Journal articles: '2-cylinder engine'

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Buitkamp, Thomas, Michael Günthner, Florian Müller, and Tim Beutler. "A detailed study of a cylinder activation concept by efficiency loss analysis and 1D simulation." Automotive and Engine Technology 5, no. 3-4 (September 4, 2020): 159–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41104-020-00070-1.

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Abstract Cylinder deactivation is a well-known measure for reducing fuel consumption, especially when applied to gasoline engines. Mostly, such systems are designed to deactivate half of the number of cylinders of the engine. In this study, a new concept is investigated for deactivating only one out of four cylinders of a commercial vehicle diesel engine (“3/4-cylinder concept”). For this purpose, cylinders 2–4 of the engine are operated in “real” 3-cylinder mode, thus with the firing order and ignition distance of a regular 3-cylinder engine, while the first cylinder is only activated near full load, running in parallel to the fourth cylinder. This concept was integrated into a test engine and evaluated on an engine test bench. As the investigations revealed significant improvements for the low-to-medium load region as well as disadvantages for high load, an extensive numerical analysis was carried out based on the experimental results. This included both 1D simulation runs and a detailed cylinder-specific efficiency loss analysis. Based on the results of this analysis, further steps for optimizing the concept were derived and studied by numerical calculations. As a result, it can be concluded that the 3/4-cylinder concept may provide significant improvements of real-world fuel economy when integrated as a drive unit into a tractor.

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Moskwa, John J., Wenbo Wang, and Duane J. Bucheger. "A New Methodology for Use in Engine Diagnostics and Control, Utilizing “Synthetic” Engine Variables: Theoretical and Experimental Results." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 123, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1387019.

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This paper describes new methodologies and algorithms for use in engine diagnostics that simplify and improve combustion quality monitoring and closed-loop engine control in order to meet stringent emission standards. The “synthetic” variables these algorithms produce can be used to indicate the work produced by each cylinder combustion event at all engine speeds, and can be effectively used for on-board combustion quality measurements, engine diagnostics, and closed-loop control. The algorithms are very simple in form, run in real time, and the methodologies can be applied to compression ignition or spark ignition, 2-stroke or 4-stroke gasoline or diesel engines. Both simulation and experimental results are given for a two-stroke, two-cylinder in-line engine. The rotational dynamics and firing sequence of this configuration of engine is very similar to a four-stroke, four cylinder in-line engine, and nearly identical results will be seen with these two designs. Even more dramatic improvements can be seen with engines of fewer cylinders because of greater variations in their inertial forces. The algorithms can be successfully applied to many other engine configurations as well. Therefore, benefits can be derived from the application of these algorithms and their “synthetic” variables to control strategies for almost all modern small and medium size automotive and marine engines, as well as utility engines used for lawn care, snow removal, and other similar applications.

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Suvolapov, Volodumur, Andriy Novitskiy, Vasul Khmelevski, and Oleksandr Bustruy. "Investigation of the Heat Transfer Process in Internal Combustion Engine Cylinders." Central Ukrainian Scientific Bulletin. Technical Sciences, no. 3(34) (October 2020): 266–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.32515/2664-262x.2020.3(34).266-274.

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The article analyzes scientific publications and literary studies of heat transfer processes in cylinders of internal combustion engines. The research of temperature fields in engines during their operation at different modes with the use of a software package and calculation module is presented. The results of modeling and thermo-metering in homogeneous and laminated engine cylinder liners are analyzed. Graphic dependencies and temperature distribution by cylinder wall thickness at maximum and minimum temperature on cylinder surface are given. On the basis of researches it is established that at laminating and pressing of inserts temperature fields in the engine cylinder change, temperature on an internal surface of the cylinder increases at laminating on 6,5 °С, and at pressing - on 4,5 °С. This is explained by the fact that the contact layer during plastification is in the zone of non-stationary mode, and when pressing the contact layer is in the zone of stationary mode and thus increases the thickness of the cylinder by 2 millimeters. It is established that the difference of minimum and maximum temperatures on the inner surface of the cylinder practically remains the same as that of a homogeneous cylinder. Thus, modeling becomes the most effective scientific tool in the development and implementation of long-term evaluation of options for improving ICE.

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Samad, Mohd Abdul, Syed Nawazish Mehdi, and Syed Khader basha. "A Modified Cylinder Block-IC Engine Experimentation." International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology 10, no. 3 (February 28, 2021): 6–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijeat.b2095.0210321.

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In Internal combustion Engines, the adequate cooling plays vital role for proper functioning and enhanced efficiencies. In the present scenario, the demand for Air cooled Engines with higher powers is increasing and hence necessity for Augmented heat transfer through fins. The present work confined to fins mounted on the cylinder block.In the present work, Internal Combustion Engine test rig is used, which consist of 4S, single cylinder, vertical, air cooled, SI Engine with Instrumentation panel, Throttle control mechanism and Electrical Loading system. The performance test on IC engine is carried out for three various configurations of cylinder blocks i.e., 1. Actual cylinder block 2.Cylinder block with triangular profile fins 3. Cylinder block with perforated triangular profile fins. Performance parameters are evaluated, plotted and compared & eventually conclusions are made.

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Zheng, Zhong Cai, Na Liu, Yan Gao, Kun Jin Zhang, and Hai Ou Chen. "Free Modal Analysis of a 2-Cylinder Diesel Engine Cylinder Block." Applied Mechanics and Materials 29-32 (August 2010): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.29-32.310.

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The three dimensional model of a 2-cylinder diesel engine block is established with the P ro/E software, and then the modal analysis of the engine block is carried out using finite element method with ANSYS software . Through the analysis, the inherent frequencies and mode shapes of the first 6 order modes are obtained respectively, and then are compared with the testing result; comparison shows the results of FEA estimation are in good agreement with those of testing which indicates the FEA results’ correctness. The results of the relative distribution of the vibration magnitude in the whole block are given, which provide necessary guides for the dynamic optimal design of the engine block.

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Anggono, Willyanto, Wataru Ikoma, Haoyu Chen, Zhiyuan Liu, Mitsuhisa Ichiyanagi, and Takashi Suzuki. "Effect of Various Supercharger Boost Pressure to in-Cylinder Pressure and Heat Release Rate Characteristics of Direct Injection Diesel Engine at Various Engine Rotation." E3S Web of Conferences 130 (2019): 01036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913001036.

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The diesel engines are superior in terms of power efficiency and fuel economy compared to gasoline engines. In order to optimize the performance of direct injection diesel engine, the effect of various intake pressure (boost pressure) from supercharging direct injection diesel engine was studied at various engine rotation. A single cylinder direct injection diesel engine was used in this experiment. The bore diameter of the engine used was set to 85 mm, the stroke length was set to 96.9 mm, and the compression ratio was set to 16.3. The variation of engine rotation started from 800 rpm to 2 000 rpm with 400 rpm increment. The variation of boost pressure is bounded from 0 kPa boost pressure (naturally aspirated) to the maximum of 60 kPa boost pressure with 20 kPa boost pressure increment. The performance of the engine is evaluated in terms of in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate as the most important performance characteristics of the diesel engine. The in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate of direct injection diesel engine are increased with the elevation of boost pressure at various engine rotation. The raise of engine rotation resulted in the decrease of maximum in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate.

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Woods, W. A., and O. K. Sag. "A Study of Cylinder-to-Cylinder Distribution of Charge in a Six Cylinder Spark Ignition Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 470–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240144.

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An experimental and theoretical study of inlet flow was carried out on a Ford V6 Zephyr four-stroke cycle spark ignition engine. Details of measurements of individual cylinder flows were made on one bank of three cylinders (Nos. 4, 5, and 6) over a range of engine speeds from 1500 to 3500 rpm and throttle positions, full (WOT) down to 1/4 position. The object of the investigation was, first, to determine experimentally the extent of the variation of flow rate from cylinder to cylinder with changes in throttle position and engine speed and, secondly, to determine whether the computer simulation could confirm the trend. The main results of the tests showed that the outer two cylinders, No. 4 and No. 6, had the same flow rate within a variation of about 1/2 percent and that the middle cylinder, No. 5, had about 3 percent more flow at low speeds and 1 percent more at high speeds. In the main these were confirmed by the computer calculations. The volumetric efficiencies were also determined; these produced fairly smooth curves decreasing about 4 to 6 percentage points over the speed range and decreasing progressively as the throttle was reduced. There was evidence of recovery in the magnitude of volumetric efficiency at higher speeds and smaller throttle openings. The computer results also produced these trends.

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Shokrollahihassanbarough, Farzad, Ali Alqahtani, and Mirosław Wyszynski. "Thermodynamic simulation comparison of opposed two-stroke and conventional four-stroke engines." Combustion Engines 162, no. 3 (August 1, 2015): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-116867.

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Today’s technology leveraging allows OP2S (Opposed Piston 2-Stroke) engine to be considered as an alternative for the conventional four-stroke (4S) engines as mechanical drive in various applications, mainly in transportation. In general, OP2S engines are suited to compete with conventional 4-stroke engines where power-to-weight ratio, power-to-bulk volume ratio and fuel efficiency are requirements. This paper does present a brief advent, as well as the renaissance of OP2S engines and the novel technologies which have been used in the new approach. Also precise thermodynamic benefits have been considered, to demonstrate the fundamental efficiency advantage of OP2S engines. Hence, simulations of two different engine configurations have been taken into consideration: a one-cylinder opposed piston engine and two-cylinder conventional piston four-stroke engine. In pursuance of fulfilling this goal, the engines have been simulated in AVL Boost™ platform which is one of the most accurate Virtual Engine Tools, to predict engine performance such as combustion optimization, emission and fuel consumption. To minimize the potential differences of friction losses, the bore and stroke per cylinder are taken as constant. The closed-cycle performance of the engine configurations is compared using a custom analysis tool that allows the sources of thermal efficiency differences to be identified and quantified. As a result, brake thermal efficiency, power and torque of OP2S engine have been improved compared to conventional engines while emission concern has been alleviated.

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Olsen, D. B., J. C. Holden, G. C. Hutcherson, and B. D. Willson. "Formaldehyde Characterization Utilizing In-Cylinder Sampling in a Large Bore Natural Gas Engine." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 123, no. 3 (December 7, 2000): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1363601.

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This research addresses the growing need to better understand the mechanisms through which engine-out formaldehyde is formed in two-stroke cycle large bore natural gas engines. The investigation is performed using a number of different in-cylinder sampling techniques implemented on a Cooper-Bessemer GMV-4TF four-cylinder two-stroke cycle large bore natural gas engine with a 36-cm (14-in.) bore and a 36-cm (14-in.) stroke. The development and application of various in-cylinder sampling techniques is described. Three different types of valves are utilized, (1) a large sample valve for extracting a significant fraction of the cylinder mass, (2) a fast sample valve for crank angle resolution, and (3) check valves. Formaldehyde in-cylinder sampling data are presented that show formaldehyde mole fractions at different times during the engine cycle and at different locations in the engine cylinder. The test results indicate that the latter part of the expansion process is a critical time for engine-out formaldehyde formation. The data show that significant levels of formaldehyde form during piston and end-gas compression. Additionally, formaldehyde is measured during the combustion process at mole fractions five to ten times higher than engine-out formaldehyde mole fractions. Formaldehyde is nearly completely destroyed during the final part of the combustion process. The test results provide insights that advance the current understanding and help direct future work on formaldehyde formation.

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Petrov, L., O. Lysy, V. Nikishin, and I. Kishyanus. "MODERNIZATION ELEMENTS RESEARCH OF CYLINDER PISTON GROUP OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINEANNOTATION." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 1, no. 12 (December 27, 2019): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2019.12.1.133-140.

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Actuality. Meaning of efficiency coefficient of internal combustion engine fully depends on type and construction. Common world practice of automobile construction is directed on increasing of quality of indicators of usage of internal combustion engine, which is linked to directions of increasing efficiency. Leading overseas firms that “dictate” the engineering direction of the design improvement of internal combustion engines in connection with the improvement of the technology of processing fuel into mechanical work in the engine use various technological opportunities in conjunction with the design developments in the cylindrical piston group. That’s why modernization elements research of cylinder piston group is relevant. Goal. Research possible ways to increase efficiency internal combustion engine by modernization of cylinder piston group due to the scientific work plan. Task. Design measures for internal combustion engine modernization for increasing of quality of its usage. Research methodology. Due to methodology [2] we performed theoretical calculations of efficiency of real engine and efficiency of engine which cylinder piston group was upgraded. While we defied indicating efficiency of patrol engine ZMZ-406 we used auxiliary equation of B. Stechkin. We performed theoretical calculations of functional dependence of efficiency because of working body parameters changes simultaneously.

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Stelmasiak, Zdzisław. "Application of Alcohols to Dual - Fuel Feeding the Spark-Ignition and Self-Ignition Engines." Polish Maritime Research 21, no. 3 (October 28, 2014): 86–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2014-0034.

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Abstract This paper concerns analysis of possible use of alcohols for the feeding of self - ignition and spark-ignition engines operating in a dual- fuel mode, i.e. simultaneously combusting alcohol and diesel oil or alcohol and petrol. Issues associated with the requirements for application of bio-fuels were presented with taking into account National Index Targets, bio-ethanol production methods and dynamics of its production worldwide and in Poland. Te considerations are illustrated by results of the tests on spark- ignition and self- ignition engines fed with two fuels: petrol and methanol or diesel oil and methanol, respectively. Te tests were carried out on a 1100 MPI Fiat four- cylinder engine with multi-point injection and a prototype collector fitted with additional injectors in each cylinder. Te other tested engine was a SW 680 six- cylinder direct- injection diesel engine. Influence of a methanol addition on basic operational parameters of the engines and exhaust gas toxicity were analyzed. Te tests showed a favourable influence of methanol on combustion process of traditional fuels and on some operational parameters of engines. An addition of methanol resulted in a distinct rise of total efficiency of both types of engines at maintained output parameters (maximum power and torque). In the same time a radical drop in content of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides in exhaust gas was observed at high shares of methanol in feeding dose of ZI (petrol) engine, and 2-3 fold lower smokiness in case of ZS (diesel) engine. Among unfavourable phenomena, a rather insignificant rise of CO and NOx content for ZI engine, and THC and NOx - for ZS engine, should be numbered. It requires to carry out further research on optimum control parameters of the engines. Conclusions drawn from this work may be used for implementation of bio-fuels to feeding the combustion engines.

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HIRATA, Koichi. "A10 Development of 2-cylinder Double-Acting Stirling Engine." Proceedings of the Symposium on Stirlling Cycle 2006.10 (2006): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmessc.2006.10.93.

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Lee, B., Y. G. Guezennec, and G. Rizzoni. "Estimation of cycle-resolved in-cylinder pressure and air-fuel ratio using spark plug ionization current sensing." International Journal of Engine Research 2, no. 4 (August 1, 2001): 263–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/1468087011545479.

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In recent years, several new sensor technologies have been developed and implemented within automotive industries due to the increasing requirements for improved engine performance and emission reduction. It requires detailed and specified knowledge of the combustion process inside the engine cylinder along with a sophisticated technique in engine diagnostics and control. During the last few years, the ionization current signal detection has been the emerging technology in the new sensor developments, in which the spark plug is used as a combustion probe, to improve the performance and emissions of an automobile engine. In this paper, a novel methodology will be presented which allows the cycle-resolved as well as the mean-value estimation of the air-fuel ratio and in-cylinder pressure based on the ionization current signal measurements. The implementation details of this methodology as well as extensive results will be presented for a wide range of air-fuel ratios. The main advantage of this new approach to process the ionization signal is its strong potential for real-time estimation of the air-fuel ratio and combustion diagnostics of individual cylinders and engine cycles. All the complex physics during the actual events (combustion process, ion generation, engine dynamics, etc.) are automatically self-extracted by this technique from acquired data in an initial off-line mapping phase. Once this has been performed, the air-fuel ratio and in-cylinder pressure can easily be estimated for each individual cylinder and combustion event in real-time with few computational requirements. Hence, this methodology has a high potential for the real-time combustion diagnostics and engine control based on the air-fuel ratio and in-cylinder pressure, while eliminating the requirements for installing expensive air-fuel ratio and in-cylinder pressure sensors. The results indicate that estimation of the cycle-resolved air-fuel ratio and in-cylinder pressure is reasonably accurate and robust, despite the inherently noisy character of the ionization signals, with estimation errors typically in the order of 2 per cent or less, except for very fuel-rich conditions.

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McGhee, Michael, Ziman Wang, Alexander Bech, Paul J. Shayler, and Dennis Witt. "The effects of cylinder deactivation on the thermal behaviour and fuel economy of a three-cylinder direct injection spark ignition gasoline engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 233, no. 11 (October 25, 2018): 2838–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407018806744.

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The changes in thermal state, emissions and fuel economy of a 1.0-L, three-cylinder direct injection spark ignition engine when a cylinder is deactivated have been explored experimentally. Cylinder deactivation improved engine fuel economy by up to 15% at light engine loads by reducing pumping work, raising indicated thermal efficiency and raising combustion efficiency. Penalties included an increase in NOx emissions and small increases in rubbing friction and gas work losses of the deactivated cylinder. The cyclic pressure variation in the deactivated cylinder falls rapidly after deactivation through blow-by and heat transfer losses. After around seven cycles, the motoring loss is ~2 J/cycle. Engine structural temperatures settle within an 8- to 13-s interval after a switch between two- and three-cylinder operation. Engine heat rejection to coolant is reduced by ~13% by deactivating a cylinder, extending coolant warm-up time to thermostat-opening by 102 s.

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Hamann, Harry, Daniel Münning, Philip Gorzalka, Michael Zillmer, and Peter Eilts. "Efficiency scaling method of gasoline engines for different geometries and the application in hybrid vehicle simulation." International Journal of Engine Research 18, no. 7 (August 31, 2016): 732–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087416667130.

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This work presents a scalable model of a naturally aspirated gasoline engine forecasting the effective efficiency map for varying cylinder displacements. Engine test bench measurements and a global nonlinear hybrid optimization method were used to calibrate the engine model. The validation showed a good prediction of engine efficiency by the scaling model with a mean error of 2% compared with the measurements. A pure scaling of the cylinder displacement led to overall small changes in the effective engine efficiency map. In addition to the development of a scalable engine model, a forward-looking hybrid vehicle simulation model was used in order to evaluate the impact of different engine cylinder displacements on fuel consumption. For this purpose, simulations for varying cylinder displacements were performed in a series–parallel hybrid drivetrain of an A-class vehicle in two driving cycles. The simulation results showed a small influence of different engine cylinder displacements on fuel consumption for the given configuration.

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He, Yuhai, Peilin Zhou, Liangtao Xie, and Jiyun Zhang. "Design and experimental development of a new electronically controlled cylinder lubrication system for the large two-stroke crosshead diesel engines." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 8-9 (January 8, 2019): 986–1000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418824216.

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Accurate, stable and reliable lubrication for the cylinders is very important to ensure the trouble-free operation of the marine diesel engines. A new electronically controlled cylinder lubrication system has been developed to remedy the defects of the conventional mechanical lubrication system. This new system’s design method, composition and implementation are described. The sensitivity tests are conducted on the test bench and the verification tests are also fulfilled on operating vessels. The main performance data are as follows: oil injection pressure about 3.0 MPa, oil injection timing precision 0.1 ms, oil injection duration 15 °CA or less. The oil injection concentrates onto the piston rings pack to ensure the good lubrication and neutralization, and the oil injection frequency is regulated according to engine load, the sulphur content in fuel, total base number of cylinder oil, cylinder liner running-in condition and so on. This results in the cylinder oil consumption rate falling approximately 25% compared with that of the conventional mechanical lubrication system. As a retrofit on vessels in service, the lubrication system has been fitted more than 120 main engines and has a payback period of less than 2 years.

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Swanson, J., A. Ragatz, W. Watts, D. Kittelson, and R. Winsor. "Nanoparticle measurements used to detect an engine oil control ring failure." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 223, no. 8 (August 1, 2009): 1071–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/09544070jauto1164.

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A cyclic variation in total particle number concentration was observed while making routine exhaust emission measurements. Many dilution and engine operating conditions were examined and, by sequentially shutting down individual cylinders, the problem was traced to cylinder 2. The engine was disassembled and piston 2's oil control ring was found to be fractured. Replacement of the ring eliminated the particle concentration fluctuation. This paper presents the results of experimental measurements made to determine the cause of the irregular emissions.

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Lin, Xue Dong, Chang Ming Liu, and Jian Bo Lu. "Fabrication of Al-Based Composites Cylinder Reinforced with In Situ Si/Mg₂Si Particles and the Research of its Bench Test." Materials Science Forum 909 (November 2017): 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.909.116.

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The centrifugal casting process was adopted to fabricate Al-30Si-8Mg composites tubes reinforced with in-situ particles, which was used to produce the cylinders used in 149cc engine by high pressure die casting. The relations between the microstructures along the radial direction and the hardness and wear resistance of the casting were researched. The internal surface of the cylinder was treated and a bench test for the engine was carried out. The results show that, 1) a large number of primary Si/Mg2Si particles are segregated and enriched in the inner layer of the Al-30Si-8Mg casting, while no particle is in the outer layer, and the maximum particle volume fraction is up to 31.9 vol. %; 2) the region which has more primary particles, the hardness value is higher, and the wear resistance is better as well in the casting; 3) the cylinder assembled on the air-cooled engine successfully passes through the endurance test for 200 hours, and the maximum output power and torque reach 8.18 KW and 10.77 N·m, respectively, while a slight scuffing occurs on the internal surface of the cylinder in the later phase of the test.

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KALKE, Jakub, Mateusz SZCZECIŃSKI, and Paweł MAZURO. "Unsteady conjugated heat transfer in cylinder of highly loaded opposed-piston engine." Combustion Engines 167, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-407.

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Paper presents a method of calculating the temperature distribution in cylinder for a 2-stroke, opposed-piston (OP) internal combustion engine (ICE). Development of such machines has been very limited after World War II due to technological and ecological problems [9], therefore progress in numerical modeling for analyzing highly boosted OP engines was also halted. Current technology permits returning to the OP arrangement, where due to better combustion chamber shape it is potentially possible to achieve higher thermodynamic efficiency than in arrangement with the cylinder head [9, 10]. Authors decided to use a general purpose CFD-program (in this case Ansys Fluent) coupled with additional tools to calculate conjugated heat transfer between the load in the cylinder and the cylinder itself to get a 3D temperature distribution in solid body.

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Aithal, S. M. "Sensitivity of Emissions to Uncertainties in Residual Gas Fraction Measurements in Automotive Engines: A Numerical Study." Journal of Combustion 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/7237849.

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Initial conditions of the working fluid (air-fuel mixture) within an engine cylinder, namely, mixture composition and temperature, greatly affect the combustion characteristics and emissions of an engine. In particular, the percentage of residual gas fraction (RGF) in the engine cylinder can significantly alter the temperature and composition of the working fluid as compared with the air-fuel mixture inducted into the engine, thus affecting engine-out emissions. Accurate measurement of the RGF is cumbersome and expensive, thus making it hard to accurately characterize the initial mixture composition and temperature in any given engine cycle. This uncertainty can lead to challenges in accurately interpreting experimental emissions data and in implementing real-time control strategies. Quantifying the effects of the RGF can have important implications for the diagnostics and control of internal combustion engines. This paper reports on the use of a well-validated, two-zone quasi-dimensional model to compute the engine-out NO and CO emission in a gasoline engine. The effect of varying the RGF on the emissions under lean, near-stoichiometric, and rich engine conditions was investigated. Numerical results show that small uncertainties (~2–4%) in the measured/computed values of the RGF can significantly affect the engine-out NO/CO emissions.

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Long, E. J., J. E. T. Rimmer, T. Justham, C. P. Garner, G. K. Hargrave, D. Richardson, and S. Wallace. "SI1-2: The Influence of In-Cylinder Turbulence upon Engine Performance within a Direct Injection IC Engine(SI: Spark-Ignition Engine Combustion,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.213.

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Krill, Malte, and Deborah L. Thurston. "Remanufacturing: Impacts of Sacrificial Cylinder Liners." Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering 127, no. 3 (August 11, 2004): 687–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1961946.

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Remanufacturing offers the potential for simultaneously recovering the economic value of manufactured components and improving the environment. Some design features make remanufacturing less expensive and/or increase the proportion of components that can be remanufactured. For example, sacrificial components can be used to protect key parts from wear. However, trade-offs are sometimes involved, and product designers need tools to support design for remanufacturing. This paper presents models for estimating the costs and environmental impacts of employing sacrificial components (cylinder liners) in engine blocks. These models are incorporated into a spreadsheet-based design decision tool. Three illustrative examples demonstrate that (1) remanufacturing lowers overall costs when two life cycles are considered, (2) sacrificial cylinder liners should be employed for small (2 L) engines, and their superiority increases with multiple remanufacturing cycles, and (3) for large engines (5.3 L) using cylinder liners is equally preferred to not using them, with respect to both overall cost and environmental impacts.

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Junaidi, Ichlas Nur, Nofriadi, and Rusmardi. "Pengembangan Mesin Pencacah Sampah/Limbah Plastik Dengan Sistem Crusher dan Silinder Pemotong Tipe Reel." Jurnal Ilmiah Poli Rekayasa 10, no. 2 (April 14, 2015): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/jipr.10.2.12.

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Waste plastic mounting, but can be recycled into other products in the form of granules before further processed into pellets and seed injection molding process produces products such as buckets, plates, bottles and other beverages. To be processed into the required form of granules of plastic thrasher. Though so small plastic recycling industry is still constrained in plastic enumeration process because the machine used was not optimal ability. The purpose of this research is the development of the system thrasher plastic crusher and cutter cylinder-type reel and technical evaluation. This study was conducted over two years, the first year the design and manufacture of machinery, the second year is a technical evaluation of the engine, engine performance improvements and economic analysis of granular plastic products.From the results obtained engine design capacity of the machine ± 350 kg / h, the engine size is 50 cm x 120 cm x 30 cm, power motor of 10 HP at 1450 RPM rotation with 3 phase. Some of the major components of the engine that is, counter crusher unit consists of two counter rotating cylinders opposite, counter shaft size Ø 4 cm x 58 cm, blade chopper Ø 17 cm x 2 cm with the number of teeth / blades 7 pieces and the number of blades along shaft 7 pieces, buses retaining Ø 10 cm x 2 cm. Counter-cylinder unit consists of a reel-type cutter counter shaft size Ø 4 cm x 90 cm, the middle shaft mounted cylinder with Ø 17 cm x 40 cm as the holder of the chopper blades. Chopper blade consists of 4 pieces with a size of 40 cm x 2 cm x 4 cm with ASSAB materials. Furthermore, as the blade retaining bedknife shear force of the blade chopper, upper frame, lower frame, strainer, funnel entry, exit funnel, and the drive unit consists of an electric motor, reducer, belts, pulleys and 2 pieces of gear transmission. The results of performance testing machine crusher round cylinder 75 RPM and 1450 RPM reel-type cutting machine capacity ± 300 kg / h on the filter hole Ø 1.5 cm, with a 80% grain uniformity.

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Lamancusa, J. S., and K. B. Todd. "An Experimental Study of Induction Noise in Four-Cylinder Internal Combustion Engines." Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 111, no. 2 (April 1, 1989): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3269842.

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Induction noise has become a major source of consumer complaints in automobiles powered by four-cylinder engines. Induction noise typically manifests itself as a low frequency booming or “mooing.” It is most noticeable and objectionable under wide open throttle, hard acceleration conditions. In an effort to understand the basic causes of this noise, so that potential remedies might be more intelligently applied, an extensive study was undertaken. Careful measurements were made on a four-cylinder, motored engine. Dynamic pressure variations within the induction system, and external to the engine were studied. Peak to peak pressure variations of over 2 psi were found in the intake runners at the valves. Evidence of nonlinear acoustic behavior was found. A detailed examination of the events that cause induction noise is presented.

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Majedi, Farid, Denik Setiyaningrum, Setyono M. T. Hidayahtullah, and Aries Abbas. "Effects of Injection Pressure on Output Power, BTE, SFC and Opacity in a Typical Single-Cylinder Diesel Engine." Automotive Experiences 3, no. 1 (April 6, 2020): 20–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/ae.v3i1.3006.

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On a single-cylinder diesel engine, injection pressure can be adjusted by changing the thickness of the injector shim. In this study, the injection pressure of 180 bar (standard), 190 bar (+1mm shim), and 210 bar (+2mm shim) was examined on a typical single-cylinder diesel engine with pure diesel fuel. The tests carried out at a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm with load variations of 650, 1300, 1950, and 3600 Watts to investigate the effect of injection pressure on output power, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC) and opacity. The results showed that increasing injection pressure could increase the output power by 19.3% and 17.4% by adding 1 mm and 2 mm shims, respectively. SFC decreased 1.97% and 12.3% compared to standard conditions and opacity with 2 mm shim was lower than 1 mm shim. In conclusion, increasing the injection pressure from 180 to 210 bar by adding 2 mm shim can improve the performance of a single cylinder diesel engine, which includes output power, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), specific fuel consumption (SFC) and opacity.

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Foteinos, Michael I., Alexandros Papazoglou, Nikolaos P. Kyrtatos, Anastassios Stamatelos, Olympia Zogou, and Antiopi-Malvina Stamatellou. "A Three-Zone Scavenging Model for Large Two-Stroke Uniflow Marine Engines Using Results from CFD Scavenging Simulations." Energies 12, no. 9 (May 7, 2019): 1719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12091719.

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The introduction of modern aftertreatment systems in marine diesel engines call for accurate prediction of exhaust gas temperature, since it significantly affects the performance of the aftertreatment system. The scavenging process establishes the initial conditions for combustion, directly affecting exhaust gas temperature, fuel economy, and emissions. In this paper, a semi-empirical zero-dimensional three zone scavenging model applicable to two-stroke uniflow scavenged diesel engines is updated using the results of CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations. In this 0-D model, the engine cylinders are divided in three zones (thermodynamic control volumes) namely, the pure air zone, mixing zone, and pure exhaust gas zone. The entrainment of air and exhaust gas in the mixing zone is specified by time varying mixing coefficients. The mixing coefficients were updated using results from CFD simulations based on the geometry of a modern 50 cm bore large two-stroke marine diesel engine. This increased the model’s accuracy by taking into account 2-D fluid dynamics phenomena in the cylinder ports and exhaust valve. Thus, the effect of engine load, inlet port swirl angle and partial covering of inlet ports on engine scavenging were investigated. The three-zone model was then updated and the findings of CFD simulations were reflected accordingly in the updated mixing coefficients of the scavenging model.

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LEWIŃSKA, Joanna. "The influence of fuel injection pump malfunctions of a marine 4-stroke Diesel engine on composition of exhaust gases." Combustion Engines 167, no. 4 (October 1, 2016): 53–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.19206/ce-2016-405.

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The article presents results of a laboratory study on exhaust gas emission level from a marine diesel engine. The object of the laboratory study was a four-stroke marine diesel engine type Al 25/30 Sulzer, operated at a constant speed. The examination on the engine was carried out according to regulations of the Annex VI to MARPOL 73/78 Convention. The laboratory study consisted of 3 observations: the engine assumed to be operating without malfunctions, delay of the fuel injection by 5° of crankshaft angle in the second engine cylinder, and the leakage of the fuel pump on the second engine cylinder. Additionally, parameters of fuel consumption and thermodynamic parameters of the marine engine were measured during the research. Simulated malfunctions caused changes in total weighed NOx, CO, and CO2 emissions for all considered engine loads. All simulated malfunctions caused a small change in measured thermodynamic parameters of the engine. The engine operation with the delayed fuel injection and the fuel leakage in the fuel pump in one cylinder caused a decrease of NOx and CO emission level. Fuel leakage in the fuel pump causes the CO2 emission to decrease only at low engine load. Calculations of the weighed specific fuel consumption present a 1-2% change in the engine efficiency.

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Maroteaux, F., D. Llory, J.-F. le Coz, and C. Habchi. "Potential of inertial instabilities for fuel film separation in port fuel injection engine conditions." International Journal of Engine Research 4, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 11–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146808740300400102.

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In port fuel injection engines, the liquid fuel film accumulated in the vicinity of intake valves is torn away and goes into the cylinder during the intake phase. In order to predict the fuel mixture preparation inside the cylinder, a model for the fuel film separation near the sharp edges of the intake valves has been developed. A separation criterion is set up using an analogy with Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities driven by the inertial forces of the film. The critical value for the separation criterion is adjusted using experimental data obtained in a two-dimensional wind tunnel fitted with different steps shaped as the valve seat and reproducing the main characteristics of the intake of a spark ignition engine. Computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed using the KMB code, a modified version of KIVA-2 already including a film model and a stochastic Lagrangian description of the spray. Computation for the intake stroke on a four-cylinder 1.9 litre port fuel injection engine confirms that the fuel droplets are not completely vaporized at the end of the intake stroke.

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Kowalski, Jerzy. "An Experimental Study of Emission and Combustion Characteristics of Marine Diesel Engine with Fuel Injector Malfunctions." Polish Maritime Research 23, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 77–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pomr-2016-0011.

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Abstract The presented paper shows the results of the laboratory study on the relation between chosen malfunctions of a fuel injector and composition of exhaust gas from the marine engine. The object of research is a marine 3-cylinder, four-stroke, direct injection diesel engine with an intercooler system. The engine was loaded with a generator and supercharged. The generator was electrically connected to the water resistance. The engine operated with a load between 50 kW and 250 kW at a constant speed. The engine load and speed, parameters of the turbocharger, systems of cooling, fuelling, lubricating and air exchange, were measured. Fuel injection and combustion pressures in all cylinders of the engine were also recorded. Exhaust gas composition was recorded by using a electrochemical gas analyzer. Air pressure, temperature and humidity were also recorded. Emission characteristics of the engine were calculated according to ISO 8178 standard regulations. During the study the engine operated at the technical condition recognized as „working properly” and with simulated fuel injector malfunctions. Simulation of malfunctions consisted in the increasing and decreasing of fuel injector static opening pressure, decalibration of fuel injector holes and clogging 2 neighboring of 9 fuel injector holes on one of 3 engine cylinders.

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Plotnikov, L. V., Y. M. Brodov, and M. O. Misnik. "Heat transfer intensity of pulsating gas flows in the exhaust system elements of a piston engine." E3S Web of Conferences 124 (2019): 01015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201912401015.

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Internal combustion engines are the most common sources of energy among heat engines. Therefore, the improvement of their design and workflow is an urgent task in the development of world energy. Thermal-mechanical perfection of the exhaust system has a significant impact on the technical and economic performance of piston engines. The article presents the results of experimental studies of gas-dynamics and heat exchange of pulsating gas flows in the exhaust system of a piston engine. Studies were carried out on a full-scale model of a single-cylinder engine. The article describes the instrument-measuring base and methods of experiments. The heat transfer intensity was estimated in different elements of the exhaust system: the exhaust pipe, the channel in the cylinder head, the valve assembly. Heat transfer studies were carried out taking into account the gas-dynamic nonstationarity characteristic of gas exchange processes in engines. The article presents data on the influence of gas-dynamic and regime factors on the heat transfer intensity. It is shown that the restructuring of the gas flow structure in the exhaust system occurs depending on the engine crankshaft speed, this has a significant impact on the local heat transfer coefficient. It has been established that the heat transfer intensity in the valve assembly is 2-3 times lower than in other elements of the exhaust system.

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Mazuro, Pawel, and Andrzej Teodorczyk. "EC1-2: Mechanical Efficiency and Losses of Internal Combustion Engines with Cylinder Axes Parallel to Drive Shaft Axis(EC: Engines and Engine Components,General Session Papers)." Proceedings of the International symposium on diagnostics and modeling of combustion in internal combustion engines 2008.7 (2008): 861–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jmsesdm.2008.7.861.

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32

Mara, I. M., I. M. A. Sayoga, I. G. N. K. Yudhyadi, and I. M. Nuarsa. "Analisis emisi gas buang dan daya sepeda motor pada volume silinder diperkecil." Dinamika Teknik Mesin 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/dtm.v8i1.154.

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This research aims to determine the effect of variations diameter pistons on exhaust emissions and fuel consumption. This research used a gasoline engine single-cylinder four-stroke with variations in cylinder volume 100 cc, 90 cc, 60 cc and engine rotation 1500 rpm, 2500 rpm, 3500 rpm, 4500 rpm, 6000 rpm. Data was collected in transmission N, 1, 2, 3, and 4 each of the three repetitions for each round engine rotation, using a gas analyzer 2400 ultra 4/5 IM Hanatech brand for exhaust emission of CO and HC. Based on data analysis, it can be concluded that with decreasing diameter of piston up to 60 cc can reduce exhaust emissions, especially CO, HC and fuel consumption. The highest HC exhaust emissions was in 100 cc cylinder volume that is equal to 514.33 ppm while the lowest HC emissions obtained in 60 cc cylinder volume at 49.67 ppm. The highest CO emission was obtained on 100 cc cylinder by 4.64% volume, while the lowest CO emission was obtained on 60 cc cylinder by 0.31% volume. The highest CO2 emissions obtained in 60 cc cylinder amounted to 17.60% volume, while the lowest CO2 emission obtained at 100 cc cylinder amounted to 8.37% volume, and the highest fuel consumption obtained in 100 cc cylinder at 0.65 kg/h, and the lowest fuel consumption obtained in 60 cc cylinder by 0.06 kg/h.

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Bade, Mehar, Nigel N. Clark, Matthew C. Robinson, and Parviz Famouri. "Parametric Investigation of Combustion and Heat Transfer Characteristics of Oscillating Linear Engine Alternator." Journal of Combustion 2018 (June 28, 2018): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/2907572.

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An Oscillating Linear Engine Alternator (OLEA) has the potential to overcome the thermal, mechanical, and combustion inadequacies encountered by the conventional slider-crank engines. The linear engines convert the reciprocating piston motion into electricity, thereby eliminating needless crankshaft linkages and rotational motion. As the dead center positions are not explicitly identified unlike crankshaft engines, the linear engine exhibits different stroke and compression ratio every cycle and should manage the unfavorable events like misfire, rapid load changes, and overfueling without the energy storage of a flywheel. Further, the apparatus control and management strategy is difficult for OLEA when compared to conventional engines and depends on the combustion event influencing the translator dynamics. In this research paper, the MATLAB®/Simulink numerical model of a single cylinder, mechanical spring assisted, 2-stroke natural gas fueled, spark-ignited OLEA was investigated to enhance the perception of the coupled system. The effect of combustion and heat transfer characteristics on translator dynamics and performance of OLEA were analyzed by using Wiebe form factors, combustion duration, and heat transfer correlations. Variation in the Wiebe form factors revealed interesting insights into the translator dynamics and in-cylinder thermodynamics of a coupled system. High translator velocity, acceleration, and higher heat transfer rate were favored by low combustion duration.

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34

Rueter, Dirk. "2-Stroke Scavenging in Conventional and Minimally-Modified 4-Stroke Engines for Heavy Duty Applications at Low to Medium Speeds." Inventions 4, no. 3 (August 9, 2019): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inventions4030044.

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The transformation of a standard 4-stroke cylinder head into a torque-improved and gradually more efficient 2-stroke design is discussed. The concept with an effective loop scavenging via an extended inlet valve holds promise for engines at low- to medium-rotational speeds for typical designs of conventional 4-stroke cylinder heads. Calculations, flow simulations, and visualizations of experimental flows in relevant geometries and time scales indicate feasibility, followed by a small engine demonstration. Based on presumably long-forgotten and outdated patents, and the central topic of this contribution, an additional jockey rides on the inlet valve’s disk (facing away from the combustion chamber) and reshapes the in-cylinder flow into a reverted tumble. A quick gas exchange with a well-suppressed shortcut into the open exhaust is approached. For overall mechanical efficiency, the required charge pressure for scavenging is of paramount importance due to the short scavenging time and the intake’s reduced cross-section. Herein, still acceptable charging pressures are reported for scavenging periods equivalent to low or medium rotational speeds, as characteristic for heavy-duty applications. Using widely available components (charger, direct injection, variable camshaft angles) an increased engine efficiency is suggested due to the 2-stroke’s downsizing effect (relatively less internal friction as well as the promise of more torque and a decreased size).

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35

Kimura, Jouji, Tatsuya Tanaka, Kenjiro Hakomoto, Kousuke Kawase, and Shinichiro Kobayashi. "Whirl of Crankshaft Rear End, Part 2: an L4-Cylinder Diesel Engine." SAE International Journal of Engines 10, no. 4 (June 5, 2017): 2099–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2017-01-1811.

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Arai, Kenta, Shiro Izumi, Naoki Kokuryo, Kazutaka Shimada, Takashi Taniguchi, and Makoto Hanafusa. "Investigation into the 2-Cycle Diesel Engine Performance Applying Cylinder Cut Technology." Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 49, no. 6 (2014): 800–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.49.800.

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37

Hassan, Mohamed I., and Ayoola T. Brimmo. "Modeling In-Cylinder Water Injection in a 2-Stroke Internal Combustion Engine." Energy Procedia 75 (August 2015): 2331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.435.

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38

Bridjesh, Pappula, Pitchaipillai Periyasamy, and Narayanan Kannaiyan Geetha. "Influence of Chemical Composite Additive on Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine using Waste Plastic Oil as Fuel and Modified Piston Bowl." Oriental Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 6 (November 15, 2018): 2806–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/ojc/340617.

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This experimental investigation is an endeavour to substitute diesel with WPO as fuel on a diesel engine. Enhancing the physiochemical properties of WPO or with hardware modifications on the engine, the performance of engine could not be improved up to the mark. The physiochemical properties of WPO are enhanced by the use of composite additive, which is a mixture of soy lecithin and 2-ethylhexyl nitrate and to improve the in-cylinder air motion; subsequently to increase the swirl and turbulence, standard hemispherical combustion chamber is modified to toroidal spherical grooves combustion chamber. The results of combined effect of modifying the combustion chamber and addition of composite additive suggest that improvements in engine-out emissions can be obtained from current diesel engines by enhancing physiochemical properties of fuel and matching geometry of combustion chamber. Engine combustion and emission characteristics under various loads for various fuels under test are as well studied.

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39

Leach, Felix, Richard Stone, Derek Fennell, David Hayden, Dave Richardson, and Nick Wicks. "Predicting the particulate matter emissions from spray-guided gasoline direct-injection spark ignition engines." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 6 (September 30, 2016): 717–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016657453.

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An index which links the fuel composition to particulate matter emissions (the PN index) was developed and is here evaluated with model fuels in a single-cylinder optical-access spray-guided direct-injection engine; the model fuels have independent control of the double-bond content and volatility, as used in the index. This index is investigated in three different engines: a single-cylinder research engine, a V8 engine recently available in the market and a current-production supercharged V6 engine. A number of market gasolines were tested in all three engines, and the results follow the trends predicted by the particle number index. Imaging of the in-cylinder sprays shows that the composition of the model fuels affects the mixture homogeneity and their particulate matter emissions; in particular, the lack of a light end in the model fuel composition can lead to misleadingly low particle number emissions owing to improved mixture preparation which is unrepresentative of market fuels. The PN index was investigated in a Jaguar Land Rover V6 engine with five different fuels over a simulated New European Driving Cycle, and the results show that the index trends are followed. The emissions were evaluated from two fuels representing the EU5 reference-fuel specifications that has been developed using the particle number index to give a difference in particulate matter emissions. The results from these fuels show that a difference in the particle number emissions of a factor of about 2 can be seen at both stoichiometric conditions and rich conditions, for two fuels representative of the EU5 reference-fuel specifications. This follows trends predicted by the particle number index. This has important implications for policy makers and European Union legislation, where particle number emissions from gasoline vehicles are now regulated for the first time, as batch-to-batch variations in the fuel composition would result in different test results under the current legislation.

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40

Mohamad, Salaheldin A., Qun Zheng, and Xi Qun Lu. "Improving Tribological Behavior of 2-Stroke Marine Diesel Engine Piston Ring by Cylinder Liner Surface Texturing." Applied Mechanics and Materials 620 (August 2014): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.620.278.

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Piston ring lubrication in some types of low-speed 2-stroke marine diesel engines is completely different from those in medium-or high-speed diesel engines since the inner surface of cylinder liners are textured with circular grooves in macro-scale and honing texture in micro-scale. In this paper, a numerical model has been developed to study the potential of use of cylinder bore surface texturing, in the form of circumferential oil grooves with different dimensions and densities, and their efficiency to improve the tribological properties of piston ring-cylinder liner tribo-system. The average Reynolds equation has been employed in the area of micro-scale texture and the effect of macro-scale grooves has been incorporated to improve the currently lubrication model. The results showed that the cylinder liner oil grooves can efficiently be used to maintain hydrodynamic effect. It is also shown that optimum surface texturing may substantially reduce the friction losses between piston ring and cylinder liner.

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41

Mickevičius, Tomas, Stasys Slavinskas, Slawomir Wierzbicki, and Kamil Duda. "THE EFFECT OF DIESEL-BIODIESEL BLENDS ON THE PERFORMANCE AND EXHAUST EMISSIONS OF A DIRECT INJECTION OFF-ROAD DIESEL ENGINE." TRANSPORT 29, no. 4 (December 16, 2014): 440–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2014.984331.

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This paper presents a comparative analysis of the diesel engine performance and emission characteristics, when operating on diesel fuel and various diesel-biodiesel (B10, B20, B40, B60) blends, at various loads and engine speeds. The experimental tests were performed on a four-stroke, four-cylinder, direct injection, naturally aspirated, 60 kW diesel engine D-243. The in-cylinder pressure data was analysed to determine the ignition delay, the Heat Release Rate (HRR), maximum in-cylinder pressure and maximum pressure gradients. The influence of diesel-biodiesel blends on the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (bsfc) and exhaust emissions was also investigated. The bench test results showed that when the engine running on blends B60 at full engine load and rated speed, the autoignition delay was 13.5% longer, in comparison with mineral diesel. Maximum cylinder pressure decreased about 1–2% when the amount of Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME) expanded in the diesel fuel when operating at full load and 1400 min–1 speed. At rated mode, the minimum bsfc increased, when operating on biofuel blends compared to mineral diesel. The maximum brake thermal efficiency sustained at the levels from 0.3% to 6.5% lower in comparison with mineral diesel operating at full (100%) load. When the engine was running at maximum torque mode using diesel – RME fuel blends B10, B20, B40 and B60 the total emissions of nitrogen oxides decreased. At full and moderate load, the emission of carbon monoxide significantly raised as the amount of RME in fuel increased.

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42

Wijaya, I. Wayan Guna, Tjokorda Gde Tirta Nindhia, I. Wayan Surata, and Ni Made Dewi Dian Sukmawati. "The Effect of Methane and Carbon Dioxide Ratio in the Biogas to the Fuel Consumption of 2 Stroke Single Cylinder (63 cc) Engine of 750 Watt Electric Generator." Key Engineering Materials 877 (February 2021): 166–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.877.166.

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The 2 stroke single cylinder (63 cc) engine of 750 watt electric generator is very popular in the application because providing enough amount of electricity for small house hold with compact size, light weight with reasonable price. Usually this type of electric generator is fuelled with gasoline that mixed with oil as lubricant. The cylinder volume of the engine is usually around 63 cc. This type of engine can be fuelled with biogas with addition component to mix biogas together with air and lubricant, and set the compression pressure at 10 bar. Biogas mainly contain methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), moisture (H2O), and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). The CH4 is combustible gas and can be used as a fuel for internal combustion engine. Moisture and H2S are easily removed from biogas. To remove CO2 from biogas is about difficult and costly, therefore acceptable content of CO2 in the biogas should be investigate related with the fuel consumption. This research is conducted to understand the influent of ratio CH4 and CO2 in the biogas to fuel consumption of the 2 stroke single cylinder engine of 750 watt electric generator. The variations ratio of CH4 and CO2 were obtained from anaerobic digester with batch system. The results indicate that the CH4 and CO2 ration in the range 1.667-1.967 will yield optimum efficiency that reach biogas consumption in the range of 9.1-9.8 liter/minute.

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Guo, Hao, Song Zhou, Jiaxuan Zou, and Majed Shreka. "A Numerical Study on the Pilot Injection Conditions of a Marine 2-Stroke Lean-Burn Dual Fuel Engine." Processes 8, no. 11 (November 2, 2020): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8111396.

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The global demand for clean fuels is increasing in order to meet the requirements of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) of 0.5% global Sulphur cap and Tier III emission limits. Natural gas has begun to be popularized on liquefied natural gas (LNG) ships because of its low cost and environment friendly. In large-bore marine engines, ignition with pilot fuel in the prechamber is a good way to reduce combustion variability and extend the lean-burn limit. However, the occurrence of knock limits the increase in power. Therefore, this paper investigates the effect of pilot fuel injection conditions on performance and knocking of a marine 2-stroke low-pressure dual-fuel (LP-DF) engine. The engine simulations were performed under different pilot fuel parameters. The results showed that the average in-cylinder temperature, the average in-cylinder pressure, and the NOx emissions gradually decreased with the delay of the pilot injection timing. Furthermore, the combustion situation gradually deteriorated as the pilot injection duration increased. A shorter pilot injection duration was beneficial to reduce NOx pollutant emissions. Moreover, the number of pilot injector orifices affected the ignition of pilot fuel and the flame propagation speed inside the combustion chamber.

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44

Lee, Jongyoon, Sangyul Lee, Jeongkeun Park, and Taejoong Wang. "A characteristic study and optimization of in-cylinder configuration for particulate matters reduction in an off-highway diesel engine with mechanical fuel injection system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 231, no. 6 (September 7, 2016): 798–809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954407016663957.

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This paper shows development challenges for 11-liter heavy-duty off-highway diesel engines to meet Tier 3 emission regulations with a base diesel engine compliant with Tier 2 emission regulations. In the case of the installation of an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system for reduction of NOx emissions, there exists a risk of increased particulate matters (PM) emissions. An in-cylinder PM reduction is still necessary since a diesel particulate filter (DPF) after-treatment system is not under the consideration. The objective of this research is to see whether the base engine has a potential to meet Tier 3 emission regulations by changing in-cylinder configuration parameters including the bowl shape, injector position, the number of intake and exhaust valves, injector tip protrusion, and injector tip specifications such as nozzle spray angle and nozzle flow rate. These parameters are very important parts which enhance the air and fuel mixing process that helps the combustion process. Thus, the optimization of these design variables is essential to improve combustion efficiency and emissions reduction. In this study, the multi-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code KIVA-3V is used to perform combustion simulations. The Kelvin–Helmholtz/Rayleigh–Taylor (KH-RT) model is employed for spray breakup and a reduced chemical mechanism for n-heptane is employed to simulate ignition delay and combustion of diesel fuel. To verify the simulation results, engine bench tests were performed with installations of the final version of in-cylinder geometry in C1-8 mode which is one of main test cycles to meet Tier 3 emission regulations. Finally, Tier 3 emission regulations have been met with the currently optimized in-cylinder configuration parameters.

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Li, Wei, Yun Peng Li, and Fan Bin Li. "Study on the Combustion Characteristics of the Engine Fueled with DME-Diesel Blends." Advanced Materials Research 953-954 (June 2014): 1381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.953-954.1381.

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To further study the performance of the engine fueled with DME-diesel blends, the indicator diagrams of a two-cylinder four-stroke engine are recorded at 1700r/min and 2300r/min under different load, the heat release rate and the rate of pressure rise are calculated. The results show that: when fueled the engine with D20 blend (Mass ratio of DME and diesel oil is 2:10) and optimizing the fuel supply advance angle, the maximum cylinder pressure decreases by 10% averagely and its corresponding crank angle delays 2°CA, the maximum rate of pressure rise is relatively lowers about 20%, the beginning of heat release delays，but combustion duration do not extend, and the centroid of heat release curves is closer to TDC (Top Dead Center), maximum combustion temperature drops 70-90K. These results indicate that the mechanical efficiency will be improved and, NOx emissions and mechanical noise will be reduced when an engine fueled with DME-diesel blends.

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46

Ciniviz, Murat. "PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY BALANCE OF A LOW HEAT REJECTION DIESEL ENGINE OPERATED WITH DIESEL FUEL AND ETHANOL BLEND." Transactions of the Canadian Society for Mechanical Engineering 34, no. 1 (March 2010): 93–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcsme-2010-0006.

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In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of ceramic coating on a turbocharged diesel engine performance and energy balance. For this purpose, cylinder head, valves and pistons of the engine were coated with yttria stabilized zirconia layer with a thickness of 0.35 mm nickel-chromium- aluminium bond coat, as well as the atmospheric plasma spray coating method with a thickness of 0.15 mm. Then, the engines were tested for full load. The heating values of the diesel fuel and ethanol were 46.2 and 25.182 MJ/kg, respectively. Because of the lower heating values of the ethanol, compared with the diesel fuel, it appears to have lower following to engine power, torque and SFC. Compare to engine power of SDE, LHRe has increased about 2%, LHReth has decreased about 22% at all engine speed. Compare to engine torque of SDE, LHRe has increased about 2.5%, LHReth has decreased about 23 % at all engine speeds. Compare to SFC of SDE, LHRe has decreased about 1.1 %, LHReth has increased about 54 % at all engine speeds. Compare to exhaust turbine inlet temperature of SDE, LHRe has increased about 15 %, LHReth has decreased about 17 % at all engine speeds.

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Boullosa, David, Juan Luis Larrabe, Alberto Lopez, and Miguel Angel Gomez. "Monitoring through T 2 Hotelling of cylinder lubrication process of marine diesel engine." Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (January 2017): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.062.

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Nun, Johanna, Andreas Wieler, Christian Andres, and Thomas Betz. "The First Mercedes-Benz Four-cylinder Diesel Engine Complying with RDE Step 2." MTZ worldwide 80, no. 7-8 (July 2019): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s38313-019-0076-2.

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49

Pan, Suozhu, Xin Li, Weiqiang Han, and Yaxing Huang. "An experimental investigation on multi-cylinder RCCI engine fueled with 2-butanol/diesel." Energy Conversion and Management 154 (December 2017): 92–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2017.10.047.

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Hsu, B. D. "Progress on the Investigation of Coal-Water Slurry Fuel Combustion in a Medium Speed Diesel Engine: Part 2—Preliminary Full Load Test." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 110, no. 3 (July 1, 1988): 423–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240138.

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Full load (186 kW/cyl) operation using CWS fuel at 1050 rpm has been achieved on a single-cylinder GE-7FDL test engine. No major changes in engine parameters were made. With normal inlet air conditions, 3–5 percent pilot diesel fuel, separately injected or stratified into the main coal charge, was used. Inlet air temperature had to be raised about 40°C if no pilot diesel fuel was used. The coal burnout was about 95 percent and the cycle efficiency was comparable to using diesel fuel. The NOx and CO emissions were about 1/2 of those obtained normally with diesel fuel. The maximum heat release rate was higher than diesel fuel operation which resulted in higher maximum cylinder firing pressure. The combustion characteristic and its dependence on some fuel characteristics and inlet air parameters are discussed. Increasing coal burnout while limiting maximum cylinder firing pressure is the main objective of near future studies.

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Journal articles on the topic '2-cylinder engine'

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