Academic literature on the topic '(2007 June 13 (Social Security)'

استهداف العرب والمسلمين: الحقوق المدنية في خطر، إيلين ك. هاغوبيان، ترجمة، تحقيق: محمد توفيق البجيرمي، الرياض- مكتبة العبيكان، 2006، 423 صفحة. مراجعة في خطابات معاصرة حول المرأة: نحو منظور حضاري، مراجعة: أسامة أحمد مجاهد، تحرير: أماني صالح، برنامج حوار الحضارات - كلية الاقتصاد والعلوم السياسية، جامعة القاهرة، 2007، 397 صفحة. أصول البرمجة الزمنية في الفكر الإسلامي: دراسة مقارنة بالفكر الغربي، محمد بن موسى باباعمي، دمشق- الأوائل للنشر والتوزيع، 2006، 559 صفحة. تحولات الحركة الإسلامية والاستراتيجية الأمريكية، كمال حبيب، القاهرة- دار مصر المحروسة، 2006، 300 صفحة. الإسلاميون وسراب الديمقراطية: دراسة أصولية لمشاركة الإسلاميين في المجالس النيابية، عبدالله سامي إبراهيم الدلال، القاهرة - مكتبة مدبولي، 2007، 479 صفحة. استراتيجيات العلوم والتعليم في إسرائيل والوطن العربي ودورها في بناء الدولة، عبد الحسن الحسيني، بيروت- الدار العربية للعلوم ناشرون، 2007، 357 صفحة. عن الفساد وسنينه، فهمي هويدي، القاهرة- دار الشروق، الطبعة الثانية، 2007، 270 صفحة. خطابات إلى الأمة والقيادة: دور المفكر السياسي ومسئوليته المجتمعية، حامد عبد الله ربيع، تقديم وتحرير حامد عبد الماجد قويسى، القاهرة- مكتبة الشروق الدولية، 2007، 291 صفحة. عقيدة الواحد في المئة، رون سسكند، ترجمة، تحقيق: ميشيل دانو، بيروت- الدار العربية للعلوم، 2007، 384 صفحة. التفكير في العلمانية: إعادة بناء المجال السياسي في الفكر العربي، كمال عبداللطيف، القاهرة- رؤية للنشر والتوزيع، 2007، 199 صفحة. العلم وشروط النهضة: التصورات العلمية الجديدة والتأسيس العلمي للنهضة العربية، سمير أبو زيد، القاهرة- مكتبة مدبولي، 2008، 555 صفحة. القرآن ونقض مطاعن الرهبان، صلاح عبدالفتاح الخالدي، دمشق، دار القلم، 2007، 758 صفحة. تأصيل فقه الأولويات: دراسة مقاصدية تحليلية، محمد همام عبد الرحيم ملحم، عمان، دار العلوم، 2007، 412 صفحة. أمريكا على مفترق الطرق (ما بعد المحافظين الجدد)، فرانسيس فوكوياما، ترجمة: محمد محمود التوبة، الرياض- مكتبة العبيكان، 2007، 472صفحة. أزمة التعليم الديني في العالم الإسلامي. تأليف خالد الصمدي وعبد الرحمن حللي، دمشق: دار الفكر، 2007، 280صفحة. Security First: For a Muscular, Moral Foreign Policy, Amitai Etzioni, Yale University Press (July 5, 2007), 336 Where Have All the Leaders Gone?, Lee Iacocca, Scribner (April 17, 2007), 288 Strategic planning and implementation for Islamic organizations, Rafik Issa Beekun, International Institute of Islamic Thought; 1st edition (August 15, 2006), 220 Islamism: A Documentary and Reference Guide, John Calvert, Greenwood Press (November 30, 2007), 290 The Sum of All Heresies: The Image of Islam in Western Thought, Frederick Quinn, Oxford University Press, USA (October 31, 2007), 208 Encyclopedia of Islam in the United States [Two Volumes], Jocelyne Cesari (Editor), Greenwood Press (September 30, 2007), 1060 Producing Islamic Knowledge: Transmission and Dissemination in Western Europe (Routledge Studies in Religion), van Bruinessen, Routledge; 1 edition (September 30, 2007), 240 pages. Risk Management and Insurance: Perspectives in a Global Economy, Jean Kwon, Harold D. Skipper, Blackwell Publishing Limited; 1 edition (June 13, 2007), 768 pages. Making Islam Democratic: Social Movements and the Post-Islamist Turn, Asef Bayat, Stanford University Press; 1 edition (May 17, 2007), 320 للحصول على كامل المقالة مجانا يرجى النّقر على ملف ال PDF في اعلى يمين الصفحة.

The World Trade Center Attack or 9/11 tragedy has awakened the international community, particularly the United States (US) to sharpen its foreign policy in facing security threats coming from ‘weak states’. One of the most prominent weak states examples that pose a grave threat to other countries are the Northern Triangle Countries of Central America that referred to Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador. Hence, this paper will discuss the rationale behind US initiatives in dealing with security threats in El Salvador as one of the Northern Triangle Countries. In analyzing the case, the writers will use the weak state concept and national interest concept. The result of this paper finds that El Salvador corresponds to the elements of a weak state and further poses security threats by giving rise to transnational criminal organizations, drug trafficking, and migrant problems in which overcoming those security threats has become US vital national interest. However, we also find that although decreasing security threats and strengthening El Salvador government capacity is highly correlated, strengthening El Salvador governance through the providence of aid and assistance is actually classified as US important national interest. Keywords: Security threats; Northern Triangle; weak state; El Salvador; national interest REFERENCES Ambrus, Steven. “Guatemala: The Crisis of Rule of Law and a Weak Party System.” Ideas Matter, January 28, 2019. https://blogs.iadb.org/ideas-matter/en/guatemala-the-crisis-of-rule-of-law-and-a-weak-party-system/. Andrade, Laura. Transparency In El Salvador. 1st ed. 1. El Salvador: University Institute for Public Opinion, Asmann, Parker. “El Salvador Citizens Say Gangs, Not Government 'Rule' the Country.” InSight Crime, August 19, 2020. https://insightcrime.org/news/brief/el-salvador-citizens-say-gangs-not- government-rules-country/. Accessed July 11, 2021. Art, Robert J. A. Grand Strategy for America. Ithaca: Century Foundation/Cornell UP, 2004. BBC News Indonesia "Kisah Di Balik MS-13, Salah Satu Geng Jalanan Paling Brutal Di Dunia." BBC News Indonesia. BBC, April 21, 2017.https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah-39663817.Accessed July 11, 2021. Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs “U.S. Relations With El Salvador - United States Department of State.” U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, April 14, 2021.https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-el-salvador/. Accessed July 11, 2021. “Bureau of International Narcotics and Law ENFORCEMENT Affairs: El Salvador Summary -United States Department of State.” U.S. Department of State. U.S. Department of State, February3, 2021. https://www.state.gov/bureau-of-international-narcotics-and-law-enforcement-affairs-work-by-country/el-salvador-summary/. Central Intelligence Agency. Central Intelligence Agency, July 6, 2021. https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/el-salvador/. Accessed July 11, 2021. Dudley, Steven, and Avalos, Silva “MS13 In the Americas: How the World’s Most Notorious Gang Defies Logic, Resists Destruction. National Institute of Justice”, 2018. “El Salvador Homicides Jump 56 Percent as Gang Truce Unravels.” Reuters, December 30,2014.https://www.reuters.com/article/us-el-salvador-violence-idUSKBN0K81HR20141230. Eizenstat, Stuart E., John Edward Porter, and Jeremy M. Weinstein. “Rebuilding Weak States.”Foreign Affairs 84, no. 1 (2005): 134. https://doi.org/10.2307/20034213. FOXBusiness. “How MS-13, One of America's Most Dangerous Gangs, Is Funded.” Fox Business.Fox Business, April 19, 2017.https://www.foxbusiness.com/features/how-ms-13-one-of-americas-most-dangerous-gangs-is-funded. Accessed July 11, 2021. Fukuyama, Francis.Cornell University Press. Ithaca, USA: Cornell University Press, 2004. Galdamez, Eddie. “Water Pollution in El Salvador. Getting Worse Every Year.” El Salvador INFO,June 30, 2021. https://elsalvadorinfo.net/water-pollution-in-el-salvador/. Accessed July 11, 2021. Gies, Heather. “Once Lush, El Salvador Is Dangerously Close to Running out of Water.” Environment. National Geographic, May 4, 2021.https://www.nationalgeographic.com/environment/article/el-salvador-water-crisis-drought-climate-change. Accessed July 11, 2021. Giedraityte, Ieva. “Empire, Leadership OR Hegemony: US Strategies towards the Northern Triangle Countries in the 21st Century.” Latin American Yearbook – Political Science and International Relations 7 (2019): 175. https://doi.org/10.17951/al.2019.7.175-192. “Government Revenues.” Government Revenues - Countries - List. Accessed August 4, 2021.https://tradingeconomics.com/country-list/government-revenues. “Guatemala: An Assessment of Poverty.” Poverty Analysis - Guatemala: An Assessment of Poverty. Accessed August 4, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20161225194831/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/ TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/EXTPA/0,,contentMDK:20207581~menuPK:443285~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:430367,00.html. Herningtyas, Ratih. "Weak State As A Security Threat: A Case Study Of Colombia." Journal of International Relations 2, no. 2 (2014): 146-156. “Honduras.” World Bank. Accessed August 4, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/honduras#:~:text=Honduras%20is%20a%20low%20middle,than%20US%241.90%20per%20day. Iesue, Laura. “The Alliance for Prosperity Plan: A Failed Effort for Stemming Migration,” COHA, November 21, 2019, https://www.coha.org/the-alliance-for-prosperity-plan-a-failed-effort-for-stemming-migration/. Accessed July 11, 2021 Indexmundi. “Countries Ranked by Intentional Homicides (per 100,000 People)." Countries ranked by Intentional homicides (per 100,000 people), n.d.,https://www.indexmundi.com/facts/indicators/VC.IHR.PSRC.P5/rankings. Accessed July 11,2021. Insight Crime. “Central America Regional Security Initiative (CARSI)." InSight Crime, October 18,2011, https://insightcrime.org/uncategorized/central-america-regional-security-initiative/. Accessed July 11, 2021 “Income Held by Top 20 Percent in El Salvador.” Statista, July 5, 2021.https://www.statista.com/statistics/1075313/el-salvador-income-inequality/. International Monetary Fund. “El Salvador: Selected Issues.” IMF Staff Country Reports 16, no. 206 (2016): 1. https://doi.org/10.5089/9781498342346.002. Interpol "El Salvador." El Salvador, n.d.,https://www.interpol.int/en/Who-we-are/Member-countries/Americas/EL-SALVADOR. Accessed July 11, 2021. “Key Issues AFFECTING Youth in El Salvador - OCDE.” Key Issues affecting Youth in El Salvador - OCDE. Accessed August 8, 2021.https://www.oecd.org/fr/pays/elsalvador/youth-issues-in-el-salvador.htm. Lakhani, Nina. “Gang Violence in El Salvador Fuelling Country's Child Migration Crisis.” The Guardian. Guardian News and Media, November 18, 2014.https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/nov/18/el-salvador-gang-violence-child-migration-crisis. Accessed July 11, 2021. “Life under Gang Rule in El Salvador.” Crisis Group, December 10, 2018. https://www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/central-america/el-salvador/life-under-gang-rule-el-salvador. Löwenheim, Oded. “Transnational Criminal Organizations and Security: The Case against Inflating the Threat.” International Journal 57, no. 4 (2002): 513–36. https://doi.org/10.2307/40203690. “Mano Dura: El Salvador Responds to Gangs.” Taylor & Francis. Accessed August 5, 2021.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09614520701628121?journalCode=cdip20.Menjivar, Cecilia, and Andrea Gomez Cervates. “El Salvador: Civil War, Natural Disasters, and Gang Violence Drive Migration.” migrationpolicy.org, May 11, 2021.https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/el-salvador-civil-war-natural-disasters-and-gang-violence-drive-migration. Accessed July 11, 2021. Meyer, Peter J., and Ribando Clare Seelke. Central America Regional Security Initiative: Background and Policy Issues for Congress. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, Congressional Research Service, 2014. Michaels, Peter S. Lawless Intervention: United States Foreign Policy in El Salvador and Nicaragua, 6, 7, no. 2 (January 5, 1987). https://doi.org/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71463263.pdf. OSAC. “El Salvador 2020 Crime & Safety Report,” https://www.osac.gov/Content/Report/b4884604- 977e-49c7-9e4a-1855725d032e. Days on July 9, 2021. “Overview.” World Bank. Accessed August 4, 2021. https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/elsalvador/overview. Patrick, Stewart. “Weak States and Global Threats: Assessing Evidence of Spillovers.” SSRN Electronic Journal, 2006, 1–31. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.984057. Published by Teresa Romero, and Jul 5. “Gini Coefficient: Wealth Inequality in El Salvador.” Statista,July 5, 2021.https://www.statista.com/statistics/983230/income-distribution-gini-coefficient-el-salvador/. “Remarks by President Obama after Meeting with Central American Presidents.” National Archives and Records Administration. National Archives and Records Administration. Accessed August 8, 2021. https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/07/25/remarks-president-obama-after-meeting-central-american-presidents. Riney, Lt Col Thomas J. “How Is MS-13 a Threat to US National Security? .” AIR WAR COLLEGE AIR UNIVERSITY , February 12, 2009. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA540139.pdf. Rivera, Mauricio. “Drugs, Crime, and NONSTATE Actors in Latin America: Latin American Politics and Society.” Cambridge Core. Cambridge University Press, October 12, 2020. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/latin-american-politics-and-society/article/abs/drugs-crime-and-nonstate-actors-in-latin-america/67CF0B66AB8673D0C50F2F99AC93A1B7. Schneider, Mark. “Where Are the Northern Triangle Countries Headed? And What Is U.S. Policy?” Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), July 9, 2021. https://www.csis.org/analysis/where-are-northern-triangle-countries-headed-and-what-us-policy. Seelke, Clare Ribando. “CRS Report for Congress.” El Salvador: Political, Economic, and Social Conditions and U.S. Relations, November 18, 2008. https://doi.org/https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/4951ec75e.pdf. Silva Avalos, Hector. “Corruption in El Salvador: Politicians, Police, and Transportistas.” SSRN, April 2, 2014. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2419174. Sleinan, Julett Pineda. “Salvadoran Court: Ex-President and Wife Guilty of Illicit Enrichment.” OCCRP. Accessed August 5, 2021. https://www.occrp.org/en/daily/13586-salvadoran-court-ex- president-and-wife-guilty-of-illicit-enrichment. The United States Department of Justice. “MS-13's Highest-Ranking Leaders Charged with Terrorism Offenses in the United States.”, January 19, 2021. https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/ms-13-s-highest-ranking-leaders-charged-terrorism-offenses-united-states. Retrieved July 9, 2021. Transformation Index. “BTI 2020 El Salvador Country Report.” BTI Blog, 2020. https://www.bti-project.org/en/reports/country-report-SLV.html. Accessed July 11, 2021. “U.S. Strategy for Engagement in Central America Results Architecture – Overall Summary.”State.gov. Accessed August 8, 2021. https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/U.S.-Central-America-Strategy-Objectives.pdf. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. “Death Threats and Gang Violence Forcing More Families to FLEE Northern Central America – UNHCR and Unicef Survey.” UNHCR. Accessed August 5, 2021. https://www.unhcr.org/news/press/2020/12/5fdb14ff4/death-threats-gang-violence-forcing-families-flee-northern-central-america.html. U.S. Department of Homeland Security, “Combating Gangs,” https://www.ice.gov/features/gangs.Diakses pada 9 Juli 2021. USAID, “GENERATING HOPE: USAID IN EL SALVADOR, GUATEMALA, AND HONDURAS,”https://www.usaid.gov/generating-hope-usaid-el-salvador-guatemala-and honduras. Diakses pada 8 Juli 2021. United States General Accounting Office, “EL SALVADOR Military Assistance Has Helped Counter but Not Overcome the Insurgency,” https://www.gao.gov/assets/nsiad-91-166.pdf. Retrieved July 8, 2021. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement “Combating Gangs.”, January 27, 2021. https://www.ice.gov/features/gangs. Accessed July 9, 2021. Valencia, Robert. “MS-13 and Barrio 18 Gangs Allegedly Employ More People in El Salvador than the Country's Largest Employers.” Newsweek. Newsweek, November 2, 2018.https://www.newsweek.com/ms-13-barrio-18-gangs-employ-more-people-el-salvador-largest-employers-1200029. Accessed July 11, 2021 Wang, Shaoguang. "China's Changing of the Guard: The Problem of State Weakness." Journal of Democracy 14, no. 1 (2003): 36-42. doi:10.1353/jod.2003.0022. Weber, Max. “Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology. Vol. 1. Univ of California Press, 1978. Welsh, Teresa. “US to Resume Northern Triangle Aid, Pompeo Says.” devex, 2019.https://www.devex.com/news/us-to-resume-northern-triangle-aid-pompeo-says-95846. Whelan, Robbie. “Why Are People Fleeing Central America? A New Breed of Gangs Is Taking Over.” The Wall Street Journal. Dow Jones & Company, November 2, 2018. https://www.wsj.com/articles/pay-or-die-extortion-economy-drives-latin-americas-murder-crisis-1541167619. Retrieved July 8, 2021. Williams, Phil. "Transnational criminal enterprises, conflict, and instability." 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Abstract BACKGROUND Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by abnormal hemoglobin. SCD causes hemolytic anemia, vaso-occlusion leading to vaso-occlusive crises (VOC) and contributing to organ damage and early death. SCD is most prevalent in sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East, but also countries such as Brazil, India and US, have comparatively high frequencies of SCD. Global migration has contributed to a greater geographical spread. The prevalence of SCD in Sweden is unknown. OBJECTIVE The primary objectives of this study were to estimate the 1-year prevalence of SCD and SCD-associated resource use in Sweden. Secondary objectives were to estimate birth incidence, treatment patterns and survival. PATIENTS Patients with an ICD-10 diagnosis code for SCD (any D57 [excluding D57.3, sickle cell trait]) were identified from the Swedish Patient Registry (between January 1 st 2001 and June 30 th 2018). Patients were assessed for 1-year prevalence and resource use per calendar year for a follow-up period of 13 years (2006-2018). METHODS Patients were considered prevalent from birth or immigration to death or emigration. Resource use from specialized care, including all events recorded in the registry with any D57 as the main diagnosis was assessed in the follow up period 2006-2018 as number of outpatient visits and inpatient stays. Costs for this hospital resource use were estimated through remuneration amounts based on diagnosis related groups. Data on sick leave days and days with disability pension due to SCD in patients in working age (18-65 years) were retrieved from the Swedish Social Security Agency and costed with the mean salary in Sweden, plus social security contributions. Costs are reported in 2019 Swedish Krona (SEK, ≈$ 0.1). RESULTS One-year prevalence of all SCD diagnosis increased from 504 patients (5.53 per 100,000 population) in 2006 to 670 patients (6.55 per 100,000 population) in 2018. The 1-year prevalence of SCD patients ever recorded with an ICD-10 code for SCD with VOC (D57.0) increased from 139 patients (1.53 per 100,000 population) in 2006 to 260 patients (2.54 per 100,000 population) in 2018. The proportion of prevalent patients that were born in Sweden decreased over the years, from approximately 55% in the beginning of the study period to 45% in the end of the study period. The mean and median age of the SCD population decreased over the study period. Individuals with SCD and VOC were, on average younger than the other SCD (D57) subgroups. Birth incidence was captured by calendar year 2006-2018 and was highest in 2007 with 15 children born with SCD. For Swedish-born children with SCD during the patient identification time (n=123), the mean time to identification in the registers was 2.6 years (SD 2.7, range 0-16 years). Hospital outpatient visits and inpatient stays with SCD (all events with D57 recorded) as main diagnosis increased from 57 to 189, and 250 to 1,003, respectively, over the years 2006-2018. This corresponded to costs of inpatient care increasing from 1.4 million (M) SEK in 2006 to 7.3 M SEK in 2018 and costs of outpatient visits increasing from 0.9 M SEK in 2006 to 4.6 M SEK in 2018. The vast majority of costs were incurred in individuals ever recorded with a SCD with VOC diagnosis (D57.0). The most frequent hospital treatment was blood transfusion, with 8-11% of patients receiving transfusion in each year studied, especially common in SCD and VOC diagnosis. The prescribed treatment with the highest increase of uptake over the study period were hydroxyurea, vitamins and paracetamol in all SCD. Individuals in working age had on average 2.3 days of sick leave per patient-year due to SCD (D57), and approximately 4% of these patients received disability benefits because of their SCD. During the follow-up period, the median age at death was 74 years for all SCD and 69 years for SCD with crisis, this is 7-10 years and 12-15 years less compared to the Swedish general population respectively. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that the prevalence, hospital resource use and associated costs have increased substantially in Sweden. In an era of emerging treatments for SCD we have for the first time comprehensively described epidemiological-, disease-related and economical aspects of SCD in Sweden. Disclosures Hernlund: ICON: Current Employment. Ivergård: ICON: Current Employment. Svedbom: ICON: Current Employment. Dibbern: Novartis: Current Employment. Stenling: Novartis: Current Employment. Sjöö: Novartis: Ended employment in the past 24 months. Vertuani: Novartis: Current Employment. Glenthøj: Saniona: Research Funding; Bristol Myers Squibb: Consultancy; Agios: Consultancy; Novo Nordisk: Honoraria; Novartis: Consultancy; Alexion: Research Funding; Sanofi: Research Funding; Bluebird Bio: Consultancy.

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the cross-sectional and inter-temporal validity of the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for rural households in Burundi.DesignLongitudinal survey about food security and agricultural production, individually administered by trained interviewers in June 2007 and 2012.SettingNgozi, north of Burundi.SubjectsThree hundred and fourteen household heads were interviewed.ResultsTobit models showed that the HFIAS was significantly correlated with objective measures of food security, in this case total annual food production (P<0·01), livestock keeping (P<0·01) and coffee production (P<0·01) in both 2007 and 2012. This confirms that the HFIAS is cross-sectionally valid and corroborates the findings of previous studies. However, while total food production decreased by more than 25 % in terms of energy between 2007 and 2012, households reported an improvement in their perceived food security over the same period, with the HFIAS decreasing from 13·9 to 10·8 (P<0·001). This finding questions the inter-temporal validity of the HFIAS. It may be partly explained through response shifts, in which households assess their own food security status in comparison to that of their peers.ConclusionsThe evidence from our study suggests that the HFIAS is cross-sectionally valid, but may not be inter-temporally valid, and should not be used as a single indicator to study temporal trends in food security.

ABSTRACTObjective: to know the feelings and expectations of mothers of newborns in a neonatal intensive care unit. Method: a descriptive study with quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 13 mothers who had their infant in NICU, in June and July 2008. The instrument was a form; the first part with questions related to the mothers’ characterization and the second part containing variables of the study, with objective questions and multiple choice answers. The project was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the University of the Sacred Heart under the protocol nr. 49/08. Results: most of the mothers were married young adults, had social security number, living in Bauru city, São Paulo, Brazil. Regarding the reaction to hospitalization, 77% were anxious and distressed, 61% were concerned at the moment of the interview, 38.5% felt comfortable and calm in the hospital, 84.5% reported that the mother/nursing staff was good, 77% said that there was a change in their daily life. Conclusion: the mothers showed feelings of worry, anxiety, calmness and hope. The majority believed that their child would leave soon from the NICU and that treatment would be effective, thus showing a relationship of trust with the team that assisted their newborn. Descriptors: mother; neonatal icu; nursing; neonatal nursing; newborn; nursing care; hospital care.RESUMOObjetivo: conhecer os sentimentos e expectativas de mães de recém nascidos em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal. Método: estudo descritivo com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi constituída por 13 mães que tinham seu bebê internado na UTIN, nos meses de junho e julho de 2008. O instrumento foi um formulário, sendo a primeira parte com perguntas relacionadas à caracterização das mães e a segunda contendo as variáveis em estudo, com perguntas objetivas e respostas de múltipla escolha. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade do Sagrado Coração, protocolo n. 49/08. Resultados: observou-se que a maioria das mães eram jovens adultas casadas, tinham registro em carteira de trabalho, residiam em Bauru/SP. Sobre a reação à internação, 77% ficaram preocupadas e angustiadas; 61% estavam preocupadas no momento da entrevista; 38,5% sentiam-se acolhidas e calmas no ambiente hospitalar; 84,5% referiram que o relacionamento mãe/equipe de enfermagem era bom; 77% disseram que houve mudança no seu dia a dia. Conclusão: as mães evidenciaram sentimentos de preocupação, angústia, calma e esperança. A maioria acreditava que seu bebe sairia logo da UTINN e que o tratamento seria eficaz, demonstrando uma relação de confiança com a equipe que prestava assistência ao seu filho. Descritores: mãe; uti neonatal; enfermagem; enfermagem neonatal, recém-nascido; cuidados de enfermagem; assistência hospitalar.RESUMENObjetivo: conocer los sentimientos y expectativas de las madres de los recién nacidos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatal. Método: estudio descriptivo, con enfoque cuantitativo. La muestra estuvo constituida por 13 madres que habían tenido su bebé en el hospital UCIN en los meses de junio y julio de 2008. El instrumento fue un formulario; la primera parte, constituyó de cuestiones relacionadas con la caracterización de las madres y la segunda parte, con las variables en estudio, con preguntas objetivas y respuestas de elección múltiple. El proyecto fue aprobado por el Comité de Ética en Pesquisa de la Universidad del Sagrado Corazón, bajo el Protocolo de 49/08. Resultados: se observó que la mayoría de las madres eran adultos jóvenes casadas, tenían cartera de trabajo y viven en Bauru/SP. En cuanto la reacción a la hospitalización, 77% estaban ansiosas y angustiadas, 61% estaban preocupadas en el momento de la entrevista, y 38,5% sentían se bienvenidas y tranquilas en el hospital, 84,5% informó de el relacionamiento madre/ equipo de enfermería era bueno, 77% dijo que hubo cambio en el día a día. Conclusión: las madres demostraron sentimientos de preocupación, ansiedad, calma y esperanza. La mayoría acreditaba que su bebé volvería pronto de la UTIN y que el tratamiento sería eficaz, lo que muestra una relación de confianza con el equipo que trató a su hijo. Descriptores: madre; uci neonatal; enfermería; enfermería neonatal; recién-nascido; atencíon de enfermería; atención hospitalaria.

The potoroids are a small group of cryptic macropodoid marsupials that are difficult to directly monitor in the wild. Consequently, information regarding their social and mating systems is limited. A population of long-nosed potoroos (Potorous tridactylus) on French Island, Victoria, was monitored from June 2005 to August 2010. Tissue samples were collected from 32 (19 ♂, 13 ♀) independent potoroos and 17 pouch young. We aimed to determine the genetic mating system and identify patterns of paternity through genotyping individuals at 10 microsatellite loci. Additionally, we investigated the importance of body mass and site residency as strategies in securing paternity. Twelve of the 17 pouch young sampled were assigned paternity with confidence to five males. Multiple pouch young were sampled from two long-term resident females, one of which had 10 pouch young sired by multiple partners, with some repeat paternity, while the other had three young sired by one male, suggesting that the mating system is not entirely promiscuous. Sires were recorded on site for significantly longer periods than non-sires but were not significantly larger than non-sires at conception. This suggests that sires employ strategies other than direct competition, such as scramble competition, to secure paternity in P. tridactylus.

The complexity of everyday life, which brings countless challenges, confrontations, obstacles and, of course, beautiful moments, certainly goes beyond the simplified picture that is visible in the public only on the basis of the final “product”. Sport is a segment of society in which the result is clearly visible, and on the basis of which those more or less successful are ranked, but there is a harsh limit beyond which the effort invested is incomparably less appreciated and the achieved result is not adequately valued in society and the media. That dividing line is usually placed before the fourth place and is symbolized by the medals and other awards to those who place above and the certainty of sinking into oblivion for the others. Through research on Yugoslav and Serbian athletes whose greatest achievement at the Olympic and Paralympic Games was the fourth place (a total of 75 Olympic and 13 Paralympic athletes) and also through subsequent conversations with some of them, this global phenomenon, which permeates the world of sports and other segments of society, comes into the limelight. At the same time, through this work, the exceptional results of the athletes from this region are saved from oblivion. Looking at the answers to the key question, it is obvious that the interviewees mostly feel regret, i.e. regret for the missed opportunity to win a medal, often mixed with the feelings of pride, especially when their results are viewed from today’s perspective, bearing in mind that athletes think of the Games as the greatest event in sports. “Being fourth” is an everlasting phenomenon having no end and no unique conclusion, getting new heroes again and again. This paper is an adapted segment, both theoretical and research-based, of the book “Being fourth: Champions without an Olympic medal” (Predrag Đ. Bajić with students of Faculty of Sport, 2021, publisher: Faculty of Sport). The book emphasizes the importance of “the fourth place” through the social and media prism and lists all the athletes whose greatest success at the Olympic and Paralympic Games was the fourth place, starting from the debut of the Olympic athletes in Stockholm in 1912 and the Paralympic athletes in Heidelberg in 1972 to the Tokyo 2021 Games. The condition for selecting athletes was that they competed under the flags of the Kingdom of Serbia, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, the Federal People’s Republic of Yugoslavia, the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Serbia and Montenegro and/or the Republic of Serbia. The list also included the athletes in individual sports who competed in Barcelona 1992 as independent Olympic and Paralympic participants without any national symbols, as a result of the UN Security Council’s sanctions against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Finally, the list included those who had no “playing time” but were part of the national team in team sports and those who, at some point in their lives, competed for other countries, provided that they did not win a medal at the Games under their flags. In the book “Being fourth: Champions without an Olympic medal”, the research described in this paper is a segment of a project that includes examples of the practical power of an interview as a journalistic genre in shedding light on this phenomenon through the life stories of 22 athletes whose greatest success at the Olympic and Paralympic Games was the fourth place (Boris Čukvas, Ištvan Semeredi, Franciska Ševarac, Srećko Pejović, Dragan Pantelić, Nikica Klinčarski, Miloš Šestić, Zlatko Vujović, Slobodanka Čolović Maričić, Dragana Pešić Belojević, Nataša Kolega, Svetlana Vujčić, Milan Živić, Dragutin Topić, Dejan Perić, Nedeljko Jovanović, Dragan Škrbić, Nenad Peruničić, Željko Čeliković, Zorana Arunović, Tina Krajišnik and Maja Škorić). This is also illustrated by numerous photos and newspaper reports from the day they reached the fourth place. After these interviews, 6 more athletes who, in addition to the fourth place, also have an Olympic medal, spoke about the phenomenon (Mirko Nišović, Tomislav Ivković, Radomir Rakonjac, Mirjana Đurica Vermezović, Borislava Perić Ranković and Damir Mikec). In this way, a material trace has been left for the years ahead. The collected data were sorted, supplemented and corrected through the conversations with the actual participants, emphasizing the importance of remembering and knowing the past. The project “Being fourth” started as an integral part of practical classes in sports journalism and research skills in the second year of study at the Faculty of Sport of the University “Union – Nikola Tesla” in Belgrade. It was later expanded to include students of other years of study. The goal was to present the “the fourth place” phenomenon as a relevant concept that is recognized not only in sports, but also in the wider social community, and to do so in ways specific to journalism studies. In addition to Predrag Bajić, 24 students from the department of sports journalism took part in the realization of the book. These are the following: Uroš Selenić, Aleksa Janković, Elena Deleva, Đorđe Samoilović, Dušan Fatić, Stefan Stanković, Aleksandar Stajkovac, Ognjen Borjanović, Aleksandar Filipović, Filip Ljubisavljević, Anđelija Ratić, Dušan Krstić, Miloš Dragović, David Radanović, Miloš Petrović, Sara Đorđević, Aleksandar Brežanin, Boško Petrović, Ana Ratković, Nemanja Andrić, Ivan Miletić, Stefan Branežac, Vukić Stojanović and Atanasije Nikolić. The editor was professor Radivoje Petrović, and the reviewers were professors Zoran Jevtović, Vladimir Koprivica and Zoran Aracki. The book also pays tribute to the late founder and dean of the Faculty of Sport, professor Ivanka Gajić. The book promotion was held in the main lecture hall of the Faculty of Sport in Belgrade on March 31, 2022. Among the speakers were Nedeljko Jovanović, fourth at the Sydney 2000 Olympic Games in handball, professors Radivoje Petrović and Vladimir Koprivica, Jelena Arunović, who is Zorana Arunović’s coach (Zorana finished fourth in shooting both at the London 2012 and Tokyo 2021 Games) and Predrag Bajić. Moreover, on behalf of all the students who took part in the project, Elena Deleva gave a speech, Bojan Sekulić, the president of the Faculty Council, addressed the audience and the promotion program was led by Filip Ljubisavljević. Also, other participants of the book spoke at the promotion. Parts of the book were edited and published in the form of a serial in the Independent Daily Newspaper “Vesti” through 28 articles in the period between June 7 and July 9/10, 2022. They were also published on the Web portal of this daily newspaper.

The post-2007 financial crisis has brought renewed interest in a European Unemployment Benefit Scheme (EUBS) as a manifestation of solidarity between citizens of different Member States and an economic stabiliser in the event of future asymmetric shocks. The EU-wide benefit would operate in tandem with existing national unemployment benefits. This creates challenges of compatibility given the diversity of approaches to social security within the Union, based on at least four philosophies of welfare: liberal, conservative, social democratic and southern European. This article examines potential legal, operational and political difficulties associated with marrying a EUBS that is at heart a conservative system of social insurance to the UK’s liberal welfare state. Few legal obstacles exist and although the addition of a new, earnings-related benefit to an already complex mix of social protection would raise significant operational issues, these need not be insurmountable. However, fundamental ideological differences would have rendered the EUBS as proposed politically ill-matched with the UK even absent the June 2016 vote to leave the EU. A contributory income maintenance benefit is a poor fit with a residual, largely means-tested national system whose role is limited to offering protection against severe poverty while maintaining work incentives and minimising costs.

203 Background: Defining and quantifying quality care is a challenge for cancer care providers. Since 2007 St. Luke’s Mountain States Tumor Institute (MSTI) has been participating in QOPI and was one of 23 practices that received the inaugural QOPI Certification in June 2010. The goal of participation is to benchmark MSTI’s performance with oncology practices across the nation and identify areas for improvement that are recognized as national quality standards. Methods: After each round of QOPI data abstraction, physician and administrative leadership selected measures with the greatest opportunity for improvement. Monthly chart audits for each measure were completed and the results were shared with individual staff to increase education and accountability. In Spring 2010, the education assessment in MSTI’s Electronic Medical Record (EMR) was redesigned to facilitate efficient documentation and data collection of smoking cessation counseling. In July 2011, the performance improvement (PI) team created “Quality Checklists (QCL)” in MSTI’s EMR for three different QOPI measures: i) signed chemotherapy consent, ii) smoking cessation counseling, and iii) assessment of emotional well-being. To ensure signed chemotherapy consent, one QCL included a reminder sent by the primary nurse or secretary to the chemotherapy infusion nurses. To ensure smoking cessation counseling and assessment of emotional well-being by social work, the other QCL included an alert sent by the new patient representative to the primary nurse and social worker. Results: Signed chemotherapy consent improved from 10% (n=229) in 2007 to 100% (n=117) in 2012. Smoking cessation counseling improved from 13% (n=40) in 2007 to 93% (n=272) in 2012. Assessment of emotional well-being improved from 78% (n=302) in 2007 to 95% (n=120) in 2012. Of the patients that had problems with emotional well-being, 73% (n=55) in 2007 had their problems addressed and 95% (n=41) in 2012. Conclusions: QOPI has provided MSTI with the initiatives and benchmarks to quantify quality cancer care. By combining participation in QOPI and ongoing PI data collection, analysis, and action plan implementation MSTI has enjoyed marked improvements in quality.

Background People are now connected in a borderless web-based world. The modern public, especially the younger generation, relies heavily on the internet as the main source of health-related information. In health care, patients can use social media for more tailored uses such as telemedicine, finding a provider, and for peer support. Objective The aim of this narrative review is to discuss how social media has been used in the health care industry from the perspective of patients and describe the main issues surrounding its use in health care. Methods Between March and June 2020, a review of the literature was conducted on PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science for English studies that were published since 2007 and discussed the use of social media in health care. In addition to only English publications that discussed the use of social media by patients, publications pertaining to ethical and legal considerations in the use of social media were included. The studies were then categorized as health information, telemedicine, finding a health care provider, peer support and sharing experiences, and influencing positive health behavior. In addition, two more sections were added to the review: issues pertaining to social media use in health care and ethical considerations. Results Initially, 75 studies were included. As the study proceeded, more studies were included, and a total of 91 studies were reviewed, complemented by 1 textbook chapter and 13 web references. Approximately half of the studies were reviews. The first study was published in 2009, and the last was published in 2021, with more than half of the studies published in the last 5 years. The studies were mostly from the United States (n=40), followed by Europe (n=13), and the least from India (n=1). WhatsApp or WeChat was the most investigated social media platform. Conclusions Social media can be used by the public and patients to improve their health and knowledge. However, due diligence must be practiced to assess the credibility of the information obtained and its source. Health care providers, patients, and the public need not forget the risks associated with the use of social media. The limitations and shortcomings of the use of social media by patients should be understood.

Mental health is a state of an individual’s emotional and psychological wellbeing (Mental health basics,2018). People with mental illness. // Unresolved mental health problems can to a great extent affect the social, emotional, physical and educational development of teens and young adults, which in turn can have an enormous long-term negative effect on their adult life. (Fraser et al 2007). Studies [ show that young people that have positive mental health are much less likely to exhibit risk-taking behaviors such as addiction and even suicide (Reynold et al., 2013). According to the W.H.O. (2019),1 in 5 of the world's children and adolescents have a mental disorder with About 50% of mental health issues beginning before the age of 14. // Studies in Nigeria reveal that there is an existing high level of ignorance about mental illness with people tending to exhibit negative attitudes towards people who identify as having mental health illness. Also, the Rates of mental health workers vary from below 2 per 100,000 populations in low-income countries like Nigeria to 70 per 100,000 in high-income countries. // Presently openly discussing mental health issues is seen as a taboo in a Nigerian setting and people are scared of being stigmatized or labelled as being mad as madness is abhorred as a sign of a cursed bloodline. Research shows that 1/5th of suicide cases in Nigeria are of people aged 13-19, between January- June 2019,30% of suicide committed in Nigeria were students between the ages of 15-29 (Daily Trust,2019). These are worrying figures showing that young people are not able to access the help they need. // This project safe space project is an open-access web-based innovative inclusive system that makes mental health care accessible to teens and young adults in Nigeria who would have been excluded from accessing necessary education /information because they would be unable to afford to see mental health personnel or are so afraid of being stigmatized. In the website is contained age-appropriate carefully curated OER in the form of informative and easy to understand write-up on the different mental disorders, explainer videos, inspirational stories and a provision of a safe online hub connecting people sharing the same diagnosis. Here users can anonymously share their feelings with an understanding and supportive group. This presentation will be centered on the import of this particular project and giving a walkthrough of the project to demonstrate its design features and functionality.