC ACIDS CONTAINING CYCLOACETAL FRAGMENT." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENIY KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 1 (2018): 91–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196201.5753.
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The herbicidal activity of esters and amides based on commercially available phenoxy chlorides and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acids was studied. Esters of 2,2-methyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane, 5-ethyl-5-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxane and 1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethanol and 1,3-dioxane-5 -ol (glycerin formulas), as well as amides containing gem-dichlorocyclopropane and 1,3-dioxolane fragments were obtained. The acid chlorides, 1,3-dioxacycloalkanes and secondary amines were prepared according to standard basic methods. Esters and amides were synthesized from these starting compounds in a short time and with a quantitative yield (more than 90%). As a result of the synthesis of a mixture of 1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl phenylacetate and 1,3-dioxan-5-yl phenylacetate, the content of the 5-ring cyclic derivative over the 6-chain structure was predominant, which is obviously associated with greater activity in the esterification reaction of primary alcohol than secondary. The screening results showed that the activity relative to wheat of the 1,3-dioxalane ester of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid is superior to the Octagon-Extra standard. With respect to peas, derivatives of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 2,2-dimethyl-4-hydroxymethyl-1,3-dioxolane are close to the standard for inhibition of shoot mass. The results of N-benzyl-N-[(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl) methyl] -2-phenoxyacetamide and N-[(2,2-dichlorocyclopropyl) methyl]-N-(1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl)-2-phenoxyacetamide with respect to peas and wheat also showed a marked herbicidal effect, close in value to the reference one. The test results of synthesized benzamides on wheat showed that, at a concentration of 100 mg/l, the compounds act approximately the same as the reference preparation at a dose of 50 mg/l. The obtained results prove the prospects of creating herbicidal preparations based on phenoxy- chlorides and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acids containing 1,3-dioxacycloalkane fragments. Therefore, these objects are very attractive for further study and synthesis of biologically active compounds containing the above pharmacophore groups.
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Węsierska, Ewelina, Joanna Sobolewska-Zielińska, Małgorzata Pasternak, et al. "Biochemical Properties Affecting the Nutritional Quality, Safety, and Aroma of Dry-Cured Products Manufactured from Meat of Rare Native Pig Breeds." Foods 10, no. 7 (2021): 1597. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10071597.
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The aim of study was to compare the biochemical properties affecting the nutritional quality, safety, and aroma of dry-cured products manufactured from valuable meat of rare native pig breeds: Pulawska (Pul) and Zlotnicka Spotted (ZS). The count of lactic acid bacteria (4.4 log cfu/g) and the release of palmitic (23.1% and 25.9%), oleic (44.1% and 42.2%), and linoleic acids (8.3% and 7.8%), as well as arginine (30.0 and 44.3 mg/kg), histidine (25.8 and 20.6 mg/kg), and lysine (26.8–22.9 mg/kg), shaped the final pH (5.3 and 5.4) in Pul and ZS products during the 4 week maturing, respectively. Lastly, Pul and ZS meat differed in the proportion of decanoic, lauric, stearic, arachidic, and conjugated linoleic acids. The high content of putrescine (23.7 mg/kg), cadaverine (54.3 mg/kg), and tyramine (57.2 mg/kg), as well as a twofold greater share of histamine (163.2 mg/kg) and tryptamine (9.1 mg/kg), indicated a more advanced decarboxylation of ZS meat. Volatile compounds differentiating Pul and ZS meat were primarily hexanal, 3-hydroxybutan-2-one, phenylacetalaldehyde, 2,3-dimethyl-2-cyclopenten-1-one, 2-cyclopenten-1-one, and 3-methyl- and 2-cyclopenten-1-one. Most marked volatile compounds were obtained as a result of microbial activity (acetic acid, 3-methylbutan-1-ol, ethanol, acetone, and 3-hydroxybutan-2-one), advanced lipid oxidation, and decomposition of secondary oxidation products (hexanal, phenylacetaldehyde, and 2-cyclopenten-1-one).
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El-Shahawy, Tarek Abd El-Ghafar. "Chemicals with a natural reference for controlling water hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms." Journal of Plant Protection Research 55, no. 3 (2015): 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2015-0041.
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AbstractLife cannot exist without water. Appropriate management of water, from the water’s source to its utilization, is necessary to sustain life. Aquatic weeds pose a serious threat to aquatic environments and related eco-environments. Short- and long-term planning to control aquatic weeds is extremely important. Water hyacinth,Eichhornia crassipes(Mart.) Solms, is one of the world’s worst pests with a bad reputation as an invasive weed. In this study we are seeking the possibility of using certain chemicals with a natural background, for controlling water hyacinth since there is a delicate balance that needs to be taken into account when using herbicides in water. Five compounds, namely: acetic acid, citric acid, formic acid, and propionic acid, in three concentrations (10, 15, and 20%) were applied (i.e. as a foliar application under wire-house conditions) and compared with the use of the herbicide glyphosate (1.8 kg ∙ ha−1). All of the five compounds performed well in the control of the water hyacinth. As expected, the efficacy increased as the concentration was increased from 10 to 20%. With formic and propionic acids, the plants died earlier than when the other acids or the herbicide glyphosate, were used. Acetic acid came after formic and propionic acids in terms of efficacy. Citric acid ranked last. Formic acid/propionic acid mixtures showed superior activity in suppressing water hyacinth growth especially at the rate of (8 : 2) at the different examined concentrations (3 or 5 or 10%) compared to the formic acid/acetic acid mixtures. Using the formic acid/propionic acid mixture (8 : 2; at 3%) in the open field, provided good control and confirmed the viability of these chemicals in the effective control of water hyacinth. Eventually, these chemical treatments could be used on water for controlling water hyacinth. In the future, these chemicals could probably replace the traditional herbicides widely used in this regard. These chemicals are perceived as environmentally benign for their rapid degradation to carbon dioxide and water. For maximum efficiency thorough coverage especially in bright sunlight is essential.
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Gašparová, Renata, Pavol Koiš, Margita Lácová, Silvia Kováčová, and Andrej Boháč. "Synthesis, reactions and antineoplastic activity of 3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-2-oxo-2H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]chromene derivatives." Open Chemistry 11, no. 4 (2013): 502–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-012-0184-1.
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AbstractThe key 3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-2-oxo-2H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]chromen-5-yl acetates 3 were synthesized in high yields by cyclocondensation of 4-oxo-4H-chromen-3-carbaldehydes 1 with coumarin-3-acetic acids 2 under mild conditions. The reaction pathway involves aldol condensation and subsequent intramolecular lactonization to afford 2-oxo-2H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]chromene skeleton 3. Further treatment of acetates 3 with alcohols, water or nitrogen containing compounds led to 5-alkoxy-, 5-hydroxy- or 5-acylamino-2H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]chromen-2-ones 4-6 via nucleophilic substitution of acetyloxy group at C-5. Acetates and hydroxyl derivatives 3 and 5 undergo facile rearrangement in an acid medium yielding 5-hydroxypyrano[2,3-b]chromen-2(10aH)-ones 7. Twelve prepared compounds were evaluated on their antineoplastic activities on 60 human tumour cell line panels in NCI USA. The obtained biological results confirmed that 3-(2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)-2H,5H-pyrano[3,2-c]chromen-2-one represents a new leading skeleton suitable for further antitumour activity study.
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Zekic, M., A. Radonic, S. Radman, and I. Uremovic. "Volatile compounds of Croatian cheese in a lamb skin sack prepared from a mixture of goat's and cow's milk." Food Research 8, no. 3 (2024): 277–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(3).265.
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Volatile aroma compounds are one of the main parameters in consumer choice and acceptance of cheese. The traditional way of making cheese, still preserved in Croatia, is the anaerobic ripening of curds in a lamb or goat sack. Cheeses produced in such a way have a specific aroma. The objective of this study was to determine the volatile compounds of Croatian cheese in a lamb skin sack prepared from a mixture of goat's and cow's milk and relate them with the aroma of this traditional cheese. The cheese extracts were obtained by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and ultrasonic solvent extraction (USE) and analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). HS-SPME was performed at different temperatures (40, 50 and 60°C) using 2 fibres, divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fibre and carboxen/ polydimethylsiloxane (CAR/PDMS) fibre. Increasing the extraction temperature resulted in higher sorption of fatty acids on both fibres. A total of 28 volatile compounds were identified in the cheese samples including 13 acids, 10 esters, 2 alcohols, 2 hydrocarbons and 1 ketone. Results revealed that fatty acids were the predominant group of volatile compounds in all samples. In samples obtained by HS-SPME, the most abundant were hexanoic, octanoic, butanoic, acetic and decanoic acid while (Z)-octadec-9-enoic, hexadecanoic, decanoic and tetradecanoic acid were the most abundant in the sample obtained by USE.
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Annor-Gyamfi, Joel K., and Richard A. Bunce. "4H-Benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-ones and Dihydro Analogs from Substituted Anthranilic Acids and Orthoesters." Molecules 24, no. 19 (2019): 3555. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24193555.
Full textAbstract:
A one-pot route to 2-alkyl and 2-aryl-4H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-ones (also known as 4H-3,1-benzoxazin-4-ones) has been developed and studied. The method involves the reaction of aryl-substituted anthranilic acids with orthoesters in ethanol catalyzed by acetic acid. Additionally, we have also investigated the reaction under microwave conditions. Not all of the substrates were successful in yielding the target heterocycles as some of the reactions failed to undergo the final elimination. This process led to the isolation of (±)-2-alkyl/aryl-2-ethoxy-1,2-dihydro-4H-benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-ones. The formation of the dihydro analogs correlated with the electron density on the aromatic ring: Electron-donating groups favored the 4H- benzo[d][1,3]oxazin-4-ones, while electron-withdrawing groups tended to favor the dihydro product. Substituting a pyridine ring for the benzene ring in the substrate acid suppressed the reaction.
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Polívka, Zdeněk, Irena Lichá, Petr Taufmann, Emil Svátek, Jiří Holubek, and Miroslav Protiva. "Synthesis of 3-(6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]thiepin-11-ylidene)propanoic acid and related compounds." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 6 (1987): 1566–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19871566.
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The alcohol XIa, obtained by reaction of dibenzo[b,e]thiepin-11(6H)-one with vinylmagnesium bromide, was transformed by treatment with hydrogen bromide in acetic acid to the bromo compound XIIa which was converted via the nitrile XIIIa to the title acid VIIIa. The pure (E)-isomer was prepared and correlated via the dimethylamide XVIIIa with (E)-prothiadene (Ia). Similar procedures in the 2-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]thiepin and 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene series afforded the acids VIIIb and IV. The acids VIIIab were oxidized with hydrogen peroxide to the sulfoxides IXab and to the sulfones Xab. The acid IV is the suggested metabolite of the antidepressant amitriptyline (II) and the acids VIIIab-Xab are potential metabolites of the antidepressant prothiadene (Ia) and the antihistamine agent methiadene (Ib). The amides VII and XVIab were prepared from the acids via the acid chlorides. The (Z)-isomer of prothiadene (XXII) was prepared from dibenzo[b,e]thiepin-11(6H)-one by the Wittig reaction. The acids IV, VIIIab and IXab showed some antiinflammatory activity.
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Li, Guan-Xi, Xiao-Qin Wu, Jian-Ren Ye, and He-Chuan Yang. "Characteristics of Organic Acid Secretion Associated with the Interaction betweenBurkholderia multivoransWS-FJ9 and Poplar Root System." BioMed Research International 2018 (December 31, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9619724.
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The objective of this study was to investigate whether plant-bacteria interaction affects the secretion of organic acids by both organisms and to assess whether the production of IAA by the bacterium increases the secretion of organic acids by root exudates, and if the stress produced by low available phosphorus (P) affects the production of organic acids by bacteria, by roots, or by root exudates in presence of bacterial cultures. With this purpose, we used as a biological model poplar plants and one strain ofBurkholderia multivoransable to solubilize P. High performance liquid chromatography was utilized to measure organic acids. The tests, the inductive effects of exogenous indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on secretion of organic acids, the 2 × 4 × 2 factorial design experiment, and the ability of organic acids to solubilize tricalcium phosphate were performed to investigate the interactive effects. The results showed that, afterB. multivoransWS-FJ9 interacted with the poplar root system, the key phosphate-solubilizing driving force was gluconic acid (GA) which was produced in three ways: (1) secreted by the root system in the presence of IAA produced byB. multivoransWS-FJ9; (2) secreted byB. multivoransWS-FJ9; and (3) secreted by the poplar root system in the presence of phosphorus stress. When phosphorus stress was absent, the GA was produced as outlined in (1) and (2) above. These results demonstrated that inoculatingB. multivoransWS-FJ9 into the poplar root system could increase the amount of GA secretion and implied that the interaction betweenB. multivoransWS-FJ9 and the poplar root system could contribute to the increase of P available fraction for poplar plants.
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Kanazawa, Akio, Masanori Aida, Yasuto Yoshida, et al. "Effects of Synbiotic Supplementation on Chronic Inflammation and the Gut Microbiota in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Controlled Study." Nutrients 13, no. 2 (2021): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13020558.
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The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 24-week synbiotic supplementation on chronic inflammation and the gut microbiota in obese patients with type 2 diabetes. We randomized 88 obese patients with type 2 diabetes to one of two groups for 24 weeks: control or synbiotic (Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain Shirota (previously Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota) and Bifidobacterium breve strain Yakult, and galactooligosaccharides). The primary endpoint was the change in interleukin-6 from baseline to 24 weeks. Secondary endpoints were evaluation of the gut microbiota in feces and blood, fecal organic acids, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein, and glycemic control. Synbiotic administration for 24 weeks did not significantly affect changes in interleukin-6 from baseline to 24 weeks (0.35 ± 1.99 vs. −0.24 ± 1.75 pg/mL, respectively). Relative to baseline, however, at 24 weeks after synbiotic administration there were positive changes in the counts of Bifidobacterium and total lactobacilli, the relative abundances of Bifidobacterium species such as Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, and the concentrations of acetic and butyric acids in feces. No significant changes in inflammatory markers were found in the synbiotic group compared to the control group. However, synbiotic administration at least partially improved the gut environment in obese patients with type 2 diabetes.
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Reyes Garcia, Luis Jesus. "Hygienic vulvo-vaginal habits, contraceptive use, and bacterial vaginosis." ARS MEDICA Revista de Ciencias Médicas 49, no. 1 (2024): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.11565/arsmed.v49i1.2044.
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Dear Editor: Bacterial vaginosis is a common health problem leading to millions of worldwide medical consultations yearly (Morales, 2015). It is characterized by the presence of abundant and malodorous vaginal discharge and in some cases, is accompanied by itching, dysuria, and dyspareunia (Hakakha et al., 2002). This condition is associated with an imbalance in the vaginal bacterial flora (reduction in Lactobacilli and predominance of Gardnerella vaginalis and other anaerobic bacteria). One concerning aspect of this condition is that approximately 75% of the patients who undergo gynecological consultations present some alterations in their vaginal flora, and between 10% and 31% of such patients are diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis (Gonzalez et al., 2006; Abreu et al., 2023). In healthy women, vaginal fluid has a pH of 4.5 (Spiegel et al, 1980) and is mainly composed of lactic acid in addition to volatile aliphatic acids (acetic, propanoic, methylpropanoic, butanoic, methyl butanoic, and methylpentanoic acids), which vary in percentages throughout the menstrual cycle (Michael et al., 1974; Preti and Huggins, 1975). Acetic acid, along with lactic acid, is present in higher amounts. On the other hand, in women diagnosed with bacterial vaginosis, several amines produced by G. vaginalis are responsible for the foul odor associated with the problem have been identified. These amines include isobutylamine, 2-phenylethanamine, putrescine, cadaverine, and 4-(2-aminoethyl) phenol (Wolrath et al., 2001; Jokipii et al., 1986).
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Gergoric, Marino, Christophe Ravaux, Britt-Marie Steenari, Fredrik Espegren, and Teodora Retegan. "Leaching and Recovery of Rare-Earth Elements from Neodymium Magnet Waste Using Organic Acids." Metals 8, no. 9 (2018): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090721.
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Over the last decade, rare-earth elements (REEs) have become critical in the European Union (EU) in terms of supply risk, and they remain critical to this day. End-of-life electronic scrap (e-scrap) recycling can provide a partial solution to the supply of REEs in the EU. One such product is end-of-life neodymium (NdFeB) magnets, which can be a feasible source of Nd, Dy, and Pr. REEs are normally leached out of NdFeB magnet waste using strong mineral acids, which can have an adverse impact on the environment in case of accidental release. Organic acids can be a solution to this problem due to easier handling, degradability, and less poisonous gas evolution during leaching. However, the literature on leaching NdFeB magnets waste with organic acids is very scarce and poorly investigated. This paper investigates the recovery of Nd, Pr, and Dy from NdFeB magnets waste powder using leaching and solvent extraction. The goal was to determine potential selectivity between the recovery of REEs and other impurities in the material. Citric acid and acetic acid were used as leaching agents, while di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA) was used for preliminary solvent extraction tests. The highest leaching efficiencies were achieved with 1 mol/L citric acid (where almost 100% of the REEs were leached after 24 h) and 1 mol/L acetic acid (where >95% of the REEs were leached). Fe and Co—two major impurities—were co-leached into the solution, and no leaching selectivity was achieved between the impurities and the REEs. The solvent extraction experiments with D2EHPA in Solvent 70 on 1 mol/L leachates of both acetic acid and citric acid showed much higher affinity for Nd than Fe, with better extraction properties observed in acetic acid leachate. The results showed that acetic acid and citric acid are feasible for the recovery of REEs out of NdFeB waste under certain conditions.
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BANI, TALAPATRA, Kumar Mandal Sudipta, Biswas Kallolmay, Chakrabarti Ramaprasad та K. Talapatra Sunil. "Reactions of 4-hydroxycoumarin with some α,β-unsaturated carbonyls and 1,3-dicarbonyls : trapping of 4-hydroxycoumarin tautomers; formation of a pimelic acid derivative and a novel bicyclo compound". Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 78, Oct-Dec 2001 (2001): 765–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5910727.
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Centre of Advanced Studies on Natural Products, Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta, University College of Science, 92, Acharya Praful la Chandra Road, Kolkata-700 009, India <em>E-mail</em> : talapatrask@yahoo.com <em>Manuscript received 31 August 2001</em> 4-Hydroxycoumarin (1) being endowed with both nucleophilic and electrophilic properties furnishes the dimeric coumarin derivative 3 in a pyridine catalyzed self-condensation process; while its attempted morpholine catalyzed self-condensation yields no dimeric coumarin derivative, but leads to the formation of the enamine derivative 2, establishing the existence of the less stable 2,4-chromandione tautomer (I') of 4-hydroxycoumarin. Pyridine catalyzed condensation between 4- hydroxycoumarin and acrylic acid affords 4-salicyloylpimelic acid (4) via the formation of 3,3-disubstituted-4-hydroxycoumarin and its subsequent hydrolysis and decarboxylation. But the condensation under similar condition with crotonic acid and with mesityl oxide separately leads to the isolation of the pyranocoumarin derivatives 5 and 6, respectively, along with a little amount 3 in either case. However, when a β,β-disubstituted-α,β-unsaturated acid like β,β-dimethylacrylic acid, and <em>α,β-un­</em>saturated acids with a bulky β-substitutent like cinnamic, p-chlorocinnamic and 3, 4-methylenedioxycinnamic acids are used, no condensation product excepting the same (Enteric coumarin derivative 3 is formed apparently due to the reduced elec­trophilicity of the β-carbon and steric crowding in the transition state. Condensation of 4-hydroxycoumarin with ethyl acetoacetate produces the a-pyranocoumarin 7, while with acetylacetone leads to the formation of a novel bicyclo compound 8 having two 4-hydroxycoumarin moieties with one acetylacetone moiety bridging them. These condensations using other bases like sodium bicarbonate, piperidine and morpholine afford the same products with varied rates of their formation. Refluxing 4-hydroxycoumarin (1) or its enamine 2 with acetic anhydride in acetic acid gives 3-acetyl-2-hydroxy-4-chromanone (9), stabilized by intramolecular H-bonding and thus indicating the existence of the least stable tautomeric form 1" (2-hy­droxy-4-chromenone) of 4-hydroxycoumarin (1).
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Byriel, KA, DE Lynch, G. Smith, and CHL Kennard. "Molecular Cocrystals of Carboxylic-Acids. V. The Crystal-Structures of (2-Carboxy-phenoxy)acetic Acid and Its 1 : 1 Adduct With 4-Aminobenzoic Acid." Australian Journal of Chemistry 44, no. 10 (1991): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch9911459.
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The crystal structures of (2-carboxyphenoxy)acetic acid (cpaa) (1) and its 1 : 1 adduct [( cpaa )(4-aba)] (2) with 4-aminobenzoic acid have been determined by X-ray diffraction and refined to residuals R 0.077, (1), and 0.051, (2), for 783 and 1062 observed reflections, respectively. The dicarboxylic acid (1) is extended into a one-dimensional zig-zag polymer by hydrogen bonding through the two acid groups [O…O, 2.67(1)Ǻ]. The adduct (2) represents the first example of a phenoxyalkanoic involved in a hetero-dimer association through the conventional cyclic hydrogen-bonding system [O…O, 2.54, 2.68(1)Ǻ]. The 2-carboxy group is also weakly hydrogen bonded to the 4-amino group of (4-aba) [O…N, 2.99(1)Ǻ], and in both (1) and (2) it has an intramolecular hydrogen bond to the ether oxygen of the oxyacetic acid side chain.
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Zavhorodnii, M., N. Derevianko, T. Shkopynska, M. Kornet, and O. Brazhko. "Influence of derivatives of 2-((6-r-quinolin-4-yl)thio)acetic acid on rhizogenesis of Paulownia clones." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 13, no. 3 (2022): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/022227.
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In recent years, the demand for effective and low-toxic stimulators of rhizogenesis, which are used in microclonal propagation of plants, has been increasing in Ukraine. One of the promising directions in the search for effective compounds is molecular modeling based on known natural and synthetic compounds. The development of new highly effective and low-toxic biologically active compounds is largely based on derivatives of nitrogen-containing heterocycles, and quinoline occupies a significant place among them. Modern methods of chemometric analysis make it possible to find certain regularities in the "chemical structure – biological activity" and to select the most promising compounds for experimental research. The values of lipophilicity log P for neutral forms and the value of the distribution coefficient log D at pH = 7 were obtained by quantum chemical calculation. The values of log P and log D of the studied compounds are in the most favourable interval for overcoming the biological membranes of the cells of the root system, depending on the pH of the environment. According to Lipinski’s "rule of five", all studied compounds can show high biological activity. The toxicity of compounds of 2-((6-R-quinolin-4-yl)thio)acetic acid derivatives was evaluated by computer programs and experimentally. Among the derivatives of 2-((6-R-quinolin-4-yl)thio)acetic acid, the most toxic compounds were those that did not have alkoxy substituents in the 6th position of the quinoline ring. Sodium salts are more toxic than the corresponding acids. This is due to an increase in the bioavailability of ionized compounds. Derivatives of 2-((6-R-quinolin-4-yl)thio)acetic acid (sodium salt of 2-((quinolin-4-yl)thio)acetic acid (QAC-5) showed the greatest toxic effect on the model of the study of progressive sperm motility) and 2-((quinolin-4-yl)thio)acetic acid (QAC-1), which will reduce this indicator by 15–20% compared to intact. The toxicity assessment of the studied compounds made it possible to determine a number of factors of the structure of molecules which affect the level of toxic action of 2-((6-R-quinolin-4-yl)thio)acetic acid derivatives and the directions of creation of non-toxic growth stimulants in this series. The impact on rhizogenesis during microclonal reproduction in vitro in explants Paulownia clone 112 and further adaptation of microplants in vivo hybrid molecules of quinoline and acetic acid, which are analogues of known growth stimulants, was studied. A number of factors influencing the level of influence on rhizogenesis of the action of derivatives of 2-((6-R-quinolin-4- yl)thio)acetic acid and directions of creation of highly active substances in this series was defined. The studied compounds showed a high stimulating effect on rhizogenesis in vitro in Paulownia explants. It was established that the sodium salt of 2-((quinolin-4-yl)thio)acetic acid was the greatest stimulator of rhizogenesis compared to the corresponding original acid. The presence of alkoxy groups in the 6th position and methyl in the 2nd position of the quinoline ring of 2-((6-R-quinolin-4-yl)thio)acetic acid reduced the activity of the compounds. The selection of new effective, low-toxic, less expensive substances was carried out for further testing as potential stimulators of rhizogenesis for microclonal propagation of plants.
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Patel, Alok, Ulrika Rova, Paul Christakopoulos, and Leonidas Matsakas. "Assessment of Fatty Acids Profile and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Production by the Oleaginous Marine Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 Cultivated on Volatile Fatty Acids." Biomolecules 10, no. 5 (2020): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom10050694.
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Thraustochytrids are considered natural producers of omega-3 fatty acids as they can synthesize up to 70% docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) of total lipids. However, commercial and sustainable production of microbial DHA is limited by elevated cost of carbon substrates for thraustochytrids cultivation. This problem can be addressed by utilizing low-cost renewable substrates. In the present study, growth, lipid accumulation and fatty acid profiles of the marine thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 (ATCC-PRA-276) cultivated on volatile fatty acids (C1, formic acid; C2, acetic acid; C3, propionic acid; C4, butyric acid; C5, valeric acid and C6, caproic acid) and glucose as control were evaluated for the first time. This strain showed an inability to utilize C3, C5 and C6 as a substrate when provided at >2 g/L, while efficiently utilizing C2 and C4 up to 40 g/L. The highest cell dry weight (12.35 g/L) and total lipid concentration (6.59 g/L) were attained when this strain was cultivated on 40 g/L of butyric acid, followed by cultivation on glucose (11.87 g/L and 5.34 g/L, respectively) and acetic acid (8.70 g/L and 3.43 g/L, respectively). With 40 g/L butyric acid, the maximum docosahexaenoic acid content was 2.81 g/L, corresponding to 42.63% w/w of total lipids and a yield of 0.23 g/gcell dry weight (CDW). This marine oleaginous microorganism showed an elevated potential for polyunsaturated fatty acids production at higher acetic and butyric acid concentrations than previously reported. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy revealed that growth on butyric acid caused cell size to increase to 45 µm, one of the largest values reported for oleaginous microorganisms, as well as the presence of numerous tiny lipid droplets.
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Dub, S. A., N. V. Cherednichenko, D. V. Kiseleva, N. P. Gorbunova, T. Ya Gulyaeva, and L. K. Deryugina. "Trace element behaviour in acidic leachates (acetic, nitric and hydrochloric) from siliciclastic-carbonate rocks of the Upper Riphean Uk formation in the Southern Urals." LITHOSPHERE (Russia) 19, no. 6 (2020): 919–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24930/1681-9004-2019-19-6-919-944.
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Research subject. 14 samples of limestone and one sample of carbonate-siliciclastic rock from siliciclastic-carbonate deposits of the Upper Riphean Uk Formation (the Southern Urals) were studied.Methods. Mineral and chemical composition of the samples were determined; the main tool for detecting the concentrations of trace elements was the ICPMS method. X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out using a Shimadzu XRD-7000 diffractometer, the content of major (rock-forming) oxides in bulk samples was established by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry on the SRM-35 and Shimadzu XRF 1800 spectrometers. Microelement composition of bulk samples and acidic leachates obtained with using acetic (10%), nitric (36%) and hydrochloric (17%) acids was determined on a Perkin Elmer ELAN 9000 spectrometer.Results. The distribution of lithophile, rare-earth and a number of other elements (Sr, Ni, U) both in bulk samples and in acidic leachates was analyzed. The main carrier phases of these elements were revealed.Conclusions. 1. The use of any listed acids leads to the non-carbonate component entering the solution, including contamination of the “carbonate” leachates by lithophile elements. In particular, a transition Rb, Zr, Li, Th, Ti, Sc to leachates was noted. This process is most active in nitric and hydrochloric acids, less intensive in acetic acid. 2. Among the carriers of rare earth elements (REE) in the studied rocks are clays (1), accessory minerals (2), including phosphate-bearing grains, secondary carbonate phases represented by dolomite and, possibly (3), finely disseminated iron and manganese (oxy)hydroxides (4). It is assumed that the REE pattern in limestones is determined by the content of the epigenetic dolomite. The contribution of lanthanides bound in the sedimentary calcite crystal lattice in the total REE pattern is rather large only in relatively “pure” limestones. However, the use of acids with such concentrations did not allow to obtain a leachate, which the REE pattern with high probability corresponds to the distribution of REE in the Uk time seawater. But acetic acid is more effective for achieving this goal than the others. 3. In addition to Sr, sedimentary calcite also contains Ni and U.
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Smith, Graham, and Daniel E. Lynch. "Crystal structures and hydrogen bonding in the anhydrous tryptaminium salts of the isomeric (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic and (3,5-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acids." Acta Crystallographica Section E Crystallographic Communications 71, no. 6 (2015): 671–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s205698901500907x.
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The anhydrous salts of 2-(1H-indol-3-yl)ethanamine (tryptamine) with isomeric (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) and (3,5-dichlorophenoxy)acetic (3,5-D), both C10H13N2+·C8H5Cl2O3−[(I) and (II), respectively], have been determined and their one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded polymeric structures are described. In the crystal of (I), the aminium H atoms are involved in three separate inter-species N—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions, two with carboxylate O-atom acceptors and the third in an asymmetric three-centre bidentate carboxylateO,O′chelate [graph setR12(4)]. The indole H atom forms an N—H...Ocarboxylatehydrogen bond, extending the chain structure along theb-axis direction. In (II), two of the three aminium H atoms are also involved in N—H...Ocarboxylatehydrogen bonds similar to (I) but with the third, a three-centre asymmetric interaction with carboxylate and phenoxy O atoms is found [graph setR12(5)]. The chain polymeric extension is also alongb. There are no π–π ring interactions in either of the structures. The aminium side-chain conformations differ significantly between the two structures, reflecting the conformational ambivalence of the tryptaminium cation, as found also in the benzoate salts.
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Ulumiah, Miftakhul, Mochammad Amin Alamsjah, and Kustiawan Tri Pursetyo. "The Effect of Different pH in Extraction Process Against Physicochemical Properties of Refined Iota Carrageenan from Eucheuma spinosum Seaweed." Journal of Marine and Coastal Science 8, no. 1 (2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jmcs.v8i1.21142.
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Gelatin is a simple protein obtained from the partial hydrolysis of collagen from the skin, bones, joints and connective tissue of animals. One potential material for the manufacture of gelatin is fish bone milkfish (Chanos chanos). Gelatin derived from fish bones with acid process is able to change the triple helix collagen fibers into a single chain, whereas the solvent base only produce double chain. Demineralization of bone or fish skin should use a weak acid is acetic acid, because when using strong acids will produce a strong scent and color gelatin becomes dark. This study aims to determine the effect of the use of acetic acid to the production of fish bone gelatin and the concentration of acetic acid is necessary to produce gelatin with physical and chemical properties of the best. This study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications. The treatments used in this study is the concentration of acetic acid 2%, 4%, 6% and 8%. Based on the research, it was found that the acetic acid solvent effect on the value of the yield and gel strength, but has no effect on the pH value and viscosity. Acetic acid concentration 8% give 4.102% yield value; pH value (acidity) 4.98; 134.313 bloom gel strength and viscosity of 3.6 cP. FTIR analysis results indicate that the fish bone gelatin produced from this research have the same functional group with commercial gelatin.
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Saitkulov, Foziljon Ergashevich Elmuradov Burkhon Zhuraevich O'lmasova Komilakhon Mo'minjon qizi Alijonova Asalxon Odiljon qizi. "PREPARATION OF A MIXED COORDINATION COMPOUND COBALT-II NITRATE HEXAHYDRATE WITH QUINAZOLINE-4-ONE AND 3-INDOLYLACETIC ACID ON "AMBER" PLANTS OF THE PHASEOLUS AUREUS VARIETY." SCIENCE AND INNOVATION IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM 2, no. 1 (2023): 81–87. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7536612.
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<em>The biochemical effects of the coordination compound of cobalt-II nitrate quinazolin-4-one with </em><em>3-indolyl acetic acid </em><em>in the “amber” </em><em>plants </em><em>grades Phaseolus aureus have been studied. Cobalt is an important trace element for plants and an important biogenic element in the soil, mainly in the form of the Co<sup>2+</sup> cation, which participates in redox reactions in plant organisms for the implementation of various mineral and organic compounds. Cobalt compounds are mainly soluble in mineral acids, so we want to show that the coordination compound containing this trace element, formed by the nitrate salt with quinazolin-4-one, serves as a source of plant nutrition</em><em>.</em>
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Syeda, Sameena Aziz, and Razzak Abdul. "Adsorption of Acidic pollutants from Water using Biosorbents." International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development 2, no. 2 (2018): 801–5. https://doi.org/10.31142/ijtsrd9495.
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A huge amount of waste is generated from the industries which cause the pollution of water this waste is generated by the industries in large quantities. Acids are one such of a waste generated by these industries in the water bodies and causes an adverse impact on the aquatic ecosystems and inturn causes an negative impact on the human population and because of the harmful effects caused by these acids there is a need for the removal of these acidic pollutants from our water bodies. As these acids are water soluble 1 and colorless we need a technique to separate these acidic pollutants from water and at the same time determine their concentrations in water. So, in the present investigation we have used the Biosorption 2 for the removal of the acidic pollutants like Acetic, Oxalic and Phosphoric acids and the method of determination of concentration of these acids is through simple volumetric analysis .For this biosorption technique the selection of various biosorbents were done and it was noticed that the sawdust along with mango leaves prove to be an effective mixture of biosorbent for the removal of the acidic pollutants from water. The Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption isotherms have been verified by the experimental data. The Biosorption studies were done at room temperature. Syeda Sameena Aziz | Abdul Razzak "Adsorption of Acidic pollutants from Water using Biosorbents" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-2 | Issue-2 , February 2018, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd9495.pdf