Dissertations / Theses on the topic '2000 Sydney Olympics'

Sports stadiums have a considerable impact on the urban, environmental and social context. In particular, where several new stadiums are built within the same city for a single mega-event like the Olympic Games, Commonwealth Games or Soccer World Cup the implications are significantly higher. Therefore the requirements for operation of each stadium after the mega-event are of great importance to ensure sustainable integration into the urban, environmental and social context as well as maximized utilization on a long-term basis. In the first part of this thesis a review of the subject is presented. A brief history of the development of stadium design in the Olympic context, evolving requirements for staging Olympic Summer Games, the structure of organizations involved, existing literature research and certification methods are summarized. In the second part the methodology and development of the bespoke research tool based on existing certification systems such as BREEAM, LEED and DGNB is described. Subsequently, case studies for three different stadium types (Olympic Stadium, Indoor Stadium and Football Stadium) used for the Olympic Summer Games in Sydney (2000), Athens (2004) and Beijing (2008) are analysed based on literature research, field surveys and interviews. The comparative assessment of each stadium type is conducted with an evaluation matrix in three denominations: urban category, environmental category and social category. In each category two indicators with two respective parameters are evaluated based on a five-point score system. Subsequently the general applicability of the research tool is verified with an example appraisal of Wembley Stadium which was used for the Olympic Summer Games in London (2012). Conclusions are drawn in the third part of the thesis, separately for each of the three denominations urban category, environmental category and social category. In the urban category sports stadiums built on a site previously used for sports venues or adjacent to other existing venues are rated significantly higher, because existing sites are already integrated into the urban context and located in proximity to the city centre as well as other mixed-use areas resulting in synergy effects with extended catchment areas and good connectivity. In the environmental category sports stadiums are rated higher if specific requirements for operation of the sports stadium after the Olympic Games are already considered in the design to ensure maximised adaptability and flexibility. Dismantle of the overlay (tailor-made structures/installations required for staging the event) after the Olympic Games reduces energy consumption in subsequent operation. Overlay designed for permanent usage or reuse at a different venue further increases the level of sustainability. Usage of energy efficient systems with power generation and water conservation preserves resources. In the social category sports stadiums are rated higher if a balanced proportion of sport usage and other usages is achieved. The long-term utilization of a sports stadium correlates with the level of urban integration, urban context, building type and usage mix. Sports stadiums utilized by more than one home team and integration of other usages (e.g. retail, commercial, recreation, etc.) achieve a significantly higher level of utilization. The last chapter summarizes recommendations for stadium design in the Olympic context. To ensure a long-term utilization of each sports stadium after the Olympic Games it is suggested that applicant/candidate cities carry out comprehensive feasibility studies in collaboration with an operator to develop a bespoke project brief and business plan for operation of each venue at bidding stage. In order to enhance the existing knowledge base it is further recommended to collect and compare operational data (e.g. water, energy consumption etc.) from the different venues of the hosting cities to allow an independent assessment of the level of sustainability during long-term operation. Additional data to verify indicators relating to design efficiency such as average construction area per seat as well as dead loads of spectator stands and roof structures should be compared for establishment of benchmarks to verify the efficiency of the structural elements for an even more sustainable design of sports stadiums.

Esta tesis estudia el estado y aplicaciones actuales de políticas culturales en la producción del programa cultural de un gran evento. La tesis parte de la base de que los planteamientos de una política cultural pueden ser un instrumento útil para guiar el diseño, la gestión y la promoción de un programa cultural. Adicionalmente, se considera que la relevancia cultural de un gran evento depende en gran medida de la consistencia en la elección de una política que informe su dimensión cultural tanto a un nivel local como global. En esta línea, la tesis tiene como objetivo explorar si los principios de una política cultural ofrecen una buena plataforma para gestionar y comunicar la dimensión cultural de un gran evento como los Juegos Olímpicos y en particular, su programa cultural oficial. La tesis utiliza los Festivales Olímpicos de las Artes de Sydney 2000 como caso de estudio.
Las nociones y aplicaciones de una política cultural son analizadas en el contexto de la red global del gran evento- en el caso de los Juegos Olímpicos, el Comité Olímpico International (COI) - y en el contexto del anfitrión local - Sydney y Australia. La influencia de la red global del evento es estudiada a través de una revisión histórica de la definición de cultura y programa cultural en el Movimiento Olímpico, y mediante el análisis de las estructuras y agendas culturales del COI. A un nivel local, las convergencias y divergencias entre el programa cultural del evento y la política cultural de la ciudad y país anfitrión se explican a partir del estudio del contexto histórico, social y político de Sydney -Australia; las estructuras de gestión del evento, sus estrategias de promoción, y sus impactos a corto plazo.
Uno de los hallazgos clave de la tesis es que los planteamientos de una política cultural tienen una influencia menor en la producción del programa cultural de un gran evento. El COI no tiene una política cultural definida y es por tanto incapaz de ofrecer una guía cultural consistente para los organizadores de respectivos Juegos Olímpicos. Esto indica que la capacidad de producir de un programa cultural representativo y relevante depende enteramente de las habilidades y prioridades de la comunidad local y sus líderes. Sin embargo, el estudio del caso de Sydney e investigaciones sobre casos anteriores revela que el papel de planificadores y gestores culturales en la organización de grandes eventos es muy marginal. Por el contrario, la mayoría de eventos son dirigidos por los intereses económicos de inversores privados y públicos, y por derivadas estrategias de márketing.
La tesis concluye indicando que grandes eventos como los Juegos Olímpicos son a menudo incapaces de dejar un legado cultural relevante y de ofrecer una experiencia representativa que sea apropiada por la comunidad local. Esto se debe al énfasis desmesurado en la protección de intereses económicos mientras los aspectos sociales y culturales del evento son relegados a una posición secundaria. A pesar de los éxitos conseguidos en el desarrollo de estrategias de márketing y promocionales para grandes eventos, sólo la creación de una política cultural coherente puede asistir en la consecución de un legado que vaya más allá de impactos económicos a corto plazo, y sea capaz de llegar a la comunidad anfritiona y espectadores globales de manera significativa y distintiva.
This thesis studies the current state and application of cultural policy principles in the production of a great event's cultural programme. The thesis departs from the idea that cultural policy principles can be a useful tool to guide the design, management and promotion of an event's cultural programme. Furthermore, it is considered that the cultural relevance of a great event is highly dependent on the consistency of the policy choices informing its cultural dimensions both at a global and a local level. In this context, the thesis aims to explore whether notions of cultural policy provide a good platform for managing and communicating the cultural dimension of a great event such as the Olympic Games, in particular, the Games official cultural programme. The thesis uses the Sydney 2000 Olympic Arts Festivals as a case study.
Notions and applications of cultural policy are analysed according to the event's global network - the IOC - and its local host - Sydney and Australia. The influence of the event's global network is studied through a historical review of notions of culture in the Olympic Movement and an analysis of the cultural structures and agendas within the IOC. At a local level, convergences and divergences between the event's cultural programme and the cultural policy of the local host are explained on the grounds of the Sydney and Australia's social and political context, the event structures of management, its promotional strategy and its short-term impacts.
A key finding of the research is the very limited influence that cultural policy principles have in the production of a great event's cultural programme. The IOC does not have a clearly defined cultural policy and is thus unable to offer a consistent guide for respective Games organisers. This means that success in implementing locally representative cultural programmes depends entirely on the event host community. However, research on the Sydney case and commentary on prior events reveals that cultural planners and policy-makers have a marginal role in the planning and organisation of great events. Instead, events are driven by economic interests and marketing strategies.
The thesis concludes that great events such as the Olympic Games frequently fail to leave long-term cultural legacies and are often unable to provide an experience that fully engages and represents the host community. This occurs because there has been an over-emphasis on economic interests while the social and cultural aspects of the event have been deemed secondary. Regardless of the success in developing event marketing and promotional strategies, only the creation of coherent cultural policies can assist securing an event legacy that goes beyond economic impacts and touches host communities and global viewers in meaningful and distinctive ways.

This thesis examines the role of management accounting control practices in interorganisational alliances (IOAs) involving non-cash, ‘value in kind’ (VIK) transactions. The research involves a retrospective case study of the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games, which examines how the Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games, (SOCOG), managed and accounted for over $360 million of VIK. The case study is based on document study and interviews with individuals involved with this aspect of the 2000 Olympic Games. Following a review of previous research concerning both the life cycle (Das and Teng 2002, Moores and Yuen 2001) and the nature of formal accounting controls (Dekker 2004) in IOAs, two research questions are developed. Firstly, what kinds of formal accounting controls are required to manage VIK over the life cycle of an IOA? Secondly, how are extant accounting controls localised through the practice of managing VIK? This thesis finds the VIK resources are significant to the recipient parties and the IOAs in general. These VIK transactions, however, have been overlooked in previous accounting research with little significant recognition in prior studies or contemporary professional discourse. There is a lack of directly transferable expertise from traditional accounting practices in relation to the following aspects of the management and control of VIK – recognition, planning/budgeting, procedures/rules and performance monitoring. Formal control activities were all experimented with and improvised in order to deal with the challenges presented by the significance of VIK. A ‘drift’ in accounting technologies has been documented by this study (Andon et al 2007). Given the potential economic significance of VIK transactions, this suggests a need for both further research and professional discourse in this area to ensure sufficient visibility of, and management planning and control for, VIK transactions. Future research could include studies of: management and control of VIK in real time; provider organisations and the impact of VIK on their formal accounting controls; the role of social or informal controls and trust in negotiating and managing VIK; IOAs involving organisations that are operated as an indefinite going concern and, the recognition, valuation and attestation of VIK resources across a range of organisations.

University of Technology, Sydney, 1996.
When in 1993 Sydney was awarded the rights to host the Olympic Games in the year 2000, the Olympic Bid was hailed by the media and governments alike as a milestone in the development of Australia as a nation. Throughout the Olympic Bid the question of civic pride and identity (as a culturally diverse nation) seemed to transcend with ease the traditional boundaries/inhibitions of social and political divisions in Australian society. Although initially conceived by the New South Wales State Government as a local venture Sydney's Bid soon developed into a project of national importance boasting the active involvement of wide cross sections of Australian society, including both major political parties, unions, industry and commerce, ethnic and indigenous community groups. In a time of uncertainty and change, the successful Olympic Bid appeared to offer a reaffirmation of Australia's achievements as a nation and was highlighting the potential of the Sydney Olympics as an agent for 'national reconciliation and reconstruction' . This thesis sets out to examine the phenomenon of the Sydney Olympic Bid within the current debate on national identity in Australia. How, if at all, did the Olympic Bid impact on the nation building process in Australia? There are no exact terms of measurement for the status of a nation's identity hence it is not aimed to quantify statistically a possible impact of the Bid. The main objectives of the research are twofold. First to identify and critically analyse the theoretical/philosophical and historical processes that delineate the phenomenon of the Olympic Bid. Second to establish a framework of relationships that connect those processes. How do they interact? It is argued that the concept of national identity as a sense of collectivity is centred upon an act of imagination within the spheres of subjectivity. Although being an abstract concept that is often likened to quasi religious observance, the nation is set in and subjected to the power relations of the socio political framework within a bounded territory. The imagined community of nation does not occur naturally, it requires an active process of communication that relies on symbolic representations such as flags, anthems, a history of heroic acts, and collective experiences. It is within the context of symbolic representations and imagination that the Olympic Bid operated and ultimately, however temporarily, impacted on Australian nationhood. Undoubtedly, the Olympic Bid has given a grand promise of a collective identity that is based on an all inclusive membership. However, it is argued that the bid operated predominantly through projections of an idealised future that imposed versions of Australianness, namely multiculturalism and reconciliation with the indigenous people, which by no means can be considered as fully developed or resolved within the current process of redefining Australian identity.

University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Business.
When in 1993 Sydney was awarded the rights to host the Olympic Games in the year 2000, the Olympic Bid was hailed by the media and governments alike as a milestone in the development of Australia as a nation. Throughout the Olympic Bid the question of civic pride and identity (as a culturally diverse nation) seemed to transcend with ease the traditional boundaries/inhibitions of social and political divisions in Australian society. Although initially conceived by the New South Wales State Government as a local venture Sydney's Bid soon developed into a project of national importance boasting the active involvement of wide cross sections of Australian society, including both major political parties, unions, industry and commerce, ethnic and indigenous community groups. In a time of uncertainty and change, the successful Olympic Bid appeared to offer a reaffirmation of Australia's achievements as a nation and was highlighting the potential of the Sydney Olympics as an agent for 'national reconciliation and reconstruction' . This thesis sets out to examine the phenomenon of the Sydney Olympic Bid within the current debate on national identity in Australia. How, if at all, did the Olympic Bid impact on the nation building process in Australia? There are no exact terms of measurement for the status of a nation's identity hence it is not aimed to quantify statistically a possible impact of the Bid. The main objectives of the research are twofold. First to identify and critically analyse the theoretical/philosophical and historical processes that delineate the phenomenon of the Olympic Bid. Second to establish a framework of relationships that connect those processes. How do they interact? It is argued that the concept of national identity as a sense of collectivity is centred upon an act of imagination within the spheres of subjectivity. Although being an abstract concept that is often likened to quasi religious observance, the nation is set in and subjected to the power relations of the socio political framework within a bounded territory. The imagined community of nation does not occur naturally, it requires an active process of communication that relies on symbolic representations such as flags, anthems, a history of heroic acts, and collective experiences. It is within the context of symbolic representations and imagination that the Olympic Bid operated and ultimately, however temporarily, impacted on Australian nationhood. Undoubtedly, the Olympic Bid has given a grand promise of a collective identity that is based on an all inclusive membership. However, it is argued that the bid operated predominantly through projections of an idealised future that imposed versions of Australianness, namely multiculturalism and reconciliation with the indigenous people, which by no means can be considered as fully developed or resolved within the current process of redefining Australian identity.

This thesis argues, based upon a comparison of the 2000 Olympics and the 2008 Beijing Olympics, that there is a very close relationship between nationalism, media and Olympics. For the purposes of cross-cultural analysis, the thesis undertakes a comparison of relevant media models ... will be argued that elements of propaganda infuse the Olympic coverage of both papers and events, albeit from within distinctly different social and ideological contexts. In the lead-up to the Sydney and Beijing events of 2000 and 2008, both the Australian and the People's Daily emphasised national unity over difference, even if the People's Daily appears to do so more systematically than the Australian"--Abstract.

碩士
國立臺灣體育學院
體育研究所
92
ABSTRACT 　　This research analyzes the scores contents of 2000 Sydney Olympic games male judo contest of all categories to recognize traits of technical actions among international excellent judo contestants. The data were collected from 71 important contests of all categories from 2000 Sydney Olympic male judo broadcast live by NHK, Japanese TV, from Sep. 16 to Sep 22. There are totally 420 data of score-made time, score-made techniques, score-made levels and score-made areas observed via “camera-observing statistical analysis.” These data were analyzed by descriptive statistic and one-way ANOVA and tested by p-value and t-test. The research showed the emphasis each minute in the competition and keeping the great physical strength since the first minute to the last minute. The contest of all categories should enhance the exercise of Ashi-waza and Te-waza attack-acting skill. The judo competitions of international main Ippon get with patently. It should use contest area attribute well with the physical strength to the final while in the competition. Judo players should stress on training and promoting of holistic physical strength according to the results of this research. Contestants should sufficiently grasp every score-made opportunity during competition, enhance Ashi-waza and Te-waza attacking techniques exercise and practice defensive actions mentioned above. It is an obvious trend for the international contests to view Ippon as a major standard of scoring. Coachers and contestants with excellent physical strength and skillful actions should grasp the concept of “power judo”, act out judo spirit “energy well-used,” manipulate traits of such areas as “aggressive areas”, “concatenate areas” and “privative areas,” and use offensive and defensive devices to win a victory.

碩士
中國文化大學
運動教練研究所
90
Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the major performed skills of the men’s fly weight Taekwondo competition in 2000 Sydney Olympic Games. Technical and tactical performances which including 21 initiative attack skills and 18 passive attack skills from fourteen men’s fly weight Taekwondo competitors who have performed in a total of sixteen competitions in 2000 Sydney Olympic games were collected and analyzed. The performed skills which contribute to win or lose points were calculated in a dynamic sequential ranking by the gray connection analysis The paired t-test were used to compare the difference between the initiative attack and passive attack skills.. Results of this study indicates that. the major skills performed in the initiative attack were round kick ;double kick and slide kick. The major skills of passive attack are: turning kick; back kick and, double kicks. The initiative attack dynamic sequential ranking skills that contribute to win or lose are (1) right turning kick ; (2) left slide kick ; (3) left double kick; (4) left turning kick ; (5) right and, (6) double kick , and the passive attack skills are: (1).right turning kick; (2) right back kick; (3) left back kick ; (4) left double turning kick and ; (5.) left turning kick. Significant difference between initiative attack and passive attack skills are: left slide kick; right upper kick; left back kick and, right back kick. The enhancement of turning kicks in terms of power, accuracy and, efficacy may be crucial in the world top Taekwondo competitions. Key word：Taekwondo; gray connection analysis; initiative and passive attack skills.

University of Technology, Sydney, 2000.
Whilst not exclusively a tourism phenomenon, mega-events such as World Fairs/Expositions, Olympic Games, and World Cup Soccer finals, have come to be recognised as major factors in many tourism development, urban revitalisation and urban imaging strategies. Consequently, these events have the ability to significantly impact upon the economic, political and social (both sociocultural and psychological) fabric of the cities and regions that host them. Furthermore, in recent decades there has been a noticeable increase in the desire for a simultaneous growth in participatory democracy and expertise in decision-making in many western societies. These factors have contributed to the emergence of community involvement, and its optimal role in the planning and hosting of such events, as one of the more contentious issues debated in contemporary tourism literature. It should be noted in particular that much of the publicised rationale for hosting mega-events is based upon their potential benefits to the host community. In order to contribute to the body of knowledge on mega-event planning and management, the present study was initiated to investigate the perceived roles of community involvement in the mega-event hosting process. More specifically, by examining the Atlanta 1996 and Sydney 2000 Olympic Games as case studies, the study sought to identify discrepancies between the perceived roles and levels of host community involvement at different stages in the hosting process, from the point of view of the host public, community/welfare groups and organisers in both locations, and whether the level of perceived involvement influenced support for hosting the Games. The methodology consisted of an initial review of literature examining event and planning theory and Olympic Games: background and theory. An Event Typology was developed and a definition for mega-events was provided. In addition, six basic stages in the event hosting process (inception, pre-bid, bid, pre-event, event and post-event) were identified and incorporated into a Generic Model of the Mega-Event Hosting Process. Questionnaire surveys were utilised as the major method of data collection for the empirical study. Findings indicated that the public in both host regions perceived levels of actual involvement to be lower than the ideal levels in both the pre-bid and post-bid periods. However, the differences between the actual and ideal levels of involvement were considered to be greater by Sydney residents. Unfortunately, poor response rates from community/welfare groups and organisers in the Atlanta region meant that it was not possible to determine if there were any discrepancies between the perceived roles and levels of host community involvement at different stages in the hosting process. However, results did indicate that the Sydney bid/organising committee respondents perceived actual levels of involvement to be higher and ideal levels to be lower than the public of Sydney. In both host public surveys, relationships were detected between residents' perceived levels of community involvement and levels of support for hosting the Olympic Games. In essence, residents who perceived actual community involvement to be non-existent in either the pre-bid or post-bid period (except for the Atlanta pre-bid period) showed significantly lower levels of support for the Games, during-those same periods and at the time of the Games/survey, than other residents. Perhaps the most significant finding, however, relates to the fact that whilst members of the Atlanta and Sydney host public believed in the concept and benefits of community involvement in the planning process, the knowledge or reassurance that there were opportunities to become involved, via participation of various forms, was of greater importance than actually doing so. This finding strongly supports the rational choice theory, which proposes that individuals have a tendency to resist participating in collective decision-making. This tendency has been described as the free rider problem. It is believed that people, in general, are reluctant to participate in a process to deliver a collective good if they are reasonably assured that others will participate and be successful in obtaining the desired result. Application of the Generic Model of the Mega-Event Hosting Process allows a more accurate identification of how, and at what stages -in the process, stakeholders' perceptions concerning various aspects (eg. community involvement) of hosting a mega-event, can change. Further research aimed at determining the extent and implications of the free rider problem and the effectiveness of different levels of involvement and forms of participation at the various stages in the hosting process would be beneficial to event organisers and other stakeholders.

University of Technology Sydney. Faculty of Business.
Whilst not exclusively a tourism phenomenon, mega-events such as World Fairs/Expositions, Olympic Games, and World Cup Soccer finals, have come to be recognised as major factors in many tourism development, urban revitalisation and urban imaging strategies. Consequently, these events have the ability to significantly impact upon the economic, political and social (both sociocultural and psychological) fabric of the cities and regions that host them. Furthermore, in recent decades there has been a noticeable increase in the desire for a simultaneous growth in participatory democracy and expertise in decision-making in many western societies. These factors have contributed to the emergence of community involvement, and its optimal role in the planning and hosting of such events, as one of the more contentious issues debated in contemporary tourism literature. It should be noted in particular that much of the publicised rationale for hosting mega-events is based upon their potential benefits to the host community. In order to contribute to the body of knowledge on mega-event planning and management, the present study was initiated to investigate the perceived roles of community involvement in the mega-event hosting process. More specifically, by examining the Atlanta 1996 and Sydney 2000 Olympic Games as case studies, the study sought to identify discrepancies between the perceived roles and levels of host community involvement at different stages in the hosting process, from the point of view of the host public, community/welfare groups and organisers in both locations, and whether the level of perceived involvement influenced support for hosting the Games. The methodology consisted of an initial review of literature examining event and planning theory and Olympic Games: background and theory. An Event Typology was developed and a definition for mega-events was provided. In addition, six basic stages in the event hosting process (inception, pre-bid, bid, pre-event, event and post-event) were identified and incorporated into a Generic Model of the Mega-Event Hosting Process. Questionnaire surveys were utilised as the major method of data collection for the empirical study. Findings indicated that the public in both host regions perceived levels of actual involvement to be lower than the ideal levels in both the pre-bid and post-bid periods. However, the differences between the actual and ideal levels of involvement were considered to be greater by Sydney residents. Unfortunately, poor response rates from community/welfare groups and organisers in the Atlanta region meant that it was not possible to determine if there were any discrepancies between the perceived roles and levels of host community involvement at different stages in the hosting process. However, results did indicate that the Sydney bid/organising committee respondents perceived actual levels of involvement to be higher and ideal levels to be lower than the public of Sydney. In both host public surveys, relationships were detected between residents' perceived levels of community involvement and levels of support for hosting the Olympic Games. In essence, residents who perceived actual community involvement to be non-existent in either the pre-bid or post-bid period (except for the Atlanta pre-bid period) showed significantly lower levels of support for the Games, during-those same periods and at the time of the Games/survey, than other residents. Perhaps the most significant finding, however, relates to the fact that whilst members of the Atlanta and Sydney host public believed in the concept and benefits of community involvement in the planning process, the knowledge or reassurance that there were opportunities to become involved, via participation of various forms, was of greater importance than actually doing so. This finding strongly supports the rational choice theory, which proposes that individuals have a tendency to resist participating in collective decision-making. This tendency has been described as the free rider problem. It is believed that people, in general, are reluctant to participate in a process to deliver a collective good if they are reasonably assured that others will participate and be successful in obtaining the desired result. Application of the Generic Model of the Mega-Event Hosting Process allows a more accurate identification of how, and at what stages -in the process, stakeholders' perceptions concerning various aspects (eg. community involvement) of hosting a mega-event, can change. Further research aimed at determining the extent and implications of the free rider problem and the effectiveness of different levels of involvement and forms of participation at the various stages in the hosting process would be beneficial to event organisers and other stakeholders.