Books on the topic '2000-2016'

Linguists draw both typological (Dixon 1986) and morphosyntactic (Grinevald 2000) distinctions between classifiers and gender systems. However, these two systems show many functional similarities (Kilarski 2013). Canonical Gender (Corbett and Fedden 2016) is an attempt to unify the two systems. This chapter investigates the possessive classifier system in North Ambrym (Oceanic) and argues, using psycholinguistic experiments, that it is an instance of non-canonical gender as more than 50% of the nouns tested adhere to the Canonical Gender Principle (Corbett and Fedden 2016: 503). Nouns which are prototypical possessions and are closer to the core of the classifier’s semantic categories are restricted to occur with just one classifier. Nouns which are less prototypical possessions and further away from the semantic core of the classifier categories are able to be assigned different classifiers. These two underlying factors are what drives internal variation in adherence to the Canonical Gender Principle.

This Land Is My Land traces three periods of conservative rebellion against federal land authority over the last forty years—the Sagebrush Rebellion (1979–1982), the War for the West (1991–2000), and the Patriot Rebellion (2009–2016)—showing how they evolved from a regional rebellion waged by westerners with material interests in federal lands to a national rebellion against the federal administrative state. It explains how Western federal land issues were integrated into national conservative politics, and how federal land issues became inseparably linked to a wide range of constitutional issues, such as freedom of religious expression, private property rights, and gun rights. As a result, federal land issues became flashpoints in conservative status politics and American civil religion, leading to armed standoffs between citizens and federal law enforcement officers in 2014, 2015, and 2016. These conflicts illustrate both the profound challenges in multiple-use management of federal land and the violent potential in American civil religion.

Les femmes séropositives n’appartiennent pas à des groupes cibles tels que définis par l’Office fédéral de la santé publique suisse. Elles constituent donc un groupe de personnes invisibles, absentes des débats publics et médicaux, non considérées dans la littérature scientifique en général et non intégrées dans les recherches cliniques. Pour combler cette lacune, ce livre présente et analyse trente récits de vie récoltés entre 2013 et 2016 auprès de femmes hétérosexuelles séropositives en Suisse romande, qui ont été diagnostiquées positives au VIH avant l’an 2000. Ces entretiens ont permis de revisiter presque quarante ans d’histoire du VIH/sida sous un angle critique féministe.

This chapter focuses on the international goals to improve health and well-being around the world: the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), launched in 2000, and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) launched in 2016. The chapter discusses how the MDG framework, which coincided with the movement for HIV treatment access, set new and aspiration targets for improving access to infectious disease treatment, maternal mortality, and child health. The Goals highlighted the need for health systems strengthening to achieve the health improvements promised. The chapter also explains how monies for disease-specific or vertical programs can fragment health systems or, alternatively, can be leveraged to strengthen health care delivery. In 2015, the SDGs were launched with an even broader and more aspirational scope with the explicit goal of achieving Universal Health Coverage by 2030.

The flaws in the American electoral process have become increasingly apparent in recent years. The contemporary tipping point in public awareness occurred during the 2000 election count, and concern deepened due to several major problems observed in the 2016 campaign, worsening party polarization, and corroding public trust in the legitimacy of the outcome. To gather evidence about the quality of elections around the world, in 2012 the Electoral Integrity Project was established as an independent research project based at Harvard and Sydney universities. The results show that experts rated American elections as the worst among all Western democracies. Without reform, these problems risk damaging the legitimacy of American elections—further weakening public confidence in political parties, Congress, and the U.S. government, depressing voter turnout, and exacerbating the risks of mass protests. This book describes several major challenges observed during the 2016 U.S. elections arising from deepening party polarization over basic voting procedures, the serious risks of hacking and weak cyber-security, the consequences of deregulating campaign spending, and lack of professional and impartial electoral management. This book outlines the core concept and measure of electoral integrity, the key yardstick used to evaluate free and fair elections. Evidence from expert and mass surveys demonstrate the extent of problems in American elections. The book shows how these challenges could be addressed through several practical steps designed to improve electoral procedures and practices. If implemented, the reforms will advance free and fair elections, and liberal democracy, at home and abroad.

Runoff has been advantageous in Latin America and could be in the United States also. Amid the legitimacy deficits of the 2000 and 2016 elections in the United States, popular demand for change in electoral rules is strong. Although ranked-choice voting is the most common innovation in the United States, it is complex and relatively untested. By contrast, runoff has been tested in Latin America and shown to be successful. Runoff opened the electoral arena to new parties but, at the same time, assured that the president had majority support and was not at an ideological extreme. By contrast, plurality often facilitated political exclusion by dominant parties and exacerbated cynicism and polarization. Although the number of parties was larger under runoff, the concomitant problems can be ameliorated by such measures as the scheduling of the legislative election after the first round and raising the threshold for entry to the legislature.

The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate evidence-based practices in reading interventions for deaf students using the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) standards published in 2014. These standards first use eight quality indicators to determine the methodological rigor of group comparison or single-subject design studies. Evidence-based classifications are then applied to groups of studies evaluating designated categories of practice. A review of the literature yielded 30 reading intervention studies between 2000 and 2016, of which 10 employed designs allowing for subsequent analyses. The application of the quality indicators resulted in nine methodologically sound studies in six categories of practice. Although findings revealed that none of the included reading intervention practices was considered evidence-based, three were classified as potentially evidence-based, one as having mixed evidence, and the remaining two as having insufficient evidence. Challenges to meeting the CEC standards are discussed and recommendations for future research explored.

This book examines why partisan electoral interventions occur as well as their effects on the election results in countries in which the great powers intervened. A new dataset shows that the U.S. and the USSR/Russia have intervened in one out of every nine elections between 1946 and 2000 in other countries in order to help or hinder one of the candidates or parties; the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections is just the latest example. Nevertheless, electoral interventions receive scant scholarly attention. This book develops a new theoretical model to answer both questions. It argues that electoral interventions are usually “inside jobs,” occurring only if a significant domestic actor within the target wants it. Likewise, electoral interventions won’t happen unless the intervening country fears its interests are endangered by another significant party or candidate with very different and inflexible preferences. As for the effects it argues that such meddling usually gives a significant boost to the preferred side, with overt interventions being more effective than covert ones in this regard. However, unlike in later elections, electoral interventions in founding elections usually harm the aided side. A multi-method framework is used in order to study these questions, including in-depth archival research into six cases in which the U.S. seriously considered intervening, the statistical analysis of the aforementioned dataset (PEIG), and a micro-level analysis of election surveys from three intervention cases. It also includes a preliminary analysis of the Russian intervention in the 2016 U.S. elections and the cyber-future of such meddling in general.

In recent years, conditions in the Region of the Americas have been highly favorable for the introduction and spread of arthropod-borne viral infections (arboviral diseases). Although dengue has been circulating for over 400 years, the number of cases reported since the year 2000 represents an unprecedented increase, with four serotypes in circulation. Since that year, 19.6 million cases of dengue have been reported to PAHO/WHO, including more than 800,000 severe cases and over 10,000 deaths. In 2015 and 2016 alone, more than 4.8 million cases were reported, 17,000 of them severe, resulting in 2,000 deaths. Despite a 23% reduction in the dengue case-fatality rate in the last six years (from 0.069% to 0.053%), the continued risk of severe disease and even death poses a serious public health problem in the Americas. Today, arboviruses present an extremely complex and unstable epidemiological situation, given the simultaneous epidemic circulation of three arboviral diseases and the risk that others could become epidemics, for example, Mayaro fever. Countries are aware that this complex situation can only be addressed with a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach. The development of IMS-arbovirus is part of a history of technical cooperation between PAHO/WHO and the countries and territories of the Americas. It is based on the lessons learned during the development and implementation of national IMS-dengue programs in recent years. This history of cooperation is not new. It dates back to October 1947, with the adoption of Resolution CD1.R1 during the first Directing Council of PAHO. This resolution stated that the solution to the problem of urban yellow fever would be the eradication of Ae. aegypti in the entire hemisphere. The success of that campaign was demonstrated in 1962, with the eradication of this vector in 18 countries in the Region and several Caribbean islands.

This chapter charts the passage of the Financial Services Act 2012 (FS Act 2012), from its policy conception through its consultation phase, and to its enactment. The FS Act 2012 received royal assent on 19 December 2012 and came into effect from 1 April 2013. The Act comprised 10 parts and 21 schedules and formally amended the Bank of England Act 1998, the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000, and the Banking Act 2009, to give effect to the reforms. The enactment of the FS Act 2012 represented a significant change in not only the regulatory structure, but the regulatory approach to supervision and enforcement. The new mantra was far a more holistic and intrusive form of regulation. Whether viewed from the perspective of the prudential thresholds, conduct of business requirements and new product intervention powers, or in light of the enhanced investigatory and enforcement priorities and a focus on individual accountability, the reforms were significant.

O termo Bioma refere-se a uma área do espaço geográfico representada por um tipo uniforme de ambiente, dentro do qual é possível identificar características similares de macroclima, fitofisionomia, solo e altitude (WALTER, 1986). Dentro dessas áreas espécies surgiram e se desenvolveram em resposta à essas características do ambiente. Tal processo permite que por exemplo, dentro dessas áreas os vegetais apresentem aspectos, formas e processos fisiológicos característicos (CRAWLEY, 1989). Dessa maneira, a manutenção desses biomas, com suas características ambientais únicas, é de fundamental importância para a manutenção da biodiversidade e dos serviços ecossistêmicos que ali ocorrem (regulação climática, ciclo de matéria, segurança alimentar, entre outros) (PBMC/BPBES, 2018; JOLY et al., 2019). O Brasil é formado por seis grandes biomas: Amazônia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Mata Atlântica, Pampas e Pantanal (IBGE, 2019). Dentro desses ambientes são encontrados uma grande diversidade de fauna e flora e características únicas de relevo e clima. Essa variedade de biomas está relacionada a grande extensão territorial do Brasil e a sua posição geográfica. Todas essas características fazem do Brasil o maior detentor de biota continental do mundo, sendo estimado um valor entre 15% e 20% das aproximadamente 1,5 milhões de espécies descritas no planeta. Só de plantas vasculares os números mais recentes citados são de 56108 espécies, com 12400 (22%) endêmicas. Esses dados representam aproximadamente 22% do total mundial (LEWINSOHN; PRADO, 2002; SHEPHERD, 2002; HUBBELL, 2008; GIAM et al., 2010). Dentro desse contexto, os biomas Cerrado e Pantanal se integram por meio dos rios que nascem nos planaltos do Cerrado. Esses rios contribuem na formação do Pantanal, nas planícies inundáveis da bacia do Paraguai (BRASIL, 2007). No Domínio Cerrado, a dinâmica ambiental é proveniente de uma marcada sazonalidade climática com duas estações bem definidas, o período seco e o período chuvoso (ASSAD, 1994; SILVA, 2011). Essa sazonalidade climática modifica constantemente as propriedades do solo, da flora e da paisagem e a reestruturação de muitas comunidades (AMARAL et al., 2013; MALHEIROS, 2016). No Pantanal as áreas conhecidas como planícies de inundação se caracterizam pela presença de hábitats que variam de aquáticos a terrestres, de acordo com o grau de comunicação com o rio principal (PAZ; TUCCI, 2010). Os ciclos de secas e cheias são um importante fenômeno hídrico para a região, criando um sistema complexo e dinâmico (JUNK; DA SILVA, 1999; RESENDE, 2008). O Cerrado é uma das 25 áreas do mundo consideradas críticas para a conservação, devido à riqueza biológica e à alta pressão antrópica a que vem sendo submetido (MYERS et al., 2000). O Pantanal, por sua vez, é reconhecido mundialmente pela abundância de sua fauna (MITTERMEIER et al., 1990; HARRIS et al., 2005) e é considerado Reserva da Biosfera e Patrimônio Natural da Humanidade pela Unesco (BRASIL, 2018). O conhecimento dos aspectos que envolvem a fauna, a flora e as características dessas paisagens são de extrema importância para a sua conservação e preservação. As áreas de transição entre esses dois biomas, chamadas áreas de ecótono, se fazem presentes no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Nessa região, os biomas Cerrado e Pantanal possuem correlações quanto aos aspectos geomorfológicos e fitogeográficos (RODRIGUES et al., 2017). Na região o encontro entre o Planalto de Maracaju-Campo Grande e a Planície Pantaneira é uma área comum de elementos bióticos e abióticos entre o planalto e a planície (FILHO et al., 2009). A transição entre dois ecossistemas implica a existência de uma área com valores intermediários para diversos parâmetros ambientais (NEIFF, 2003). Por um lado, a área de transição pode gerar um aumento na biodiversidade, dado o fato dessas áreas apresentarem representantes de fauna e flora dos dois ecossistemas (VELOSO et al., 1991). Contudo, essas áreas de transição podem também representarem barreira ou área de isolamento com ecossistemas vizinhos (MALANSON, 1997). Desta forma, uma análise voltada para as áreas de ecótono entre esses dois biomas faz-se necessária, uma vez que a preservação de um depende da preservação do outro. Sobretudo para o entendimento de que essas paisagens de ecótono podem ser responsáveis pelo isolamento e amortecimento das alterações dentro dos biomas Cerrado e Pantanal. Este E-book traz estudos desenvolvidos na área de ecótono Cerrado Pantanal no município de Aquidauana (MS) e entorno. O município está localizado a 130 Km a oeste da capital Campo Grande. Aquidauana por se tratar de um município com influência dos biomas Cerrado e Pantanal, abriga uma grande biodiversidade, sendo citada pelo Ministério do Meio Ambiente (BRASIL, 2002) como área prioritária para conservação da biodiversidade. Na mesma via, o município se destaca por sua vocação turística e agropecuária, o que demanda atenção, devido ao processo de intensa ocupação e exploração antrópica dos recursos naturais. Dessa maneira, o conhecimento de suas características ambientais e dos processos ecológicos desempenhados por sua fauna e flora contribuem para sua preservação e manutenção.