Relevant bibliographies by topics / 2000-2050

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic '2000-2050'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 27 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "2000-2050"

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Portney, Paul R. "Environmental Problems and Policy: 2000–2050." Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 1 (February 1, 2000): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.1.199.

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The next 50 years will see more use of market-based tools for environmental protection. Regulatory authorities everywhere will require polluters to report emissions. Authority will leak away from national governments; some will be devolved to lower levels of government, but some will be lost to international bodies. Environmental conditions will continue to improve steadily in developed countries. The developing countries will be less fortunate; at least until rising incomes provide the impetus for stricter standards. Some losses will be irreversible, as with species that are extinguished.
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Itzkoff, Seymour W. "The Future of the World 2000-2050." Mankind Quarterly 44, no. 3 (2004): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.46469/mq.2004.44.3.9.

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Ananta, Aris, Evi Nurvidya Arifin, and Bakhtiar. "ETHNICITY AND AGEING IN INDONESIA, 2000–2050." Asian Population Studies 1, no. 2 (July 2005): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17441730500317477.

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Han, Jiarui, Li Li, Shenshen Su, Jing Wu, Xuekun Fang, Shenglan Jia, Jianbo Zhang, and Jianxin Hu. "Estimated HCFC-142b emissions in China: 2000–2050." Chinese Science Bulletin 59, no. 24 (April 10, 2014): 3046–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11434-014-0337-z.

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Wisła, Rafał, Katarzyna Filipowicz, and Tomasz Tokarski. "Diversification of economic development of EU countries on the basis of gravity growth model." Wiadomości Statystyczne. The Polish Statistician 63, no. 7 (July 27, 2018): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0680.

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The aim of the article is to present the differentiation of economic development of the European Union countries in the years 2000—2015 and to simulate changes in labour productivity in the perspective of 2050. Two macroeconomic aggregates describing dynamics of development processes, i.e. labour productivity and capital-labour ratio, connected with the so-called gravity effects were used in the research. It was based on data from the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE). The results lead to the formulation of two key conclusions. Firstly, assuming that the average investment rate from 2000—2015, 2000—2008 and 2009—2015 is maintained in the perspective until 2050, the strongest annual average dynamics of labour productivity changes is observed in the countries belonging to the post-communist group. Secondly, the adoption, for the 2016—2050 period, of the average investment rate for the entire EU economy for 2000—2015, 2000—2008 and 2009—2015, will lead to the assumption that in 2050 the productivity of large groups of analysed countries will be shaped at a very similar level.
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Naumovski, Louie, Mint Sirisawad, Philip Lecane, Jason Ramos, Darren Magda, Zhong Wang, Patti Thiemann, et al. "Sapphyrins Exhibit Tumor Selectivity and Efficacy in Animal Models of Hematologic Malignancies." Blood 104, no. 11 (November 16, 2004): 2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v104.11.2501.2501.

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Abstract Sapphyrins are pentapyrrolic metal-free expanded porphyrins that localize to tumors. We have previously demonstrated that sapphyrins induce apoptosis in a variety of hematologic tumor cell lines including lymphomas (Ramos, DHL-4, HF-1), leukemias (Jurkat, HL-60), and myelomas (8226/S, 1-310, C2E3, 1-414). Through chemical modification of the parent compound, PCI-2000, a number of derivatives were generated and tested for induction of apoptosis in Ramos cells. PCI-2000 and one of the more potent apoptosis-inducing derivatives, PCI-2050, were injected into CD-1 nude mice bearing Ramos xenografts. Animals were sacrificed 48 hrs after injection and analyzed for drug uptake in the tumor, liver and spleen using flow cytometry. For PCI-2000, the relative uptake was spleen>tumor>liver. For PCI-2050 the relative uptake was tumor>spleen>liver, suggesting that PCI-2050 preferentially localizes in tumors compared to PCI-2000. Tumor cells isolated from PCI-2050 treated animals grew less well in culture and had more apoptotic cells than those derived from PCI-2000 or control animals. Uptake of PCI-2050 into xenograft tumor cells and tumor cell killing was dose dependent. PCI-2050 (10 umol/kg x 2 days in a row) was administered to Ramos xenograft bearing animals that were then monitored for tumor growth. In both minimal tumor (animals treated before tumor was palpable) and established tumor (palpable tumor) models, PCI-2050 reduced tumor growth by 60–75%. Alternative dosing strategies revealed that split dosing (allowing 1 or more days between doses) was more efficacious in tumor control than dosing 2 days in a row. At the doses used in this study, there was no myelosuppression or lymphosuppression, hepatic or renal abnormalities as assessed by complete blood count and comprehensive serum chemistry analysis, respectively. Our work demonstrates that PCI-2050 induces apoptosis in tissue culture and inhibits tumor growth in an animal tumor model while exhibiting minimal toxicity. PCI-2050 and other sapphyrin derivatives will be further evaluated as potential anti-cancer agents.
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Blaas, Harry, and Carolien Kroeze. "Excessive nitrogen and phosphorus in European rivers: 2000–2050." Ecological Indicators 67 (August 2016): 328–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.03.004.

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McDonald, Peter, and Rebecca Kippen. "Labor Supply Prospects in 16 Developed Countries, 2000-2050." Population and Development Review 27, no. 1 (March 2001): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2001.00001.x.

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Demeny, Paul, and Geoffrey McNicoll. "The Political Demography of the World System, 2000-2050." Population and Development Review 32, S1 (December 2006): 254–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1728-4457.2006.tb00010.x.

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Bouwman, A. F., A. H. W. Beusen, J. Griffioen, J. W. Van Groenigen, M. M. Hefting, O. Oenema, P. J. T. M. Van Puijenbroek, S. Seitzinger, C. P. Slomp, and E. Stehfest. "Global trends and uncertainties in terrestrial denitrification and N 2 O emissions." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 368, no. 1621 (July 5, 2013): 20130112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0112.

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Soil nitrogen (N) budgets are used in a global, distributed flow-path model with 0.5° × 0.5° resolution, representing denitrification and N 2 O emissions from soils, groundwater and riparian zones for the period 1900–2000 and scenarios for the period 2000–2050 based on the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. Total agricultural and natural N inputs from N fertilizers, animal manure, biological N 2 fixation and atmospheric N deposition increased from 155 to 345 Tg N yr −1 (Tg = teragram; 1 Tg = 10 12 g) between 1900 and 2000. Depending on the scenario, inputs are estimated to further increase to 408–510 Tg N yr −1 by 2050. In the period 1900–2000, the soil N budget surplus (inputs minus withdrawal by plants) increased from 118 to 202 Tg yr −1 , and this may remain stable or further increase to 275 Tg yr −1 by 2050, depending on the scenario. N 2 production from denitrification increased from 52 to 96 Tg yr −1 between 1900 and 2000, and N 2 O–N emissions from 10 to 12 Tg N yr −1 . The scenarios foresee a further increase to 142 Tg N 2 –N and 16 Tg N 2 O–N yr −1 by 2050. Our results indicate that riparian buffer zones are an important source of N 2 O contributing an estimated 0.9 Tg N 2 O–N yr −1 in 2000. Soils are key sites for denitrification and are much more important than groundwater and riparian zones in controlling the N flow to rivers and the oceans.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "2000-2050"

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Dartiguepeyrou, Carine. "Contribution à l'étude de la "société de l'information" dans la perspective de l'élargissement en Europe : essai de prospective, 2000-2050." Paris 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA010338.

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Cette thèse analyse la situation de l'Europe au début du XXI siècle. Elle développe deux questions clés pour l'Europe contemporaine : l'élargissement aux pays d'Europe centrale et orientale ainsi que le passage à la "société de l'information". La première partie met en scène le contexte global de l'Europe: évolution de la science et des technologies, tendances démographiques, courants socioculturels, et systèmes politiques et économiques. Dans la seconde partie est étudiée la question de la "société de l'information": définition et théorie, analyse des politiques, approches prospectives. Dans la troisième partie, la question de l'élargissement est explorée. Différents scénarios prospectifs de l'Europe sont mis en scène, analysés et critiqués. Il est montré que l'élargissement ne peut être compris et ne prend sens que dans le contexte d'un projet politique de "société de l'information". La conclusion développe la nécessité pour l'Union européenne d'affirmer une politique originale afin de construire une véritable Europe élargie et du savoir. De cette manière, elle peut être pionnière et relever le défi qu'elle s'est donnée de "devenir l'économie de la connaissance la plus compétitive au monde". Les problématiques sont formalisées à travers une approche structuraliste et les interdépendances des facteurs et des acteurs sont étudiées de manière systémique. Une place importante est donnée à la question de l'évolution des valeurs au niveau international et au positionnement de l'Europe dans cette évolution. Cette thèse définit de manière prospective (2000-2050) les enjeux stratégiques de l'Europe d'un point de vue social, économique, technologique, politique, géographique et culturel.
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Olivares, Cerpa Gonzalo. "Evaluación del impacto del Cambio Climático (escenarios B1 y A2) en las aportaciones futuras generadas para el horizonte de proyección 2000-2050 en las cuencas del Fluvià y la Tordera en Catalunya." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672328.

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The results presented in this doctoral thesis aims to evaluate the possible Climate Change effects on the water resources yield by the Fluvià river basin and the Tordera river basin, both located in the autonomous region of Catalonia. In order to carried out with the study, a climate change projection generated by the Global Circulation Model ECHAM5 for the scenarios B1 and A2 (IPCC, 2007) were applied. The projections were statistically downscaled at local level through a Markov’s chain of first order to determine the occurrence of rainfall and a Weibull distribution to evaluate the amount of it during that occurrence. The temperature was projected using an ARMA model (Autoregressive Moving Average). Both projections (rainfall and temperature) were obtained for the time horizon of 50 years (2000 – 2050). Historical data (1984 – 2008) were previously used as an input in the weather generators in the downscaling process. The hydrological model of the case of study was developed using the software HEC-HMS 4.0 which through its Soil Moisture Accounting method (SMA) allows for long term simulations with a complete characterization of the hydrological process. The model was parametrized, calibrated and validated using discharge gages located at the outlet of each of the basins. The historical data for the rainfall and the temperature (evapotranspiration) were run in the hydrological model to evaluate the current condition of the basins to be finally compared with the future projections obtained from the downscaling process for the time horizon of 50 years for the Climate Change scenarios previously described. When comparing the current situation (historical) with the future projections for the two scenarios analysed (B1 and A2), it is observed that in the Fluvià’s basin the annual average (2000 – 2050) for the water resources decrease 16.7% for the B1 scenario and 28.2% for the A2 scenario. For the Tordera’s basin the situation is similar, with reductions of 19.9% for the B1 scenario and 26.6% for the A2 scenario. It may also be observed that in both scenarios and both basins when the reductions of rainfall compared to the historical data goes from 2.5 to 11.2% the reductions on annual average for the water resources are larger, which would indicate that the basin amplifies the effect of the reductions of the rainfall in the yielded discharge. Finally, it was also studied that carrying out modification to the downscaling process, new temporal distribution of the future rainfall may be obtained. This new time series were characterized by a more heterogenous distribution ungrouping rainfall event to a larger number of days. Once these new times series were input to the hydrological model it was observed the water resources increases in relation to the ones observed under the first downscaling carried out in the study. The increments observed were from 9 to 11% in both scenarios and both basins. This implies that it is important to evaluate the amount of future rainfall of the climate projections, but it is also very important to evaluate the temporal distribution of it due to the hydrological processes in a basin might be sensitive to this factor, affecting the water resource production in the long term.
El trabajo que se presenta en esta tesis de doctorado pretende determinar los posibles efectos del Cambio Climático en los recursos hídricos futuros para la cuenca del río Fluvià y la cuenca del río la Tordera en la Comunidad Autónoma de Catalunya. Para determinar como el Cambio Climático afecta a las aportaciones en dichas áreas, se dispuso de las proyecciones para la precipitación y la temperatura desarrolladas por el modelo meteorológico de circulación del clima ECHAM5 para los escenarios B1 y A2, propuestos en el cuarto informe de Cambio Climático presentado el año 2007 por el IPCC. Dichas proyecciones fueron escaladas a nivel local mediante un escalado estadístico basado una cadena de Markov de primer orden para generar lluvia local incluyendo días con o sin lluvia, y una distribución de Weibull para asignar el volumen de lluvia en los días de ocurrencia de la misma. Para el cálculo de los datos de temperatura a partir de las observaciones históricas se utilizó un modelo auto-regresivo de media móvil (ARMA). Las proyecciones de precipitación y temperatura se generaron para un horizonte de tiempo de 50 años (2000 - 2050). Adicionalmente se contó con registros históricos de precipitación temperatura para el período 1984 - 2008. Estos datos constituyeron la información de entrada en el generador local del clima para determinar las distribuciones y probabilidades históricas de la precipitación que fueron utilizadas en la generación de las proyecciones futuras. El modelo hidrológico de las cuencas en estudio se basó en la herramienta hidrológica HEC- HMS 4.0., y su algoritmo de cálculo de humedad continua del suelo (SMA) que permite hacer simulaciones a largo plazo evaluando los procesos hidrológicos en detalle. El modelo fue calibrado y validado a partir de la información de estaciones de aforo presentes en los últimos tramos de ambas cuencas. Los datos históricos de precipitación y temperatura (evapotranspiración) fueron ingresados en el modelo para evaluar la aportación histórica de cada una de las cuencas y obtener un valor de referencia para comparación de los resultados futuros. El siguiente paso consistió en ingresar las proyecciones futuras de precipitación y temperatura (2000 - 2050) en el modelo hidrológico, previamente validado, y determinar la variación de las aportaciones generadas para las nuevas proyecciones. La comparación de las proyecciones con las aportaciones históricas previamente modeladas en la cuenca del Fluvià para ambos escenarios de cambio (B1 y A2) indican que las aportaciones medias anuales futuras disminuyen un 16.7% para el escenario B1 y un 28.2% para el escenario A2. En la cuenca de la Tordera se observaron disminuciones de 19.9% para el escenario B1 y 26.6% para el escenario A2. Se puede observar para ambos escenarios en el período histórico y en ambas cuencas que cuando el descenso de precipitación varía entre 2.5% y 11.2%, las disminuciones en términos de aportaciones son mayores, indicativo de que la respuesta hidrológica amplifica el efecto de la disminución de precipitación. Finalmente, también se observó que realizando variaciones a la técnica de escaldo se pueden obtener nuevas series de precipitación futuras con distribuciones temporales distintas a las series originalmente generadas. Las nuevas series se caracterizan por una distribución de la precipitación más heterogénea desagregando eventos de lluvia a lo largo de más días. Cuando estas series son ingresadas al modelo hidrológico se obtienen aportaciones anuales mayores a las obtenidas a través del primer escalado del modelo climatológico, con incrementos de un 9 a un 11% en las aportaciones anuales para ambos escenarios de cambio (B1 y A2) y en ambas cuencas. Por ello no solo es importante conocer la cantidad de lluvia futura para una región, también es importante conocer su distribución temporal dada su influencia en la respuesta hidrológic
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Lam, Yun-Fat. "Effects of 2000-2050 Global Climate Change on Ozone and Particulate Matter Air Quality in the United States Using Models-3/CMAQ System." 2010. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/817.

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The Models-3/Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system (CMAQ), coupled with Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) atmospheric General Circulation Model (GCM), fifth Generation Mesoscale Model system (MM5), and Goddard Earth Observing System-CHEMistry (GEOS-Chem), was used to simulate atmospheric concentration of ozone and particulate matter over the continental United States 12-km and 36-km (CONUS) domains at year 2000 and year 2050. In the study, GISS GCM model outputs interfaced with MM5 were utilized to supply the current and future meteorological conditions for CMAQ. The conventional CMAQ profile initial and boundary conditions were replaced by time-varied and layer-varied GEOS-Chem outputs. The future emission concentrations were estimated using year 2000 based emissions with emission projections suggested by the IPCC A1B scenario. Multi-scenario statistical analyses were performed to investigate the effects of climate change and change of anthropogenic emissions toward 2050. The composite effects of these changes were broken down into individual effects and analyzed on three distinct regions (i.e., Midwest, Northeast and Southeast). The results of CMAQ hourly and 8-hour average concentrations indicate the maximum ozone concentration in the Midwest is increased slightly from year 2000 to year 2050, as a result of increasing average and maximum temperatures by 2 to 3 degrees Kelvin. In converse, there is an observed reduction of surface ozone concentration in the Southeast caused by the decrease in solar radiation. For the emission reduction scenario, the decline of anthropogenic emissions causes reductions of both ozone and PM2.5 for all regions. The emission reduction has compensated the effect of increasing temperature. The overall change on the maximum daily 8-hr ozone and average PM2.5 concentrations in year 2050 were estimated to be 10% and 40% less than the values in year 2000, respectively. The modeling results indicates the effect of emissions reduction has greater impact than the effect of climate change.
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Books on the topic "2000-2050"

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Philipsen, Heidi. Designing new media: Learning, communication and innovation. Aarhus: Academica, 2010.

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Finnish design yearbook 2010-11. [Helsinki]: Design Forum Finland, 2011.

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Tyskland), SieMatic (møbelfabrik. SieMatic: Interior design for the kitchen. Löhne: SieMatic Möbelwerke, 2006.

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Haus 2050: Wohnkomfort mit 2000 Watt. Zürich: Faktor Verlag, 2013.

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Antonio, Marquina Barrio, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization. Scientific Affairs Division., eds. Environmental challenges in the Mediterranean 2000-2050. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2004.

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Marquina, Antonio, ed. Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000–2050. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0973-7.

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Bock, Brian. Reading, writing and arithmetic in 1950, 2000 and 2050. Kangaroo Valley, NSW: T & B Books, 2001.

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Escenarios demográficos de la población cubana: Período 2000-2050. La Habana: Editorial de Ciencias Sociales, 2005.

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Liefde. Zwolle: WBOOKS, 2012.

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VanTassell, Larry W. Projected use of grazed forages in the United States, 2000 to 2050. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2001.

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Book chapters on the topic "2000-2050"

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Mc Morrow, Kieran, and Werner Roeger. "Global Ageing Scenario 2000–2050." In The Economic and Financial Market Consequences of Global Ageing, 89–107. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24821-7_4.

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Höjer, Mattias, Anders Gullberg, and Ronny Pettersson. "Energy Use in 2000 and 2050." In Images of the Future City, 329–51. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0653-8_28.

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Abdel-Gawadh, S. T., M. Kandil, and T. M. Sadek. "Water Scarcity Prospects in Egypt 2000 – 2050." In Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000–2050, 187–203. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0973-7_12.

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Lundström, Hans. "Mortality Assumptions for Sweden. The 2000–2050 Population Projection." In Demographic Research Monographs, 59–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05075-7_5.

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Marquina, A. "Environmental Security and Human Security." In Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000–2050, 5–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0973-7_1.

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Puigdefabregas, J., and T. Mendizabal. "Prospects for desertification impacts in Southern Europe." In Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000–2050, 155–72. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0973-7_10.

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Ait Kadi, M. "From Water Scarcity to Water Security in the Maghreb Region: The Moroccan Case." In Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000–2050, 175–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0973-7_11.

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Dinar, Shlomi. "Water worries in Jordan and Israel: What may the future hold?" In Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000–2050, 205–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0973-7_13.

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Margat, J. "In the long term, will there be water shortage in Mediterranean Europe?" In Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000–2050, 233–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0973-7_14.

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Diez-Nicolás, J. "Implications of Population Decline for the European Union (2000–2050)." In Environmental Challenges in the Mediterranean 2000–2050, 247–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0973-7_15.

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Conference papers on the topic "2000-2050"

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Bartz, Wilfried J., and Dirk Wienecke. "Influence of Gear Oil Formulation on Fuel Economy of Passenger Cars." In CEC/SAE Spring Fuels & Lubricants Meeting & Exposition. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-2050.

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Khachoo, Yasir Hassan, Matteo Cutugno, Umberto Robustelli, and Giovanni Pugliano. "Machine Learning for Quantification of Land Transitions in Italy Between 2000 and 2018 and Prediction for 2050." In 2022 IEEE International Workshop on Metrology for the Sea; Learning to Measure Sea Health Parameters (MetroSea). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/metrosea55331.2022.9950871.

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Sebastiampillai, Joshua, Andrew Rolt, Devaiah Nalianda, Francesco Mastropierro, and Vishal Sethi. "Technical and Economic Viability of an EIS 2050 Geared Open Rotor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90290.

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Abstract The aviation sector is projected to grow rapidly over the next two decades and beyond. These projections coupled with ever more stringent environmental legislation call for action within the commercial aviation sector to radically reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. It is perceived that by 2050 current state-of the-art direct-drive turbofans will have evolved into geared turbofans and geared open rotor engines for short haul missions. These changes in engine configuration may be attributed to calls from the Advisory Council for Aviation Research and innovation in Europe to dramatically reduce CO2 generation and greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The geared open rotor architecture is predicted to significantly reduce fuel burn relative to a typical short-range year-2000 aircraft mission, and greatly reduce CO2 emissions per passenger kilometer. Although relative fuel-burn benefits have been estimated in various studies, the economic feasibility of developing the geared open rotor (GOR) engine configuration for potential manufacturers and operators has not been reported. Therefore, this paper describes methodologies employed to estimate the relative fuel burn benefit of a short-range year 2050 GOR engine-aircraft configuration. In addition, it details the financial feasibility of year-2050 short-range engine and aircraft concepts, for manufacturers and operators alike. An overview of the technical specifications of a potential ‘GOR2050’ engine configuration is provided. This paper further describes methods employed to predict the unit cost of a year-2050 engine and aircraft concept that might be offered by the manufacturers, as well as a revenue model for manufacturers in the 2050-timeframe. In order to capture the supplier–customer relationship between the OEMs and their customers, direct operating cost (DOC) and representative revenue models have been constructed for the operators. This paper also analyses the effects that potential future fuel price and taxation policies regarding emissions could have on the operational profitability of such an aircraft and engine combination. Based on a representative set of model inputs, an illustrative test-case for a year-2050 short-haul aircraft and engine combination predicts, with a 50% confidence level, that the minimum number of twin-engine aircraft sales needed to ensure the financial feasibility of the program would be 630 units. Furthermore, with a 50% confidence level, a potential operator could expect an internal rate of return over 7%. The impact of different fuel prices and taxation scenarios are quantified in terms of internal rate of return forecasts.
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Sebastiampillai, Joshua, Florian Jacob, Francesco S. Mastropierro, and Andrew Rolt. "Modelling Geared Turbofan and Open Rotor Engine Performance for Year-2050 Long-Range and Short-Range Aircraft." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90775.

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Abstract The paper provides design and performance data for two envisaged year-2050 state-of-the-art engines: a geared high bypass turbofan for intercontinental missions and a contra-rotating pusher open rotor targeting short to medium range aircraft. It defines component performance and cycle parameters, general powerplant arrangements, sizes and weights. Reduced thrust requirements for future aircraft reflect expected improvements in engine and airframe technologies. Advanced simulation platforms have been developed, using the software PROOSIS, to model the engines and details of individual components, including custom elements for the open rotor engine. The engines are optimised and compared with ‘baseline’ year-2000 turbofans and an anticipated year-2025 entry-into-service open rotor to quantify the relative fuel-burn benefits. A preliminary scaling with non-optimised year-2050 ‘reference’ engines, based on Top-of-Climb (TOC) thrust and bypass ratio, highlights the trade-offs between reduced specific fuel consumption (SFC) and increased weight and engine diameter. These parameters are then converted into mission fuel burn using linear and non-linear trade factors from aircraft models. The final turbofan has an optimised design-point bypass ratio (BPR) of 16.8, and a maximum overall pressure ratio (OPR) of 75.4 for a 31.5% TOC thrust reduction and a 46% mission fuel burn reduction per passenger kilometre compared to the respective year-2000 baseline engine and aircraft combination. The final open rotor SFC is 9.5% less than the year-2025 open rotor and 39% less than the year-2000 turbofan, while the TOC thrust increases by 8% versus the 2025 open rotor, due to assumed increase in aircraft passenger capacity. Combined with airframe improvements, the final open rotor-powered aircraft has a 59% fuel-burn reduction per passenger kilometre relative to its year-2000 baseline.
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5

Xiao, Min, Annie Bailey, and Olga Pierrakos. "In-Vitro Modeling of Heart Failure in the Presence of a Prosthetic Heart Valve Using Particle Image Velocimetry." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53788.

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It is well-known that cardiovascular disease, affecting millions of people, is the number one killer in the US and worldwide. Current trends indicate that cardiovascular disease (CVD) will claim approximately 20 million victims in 2020 as the leading cause of death worldwide and will be responsible for over a billion deaths between 2000 and 2050 [1]. According to the American Heart Association, one in three American adults have one or more types of heart disease. Economically, the total and indirect costs due to cardiovascular diseases in 2009 were estimated at $475.3 billion. The spectrum of cardiac disease encompasses a broad range of disorders, varying from myocardial ischemia, valvular disease, diastolic dysfunction, congestive heart failure (which is projected to affect 20 million people by 2020), etc. Most of these disorders initiate and are associated to the left side of the heart, which is the workhorse and also the focus of our research herein.
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Bixler, N. E. "The Global Nuclear Futures Model: A Dynamic Simulation Tool for Energy Strategies." In 10th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone10-22541.

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The Global Nuclear Futures Model (GNFM) is a dynamic simulation tool that provides an integrated framework to model key aspects of nuclear energy, nuclear materials storage and disposition, global nuclear materials management, and nuclear proliferation risk. It links nuclear energy and other energy shares dynamically to greenhouse gas emissions and twelve other measures of environmental impact. It presents historical data from 1990 to 2000 and extrapolates energy demand through the year 2050. More specifically, it contains separate modules for energy, the nuclear fuel cycle front end, the nuclear fuel cycle back end, defense nuclear materials, environmental impacts, and measures of the potential for nuclear proliferation. It is globally integrated but also breaks out five regions of the world so that environmental impacts and nuclear proliferation concerns can be evaluated on a regional basis. The five regions are the United States of America (USA), The Peoples Republic of China (China), the former Soviet Union (FSU), the OECD nations excluding the USA, and the rest of the world (ROW).
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Goldie, Stephan E. "Two Thousand New, Million-Person Cities by 2050 – We Can Do It!" In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/ysfj6819.

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In 1950 three quarters of a billion people lived in large towns and cities, or 30% of the total world population of over 2.5 billion. By 2009 this had grown to 3.42 billion, just over half of a total population of over 6.8 billion. The United Nations Secretariat currently forecasts that in 2050 6.4 billion, 67% of a total of almost 9.6 billion people will live in urban areas. Just over a third of that growth, around one billion people, is expected to be in China, India and Nigeria, but the remaining two billion will be in the countries around those countries: a massive arc stretching across the world from West Africa through the Middle East, across Asia and into the Pacific. In these other countries, an additional two billion urban residents over thirty years translates into a need to build a new city for a population of one million people, complete with hospitals, schools, workplaces, recreation and all the rest, at a rate of more than four a month: 2000 cities, in countries with little urban planning capability! In addition, the United Nations’ sustainable development goals (SDGs) include goal 11: Sustainable Cities & Communities "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”, so these new cities should demonstrate a level of planning competence and city management ability that many towns and cities in the world are struggling to achieve. Notwithstanding the scale of the problem, the size and cost of the planning effort is demonstrated to be feasible, provided that action is swift and new technologies are developed and applied to the planning and approvals processes. Of course, taking these plans to construction is a much bigger effort, but the economy of cities is strongly circular, meaning that the initial cash injection generates jobs that pay wages that are spent on rent and goods within the city, which then generate profits that fund developments that generate jobs, etc. However, this requires good governance, a planning consideration that must also be addressed if the full benefits of planning, designing and building 2000 cities in the Third World are to be enjoyed by the citizens of those cities. Finally, failure is not an option, because “If we don't solve this equation, it is not that people will stop coming to cities. They will come anyhow, but they will live in slums, favelas and informal settlements” (Arevena, 2014), and we know that slums the world over produce crime, refugees and revolution, and then export these problems internationally, one way or another. The world most certainly does not want more refugees or another Syria, so planners must rescue us from that future, before it happens!
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Geertsma, Cdr (E) dr ir, and ir M. Krijgsman. "Alternative fuels and power systems to reduce environmental impact of support vessels." In Marine Electrical and Control Systems Safety Conference. IMarEST, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24868/issn.2515-8198.2019.003.

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The Netherlands Ministry of Defence have declared the ambition to reduce its fossil fuel dependency by at least 20% in 2030 and by at least 70% in 2050. For the Royal Netherlands Navy (RNLN), these targets seem more stringent than the initial strategy on greenhouse gas reduction for ships agreed by IMO, which aims for 50% reduction in total annual global shipping emission by 2050. The RNLN is currently investigating the replacement of a series of support vessels, 5 ships between 1000 and 2000 tons that perform hydrographic, submarine exercise support, civil support and seamanship training operations. These vessels perform support operations, are not volume critical in their design and have a limited mission duration of 2 to 3 weeks, and thus seem good candidates for alternative fuels and alternative power systems, such as fuel cells and batteries, that have emissions with a minimum impact on the environment. This study presents a novel approach to compare various alternative energy carrier and power system options with the Ships Power and Energy Concept (SPEC) exploration tool. We first introduce the baseline vessel and introduce the various fuels and technologies considered. We consider marine diesel oil as a baseline and alternative energy carriers hydrogen, methanol or ammonia and batteries. We review the fuels, their current and future availability and their impact on the environment. Moreover, we review the power system technologies, considering diesel generators running on marine diesel oil, methanol, ammonia or dimethyl ether, fuel cells running on hydrogen or methanol and batteries as the only power supply, recharged when ashore. Furthermore, we review power system designs with the combinations of fuel and power supply identified above and will consider: the mass and volume of the power system configurations and energy storage, fuel or batteries; the estimated capital and operational expenditure; technology readiness level; logistic availability of the fuel; and the estimated yearly CO2 emissions. Electrical propulsion with electrical power supply from internal combustion engines running on methanol appears a mature and cost-effective candidate to achieve the reduction target of 70% reduction in CO2 emission and its related dependancy on fossil fuels, with a 10% increase in capital cost and double fuel cost.
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CAIAN, Mihaela, Crina RADU, and Georgeta BANDOC. "Changes in Breeze Warmest Summers for the Romanian Black Sea Coast in Climate Scenarios for the Time Horizon 2050." In Air and Water – Components of the Environment 2021 Conference Proceedings. Casa Cărţii de Ştiinţă, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/awc2021_14.

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The study aims to analyze and compare the mean sea level pressure field to show the changes in the breeze regime in the coastal area of Romania in the current climate and the one projected in climate scenarios. The mechanism and variability of the breeze cell (intensity, location, frequency, persistence) are analyzed and compared for extreme conditions of warmest summers (July) during the two climatic intervals: 1971- 2000 respectively for the RCP4.5 2021-2050 scenario. The high-resolution climate is simulated using the RegCMv4.5 regional climate model at 5 km resolution, coupled with the global EC-Earth model. These dynamical downscaling methods were performed for the first time for Romania in ANM (Meteo Romania) during the AZURE-Microsoft project (2018), aiming to refine the scale of the global climate scenarios to allow process analysis. The mechanism of changes is analyzed with the interaction between regional-scale conditions and large-scale dynamic factors. The results indicate changes in the frequency of intense events and the spatial development of the breeze cell, with a time-mean intensification of both sea and land breezes and, a greater spatial advance in the area mainly during the day. Large scale-dynamics changes in interaction with the breeze circulation lead to an anticyclonic rotation under a warmer climate of the coupled circulation that induces a shift to the South-West of the cell, with a possible impact on the location of the associated precipitation. Regarding timing, a time-delay in the sea breeze occurrence (smaller pressure gradients persist longer due to warmer sea surface temperature), together with enhanced cell intensity, later on, makes the event appear as a more abrupt or extreme one. The results of the study provide potentially important input for further analysis of projected impacts of the breeze circulation on the regional climate.
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Yin, Feijia, Arvind G. Rao, and Jos P. van Buijtenen. "Performance Cycle Analysis for a Multi-Fuel Hybrid Engine." In ASME Turbo Expo 2013: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2013-94601.

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Over the last decades, aviation has become a dominant way of travelling for human beings. However, the global warming and ozone depletion have become the major problems for humankind. Although aviation only counts for a minority of total pollutions, it shouldn’t be ignored any more. Therefore, the ACARE has set an ambitious objective for the year of 2050 to reduce CO2 emission by 75%, NOx emission by 90% and noise emission by 65% compared to these levels in 2000 [1].This reduction is to be achieved by combined improvements in aircraft, propulsion systems and air traffic management systems. To achieve the ACARE goal, a novel multi-fuel hybrid engine concept was proposed for a multi-fuel blended wing body aircraft. A parametric analysis has been carried out in previous work, and the reference point was initially chosen at cruise. This paper continues to analyse the cycle performance of the hybrid engine. Firstly, the impacts of using a mixer was analysed at the reference point; secondly, a comparison was made between the hybrid engine and a conventional engine; furthermore, the hybrid engine performance was analysed at various operating altitudes and Mach number; additionally, the impacts of the inter-stage turbine burner were investigated. Finally, the impacts of fuel ratio on the engine performance was examined for a given thrust at take-off.
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Reports on the topic "2000-2050"

1

Demeny, Paul, and Geoffrey McNicoll. The political demography of the world system, 2000-2050. Population Council, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy2.1035.

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van Tassell, Larry W., E. Tom Bartlett, and John E. Mitchell. Projected use of grazed forages in the United States: 2000 to 2050: A technical document supporting the 2000 USDA Forest Service RPA Assessment. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-82.

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