Journal articles: '2-D DCT'

1

Ma, W. "2-D DCT systolic array implementation." Electronics Letters 27, no. 3 (1991): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19910130.

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Pankaala, M., Kati Virtanen, and Ari Paasio. "An Analog 2-D DCT Processor." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 16, no. 10 (October 2006): 1209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2006.882392.

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Tang, Hai Yan, Wen Bang Sun, De Bao Zhang, and Yan Chang. "Research on 2-D Integer SDCT Algorithm." Advanced Materials Research 756-759 (September 2013): 1571–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.756-759.1571.

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Nowadays, 2-D DCT is applied widely. But the transform matrix of DCT is expressed with floating-point numbers, so the computational complexity is high and more system resources are occupied. In addition, the 2-D DCT is accomplished by operating 1-D DCT to the rows and columns of 2-D data successively, which cannt embody the total space characteristic of 2-D transform well. To overcome these drawbacks, 2-D integer SDCT (Sub-matrix Discrete Cosine Transform) was proposed in the paper. First, several matrix operation methods were defined. Then, the basic principle of 2-D integer SDCT was deduced in detail. The theoretic analysis show that 2-D integer SDCT is easy to comprehend, convenient to operate, and simplifies the calculation of 2-D DCT.

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Cho, N. I., and S. U. Lee. "A fast 4*4 DCT algorithm for the recursive 2-D DCT." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 40, no. 9 (1992): 2166–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/78.157217.

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Chuang, Yuh-Jue, and Ja-Ling Wu. "Direct splitting and merging of 2-D DCT in the DCT domain." Digital Signal Processing 14, no. 6 (November 2004): 614–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dsp.2004.07.001.

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Sun, Wen Bang, He Xin Chen, Wen Bing Sun, and Mai Yu Zhou. "Research on 2-D DCT Algorithm and Performance Based on Transform Basic Matrix." Applied Mechanics and Materials 58-60 (June 2011): 2570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.58-60.2570.

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With the development of information processing technology, 2-D DCT has been used more and more widely. But the 2-D DCT is accomplished by computing twice 1-D DCT successively, and cannot embody the total space characteristic of 2-D transform well. To overcome such drawbacks, the paper has broken the traditional thinking of DCT operation, and proposed 2-D SDCT operation method. First, some new 2-D matrix operation principles are defined. Then, the transform basic matrix used for 2-D SDCT operation was build and the operation principle of 2-D SDCT is described in detail. Finally, the performance of 2-D SDCT was described systematically. The theoretical analysis shows that the proposed method makes 2-D DCT succinct to express, easy to comprehend and convenient to operate.

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Noolu, Surya Prakash, and Maryam Shojaei Baghini. "Comments on “An Analog 2-D DCT Processor”." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 20, no. 8 (August 2010): 1162–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2010.2051281.

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Sun, Wen Bang, He Xin Chen, Hong Chen, and Wen Bing Sun. "Research on 2-D SDCT Performance Based on Transform Basic Matrix." Applied Mechanics and Materials 63-64 (June 2011): 523–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.63-64.523.

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Now, 2-D DCT has been used widely. But the 2-D DCT is operated by two-time1-D DCT successively, which can’t embody the space characteristic of 2-D transform well. To overcome such drawbacks, the paper proposed 2-D SDCT operation method. Firstly, some matrix operation principles are defined. Then, the transform basic matrix used for SDCT operation was build and the operation principle of SDCT is described in detail. Finally, the performance of 2-D SDCT was described systematically. The theoretical analysis shows that the proposed method makes 2-D DCT succinct to express, easy to comprehend and convenient to operate.

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9

Tan, K. H., and M. Ghanbari. "Block classification for an adaptive 1-D/2-D DCT video coding." IEE Proceedings - Vision, Image, and Signal Processing 143, no. 3 (1996): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-vis:19960408.

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10

Reddy, R. R. A. S. Narasimha, and T. Madhu. "Image Compression Using 1-D,2-D Dct And 3-D Discrete Cosine Transform." IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 9, no. 2 (2014): 07–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2834-09230713.

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11

Conceição, Ruhan, José Cláudio De Souza Jr, Ricardo Jeske, Bruno Zatt, Marcelo Porto, and Luciano Agostini. "Low-Cost and High-Throughput Hardware Design for the HEVC 16x16 2-D DCT Transform." Journal of Integrated Circuits and Systems 9, no. 1 (December 28, 2014): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29292/jics.v9i1.386.

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This article presents the hardware design of the 16x16 2-D DCT used in the new video coding standard, the HEVC – High Efficiency Video Coding. The transforms stage is one of the innovations proposed by HEVC, since a variable size transforms stage is available (from 4x4 to 32x32), allowing the use of transforms with larger dimensions than used in previous standards. The presented design explores the 2-D DCT separability property, using two instances of the one-dimension DCT. The architecture focuses on low hardware cost and high throughput, thus the HEVC 16-points DCT algorithm was simplified targeting a more efficient hardware implementation. Operations and hardware minimization strategies were used in order to achieve such simplifications: operation reordering, factoring, multiplications to shift-adds conversion, and sharing of common sub-expressions. The 1-D DCT architectures were designed in a fully combinational way in order to reduce control overhead. A transposition buffer is used to connect the two 1-D DCT architectures. The synthesis was directed to Stratix III FPGA and TSMC 65nm standard cells technologies. The complete 2-D DCT architecture is able to achieve real-time processing for high and ultra-high definition videos, such as Full HD, QFHD and UHD 8K. When compared with related works, the architectures designed in this work reached the highest throughput and the lowest hardware resources consumption.

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Sun, Wen Bang, He Xin Chen, Wen Bing Sun, and Hai Yan Tang. "Research on SDCT Operation Based on Transform Basic Matrix." Applied Mechanics and Materials 63-64 (June 2011): 987–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.63-64.987.

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With the development of information processing technology, DCT has been used more and more widely. But multidimensional DCT hasn’t unified matrix expressions, and operates using 1-D DCT to each dimension successively, which cannot embody the overall space character of multidimensional transform well. So, a new SDCT method was proposed in the paper. First, several matrix operation methods were defined. Then, the operation principle of 1-D DCT, 2-D DCT and 3-D SDCT was described in detail. The theoretical analysis shows that the SDCT makes DCT unified and succinct to express, easy to comprehend and convenient to operate.

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Yi-Feng Jang, Jinn-Nang Kao, Jinn-Shiang Yang, and Po-Chuang Huang. "A 0.8 μ 100-MHz 2-D DCT core processor." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 40, no. 3 (1994): 703–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/30.320861.

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14

McGovern, F. A., R. F. Woods, and M. Yan. "Novel VLSI implementation of (8×8) point 2-D DCT." Electronics Letters 30, no. 8 (April 14, 1994): 624–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19940423.

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15

Ruiz, G. A., J. A. Michell, and A. Burón. "High Throughput Parallel-Pipeline 2-D DCT/IDCT Processor Chip." Journal of VLSI Signal Processing Systems for Signal, Image, and Video Technology 45, no. 3 (December 2006): 161–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11265-006-9764-7.

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16

Li Zhi Cheng. "On computing the two-dimensional (2-D) type IV discrete cosine transform (2-D DCT-IV)." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 8, no. 8 (August 2001): 239–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/97.935741.

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17

Cho, N. I., I. D. Yun, and S. U. Lee. "On the regular structure for the fast 2-D DCT algorithm." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Analog and Digital Signal Processing 40, no. 4 (April 1993): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/82.224317.

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Grigoryan, A. M., and S. S. Agaian. "Shifted Fourier transform-based tensor algorithms for the 2-D DCT." IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing 49, no. 9 (2001): 2113–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/78.942639.

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Seung-Kwon Paek, Ji-Heup Kim, Byung-Sup Kwon, Dae-Hyun Chung, and Lee-Sup Kim. "A mode-changeable 2-D DCT/IDCT processor for digital VCR." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 42, no. 3 (1996): 606–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/30.536163.

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B, Venkata pavan kumar. "Design of Low Power 2-D Dct Architecture Using Reconfigurable Architecture." IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering 3, no. 1 (2012): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.9790/2834-0312025.

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21

Gu, Juan Juan, and Liang Tao. "Multirate-Based Fast Parallel Algorithm for 2-D DCT-Based Real-Valued Discrete Gabor Transform." Advanced Materials Research 461 (February 2012): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.461.448.

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Novel and fast algorithm for the multirate and parallel implementation of the 2-D DCT-based real-valued discrete Gabor transform (RDGT) is presented. A 2-D multirate-based analysis filterbank is designed for the 2-D RDGT. Each of the parallel channels in the filterbank has a unified structure and can apply the 2-D fast discrete cosine transform (DCT) algorithm to reduce its computational load. The computational complexity of each parallel channel is very low and is independent of the oversampling rate. All the RDGT coefficients are computed in parallel during the analysis process. Thus, the proposed parallel algorithm is attractive for real time image processing.

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Zeytinoğlu, Hülya, Emel Ergene, and Berrin Ayaz Tüylü. "Mutagenicity Assay in Salmonella for Thirteen 2-Substituted-1H-phenanthro (9,10-d) Imidazoles." Drug and Chemical Toxicology 26, no. 4 (January 2003): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/dct-120024840.

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23

Chin-Teng Lin, Yuan-Chu Yu, and Lan-Da Van. "Cost-Effective Triple-Mode Reconfigurable Pipeline FFT/IFFT/2-D DCT Processor." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 16, no. 8 (August 2008): 1058–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2008.2000676.

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24

Yim, C. "An Efficient Method for DCT-Domain Separable Symmetric 2-D Linear Filtering." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 14, no. 4 (April 2004): 517–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2004.825558.

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25

Jeong, Jechang, and Jae Moon Jo. "Adaptive Huffman coding of 2-D DCT coefficients for image sequence compression." Signal Processing: Image Communication 7, no. 1 (March 1995): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0923-5965(94)00033-f.

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26

Chung, Rih-Lung, Chen-Wei Chen, Chiung-An Chen, Patricia Angela R. Abu, and Shih-Lun Chen. "VLSI Implementation of a Cost-Efficient Loeffler DCT Algorithm with Recursive CORDIC for DCT-Based Encoder." Electronics 10, no. 7 (April 5, 2021): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070862.

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This paper presents a low-cost and high-quality, hardware-oriented, two-dimensional discrete cosine transform (2-D DCT) signal analyzer for image and video encoders. In order to reduce memory requirement and improve image quality, a novel Loeffler DCT based on a coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC) technique is proposed. In addition, the proposed algorithm is realized by a recursive CORDIC architecture instead of an unfolded CORDIC architecture with approximated scale factors. In the proposed design, a fully pipelined architecture is developed to efficiently increase operating frequency and throughput, and scale factors are implemented by using four hardware-sharing machines for complexity reduction. Thus, the computational complexity can be decreased significantly with only 0.01 dB loss deviated from the optimal image quality of the Loeffler DCT. Experimental results show that the proposed 2-D DCT spectral analyzer not only achieved a superior average peak signal–noise ratio (PSNR) compared to the previous CORDIC-DCT algorithms but also designed cost-efficient architecture for very large scale integration (VLSI) implementation. The proposed design was realized using a UMC 0.18-μm CMOS process with a synthesized gate count of 8.04 k and core area of 75,100 μm2. Its operating frequency was 100 MHz and power consumption was 4.17 mW. Moreover, this work had at least a 64.1% gate count reduction and saved at least 22.5% in power consumption compared to previous designs.

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Sun, Qiu Dong, Jian Cun Zuo, Yu Feng Shao, and Lin Gui. "A Dual Image Scrambling Method Based on Discrete Cosine Transform." Applied Mechanics and Materials 556-562 (May 2014): 4722–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.556-562.4722.

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Although the general random scrambling based on pixel can achieve a good chaotic effect, but it can not change the histogram of a digital image. We introduce the random scrambling into the domain of discrete cosine transform (DCT) of image and scramble the coefficients of DCT to improve the performance of scrambling. Firstly, we did 2-D discrete cosine transform to the original image. Secondly, we scanned the coefficients matrix of DCT by Zig-Zag scanning to get a 1-D sequence, and then we scrambled this sequence by 1-D random scrambling algorithm. Thirdly, we did inverse Zig-Zag scanning to the scrambled sequence and reconstructed the scrambled image from the chaotic coefficients matrix by 2-D inverse discrete cosine transform. Finally, to further improve the scrambling degree of the reconstructed result, we scrambled it again in space domain to gain the encryption image. Experiments show that this algorithm is effective at visual evaluation and is more stable in scrambling degree than Arnold transformation.

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Sun, Ji-li, and Mao Tian. "A New Fast Prime-length 2-D DCT Algorithm Based on Subset Partition." Journal of Electronics & Information Technology 33, no. 7 (August 3, 2011): 1606–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1146.2010.01220.

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CHUANG, Y. J. "An Efficient Matrix-Based 2-D DCT Splitter and Merger for SIMD Instructions." IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E88-D, no. 7 (July 1, 2005): 1569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietisy/e88-d.7.1569.

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Madisetti, A., and A. N. Willson. "A 100 MHz 2-D 8×8 DCT/IDCT processor for HDTV applications." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 5, no. 2 (April 1995): 158–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/76.388064.

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Ebrahim, Abdul Shukkur, Ellappan Babu, Chinnasamy Thirunavukkarasu, and Dhanapal Sakthisekaran. "PROTECTIVE ROLE OF VITAMIN E, 2-DEOXY-D-GLUCOSE, AND TAURINE ON PERCHLOROETHYLENE INDUCED ALTERATIONS IN ATPases." Drug and Chemical Toxicology 24, no. 4 (January 2001): 429–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/dct-100106267.

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Singhadia, Ashish, Pratik Bante, and Indrajit Chakrabarti. "A Novel Algorithmic Approach for Efficient Realization of 2-D-DCT Architecture for HEVC." IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics 65, no. 3 (August 2019): 264–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tce.2019.2916060.

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Lakshman, Arjun, Jithma P. Abeykoon, Shaji Kumar, S. Vincent Rajkumar, Taxiarchis Kourelis, Francis Buadi, David Dingli, et al. "Daratumumab-based combination therapies (DCT) in heavily-pretreated patients (pts) with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM)." Journal of Clinical Oncology 35, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2017): 8038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2017.35.15_suppl.8038.

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8038 Background: Daratumumab-based Combination Therapies (DCT) with bortezomib (V)/ lenalidomide (R)/ pomalidomide (P) and dexamethasone (d) showed exceptional activity in RRMM in trials. Experience outside of trials since the approval of Daratumumab (D) in 2015 is limited. Methods: RRMM pts seen at Mayo Clinic, MN from 12/2015 -12/2016 were reviewed. Pts who received ≥ 1cycle of DCT were included. Time-to-event analyses were done from date of starting DCT. Common terminology criteria for adverse events v4.0 were used to grade toxicities. Results: Of 130 pts, 59% were males and median age at DCT initiation was 67 (43-93) years, ECOG performance score was ≥2 in 29%. Pts were classified as mSMART high (22%), intermediate (22%) or standard (56%) risk. Median time from diagnosis to initiation of DCT was 51.3 (5-156) months (m), and median number of prior therapies was 4 (1-14). 14% of pts were refractory to prior D monotherapy. Fifty-three (41%), 34 (26%) and 25 (19%) received DPd, DRd and DVd respectively. Eighteen (14%) pts received ‘other’ DCT. Median time to first response (≥ PR) was 3.1 m (95% CI 2.1-4.6). Overall response rate was 46%, [CR-2%, VGPR-18%, PR-26%]. Minimal response was seen in 17%, with clinical benefit rate of 62%. Median estimated follow up from initiation of DCT was 5.5 m (CI 4.2-6.1). The median duration of response was 6.1 m [CI 5.1- not reached (NR)]. Median progression free survival (PFS) was 5.5 m (CI 4.1-7.8) and median time to next therapy (TTNT) was 5.9 m (CI 4.6-9.4). Median PFS for DPd, DRd, DVd and other DCTs were 4.6 (CI 2.7-NR), 7.8 (CI 5-NR), 3.9 (CI 2.1-NR) and 3.9 (CI 2.8-8.2) m, respectively (p = 0.3). Median PFS for quadruple refractory (n = 28) MM was 2.8 m (CI 2.2-5.3) vs 5.9 m (CI 4.9-NR) for the rest (p < 0.01). Median overall survival (OS) from DCT was NR (CI 11.4-NR). Grade 3 or higher hematological toxicities were seen in 42% of pts. Other toxicities included infections (37%), fatigue (31%), infusion reactions (16%) and diarrhea (10%). Conclusions: DCT are effective in RRMM, but the PFS remains short particularly in quadruple refractory pts, reflecting the challenges encountered in managing heavily-pretreated, and often less fit patients, in routine practice.

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Opdecamp, Karin, Lidia Kos, Heinz Arnheiter, and William J. Pavan. "Endothelin signalling in the development of neural crest-derived melanocytes." Biochemistry and Cell Biology 76, no. 6 (December 1, 1998): 1093–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/o99-006.

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In both mice and humans, mutations in the genes encoding the endothelin B receptor and its ligand endothelin 3 lead to deficiencies in neural crest-derived melanocytes and enteric neurons. The discrete steps at which endothelins exert their functions in melanocyte development were examined in mouse neural crest cell cultures. Such cultures, kept in the presence of fetal calf serum, gave rise to cells expressing the early melanoblast marker Dct even in the absence of the phorbol ester tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA) or endothelins. However, these early (Dct+) cells did not proliferate and pigmented cells never formed unless TPA or endothelins were added. In fact, endothelin 2 was as potent as TPA in promoting the generation of both Dct+ melanoblasts and pigmented cells, and endothelin 1 or endothelin 3 stimulated the generation of melanoblasts and of pigmented cells to an even greater extent. The inhibition of this stimulation by the selective endothelin B receptor antagonist BQ-788 (N-cis-2,6-dimethylpiperidinocarbonyl-L-alpha-methylleucyl-D-1-methoxycarbonyltryptophanyl-D-norleucine) suggested that the three endothelins all signal through the endothelin B receptor. This receptor was indeed expressed in Dct+ melanoblasts, in addition to cells lacking Dct expression. The results demonstrate that endothelins are potent stimulators of melanoblast proliferation and differentiation.Key words: neural crest, melanocyte, endothelin, differentiation.

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35

Edirisuriya, Amila, Arjuna Madanayake, Renato J. Cintra, Vassil S. Dimitrov, and Nilanka Rajapaksha. "A Single-Channel Architecture for Algebraic Integer-Based 8$\,\times\,$8 2-D DCT Computation." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 23, no. 12 (December 2013): 2083–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2013.2270397.

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Guo, J. I., R. C. Ju, and J. W. Chen. "An Efficient 2-D DCT/IDCT Core Design Using Cyclic Convolution and Adder-Based Realization." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 14, no. 4 (April 2004): 416–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2004.825542.

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Srinivasan, V., and K. J. Ray Liu. "VLSI design of high-speed time-recursive 2-D DCT/IDCT processor for video applications." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 6, no. 1 (February 1996): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/76.486423.

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Matsui, M., H. Hara, Y. Uetani, Lee-Sup Kim, T. Nagamatsu, Y. Watanabe, A. Chiba, K. Matsuda, and T. Sakurai. "A 200 MHz 13 mm/sup 2/ 2-D DCT macrocell using sense-amplifying pipeline flip-flop scheme." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 29, no. 12 (1994): 1482–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4.340421.

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Dai, Shaofei, Wenbo Liu, Zhengyi Wang, Kaiyu Li, Pengfei Zhu, and Ping Wang. "An Efficient Lossless Compression Method for Periodic Signals Based on Adaptive Dictionary Predictive Coding." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 4918. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144918.

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This paper reports on an efficient lossless compression method for periodic signals based on adaptive dictionary predictive coding. Some previous methods for data compression, such as difference pulse coding (DPCM), discrete cosine transform (DCT), lifting wavelet transform (LWT) and KL transform (KLT), lack a suitable transformation method to make these data less redundant and better compressed. A new predictive coding approach, basing on the adaptive dictionary, is proposed to improve the compression ratio of the periodic signal. The main criterion of lossless compression is the compression ratio (CR). In order to verify the effectiveness of the adaptive dictionary predictive coding for periodic signal compression, different transform coding technologies, including DPCM, 2-D DCT, and 2-D LWT, are compared. The results obtained prove that the adaptive dictionary predictive coding can effectively improve data compression efficiency compared with traditional transform coding technology.

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Madanayake, Arjuna, Renato J. Cintra, Denis Onen, Vassil S. Dimitrov, Nilanka Rajapaksha, L. T. Bruton, and Amila Edirisuriya. "A Row-Parallel 8$\,\times\,$8 2-D DCT Architecture Using Algebraic Integer-Based Exact Computation." IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology 22, no. 6 (June 2012): 915–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcsvt.2011.2181232.

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Stambuk, Cassandra R., Jessica A. A. McArt, Rodrigo C. Bicalho, Asha M. Miles, and Heather J. Huson. "A longitudinal study of digital cushion thickness and its function as a predictor for compromised locomotion and hoof lesions in Holstein cows." Translational Animal Science 3, no. 1 (September 27, 2018): 74–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txy107.

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Abstract Lameness is a major animal welfare and economic issue for the dairy industry and is a challenge to overcome due to multifaceted causes. Digital cushion thickness (DCT) is a strong predictor of lameness and is phenotypically associated with incidence of claw horn disruption lesions (CHDL; sole ulcers and white line disease). We hypothesized that DCT varies between digits and across lactation within the cow. This variation could be characterized to predict the occurrence of CHDL or compromised locomotion. BCS, visual locomotion score (VLS), DCT, and presence or absence of lesions were collected at 4 time points: <40 d prepartum (DPP), 1 to 30 d in milk (DIM), 90 to 120 DIM, and ≥255 DIM for 183 commercial Holstein cows enrolled in the study. Cows underwent digital sonographic examination for the measurement of DCT evaluated at the typical sole ulcer site beneath the flexor tuberosity for the right front medial and lateral digits and right hind medial and lateral digits. Factors such as parity number and stage in lactation were obtained from farm management software (DairyComp 305; Valley Agricultural Software, Tulare, CA). Cows were grouped by parity: primiparous (parity = 1) or multiparous (parity ≥ 2). The prevalence of CHDL among time points ranged from 0% to 4.2% for primiparous cows vs. 2.5% to 25% for multiparous cows, whereas the prevalence of lameness based on VLS of 3 to 5 ranged from 1.7% to 8.3% for primiparous cows vs. 12.7% to 33% for multiparous cows. DCT varied within primiparous and multiparous cows based on stage of lactation and digit (P < 0.05) and was thicker for both parity groups prior to dry off (≥255 DIM) and thinnest prior to calving (<40 DPP) and after peak lactation (90 to 120 DIM). The DCT of the front medial digit was thickest for primiparous heifers, whereas the hind lateral digit was thickest for multiparous cows. The DCT of the hind medial digit was thinnest for both parity groups. Parity group and DCT of the hind lateral digit <40 DPP were important predictors of CHDL (P < 0.05), whereas parity group and DCT of the hind lateral digit and front lateral digit at 1 to 30 DIM were key predictors of VLS lameness (P < 0.05). These results may help identify animals with higher odds of developing these diseases by highlighting key time points and specific digits of importance for monitoring. In addition, it improves our biological understanding of the relationship between DCT and lameness.

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Shang, Qing, Yibo Fan, Weiwei Shen, Sha Shen, and Xiaoyang Zeng. "Single-Port SRAM-Based Transpose Memory With Diagonal Data Mapping for Large Size 2-D DCT/IDCT." IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems 22, no. 11 (November 2014): 2422–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvlsi.2013.2295116.

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Yang, Wen, Peter A. Friedman, Rajiv Kumar, John L. Omdahl, Brian K. May, Mei-Ling Siu-Caldera, G. Satyanarayana Reddy, and Sylvia Christakos. "Expression of 25(OH)D324-hydroxylase in distal nephron: coordinate regulation by 1,25(OH)2D3and cAMP or PTH." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 276, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): E793—E805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1999.276.4.e793.

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Previous studies using microdissected nephron segments reported that the exclusive site of renal 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-24-hydroxylase (24OHase) activity is the renal proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). We now report the presence of 24OHase mRNA, protein, and activity in cells that are devoid of markers of proximal tubules but express characteristics highly specific for the distal tubule. 24OHase mRNA was undetectable in vehicle-treated mouse distal convoluted tubule (DCT) cells but was markedly induced when DCT cells were treated with 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3[1,25(OH)2D3]. 24OHase protein and activity were also identified in DCT cells by Western blot analysis and HPLC, respectively. 8-Bromo-cAMP (1 mM) or parathyroid hormone [PTH-(1—34); 10 nM] was found to potentiate the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3on 24OHase mRNA. The stimulatory effect of cAMP or PTH on 24OHase expression in DCT cells suggests differential regulation of 24OHase expression in the PCT and DCT. In the presence of cAMP and 1,25(OH)2D3, a four- to sixfold induction in vitamin D receptor (VDR) mRNA was observed. VDR protein, as determined by Western blot analysis, was also enhanced in the presence of cAMP. Transient transfection analysis in DCT cells with rat 24OHase promoter deletion constructs demonstrated that cAMP enhanced 1,25(OH)2D3-induced 24OHase transcription but this enhancement was not mediated by cAMP response elements (CREs) in the 24OHase promoter. We conclude that 1) although the PCT is the major site of localization of 24OHase, 24OHase mRNA and activity can also be localized in the distal nephron; 2) both PTH and cAMP modulate the induction of 24OHase expression by 1,25(OH)2D3in DCT cells in a manner different from that reported in the PCT; and 3) in DCT cells, upregulation of VDR levels by cAMP, and not an effect on CREs in the 24OHase promoter, is one mechanism involved in the cAMP-mediated modulation of 24OHase transcription.

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Ganguly, Anirban, and Ayan Banerjee. "Precise realization of one-staged 2-D DCT using analog current mode architecture in compressed sensing front-end." Microelectronics Journal 115 (September 2021): 105184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mejo.2021.105184.

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Diepens, Robin J. W., Els den Dekker, Marcelle Bens, A. Freek Weidema, Alain Vandewalle, René J. M. Bindels, and Joost G. J. Hoenderop. "Characterization of a murine renal distal convoluted tubule cell line for the study of transcellular calcium transport." American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology 286, no. 3 (March 2004): F483—F489. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajprenal.00231.2003.

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To unravel the molecular regulation of renal transcellular Ca2+ transport, a murine distal convoluted tubule (mpkDCT) cell line derived from distal convoluted tubules (DCT) microdissected from a SV-PK/Tag transgenic mouse was characterized. This cell line originated from DCT only, as mRNA encoding for the DCT marker thiazide-sensitive Na+/Cl- cotransporter was expressed, whereas mRNA encoding for the connecting tubule and collecting duct marker aquaporin-2 was not detected, as determined by reverse-transcriptase PCR. mpkDCT cells expressed mRNA encoding the Ca2+ channels TRPV5 and TRPV6 and other key players necessary for transcellular Ca2+ transport, i.e., calbindin-D9k, calbindin-D28k, plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase isoform 1b, and Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 1. Primary cultures of DCT cells exhibited net transcellular Ca2+ transport of 0.4 ± 0.1 nmol·h-1·cm-2, whereas net transcellular Ca2+ transport across mpkDCT cells was significantly higher at 2.4 ± 0.4 nmol·h-1·cm-2. Transcellular Ca2+ transport across mpkDCT cells was completely inhibited by ruthenium red, an inhibitor of TRPV5 and TRPV6, but not by the voltage-operated Ca2+ channel inhibitors felodipine and verapamil. With the use of patch-clamp analysis, the IC50 of ruthenium red on Na+ currents was between the values measured for TRPV5- and TRPV6-expressing HEK 293 cells, suggesting that TRPV5 and/or TRPV6 is possibly active in mpkDCT cells. Forskolin in combination with IBMX, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, and 1-deamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin increased transcellular Ca2+ transport, whereas PMA and parathyroid hormone had no significant effect. In conclusion, the murine mpkDCT cell line provides a unique cell model in which to study the molecular regulation of transcellular Ca2+ transport in the kidney in vitro.

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Nguyen Dinh Cat, Aurélie, Antoine Ouvrard-Pascaud, François Tronche, Maud Clemessy, Daniel Gonzalez-Nunez, Nicolette Farman, and Frederic Jaisser. "Conditional Transgenic Mice for Studying the Role of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Renal Collecting Duct." Endocrinology 150, no. 5 (December 23, 2008): 2202–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2008-1531.

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The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a major regulator of renal sodium reabsorption and body fluid homeostasis. However, little is known about glucocorticoid receptor (GR)-dependent renal effects. Glucocorticoids may activate both receptors, so it is difficult to distinguish between MR- and GR-mediated effects in vivo. To overcome this complexity, we used a transgenic mouse model allowing conditional GR overexpression (doxycycline inducible TetON system, Hoxb7 promoter) in the renal collecting duct (CD) to identify GR-regulated genes involved in sodium transport in the CD. In microdissected cortical CD, induction of GR expression led (after 2 d of doxycycline) to increased α-epithelial sodium channel and glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper and decreased abundance of with-no-lysine kinase 4 transcripts, without modification of Na,K-ATPase, serum- and glucocorticoid-kinase-1, or MR expression. No changes occurred in the upstream distal and connecting tubules [distal convoluted tubule (DCT), connecting tubule (CNT)]. Sodium excretion was unaltered, but the urinary aldosterone concentration was reduced, suggesting compensation of transitory extracellular volume expansion that subsequently disappeared. At steady state, i.e. after 15 d of doxycycline administration, transcript abundance remained altered in the CD, whereas mirror changes appeared in the DCT and CNT. Plasma aldosterone or glucocorticoids and blood pressure were all unaffected. These experiments show that: 1) GR, in addition to MR, controls epithelial sodium channel- and glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper expression in vivo in the CD; 2) with-no-lysine kinase 4 is negatively controlled by GR; and 3) the DCT and CNT compensate for these alterations to maintain normal sodium reabsorption and blood pressure. These results suggest that enhanced GR expression may contribute to enhanced sodium retention in some pathological situations.

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El Aakif, Mohamed, Said Belkouch, and Moha M`rabet Ha. "Low Complexity and Low-Cost Hardware Sharing Design of Fast Multistandard 2-D DCT/IDCT for Image/Video Coding." Research Journal of Information Technology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 27–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjit.2014.27.45.

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RAMASWAMY, ARUN, and WASFY B. MIKHAEL. "COMPRESSION OF IMAGES REPRESENTED USING MULTI-TRANSFORMS." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 06, no. 01 (February 1996): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126696000042.

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Constrained image representation employing multi-transforms has been recently developed. First, the image is divided into smaller non-overlapping subimages. Each subimage is resolved appropriately into 2-D subsignals, each of which is compactly represented in a specific transform domain. The subimage is efficiently represented by superimposing the dominant components corresponding to the subsignals. The residual error, which is the difference between the original subimage and the reconstructed subimage is minimized by adaptive algorithms. An optimization strategy selects the dominant coefficients from the various domains for adaptation. An efficient coding technique is presented to code the multi-transform coefficients. An image representation example is presented employing the DCT-Haar combination. Objective evaluations are made where it is shown that images represented using the multi-transform technique are more accurate than using the DCT for the same number of retained transform coefficients. Test subimages with a high amount of detail represented using the proposed technique show an SNR improvement of about 3 to 4 dB over using DCT alone. Finally, images, coded at bit rates of 0.44 bits/pixel and 1.23 bits/pixel employing the proposed technique verify the good quality of reconstruction.

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Hu, Shan Shan, and Fang Liu. "Video Watermarking Scheme against Geometrical Distortions." Applied Mechanics and Materials 347-350 (August 2013): 2151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.347-350.2151.

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A new video watermarking scheme against geometric distortions is proposed, which is most suitable for DCT-encoded compressed video, like MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H.264, etc. To lower the computational cost, 2-D DFT coefficients are constructed directly from the block DCTs by exploiting a fast inter-transformation. Then a watermark is embedded in a RST (rotation, scaling, and translation) invariant domain generated by performing the Fourier-Mellin transform (FMT) on the 2-D DFT magnitudes. For resisting different video format conversion, the watermark detection is performed in the spatial domain. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme is transparent and robust to typical signal processing attacks, lots of commonly geometric distortions including scaling, rotation and some combination of several attacks, and frame dropping.

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Kawahito, Shoji, Makoto Yoshida, Masaaki Sasaki, Keijiro Umehara, Daisuke Miyazaki, Yoshiaki Tadokoro, Kenji Murata, Shirou Doushou, and Akira Matsuzawa. "Solid State Imaging Techniques. A CMOS Image Sensor for Focal-plane Compression using Analog 2-D DCT Circuits and an Adaptive Resolution A/D Converter." Journal of the Institute of Image Information and Television Engineers 52, no. 2 (1998): 206–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3169/itej.52.206.

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Journal articles on the topic '2-D DCT'

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