Academic literature on the topic '2-area power system'
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Journal articles on the topic "2-area power system"
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Khadarvali, S., V. Madhusudhan, and R. Kiranmayi. "Differential game theory with FPA optimization in multi-area power system." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive Systems (IJPEDS) 11, no. 1 (2020): 302. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp302-308.
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The distribution generation penetration increases due to the increased need of power. These penetration causes problem of frequency deviations. In this paper the in multi-area power system the combination of renewable energy resources is proposed. Here the area 1 & area 2 are thermal power plant. Hydro power generation plant is taken in area-3 & area-4. Renewable energy system is considered in area-5. Here the cyber security attack is taken as change in power in the entire area. This can make the power block out or wrong data entry. Here differential game theory-based problem formulation is done. The PI controller and differential game theory with flower pollination are compared for performance of fast response. The MATLAB 2017b is used for building the areas and algorithm
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S., Khadarvali, Madhusudhan V., and Kiranmayi R. "Differential game theory with FPA optimization in multi-area power system." International Journal of Power Electronics and Drive System (IJPEDS) 11, no. 1 (2020): 302–8. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijpeds.v11.i1.pp302-308.
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The distribution generation penetration increases due to the increased need of power. These penetration causes problem of frequency deviations. In this paper the in multi-area power system the combination of renewable energy resources is proposed. Here the area 1 & area 2 are thermal power plant. Hydro power generation plant is taken in area-3 & area-4. Renewable energy system is considered in area-5. Here the cyber security attack is taken as change in power in the entire area. This can make the power block out or wrong data entry. Here differential game theory-based problem formulation is done. The PI controller and differential game theory with flower pollination are compared for performance of fast response. The MATLAB 2017b is used for building the areas and programming the algorithm.
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Hakimuddin, Nizamuddin, Anita Khosla, and Jitendra Kumar Garg. "Centralized and decentralized AGC schemes in 2-area interconnected power system considering multi source power plants in each area." Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences 32, no. 2 (2020): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jksues.2018.07.003.
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ALMa’aitah, Mohammad A., Tha’er O. Sweidan, Mohammed I. Abuashour, and Mohammed Al-Hattab. "Analysis of Inter Area Power System Oscillation using Eigenvalue Method." International Journal of Contemporary Research and Review 9, no. 06 (2018): 20417–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.15520/ijcrr/2018/9/06/514.
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One of the power system crucial problems for stability is the oscillation at low frequencies. The low frequency oscillation (LFO) is a small signal stability of the power system and has a passive impact on the maximum power transfer (load flow) in power systems. The inter area oscillation using eigenvalue method is presented and analyzed by modeling and linearizing the system around the operating point. This paper introduces the inter area oscillation using Eigen value method by presenting and discussing a proposed power system of two-area, 4-machine into two different cases: The first case is the system running without power system stabilizer, and the second case is to deploy the power system stabilizer firstly in area 1 afterwards area 2 and finally in the two areas at the same time. The advantage of the damping of oscillations is found clearly in the system ability to increase the tie-line power flowing in the proposed system. All simulations results are carried out using MATLAB software.
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Kaliannan, Jagatheesan, Anand Baskaran, and Nilanjan Dey. "Automatic Generation Control of Thermal-Thermal-Hydro Power Systems with PID Controller using Ant Colony Optimization." International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology 6, no. 2 (2015): 18–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2015040102.
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In this work, Artificial Intelligence (AI) based Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is proposed for Load Frequency Control (LFC) of interconnected multi–area hydrothermal power systems. Area 1&2 are thermal power systems and area 3 is a hydro power system, all the areas are interconnected through the appropriate tie-line. Thermal and hydro power plants are applied with reheat turbine and electric governor respectively. Investigated power system initially applied with conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and controller parameters are optimized by using trial and error method considering Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) objective function. After that, the system is equipped with Proportional – Integral – Derivative (PID) controller and controller parameters are optimized by using ACO algorithm with ITAE objective function. The superiority of the proposed algorithm has been demonstrated by comparing conventional controller. Finally, The Simulation results of multi-area power system prove the effectiveness of the proposed optimization technique in LFC scheme and show its superiority over conventional PI controller.
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Fayez, M., M. Mandor, M. El-Hadidy, and F. Bendary. "Inter-Area Oscillations Stabilization by Type-2 Fuzzy Based Novel Resistor Brake Model." Advanced Science, Engineering and Medicine 12, no. 7 (2020): 951–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/asem.2020.2630.
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Inter-area power oscillation is an inherent problem of weakly interconnected power systems. This paper introduces fuzzy logic controller of Type-2 to organize the interventions of novel resistor bake model for inter-area oscillation stabilization in Kundur's two-area benchmark test power system via MATLAB/Simulink-based modelling and simulation environment with the help of Interval Type-2 fuzzy logic controller toolbox. The propositioned controller uses the relative kinetic energy deviation between the two areas as an input control signal. Three case studies, including small, mild, and severe disturbances should elucidate the effectuality of the propositioned scheme. The obtained comparative time-domain simulation results should prove that the suggested stabilization regime is a reliable mean for treating the issue of inter-area power oscillations.
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Sharma, Manisha, and Manjaree Pandit. "Reserve Constrained Multi-Area Economic Dispatch Employing Evolutionary Approach." International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation 1, no. 3 (2010): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jaec.2010070103.
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The objective of Multi-area economic dispatch (MAED) is to determine the generation levels and the interchange power between areas that minimize fuel costs, while satisfying power balance and generating limit and transmission constraints. If an area with excess power is not adjacent to a power deficient area, or the tie-line between the two areas is at transmission limit, it is necessary to find an alternative path between these two areas to transmit additional power. When a MAED problem is solved with spinning reserve constraints, the problem becomes further complicated. The power allocation to each unit is done in such a manner that after supplying the total load, some specified reserve is left behind. In this paper, the authors compare classic PSO and DE strategies and their variants for reserve constrained MAED. The superior constraint handling capability of these techniques enables them to produce high quality solutions. The performance is tested on a 2-area system having 4 generating units and a 4-area, 16-unit system.
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Rawat, Swati, Bhola Jha, Manoj Kumar Panda, and Jyotshana Kanti. "Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control-Based Frequency Control of Hybrid Power System Using DMGS of PI Controller." Applied Sciences 11, no. 21 (2021): 10217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110217.
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The load frequency control of a microgrid is one of the emerging areas due to the changes in demand and supply in power system. So the controllers’ implementation must be changed accordingly. This paper proposes an interval type-2 fuzzy logic-based, dual-mode gain scheduling (DMGS) of the proportional and integral controller in which the gains of the PI controller werescheduled through the dynamic selector. This proposed controller was implemented ina hybrid microgrid power system in which nonconventional energy sources wereadded to each area of the conventional power plant, which madethe system much more prone to frequency variations. The controller was designed for three areas, consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a wind power system, a fuel cell and a diesel engine/hydropower generator in which the generation rate constraint (GRC) was considered as a nonlinearity. The proposed power system was investigated under various load conditions in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. A comparative evaluation of changes in frequency, tie-line power fluctuations and variations in area control errors for the test system showed the effectiveness of the current approach over simple fuzzy PI and a conventional PI-controlling approach.
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Abdillah, Muhammad, and Herlambang Setiadi. "Area control error enhancement of two-area power system using hybrid intelligence optimal controller." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 31, no. 3 (2023): 1258. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v31.i3.pp1258-1265.
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Area control error (ACE) is a critical factor in linked power systems. When a disturbance occurs, ACE is utilized to determine how much power should be deployed. As a result, it is critical that the ACE have as little inaccuracy as feasible. This research provided a strategy for improving the dynamic response of ACE in a power system. A hybrid optimal controller is the name given to this technology. Coordination between the proportional-integral (PI) controller and the state feedback controller based on the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is the concept of a hybrid optimum controller. All controller parameters are created utilizing artificial immune system (AIS) clonal selection to improve coordination. The proposed control mechanism is demonstrated using a two-area power system as a test system. To investigate the efficacy of the suggested strategy, time domain simulation is used. The simulation results show that the suggested method outperforms the previous situations in this work (the overshot of frequency deviation in areas 1 and 2 is 0.00029 and 0.00015, respectively)
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Muhammad, Abdillah, and Setiadi Herlambang. "Area control error enhancement of two-area power system using hybrid intelligence optimal controller." Area control error enhancement of two-area power system using hybrid intelligence optimal controller 31, no. 3 (2023): 1258–65. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v31.i3.pp1258-1265.
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Area control error (ACE) is a critical factor in linked power systems. When a disturbance occurs, ACE is utilized to determine how much power should be deployed. As a result, it is critical that the ACE have as little inaccuracy as feasible. This research provided a strategy for improving the dynamic response of ACE in a power system. A hybrid optimal controller is the name given to this technology. Coordination between the proportional-integral (PI) controller and the state feedback controller based on the linear quadratic regulator (LQR) is the concept of a hybrid optimum controller. All controller parameters are created utilizing artificial immune system (AIS) clonal selection to improve coordination. The proposed control mechanism is demonstrated using a two-area power system as a test system. To investigate the efficacy of the suggested strategy, time domain simulation is used. The simulation results show that the suggested method outperforms the previous situations in this work (the overshot of frequency deviation in areas 1 and 2 is 0.00029 and 0.00015, respectively).
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "2-area power system"
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Wolf, Florian. "Multi-channel ranging system for the localization of wireless connected objects in low power wide aea networks : From modeling to field trials." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIMO0017.
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L'Internet des objets (IoT, pour Internet of Things, en anglais) ouvre la porte vers la réalisation de nouvelles applications, telles que les compteurs intelligents et le suivi environnemental, destinées à adresser nos défis sociétaux et écologiques actuels et futurs. Les objets, possiblement mobiles ou distants, nécessitent une connectivité sans fil pour la centralisation des données et le contrôle à distance. Les réseaux longue portée et basse consommation (LPWA, pour Low Power Wide Area, en anglais) offrent des transmissions radio bande étroite avec une couverture à l’échelle typique d’une ville, tout en respectant les contraintes de consommation énergétique bas coût des objets. Intégrer la possibilité de localiser ces objets ajouterait de la valeur à leurs données et permettrait leur suivi géographique. Voilà pourquoi c'est un domaine de recherche très actif actuellement. L'utilisation du temps de propagation des signaux radio de communication, sans intégration supplémentaire de modules matériels dédiés à la localisation, est une approche très intéressante pour la complexité, la consommation et le coût des objets. Néanmoins la radio localisation dans les réseaux LPWA pose des défis liés d'une part aux transmissions à bande étroite qui n'offrent pas une résolution temporelle suffisante et d'autre part aux canaux de propagation qui peuvent introduire des biais sur les estimées de position. Cette thèse adresse ces défis en étudiant un système de mesure multicanaux de distance pour les réseaux LPWA. La combinaison cohérente des signaux bande étroite transmis séquentiellement sur des canaux différents améliore la précision d’estimation des temps de propagation et permet de résoudre en partie les multi-trajets pour une meilleure précision de localisation. Cette technique basée sur les signaux à bande instantanée étroite conserve la capacité longue portée des transmissions et reste compatible avec les réseaux LPWA. Un modèle détaillé prenant en compte les imperfections matérielles ainsi que les besoins protocolaires pour la synchronisation en temps, fréquence et phase est développé. Basé sur ce modèle, les variantes des architectures des émetteurs-récepteurs radios et leurs impacts sur la cohérence de phase pour l’estimation multicanaux de distance sont discutés. Les limites théoriques de précision sont dérivées pour la propagation en espace libre et dans des canaux de propagation multi-trajets, illustrant l’amélioration de précision possible entre l'approche multicanaux et l'approche monocanal pour l'estimation de distance. Des estimateurs de distance sont développés et appliqués aux signaux radio simulés afin de montrer que leurs performances atteignent les limites théoriques. Ces résultats de simulation sont validés avec des expérimentations menées avec un démonstrateur implémenté avec une radio logicielle (SDR, pour Software Defined Radio, en anglais). Les tests terrains réalisés en environnement urbain permettent de confirmer l'apport d'un système d'estimation multicanaux de distance, en combinaison avec du traitement de signal avancé, pour fournir une fonctionnalité de localisation intrinsèque et précise pour les réseaux LPWA<br>The Internet of Things (IoT) is an enabler to new applications, such as smart metering and environmental monitoring, intended to address current and future societal and ecological challenges. Things, possibly mobile or in distant locations, require wireless connectivity for data collection and remote control. Low Power Wide Area (LPWA) networks provide city-scale long-range, narrowband radio transmissions respecting the energy constraints of battery-powered low-cost objects. Being capable to localize these objects will add value to their data, enables tracking applications and is therefore a demanded and recent research topic. Precise and accurate radio signal delay based positioning without integrating additional hardware but taking advantage of intrinsic wireless communication signals is appealing in terms of device complexity, cost and energy consumption. However, radio localization within LPWA networks is challenging due to narrowband transmissions, resulting in a lack of delay precision as well as due to radio propagation channels, which degrade the accuracy of location estimates. This work addresses both challenges by investigating a multi-channel ranging system for LPWA networks. Coherently combining multiple sequentially transmitted narrowband signals on different radio channels improves delay estimation precision and allows resolving multipath channels for refined positioning accuracy. This scheme, based on instantaneous narrowband signals, conserves the LPWA long-range feature and is hence compatible with LPWA networks. A detailed signal model considering hardware imperfections as well as the required protocol exchanges for time, frequency and phase synchronization is developed. Based on this model, the requirements on radio transceiver architectures regarding the necessary phase coherence for multi-channel ranging are discussed. Lower bounds on the ranging precision are derived for both, free-space and multipath propagation channels, illustrating the improved precision compared to narrowband single channel ranging. Numerical simulations of radio signals for the two-way multi-channel ranging protocol illustrate that the performance of developed range estimators attains the theoretical precision bound and pave the way towards implementation. A flexible Software Defined Radio (SDR) based demonstrator is implemented to validate simulation results. Field trials in real urban outdoor environments are in accordance with simulation results and prove how scalable multi-channel ranging, in combination with advanced signal processing methods, will be an enabler towards precise and accurate localization in LPWA networks
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Fujdiak, Radek. "Analýza a optimalizace datové komunikace pro telemetrické systémy v energetice." Doctoral thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-358408.
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Telemetry system, Optimisation, Sensoric networks, Smart Grid, Internet of Things, Sensors, Information security, Cryptography, Cryptography algorithms, Cryptosystem, Confidentiality, Integrity, Authentication, Data freshness, Non-Repudiation.
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Sarkar, Mithu. "Robust Wide-Area Damping Controllers for compensating Inter-Area Oscillations in Power System." Thesis, 2019. http://ethesis.nitrkl.ac.in/10136/2/2019_PhD_MSarkar_514EE6034_Robust.pdf.pdf.
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Inter-area low-frequency oscillation is one of the major problems in an interconnected power system. The low frequency oscillations are observed to when a group of generators or a single generator on one side of the tie line oscillate against a group of generators or a single generator on the other side of the tie line. The power transfer capability through tie lies is reduced due to inter-area poorly damped oscillation. Sometimes these inter area oscillations may pose a serious threat to power system stability. Local signal based conventional power system stabilizer(PSS) is used to stabilize the low-frequency oscillation. However, due to the low observability of the local controller, these are not sufficient to provide adequate damping to the inter-area oscillation. A wide-area damping controller is efficient to provide adequate
damping to inter-area oscillation. Use of wide-area signal is more effective than the local area signal in damping out the inter-area oscillations. Wide Area Measurement System(WAMS) is convenient to transmit the wide area signals by using a communication channel to a remote location. The operating condition of the power system changes very often hence a wide-area damping controller(WADC) should be designed such that perform in all operating condition. The focus of this research is to design centralized robust wide area damping controller for inter-area oscillations in power system. Proportional-Integral(PI) controller is one of the most popular controllers due to its simple structure to implement. Hence, a loop shaping based PI controller is designed to improve the damping of the inter-mode of oscillations. The gains of the PI controller are optimally determined by solving a convex optimization problem by employing the primal-dual interior point method. Although the wide-area signal can be used to obtain accurate dynamic behavior of power system, but time delay appears in the wide-area signal through transmission from a remote area to a controller site. Thus, there lies a great deal of challenge to design a suitable damping controller. A Unified Smith Predictor (USP) based loop shaping H¥ controller is then designed to compensate for the time delay effect by using wide-area signal. To achieve robust stabilization, the normalized coprime factor problem is converted into a generalized H¥ optimization problem satisfying additional pole placement constraints. Communication failure of the wide-area signal is another disastrous phenomenon that occurs in a communication channel. Hence, a Dual Input Single Output (DISO) H¥ controller is proposed to achieve the control resiliency by employing two highest observability ranking wide-area signals with respect to the critical damping inter-area mode. The proposed controller provides sufficient damping to the power system ensuring its stability even when one of the wide-area signal is lost. The involvement of time-delay in the wide-area signal transmission may deteriorate the controller performance. Hence, USP approach is adopted to design the H¥ controller with additional pole placement constraints to compensate a range of communication delay. Although the higher-order controller exhibits good damping performance, but its design remains always a challenge while implement is in the large power system. A speed-based fixed low-order Wide-Area Damping Controller (WADC) is proposed by using the non-convex and non-smooth optimization technique. The controller is synthesized by minimizing the objective function defined on the basis of the spectral abscissa, complex
stability radius, and H¥ norm minimization. The time delay effect is considered in the synchronized and non-synchronized feedback loop. The fixed low-order synchronized and non-synchronized WADC is proposed considering the delay in synchronized as well as in the non-synchronized feedback signals. The performances and effectiveness of all the above designed controllers namely loop shaping PI controller, USP based loop shaping H¥ controller, USP based DISO H¥ controller and fixed order H¥ controller have been verified by considering two case studies namely the Kundurs two-area system and IEEE-39 bus system considering different operating points. It is observed from small-signal analysis and time-domain simulation in MATLAB/Simulink that the proposed wide-area damping controllers provide adequate damping to inter-area oscillations and compensate for the adverse effect of the time delay. In addition, it is also observed that the proposed fixed low-order (2nd) wide-area damping controller provides slightly better damping performance than a higher order controller.
Books on the topic "2-area power system"
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Ross, Randy. U. S. Solar Power Supply: National System with Long Term Storage Provides Power 24/365 Equal to U. S. Electrical Demand from 1. 2 Tenths of 1% of U. S. Land Area Without Any Conventional Polluting Backup. Independently Published, 2019.
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Guide for Use and Selection of Powder Coating Systems for Protective Purposes. AMPP, 2019. https://doi.org/10.5006/sspc-guide_25-2019.
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Scope This guide provides general information to assist facility owners and specifiers who select or specify powder coating systems to protect steel substrates from corrosion. It includes information about surface preparation and application procedures, and also about coating system durability and performance. Detailed descriptions of substrate selection and pretreatment are beyond the scope of this guide. Coating powder suppliers can provide advice regarding selection of specific primers and finish coats, and powder application and recovery equipment suppliers can assist with the selection of specific equipment. The powder coatings discussed in this guide are suitable for use in the following SSPC Environmental Zones described in Section 1 of SSPC Painting Manual Volume 2, Systems and Specifications and ISO 12944-2: Note: The ISO Corrosivity Categories do not directly correspond to the SSPC Environmental Zones. Table 1 shows an approximate comparison. TYPICAL APPLICATIONS FOR INDUSTRIAL POWDER COATINGS: Handrail, fences, structural façade components, chemical tank linings, pipeline coatings, decorative façade components, structural steel components. Original equipment manufacturing (OEM) applications also include powder coatings but are not within the scope of this guide. UNITS OF MEASURE: This standard provides both IEEE/ASTM/SI 10,(1) International Standards (SI) units and U.S. Customary units. The measurements are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way. This standard uses U.S. Customary units with approximate SI units shown in parentheses. TABLE 1SSPC ENVIRONMENTAL ZONES AND ISO CORROSIVITY CATEGORIESSSPC ZoneEnvironment descriptionISO 12944-2 Atmospheric Corrosivity Category0Dry interiors where structural steel is embedded in concrete, encased in masonry, or protected by membrane or non-corrosive contact type fireproofing.1AInterior, normally dry (or temporary protection). Very mild.C11BExterior, normally dry. Coatings may be subject to exposure to sunlight.C22AFrequently wet by fresh water. Coating may be subject to condensation, splash, spray or frequent immersion.C3/Im 12BFrequently wet by salt water. Coating may be subject to condensation, splash, spray, or frequent immersion.C5-M/Im 23AChemical atmospheric exposure, acidic (pH 2.0 to 5.0)C5-I3BChemical atmospheric exposure, neutral (pH 5.0 to 10.0)C5-I3CChemical atmospheric exposure, alkaline (pH 10.0 to 12.0)C5-I3DChemical atmospheric exposure, presence of mild solvent fumes. Intermittent contact with aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents (e.g., mineral spirits) , lower alcohols, glycols, etc.C5-I3EChemical atmospheric exposure, severe. Includes oxidizing chemicals, fumes from strong solvents, extreme pH’s, or combinations of these with high temperatures.C5-I
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Verzunova, L. V. REPORTS OF THE TSHA ISSUE 293 (PART 3). Publishing house of the Russian state agrarian University UN-TA im. K. A. Timiryazeva, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1835-5-2021-579.
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The collection includes articles based on the reports of scientists of the K. A. Timiryazev RGAU-MSHA, other universities and research institutions at the International Scientific Conference dedicated to the 155th anniversary of the K. A. Timiryazev RGAU-MSHA, which was held on December 2-4, 2020. The materials are presented on topical issues: the use of new technologies and equipment in power supply systems of enterprises; innovations in heat engineering, hydraulics and energy supply of enterprises and in transport and technological machines and complexes; automotive equipment, improving the efficiency of the use of technological and transport systems; innovative technologies in crop production;applied mechanics; innovative directions for the development of the technical service system in the agro-industrial complex; quality management and metrological support in the production and technological systems of the agro-industrial complex.
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Sarokin, David, and Jay Schulkin. Missed Information. The MIT Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262034920.001.0001.
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Missed Information explores three themes about information and modern society: (1) We are neglecting information. Even in our Information Age, we pay more attention to information technology -- the means of storing, moving, protecting information -- than to information itself. "Information" is still the thing we get about other subjects, but rarely is the subject in its own right. (2) Information, on its own, is a powerful agent of change.The old adage, "Information is power", has never been more true. Neglecting information quality can lead to system collapse, as happened in the Soviet Union and came close to happening in the subprime mortgage crisis. (3) Better information and improved information access increases the efficiency of all society's major systems. The benefits of doing so are substantial: more citizen participation, stronger economic performance, better environmental protection and improved government and consumer services. Ultimately, better information allows society's systems to respond more effectively to our collective concerns about global sustainability, such as child labor, climate change, and chemical pollution. The authors examine these themes in depth, not only from the perspective of broad economic, social and technological principles, but with an eye to practical innovations. The book proposes mechanisms for improving information and decision-making in health care, financial reporting, government systems and consumer purchasing, and explores the benefits to be realized once the changes are made.
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Jenkins, Rob, and James Manor. All Politics is ‘Local’? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190608309.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the complex interplay between the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA) and the multiple levels of political representation that comprise India's system of local government, known as panchayati raj, which includes elected councils at the village, block, and district levels. The analysis of the politics of NREGA implementation assesses the roles played by both politicians and administrators operating at each of these three levels. These interactions are assessed through an examination of three NREGA-related processes: (1) the increased power and resources of elected local councils, and the consolidation of power within these councils by their leaders; (2) the rationing of work opportunities, and the political logic behind the exclusion of certain groups; and (3) the struggles between village- and block-level actors over opportunities to engage in corruption.
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Dame Rosalyn, DBE, QC, Higgins, Webb Philippa, Akande Dapo, Sivakumaran Sandesh, and Sloan James. Part 2 The United Nations: What it is, 9 Powers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198808312.003.0009.
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This chapter examines the powers or competences of the United Nations as a separate legal entity. Its possession of legal personality, its specialized agencies, and some of the separate legal entities in the UN family are concepts that are related but distinct from the powers of these bodies. The possession of international legal personality means that these bodies have their own rights and duties, and powers vested in them in their own right. However, the possession of legal personality does not define the particular powers of the organization, nor does it mean that they have plenary competence under international law or in municipal legal systems. The chapter discusses the relationship to legal personality; nature and scope; purposes and principles of the organization; division of competence between principal organs and subsidiary organs; domestic jurisdiction limitation of Article 2(7); substantive content of powers internationally and in domestic law; consequences of ultra vires acts.
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Blick, Andrew. UK Politics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198825555.001.0001.
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UK Politics gives an introduction to this subject, providing the foundational understanding, critical perspectives, and historical knowledge needed to make sense of politics in the UK today. Part I looks at the way people are governed in the UK. This includes an analysis of the Cabinet and the Prime Minster, parliament, and the UK and human rights. Part 2 looks at how people participate in politics through examining the party system, elections, and voting. It also considers the issue of referendums. The third part is about how society affects UK politics. This part of the text examines communication and public opinion and considers identity, equality, and power. The final part is about the UK relates to the rest of the world. The key concepts here are devolution, local government, the nations and the union, and the outside world.
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Shikyil, Sylvester. Part II The Relationship Between the Legislature and the Executive, 5 Legislative–Executive Relations in Presidential Democracies: The Case of Nigeria. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198759799.003.0006.
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This chapter examines how Nigeria’s legislature and executive interact and check each other in a manner that prevents the abuse of powers. Section 1 provides a general introduction. Section 2 focuses on the constitutional role of the legislature and the executive. Section 3 examines the features of Nigeria’s presidential system. Section 4 explores the areas of interaction between the legislature and the executive in the discharge of their constitutional roles. Section 5 discusses the causes of legislative–executive conflicts and their impact on good governance while Section 6 concludes. The chapter argues that although the constitution makes ample provisions for a clear separation of powers between the legislature, executive, and the judiciary as well as providing for checks and balances to guide the relationship between the three branches of government, democratic principles have not been fully embraced due to the military culture existing between 1966 and 1999.
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Huret, Romain. The Not-So-Infernal Revenue Service? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198796817.003.0008.
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This chapter describes the central issue of tax collection and the reasons why people still comply with the federal tax system in the United States. The current coercive model implies that fear and enforcement officers are the main vehicles of tax compliance in a country so attached to the idea of freedom against tyranny. However, rather than a coercive model of compliance, the chapter proposes a common ground model based upon three elements that explain why Americans have accepted and, generally speaking, still accept the expansion of fiscal power: (1) social legitimacy of the state and its actors; (2) a reach-out consensus on the definition and measurement of incomes and wealth; and (3) the ability of taxpayers and tax collectors to find room for negotiation. A historical outlook on different tax regimes demonstrates how institutional and social actors have searched continuously for common ground since the Early Republic.
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Pasha, Mustapha Kamal. Decolonizing The Anarchical Society. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779605.003.0006.
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Are claims for redistributive justice reconcilable with the demands for order? This question remains as significant today as it was articulated in The Anarchical Society forty years ago. This essay explores its aporetic nature against the horizon afforded by spectrality—the ghostlike presence/absence of justice in Bull’s account of the international. The problem of justice in this alternative decolonial narrative occasions three interrelated components: (1) an acknowledgement of particular (exclusionary) historical settlements that have shaped the contemporary international order; (2) recognition of racially differentiated space (or ‘coloniality’) as a durable feature of past and present international order; and (3) exposure of some of the more potent effects of this differentiation on the capacity or power of (unequal) actors (sovereign states in Bull’s formulation) in the international system. In Bull’s case, it is the haunting presence/absence of coloniality (embedded in his concerns for redistributive justice) that is simultaneously repudiated and embraced.
Book chapters on the topic "2-area power system"
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Gupta, Neelesh Kumar, Manoj Kumar Kar, and Arun Kumar Singh. "Load Frequency Control of Two-Area Power System by Using 2 Degree of Freedom PID Controller Designed with the Help of Firefly Algorithm." In Control Applications in Modern Power System. Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8815-0_5.
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Patel, Nimai Charan, Binod Kumar Sahu, and Ramesh Chandra Khamari. "TLBO Designed 2-DOFPIDF Controller for LFC of Multi-area Multi-source Power System." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7076-3_24.
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Peddakapu, K., M. R. Mohamed, P. Srinivasarao, D. J. K. Kishore, D. A. Koteswararao, and P. S. P. R. Swamy. "Performance of 2-DOF PID Controller in AGC of Two Area Interconnected Power System Using PSO Algorithm." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8690-0_12.
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Dixit, Mukul, and Anshul Dixit. "Analyzing the Impact of Integration of SSSC/TCPS and Wind Turbine in 2-Area Interconnected Power System Networks." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-6970-5_7.
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Pushkarna, Mukesh, Haroon Ashfaq, and Rajveer Singh. "Planning of Load Frequency Control in Two Degrees of Freedom PID Controller Using MFO Technique in 2 Area Power System." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-0969-8_6.
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Yousef, Hassan A. "Modeling of Multi-Area Power Systems." In Power System Load Frequency Control. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315166292-2.
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Pati, Subhranshu Sekhar, and Saroj Kumar Mishra. "Automatic Generation Control of a Wind Turbine Integrated Hydro-thermal Plant with Redox Flow Batteries for 2-Area Interconnected Power System." In Smart Intelligent Computing and Applications. Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9282-5_39.
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Devarapalli, Teresa, and M. S. Krishnarayalu. "Automatic Generation Control of Multi-Area Power System." In Energy and Exergy for Sustainable and Clean Environment, Volume 2. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-8274-2_17.
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Shukla, Siddharth, Amit Gupta, and Ruchi Pandey. "Load Frequency Control for Multi-Area Power System Using PSO-Based Technique." In Artificial Intelligence Techniques in Power Systems Operations and Analysis. Auerbach Publications, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003301820-2.
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Biesinger, Andreas, Ruben Pesch, Mariela Cotrado, and Dirk Pietruschka. "Increased Efficiency Through Intelligent Networking of Producers and Consumers in Commercial Areas Using the Example of Robert Bosch GmbH." In iCity. Transformative Research for the Livable, Intelligent, and Sustainable City. Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92096-8_9.
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AbstractEnergy-efficient heating and cooling systems as well as intelligent systems for energy distribution are urgently required in order to be able to meet the ambitious goals of the European Union to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The present article is intended to show that intelligent system extensions for the area of heating, cooling and electricity production for the industrial sector can lead to significant increase in efficiency. For this purpose, a simulation study for the expansion of a combined heat and power (CHP) plant with 2 MW thermal output using a 1.4 MW absorption chiller has been carried out. This shows that a heat-controlled CHP unit can significantly increase its running time. A system model was created for the initial situation and validated with existing measurement data. In the second step, this model was expanded to include the ACM module. The simulation was able to prove that in the event of a system expansion, the run time of the CHP unit can be increased by 35%. In addition to then increase of energy efficiency in the supply system, the analysis also focuses on the efficiency of the energy distribution via thermal networks in an industrial environment. The presented paper therefore also highlights the optimization potentials in the operation of thermal supply networks for industrial applications. For this purpose, a mathematical model has been developed which in addition to the components of the thermal network itself also comprises the producers and consumers. The specific construction of thermal networks for the supply of industrial properties requires adapted solutions for the simulation of such systems. Therefore, amongst other things, in the paper, solutions are shown for the modelling of direct flow local heating networks as well as for the operation of a cascade-controlled pump group.
Conference papers on the topic "2-area power system"
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Pal, Manoj, and Anurag Singh. "Load Frequency Control in 2 Area Interconnected Power System Using Ant Colony Optimization." In 2024 4th International Conference on Intelligent Technologies (CONIT). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/conit61985.2024.10627590.
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Mahesh, Gundoji, and P. D. Dewangan. "Implementation of 2-DOFPID controller in multi area deregulated power system." In 2018 Second International Conference on Inventive Communication and Computational Technologies (ICICCT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicct.2018.8472994.
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Kumar, Pasalapudi Sai Pavan, Idamakanti Kasireddy, DSNM Rao, and Ch Phani Kumar. "Improved load frequency control of 2-area power system using nature inspired algorithm." In First International Conference on Smart Systems and Green Energy Technologies. River Publishers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.13052/rp-9788770229647.009.
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Mishra, Ram Naresh, Narendra Kumar, and Mohd Zuhaib. "AGC of 2-Area Restructured Power System using Polar Fuzzy Controller and Energy Storage Units." In 2023 2nd International Conference for Innovation in Technology (INOCON). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/inocon57975.2023.10101346.
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Chakraborty, Anirban, Murali Varanasi, Oscar N. Garcia, and Gayatri Mehta. "Area and Power analysis of a Scalable Primitive Polynomial computation circuit over the field GF(2)." In 2022 IEEE 15th Dallas Circuit And System Conference (DCAS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcas53974.2022.9845656.
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Nayak, Jyoti Ranjan, Binod Kumar Sahu, and Tridipta Kumar Pati. "Load frequency control of a two-area non-reheat thermal system using Type-2 Fuzzy system optimized DEPSO algorithm." In 2015 International Conference on Energy, Power and Environment: Towards Sustainable Growth (ICEPE). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/epetsg.2015.7510116.
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Raghuram, H., Vishnu, Vaishak B, and Premananda B. S. "Design and Analysis of Power and Area Efficient 4–2 Compressor Circuit for Tree Multiplier." In 2023 7th International Conference on Computation System and Information Technology for Sustainable Solutions (CSITSS). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/csitss60515.2023.10334133.
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Sharma, Akshay, L. K. Nagar, N. P. Patidar, et al. "Minimizing uncertainties with improved power system stability using wide area fuzzy-2 logic based damping controller." In 2017 3rd International Conference on Computational Intelligence & Communication Technology (CICT). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ciact.2017.7977284.
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Shalini and Kunwar Singh. "Power and Area Efficient Hybrid Memristor-CMOS based 2’s Complement FSM for High-Performance Computing System." In 2023 International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Smart Communication (AISC). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/aisc56616.2023.10085331.
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Simpson, Zachary, Anirban Chakraborty, Murali Varanasi, Gayatri Mehta, and Oscar N. Garcia. "Power, Performance, and Area Analysis of Hardware Design Techniques for GF(2k) Greatest Common Divisor computation." In 2022 IEEE 15th Dallas Circuit And System Conference (DCAS). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcas53974.2022.9845594.
Full textReports on the topic "2-area power system"
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Baumgartner, Franz, Cyril Allenspach, Ebrar Özkalay, et al. Performance of Partially Shaded PV Generators Operated by Optimized Power Electronics 2024. Edited by Ulrike Jahn. International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems Programme, 2024. https://doi.org/10.69766/leof5152.
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Inhomogeneous shading on the PV generator leads to disproportionately high losses. As the potential of PV generation on roofs or façades is to be increasingly utilised in the coming decades, these cases will occur more frequently. The aim here is to provide an overview of the challenges and state-of-the-art technical solutions for partial shading. Current developments in PV engineering show that maximum performance lies in the combination between optimised module placement, the use of modules that are tolerant of shading and optimised power electronics. Shortly after the discovery of the solar cell, blocking or bypass diodes were used to solve the inhomogeneous currents of groups of solar cells arranged in series or parallel wiring. Even today, they are still the most efficient and robust solution for the majority of common shading PV applications. Due to the very high rated outputs of the solar modules and the presence of only three bypass diodes, high temperatures can occur on a locally shaded solar cell. This forces heat outputs of up to 200W or 100W in the butterfly module connection through the associated activated bypass diode, which must be dissipated by the most shaded cell. If additional small-area defects occur in this affected solar cell, hotspot peak temperatures can occur, which can lead to permanent damage to the module or the risk of fire. However, in order to prevent a third of the module output being lost in this case, four or more bypass diodes are now used in so-called shadow-tolerant PV modules. With a higher number of bypass diodes per module area, it is also possible to selectively bypass smaller, less efficient areas of the module, which leads to an increase in the module yield. The hotspot effects can also be comprehensively and robustly prevented by the small number of solar cells per bypass diode, provided the bypass diode is properly designed. The first manufacturers are beginning to place these shade-tolerant PV modules on the markets. Today, planners can also select different power electronics systems for the next step in system integration towards grid feed-in, i.e. the connection of the individual modules in the string. This is the classic series connection of all modules in the string to the input of the DC/AC string inverter (SINV), which leads to the highest yields for weak and medium shading. This applies, for example, to light shading with a chimney or a ventilation pipe, where no more than one tenth of the modules in the string are reached by the shade at the same time during the six hours around midday, even when using standard modules with only three bypass diodes. (see Table 1) With medium to heavy shading, the widely used DC/DC converters directly on the PV module (MLPE), often also called power optimisers, can be used profitably. However, the combination of shade-tolerant PV modules with conventional SINVs can often deliver comparable annual yields. However, if the optimisers are also used behind each module even with weak shading (allMLPE), they deliver less yield in total than the simple SINV, as their own DC/DC losses then have a negative impact compared to simple connectors. This only becomes apparent if the MLPE manufacturers' data sheet claims of 99% efficiency are not viable. The published measurements carried out in independent laboratories over the last four years are listed in this report, which suggest that losses are around 2% higher. As the differences in yield between the power electronics variants SINV and MLPE are usually less than four per cent in annual yield for light to medium shading, the above-mentioned real MLPE efficiency at the specific operating points plays the decisive role in planning the most efficient system. However, as the commercial PV software planning tools currently use these MLPE manufacturer specifications which are over estimated, no meaningful system comparison can be expected for these shading categories. In this report the results of annual simulations performed by some sophisticated simulation tools that take these real MLPE losses into account are discussed.
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Chavadej, Sumaeth, Thammanoon Sreethawong, Anothai Tansuwan, and Thanapoom Suwannabart. Ethylene oxide reaction over Ag catalysts in low-temperature corona discharge. Chulalongkorn University, 2009. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.res.2009.80.
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Part 1: The epoxidation of ethylene over different catalysts - namely Ag/(low-surface-area, LSA)-Al2O3, Ag/(high-surface-area, HSA)γ-Al2O3, and Au-Ag/(HSA)γ-Al2O3 - in a low-temperature corona discharge system was investigated. In a comparison among the studied catalysts, the Ag/(LSA)-Al2O3 catalyst was found to offer the highest selectivity for ethylene oxide, as well as the lowest selectivity for carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The selectivity for ethylene oxide increased with increasing applied voltage, while the selectivity for ethylene oxide remained unchanged when the frequency was varied in the range of 300-500 Hz. Nevertheless, the selectivity for ethylene oxide decreased with increasing frequency beyond 500 Hz. The optimum Ag loading on (LSA)-Al2O3 was found to be 12.5 wt.%, at which a maximum ethylene oxide selectivity of 12.9% was obtained at the optimum applied voltage and input frequency of 15 kV and 500 Hz, respectively. Under these optimum conditions, the power consumption was found to be 12.6x10-16 W.s/molecule of ethylene oxide produced. In addition, a low oxygen-to-ethylene molar ratio and a low feed flow rate were also experimentally found to be beneficial for the ethylene epoxidation. Part 2: The epoxidation of ethylene under a low-temperature dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) was also feasibly investigated to find the best operating conditions. It was experimentally found that the EO yield decreased with increasing O2/C2H4 feed molar ratio, feed flow rate, input frequency, and electrode gap distance, while it increased with increasing applied voltage up to 19 kV. The highest EO yield of 5.6% was obtained when an input frequency of 500 Hz and an applied voltage of 19 kV were used, with an O2/C2H4 feed molar ratio of 1:1, a feed flow rate of 50 cm3/min, and an electrode gap distance of 10 mm. Under these best conditions, the power consumption was found to be as low as 6.07x10-16 Ws/molecule of EO produced. Part 3: In this work, the epoxidation of ethylene using a low-temperature corona discharge system was investigated with various reported catalytically active catalysts: Ag/α-Al2O3, Cs-Ag/αAl2O3, Cu-Ag/αAl2O3, and Au-Ag/αAl2O3. It was experimentally found that the investigated catalysts could improve the ethylene conversion and the ethylene oxide (EO) yield and selectivity for the corona discharge system, particularly 1 wt.% Cs-12.5% Ag/αAl2O3 and 0.2% Au-12.5% Ag/αAl2O3. The power consumption per EO molecule produced in the corona discharge system, combined with the superior bimetallic catalysts, was much lower than that of the sole corona discharge system and that of the corona discharge system combined with the monometallic Ag catalyst.
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Hopper. L30500 Analysis of the Effects of High-Voltage Direct-Current Transmission Systems on Buried Pipelines. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010196.
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The economics of high voltage direct current for long-distance transmission of electrical energy have been reported as very attractive, to the extent that several projects are in the making. Several reasons other than the savings in transmission costs, for example the exchange of peak power between time zones and seasonal zones, would permit utilities to save on plant investment for generating capacity while maintaining a high level of service. This report summarizes work on the initial phase of a study to determine the effects of high-voltage direct-current (H.V.D.C.) electric transmission lines on buried pipeline systems. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. initiated this work in response to an anticipated threat posed by the Pacific Northwest-Southwest Intertie H.V.D.C. system now being designed (and other possible H.V.D.C. lines in the future) because of the announced plans to pass direct current through the earth. The objectives of the overall program are:(1) To determine the nature and magnitude of problems that will be created by the earth current from H.V.D.C. systems, and(2) To devise means of protecting pipelines from the effects of such currents. A computer program was written based on a mathematical model of a buried pipeline in the environment created by an H.V.D.C. system. Excellent agreement was obtained between computed soil potential gradients and measurements obtained during a field test of H.V.D.C. in Oregon. Reasonably good agreement was also obtained between measured pipe-to-soil potentials on the Pacific Lighting Gas Supply Company pipeline near Camino, California, and computed values during a field test of H.V.D.C. power transmission.
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Brice, Jeremy. Investment, power and protein in sub-Saharan Africa. Edited by Tara Garnett. TABLE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56661/d8817170.
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The place of protein in sub-Saharan Africa’s food system is changing rapidly, raising complex international development, global health and environmental sustainability issues. Despite substantial growth in the region’s livestock agriculture sector, protein consumption per capita remains low, and high levels of undernourishment persist. Meanwhile sub-Saharan Africa’s population is growing and urbanising rapidly, creating expectations that demand for protein will increase rapidly over the coming decades and triggering calls for further investment in the expansion and intensification of the region’s meat and dairy sector. However, growing disquiet over the environmental impacts of further expansion in livestock numbers, and growing sales of alternative protein products in the Global North, has raised questions about the future place of plant-based, insect and lab-grown proteins in African diets and food systems. This report examines financial investment in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa. It begins from the position that investors play an important role in shaping the development of diets and food systems because they are able to mobilise the financial resources required to develop new protein products, infrastructures and value chains, or to prevent their development by withholding investment. It therefore investigates which actors are financing the production in sub-Saharan Africa of: a) animal proteins such as meat, fish, eggs and dairy products; b) ‘protein crops’ such as beans, pulses and legumes; and c) processed ‘alternative proteins’ derived from plants, insects, microbes or animal cells grown in a tissue culture. Through analysing investment by state, philanthropic and private sector organisations – as well as multilateral financial institutions such as development banks – it aims to establish which protein sources and stages of the value chain are financed by different groups of investors and to explore the values and goals which shape their investment decisions. To this end, the report examines four questions: 1. Who is currently investing in protein production in sub-Saharan Africa? 2. What goals do these investors aim to achieve (or what sort of future do they seek to bring about) through making these investments? 3. Which protein sources and protein production systems do they finance? 4. What theory of change links their investment strategy to these goals? In addressing these questions, this report explores what sorts of protein production and provisioning systems different investor groups might be helping to bring into being in sub-Saharan Africa. It also considers what alternative possibilities might be marginalised due to a lack of investment. It thus seeks to understand whose priorities, preferences and visions for the future of food might be informing the changing place of protein in the region’s diets, economies and food systems.
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Moncada, Oscar, Zainab Imran, Connor Vickers, et al. Full-Scale Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer and Pilot Project Implementation. Purdue University, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284317744.
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Considering the challenges hindering the widespread adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and heavy-duty electric vehicles(HDEVs), the integration of dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT) technology into roadways has gained interest. By embedding DWPT components into pavement, electrical power can be delivered to an EV or HDEV as they are in motion. Yet, large-scale implementation depends on further in-depth research, both to explore optimal construction methods and to understand the impact of embedment on the pavement’s resultant behavior. The objective of this project was trifold: (1) design and evaluate a transmitter-receiver topology for DWPT, (2) enhance the understanding of the interaction between the pavement and the embedded DWPT system, and (3) support the design and installation of a 230 kW DWPT system pilot for HDEVs on an existing INDOT roadway. A three-phase transmitter-receiver topology for DWPT was developed and validated, enabling the transmission of power across a wide range of vehicle classes while reducing the power oscillation that has been encountered in existing single-phase designs. To empirically evaluate the impact of DWPT on pavement, two pavement sections—one flexible and one rigid, were designed and constructed at an Accelerated Pavement Test (APT) facility. Following validation of the DWPT design through structural, thermal, and electromagnetic testing, Purdue University developed plans to establish a Dynamic Wireless Power Transfer Testbed (DWPTT) along ¼-mile of US-231 near West Lafayette. This testbed will serve as a critical platform for the transition of DWPT technology from APT sections to a practical roadway environment.
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Tow Leong, Tiang, Mohd Saufi Ahmad, Ang Qian Yee, et al. HANDBOOK OF ELECTRICAL SYSTEM DESIGN FOR NON-DOMESTIC BUILDING. Penerbit Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58915/techrpt2023.001.
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This technical report presents the electrical system installation design for development of a factory with 1 storey and 2 storey of offices. Firstly, the general methodology of designing the electrical system are elaborated in this report. As overall, the methodologies in designing the components of the electrical system are explained and elaborated, which included: (a) load and maximum demand estimation; (b) miniature circuit breaker (MCB) selection; (c) moulded case circuit breaker (MCCB) selection; (d) air circuit breaker (ACB) selection, (e) residual current device (RCD) selection; (f) protection relay selection; (g) current transformer (CT) selection; (h) sizing selection for cable and live conductors; (i) capacitor bank selection for power factor correction (PFC); and (j) distribution transformer and its protection devices selection. Then, the electrical system of this project is computed and designed by using the methodologies aforementioned. Firstly, the electrical system of various distribution boards (DBs) with the protection/metering devices along with its phase and earthing cables for every final circuits are designed and installed in the factory. Next, the installation is proceeded with the electrical system of main switchboard (MSB) with the protection/metering devices along with its phase and earthing cables for every DBs. Also, the electrical system of PFC by using detuned capacitor bank with various protection/metering devices is designed and built in the plant. Apart from that, the factory is equipped with the electrical system of high tension (HT) room that included the distribution power transformer with the protection/metering devices along with its phase and earthing cables. Lastly, the methodologies and the computation design of the electrical system installation in the context of connected load, load currents, maximum demand, MCB, MCCB, ACB, RCD, protection relay, metering CTs, live cable, protection conductor/earth cable, detuned capacitor bank, and distribution transformer, are prepared according to several important standards, for instance, the MS IEC 60364, Electrical Installations for Buildings, Suruhanjaya Tenaga (ST) – Non-Domestic Electrical Installation Safety Code, Electricity Supply Application Handbook, Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB).
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Bendixen, Shannon, Michael Campbell, Corey Criswell, and Roland Smith. Change-Capable Leadership The Real Power Propelling Successful Change. Center for Creative Leadership, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35613/ccl.2017.2049.
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If you could ask 275 senior executive leaders about how to lead change, what would they have to say? What if they talked about the most important factors for success, what you should do more of, do less of, or avoid all together? What if their experiences could help you lead change in your organization and provide an early warning system to avoid failure? Do we have your attention? If you are a leader facing complex business challenges in your organization that require changes in the way people have always done things, we offer the following insights from the senior executives we asked about their experiences in leading change: 1. Change yourself. Leading change successfully means spending time outside of your comfort zone. As the individual leading an initiative you must change your mindset, actions, and behaviors. 2. Don’t go it alone. Leading change is a team activity. People come together driven by a compelling, and frequently communicated, message about why we are changing. 3. Know the signs . Recognize the early warning signs that indicate an initiative is starting to derail.
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Lawson. L51597 Feasibility Study of New Technology for Intake Air Filtration. Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010105.
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Inlet air filters are widely used to remove solids and liquid droplets from the ambient air before it enters the compressor of a gas turbine. Clean inlet air provides many advantages: Less corrosion of the compressor and of gas-path hot parts, such as the turbine, decreased compressor fouling, less erosion of the compressor bladeThese in turn prevent deterioration of output and heat rate, and reduce maintenance costs. Compressor fouling is caused by the ingestion of substances that deposit and adhere to blade surfaces, resulting in reduced aerodynamic efficiency and decreased available output. Air contamination could be significantly reduced by the use of more efficient air filtration systems, especially through the reduction of the quantity of smaller particles ingested. The consequent lower loss of output power and decreased cleaning efforts provide lower costs of operation and increased shaft power. This work was composed of three major efforts: 1) A literature search was performed to establish the state of the art for particle removal from gases, particularly by electrostatic precipitation, and to identify the leading vendors of the equipment-considering both experience and technical expertise. 2) Two chosen companies were visited to determine their technical capabilities as they apply to gas turbine inlet air filtration. 3) A representative gas turbine was specified by PRCI as being the equivalent of a GE Model 3002J turbine, with airflow of 91,200 acfm. A specification based upon that airflow was prepared and submitted to the two vendors. Each vendor prepared a proposal for a filter system compliant with the specification. The proposed air filtration equipment is sufficiently different from existing products that it was judged not beneficial to visit manufacturing facilities. Both vendors are reputable suppliers of air filtration equipment. This study is intended to provide definitive information relative to the use of new technology for air inlet filtration on gas turbines in gas pipeline pumping applications.
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Yang, Yu, Hen-Geul Yeh, and Cesar Ortiz. Battery Management System Development for Electric Vehicles and Fast Charging Infrastructure Improvement. Mineta Transportation Institute, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2024.2325.
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The electric vehicle (EV) has become increasingly popular due to its being zero-emission. However, a significant challenge faced by EV drivers is the range anxiety associated with battery usage. Addressing this concern, this project develops a more efficient battery management system (BMS) for electric vehicles based on a real-time, state-of-charge (SOC) estimation. The proposed study delivers three modules: (1) a new equivalent circuit model (ECM) for lithium-ion batteries, (2) a new SOC estimator based on the moving horizon method, and (3) an on-board FPGA implementation of the classical Coulomb counting method for SOC estimation. The research team extends the traditional ECM by incorporating more functional features through the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO). Then the first-order transfer function model identification and LASSO are iteratively executed to minimize the data fitting error. Given this model, the research team employs the moving horizon estimator (MHE) to determine the SOC by fitting the measured terminal voltage. Subsequently, the research team implements the SOC estimation scheme on an FPGA board. This hardware-in-the-loop simulation is demonstrated in this report step by step. The proposed research has broad societal impacts. It aligns with SB1 objectives in several ways. First, EVs with a more efficient BMS can improve their cruise range, reducing energy consumption and traffic congestion. Second, the resulting BMS can be applied in the solar-power and battery-assisted charging stations to make more reliable infrastructure in an age of sustainable transportation.
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Motamed, Ramin, David McCallen, and Swasti Saxena. An International Workshop on Large-Scale Shake Table Testing for the Assessment of Soil-Foundation-Structure System Response for Seismic Safety of DOE Nuclear Facilities, A Virtual Workshop – 17-18 May 2021. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55461/jjvo9762.
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Aging infrastructure within the US Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) nuclear facilities poses a major challenge to their resiliency against natural phenomenon hazards. Examples of mission-critical facilities located in regions of high seismicity can be found at a number of NNSA sites including Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Los Alamos National Laboratory, and the Nevada National Security Site. Most of the nation’s currently operating nuclear facilities have already reached their operating lifetime, and most currently operating nuclear power plants (NPPs) have already reached the extent of their operating license period. While the domestic demand for electrical energy is expected to grow, if currently operating NPPs do not extend their operations and additional plants are not built quickly enough to replace them, the total fraction of electrical energy generated from carbon-free nuclear power will rapidly decline. The decision to extend operation is ultimately an economic one; however, economics can often be improved through technical advancements (McCarthy et al. 2015) and research and development (R&D) activities. Similarly, the operating lifetime of the current DOE- and NNSA-owned critical infrastructure can be extended using the Probabilistic Risk Assessment (PRA) framework to systematically identify the risk associated with designing and operating existing facilities and building new ones. Using this framework consists of several steps, including (1) system analysis considering the interaction between components, such as evaluating the soil-foundation-structure system response; and (2) assessment of areas of uncertainty. Both of these steps are essential to assessing and reducing risks to the DOE and NNSA nuclear facilities. While the risks to the DOE’s facilities are primarily due to natural hazard phenomena, data from large-scale tests of the soil-foundation-structural system response to seismic shaking is currently lacking. This workshop aimed to address these key areas by organizing an international workshop focused on advancing the seismic safety of nuclear facilities using large-scale shake table testing. As a result, this workshop, which was held virtually, brought together a select group of international experts in large-scale shake table testing from the U.S., Japan, and Europe to discuss state-of-the-art experimental techniques and emerging instrumentation technologies that can produce unique experimental data to advance knowledge in natural hazards that impact the safety of the DOE’s nuclear facilities. The generated experimental data followed by research and development activities will ultimately result in updates to ASCE 4-16, one of the primary design guides for DOE nuclear facilities per DOE-STD-1020-2016. The ultimate objective of the workshop was to develop a “road map” for the future experimental campaign and innovative instrumentations using the newly constructed DOE-funded large-scale shake table facility at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) as well as other large-scale shake table testing facilities. This new facility resulted from a collaborative project engagement between UNR and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. (LBNL). This report summarizes the proceedings of the workshop and highlights the key outcomes from presentations and discussions.