Academic literature on the topic '2022 monkeypox outbreak'
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Journal articles on the topic "2022 monkeypox outbreak"
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Simoneaux, Richard, and Steven L. Shafer. "Monkeypox Outbreak 2022." ASA Monitor 86, no. 11 (2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.asm.0000897292.05236.a7.
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Das, Rinila, Swati Behera, and Kumar Sumit. "A Perspective on Monkeypox Related LGBT Phobia Among the General Public." National Journal of Community Medicine 14, no. 11 (2023): 769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.55489/njcm.141120233210.
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Due to an upsurge in imported cases in the Western Pacific Region, the World Health Organization has proclaimed monkeypox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on July 23rd, 2022. The worldwide transmission of human monkeypox disease presents substantial healthcare concern. Similar to previous infectious disease outbreaks, conspiracy theories have also emerged in relation to the 2022 monkeypox outbreak, undermining health behaviors and amplifying the outbreak's impact. Fake news on social media worsens the monkeypox outbreak, silencing healthcare experts. The outbreak has stigmatized monkeypox, putting LGBTQI+ communities at increased risk. Unsurprisingly, the present outbreak is impacting a large number of homosexuals, bisexuals, and men who have sex with men, which may lead to increased discrimination and stigma towards this group, along with increased LGBT phobia among the general population. Such stigmatization lead to healthcare disengagement, increasing morbidity and mortality, significant physical, socio-economic, and psychological consequences for LGBTQ+ community. Monkeypox is manageable if transmission chains are broken, aided by accurate information to dispel outdated myths rooted in fear and sexual bias. A holistic, culturally-sensitive approach is vital to combat current monkeypox-related stigma, requiring government interventions and multi-stakeholder collaboration for a multidisciplinary strategy.
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Rai, Junu Richhinbung, and Shiba Kumar Rai. "Monkeypox Outbreak - 2022: A Brief Review." Nepal Medical College Journal 24, no. 3 (2022): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i3.48622.
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Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease caused by Monkeypox virus belonging to Orthopoxvirus. The virus is present in monkeys and small rodents such as squirrels, ant-eaters and others. First human case was reported from Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970 and had been reported only from central and western African countries before 2022. This year, the first human case of monkeypox was confirmed on May 7, 2022 in UK who travelled to Nigeria. Thereafter, the disease has caused a multi-country outbreak involving all continents outside Africa. As of August 28, 2022, a total of 47,652 monkeypox cases have been reported from 99 countries that have not historically reported monkeypox and in 7 countries that have historically reported monkeypox. Of the total, 47,209 cases have occurred in countries that have not historically reported monkeypox with a highest numbers of cases (17,431) in USA. Keeping in view of an increasing number of cases “monkeypox emergency” has been declared by US government on August 4, 2022. Second highest numbers of cases have been reported from Spain (6,459), Brazil (3,984), France (3,421), Germany (3,405), Britain (3,207) and following by other countries as of August 28, 2022. No cases has been reported from Nepal as of August 28, 2022.
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Koh, Xuan Qi, Martin Tze-Wei Chio, Mingjuan Tan, Yee-Sin Leo, and Roy Kum Wah Chan. "Global monkeypox outbreak 2022: First case series in Singapore." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 51, no. 8 (2022): 462–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2022269.
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Monkeypox is a global health emergency. Prior to 2022, there were few reports of monkeypox outside of endemic countries, which were mostly travel-related. Since May 2022, an exponential increase in monkeypox infections in previously non-endemic countries has been reported. Unlike previous outbreaks of monkeypox, which were zoonotically transmitted and presented with generalised vesicular eruptions after prodromal symptoms, cases of the current outbreak feature significant travel and sexual history, and atypical localised genital eruptions with unpredictable onset relative to viral prodrome-like symptoms. We summarise the 15 Singapore cases reported to date as of August 2022, and highlight salient clinical clues that may aid physicians in narrowing the broad differential diagnosis of an acute vesicular genital eruption. Although research into vaccination and antiviral strategies is ongoing, monkeypox is currently conservatively managed. Clinical vigilance and a high index of suspicion are required to facilitate early detection and isolation of cases to contain transmission in Singapore. Keywords: Disease outbreaks, genitalia, monkeypox, sexual health, travel-related illness
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Sanusi Karama, Rahama, Ajoke Akinola, and John Kama. "Re-emergence of human monkeypox 2022: its ecology and public health significance-short review article." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, no. 4 (2023): 1609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20230951.
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Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is one of Orthopoxvirus subfamily, it’s refers to a zoonotic disease caused by MPXV. Human monkeypox, on the other hand, has a much lower morbidity and fatality rate than smallpox. Reference to the current resurgence, monkeypox outbreaks have been reported over the past 5 decades, 10 countries in Africa was initially discovered to be affected by the outbreak and subsequently 4 countries apart from Africa. Additionally, re-emergence of monkeypox in African countries, especially Nigeria about forty 40 years of the initial outbreak, midst 2010-2019. Climate change, deforestation, lack of proper health and research advance infrastructure among the society and uncontrol intake of bush meat in the African countries could have been the reason for the recent re-emergence of monkeypox within the communities. Public health significance of monkeypox outbreak could be the factors related to the vulnerability of the population towards MPXV when smallpox vaccination was stopped. Due to the rapid global outreach of monkeypox endemic, it should be therefore considered as a very serious re-surging pathogen in the world. However, detail and proper observational research could bring more light on the influence of MPXV on overall human population, together with the advancement in qualitative and quantitative of outbreak data collection, research in the current situation is crucial and need an emergency treat in order to encourage the researchers to improve more findings on the monkeypox outbreak, which will subsequently enhances appropriate case management and public health response.
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Li, Jiawen. "Analysis on Human Monkeypox 2022." Theoretical and Natural Science 3, no. 1 (2023): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/3/20220289.
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Monkeypox, a zoonotic orthopoxvirus with a clinical presentation similar to smallpox, was first reported in the DRC in 1970 and is still being reported. The vast majority of human infections are reported in West and Central Africa. The first outbreak outside of Africa occurred in the United States in 2003. A British national resident with a history of travel to Nigeria recently developed a visible skin lesion and other symptoms of monkeypox infection. Soon after, several countries that have never been exposed to monkeypox report abnormally high rates of infection, causing widespread panic. Using a literature review method, the paper provides a retrospective study of human monkeypox, including the early outbreak and current circumstances, analyzing the characteristics of MPV and providing some effective treatments. To combat the monkeypox outbreak, it is critical to have a thorough understanding of the virus.
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Ilic, Irena, Ivana Zivanovic Macuzic, and Milena Ilic. "Global Outbreak of Human Monkeypox in 2022: Update of Epidemiology." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 10 (2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100264.
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Background: Human monkeypox was a neglected zoonotic disease considered endemic to rainforests of rural parts of Central and Western Africa, until a global outbreak in May 2022. Methods: This review describes the epidemiological characteristics of human monkeypox. Results: Since the first confirmed case in the United Kingdom on 13 May 2022, and up until 19 September, more than 62,000 cases of human monkeypox were reported in 104 countries in the world (among them 97 countries where the monkeypox virus was not endemic). Up to today, 20 persons have died in this global outbreak. This outbreak predominantly affects men self-identifying as gay or bisexual or other men who have sex with men, and for now, there is no sign of continuous transmission of the disease in other populations. Today, the monkeypox outbreak is increasing alarmingly in many countries and presents a new challenge and a large issue for public health worldwide. The World Health Organization declared the global monkeypox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern on 24 July 2022. Before this outbreak, health professionals in many countries had a knowledge gap and a lack of experience in the management of monkeypox. Conclusions: Advances in the comprehension of the epidemiology of human monkeypox are necessary for effective prevention and outbreak response.
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Mungmunpuntipantip, Rujittika, Viroj Wiwanitkit, Chandrakant Lahariya, Archana Thakur, and Nonita Dudeja. "Monkeypox Disease Outbreak (2022): Correspondence." Indian Pediatrics 59, no. 9 (2022): 730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-022-2610-6.
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Sonali, Padha Omer Mohi U. Din Sofi. "Monkeypox: A Re- Emerging Zoonosis." Science World a monthly e magazine 2, no. 8 (2022): 1295–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6973621.
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Prior to April 2022, cases of monkeypox virus infecting humans outside Africa's endemic regions were infrequent. The ongoing 2022, outbreak is an extensive human-to-human transmission emerged outside Africa. By the end of July, the World Health Organization recorded almost 18,600 cases, and declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and reported its spread to at least 78 different countries, including India. While the reservoir host still remain unidentified, rodents from Africa are thought to be the intermediary hosts. In spite of decades of ongoing outbreaks, it is likely that the failure to stop the disease's spread in Africa's endemic regions is what led to the outbreak in non-endemic countries. To combat current and future outbreaks, a “One Health”, globally driven approach must be taken to disease prevention and treatment.
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Ramírez-Soto, Max Carlos. "Monkeypox Outbreak in Peru." Medicina 59, no. 6 (2023): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061096.
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Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by the Orthopoxvirus monkeypox virus (MPXV). Since 1970, outbreaks of MPXV have occurred in several Sub-Saharan African countries. However, from May 2022 to April 2023, recent outbreaks of Mpox occurred in several countries outside of Africa, and these cases quickly spread to over 100 non-endemic countries on all continents. Most of these cases were found in the region of the Americas and the Europe region. In Latin America, the highest all-age Mpox rates per million inhabitants were in Peru, Colombia, Chile, and Brazil. Given its global impact, Mpox was declared as an international Public Health Emergency by WHO in July 2022. MPXV infection disproportionately affects men who have sex with men and members of the HIV-infected population. Vaccination is the current strategy for controlling and preventing Mpox in high-risk groups. In this context, Peru has the fourth-highest number of Mpox cases in Latin America and faces significant challenges in disease control. Because of this, in this review, we discuss the epidemiology, public health indicators, and prevention of Mpox in the 2022 Peru outbreak so that health authorities can join forces to control MPXV transmission.
Books on the topic "2022 monkeypox outbreak"
Book chapters on the topic "2022 monkeypox outbreak"
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Adegboye, Oyelola, Faith Alele, Anton Pak, et al. "Monkeypox Outbreak 2022, from a Rare Disease to Global Health Emergence: Implications for Travellers." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_23.
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Jain, Nityanand, Tungki Pratama Umar, Reem Sayad, et al. "Monkeypox Diagnosis in Clinical Settings: A Comprehensive Review of Best Laboratory Practices." In Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-57165-7_16.
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AbstractAn outbreak of monkeypox (Mpox) was reported in more than 40 countries in early 2022. Accurate diagnosis of Mpox can be challenging, but history, clinical findings, and laboratory diagnosis can establish the diagnosis. The pre-analytic phase of testing includes collecting, storing, and transporting specimens. It is advised to swab the lesion site with virus transport medium (VTM) containing Dacron or polyester flock swabs from two different sites. Blood, urine, and semen samples may also be used. Timely sampling is necessary to obtain a sufficient amount of virus or antibodies. The analytical phase of infectious disease control involves diagnostic tools to determine the presence of the virus. While polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the gold standard for detecting Mpox, genome sequencing is for identifying new or modified viruses. As a complement to these methods, isothermal amplification methods have been designed. ELISAassays are also available for the determination of antibodies. Electron microscopy is another effective diagnostic method for tissue identification of the virus. Wastewater fingerprinting provides some of the most effective diagnostic methods for virus identification at the community level. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are further discussed. Post-analytic phase requires proper interpretation of test results and the preparation of accurate patient reports that include relevant medical history, clinical guidelines, and recommendations for follow-up testing or treatment.
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Gadoth, Adva, Megan Halbrook, Nicole A. Hoff, et al. "Mpox Control and Prevention." In The Principles and Practice of Disease Eradication. Oxford University PressNew York, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197687420.003.0013.
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Abstract Monkeypox, recently renamed mpox, is an orthopoxvirus closely related to smallpox. Previously limited to sporadic outbreaks in rural Central and West Africa with infrequent importation of cases to other locations, a new global mpox outbreak beginning in May 2022 was declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern by the World Health Organization, and has exhibited a number of unprecedented characteristics: 1. The current epidemic is associated with a novel variant (clade IIb.1) and has spread to all populated continents; 2. Until recently, sustained person-to-person transmission was limited, with most point sources stemming from zoonotic exposures spilling over into humans—now it’s become the norm; 3. Transmission now occurs mainly through physical contact during sex, which was previously uncommon, and as such, new clinical presentations have been reported, including anogenital lesions and rashes; 4. Whereas previously mpox spread mostly among children, the current outbreak has been overwhelmingly comprised of men who have sex with men (MSM); and 5. The vast majority of recent infections have been mild and self-limiting, in contrast to historic disease manifestation. Recent circulation of mpox challenges established notions of this disease and present unique concerns for public health surveillance and control. Limited familiarity with mpox beyond Africa, novel clinical presentations, and limited testing availability may have each contributed to underascertainment and underreporting of infections in the early period of the current outbreak. Stigma-informed approaches in communication, community engagement, vaccine reintroduction, and comprehensive surveillance remain critical for future measures of prevention and control.
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Al-Shami, Khayry, and Manar Al-Shami. "Perspective Chapter: Introduction to Mpox." In Current Topics in Viral Outbreaks [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2025. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1009329.
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The mpox epidemic (formerly known as monkeypox) became a major worldwide health issue after the COVID-19 pandemic. A new outbreak of mpox was discovered in the UK during May 2022, which rapidly expanded throughout Europe and the Americas and Africa, while the Americas reported most cases. Protective public health messages became essential when the virus crossed previously identified epidemiological chains. The orthopoxvirus-caused mpox infection presents mild symptoms like smallpox, except it affects unvaccinated individuals who develop more severe conditions. Individuals or animals who transmit the disease to others do so through direct contact, while the election of the symptoms features flu-like characteristics alongside specific rash development and lymph node inflammation. The termination of smallpox vaccination programs after the disease elimination in the 1980s resulted in mpox outbreaks among unvaccinated communities. The MVA-BN type of smallpox vaccine gives protection against various diseases, yet global mpox outbreaks persist without identifiable transmission pathways in affected populations. PCR assays and emerging T-cell-based tests play essential roles in distinguishing mpox from both smallpox and chickenpox infections. Severe mpox infections in young children and people with impaired immune systems might need antiviral treatment, but the effectiveness stays uncertain. The epidemiology, along with mpox transmission routes, clinical manifestations, and medical interventions, forms the core content of this chapter. The current situation demands worldwide disease surveillance combined with public health awareness programs and prepared emergency response capabilities to address future disease outbreaks, especially following the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Jowhar, Dawit, Christian Salcedo, Hayes Walker, and George N. Verne. "Perspective Chapter: Gastrointestinal Manifestations of Mpox Infection." In Current Topics in Viral Outbreaks [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2024. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.1007856.
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Cases of Monkeypox virus infection (Mpox) were initially relegated to Central and West Africa; however, in May 2022, outbreaks began to occur in non-endemic areas. Patients with Mpox infection can present with several symptoms in the gastrointestinal tract, such as abdominal pain, proctitis, and hematochezia. While several case reports have been published that show the presentation and management of patients with M. pox, it is fundamentally essential to have a collective resource for gastroenterologists to identify patients with this infection and appropriately manage them to ensure a safe outcome. The purpose of this book chapter is to present the variety of gastrointestinal manifestations that can present in patients infected with Mpox and the best way to manage them appropriately. We will present the current state of knowledge about gastrointestinal manifestations of Mpox by analyzing key studies that have been published to date and provide a broad overview of the subject as it pertains to gastroenterologists.
Conference papers on the topic "2022 monkeypox outbreak"
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Agarwala, Shuvam, Md Abu Sufyan, Most Anamika Akter Zedni, et al. "Improving Monkeypox Outbreak Prediction Through Time-Series Forecasting with Machine Learning Models." In 2024 27th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT). IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/iccit64611.2024.11022396.
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Bhosale, Yogesh H., Shrinivas R. Zanwar, Akshay T. Jadhav, Zakee Ahmed, Vilas S. Gaikwad, and Komal S. Gandle. "Human Monkeypox 2022 Virus: Machine Learning Prediction Model, Outbreak Forecasting, Visualization with Time-Series Exploratory Data Analysis." In 2022 13th International Conference on Computing Communication and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccnt54827.2022.9984237.
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Gavaniya, Dixitkumar, and Biswajit Bhowmik. "Monkeypox Outbreak and Recent Advancements." In 2023 IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing, VLSI, Electrical Circuits and Robotics (DISCOVER). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/discover58830.2023.10316688.
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Mir, Azka, Attique Ur Rehman, Sabeen Javaid, and Tahir Muhammad Ali. "An Intelligent Technique For The Effective Prediction Of Monkeypox Outbreak." In 2023 3rd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence (ICAI). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icai58407.2023.10136662.
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Vandana and Chetna Kaushal. "Analysis of the Monkeypox Outbreak Using CNN Model: A Systematic Review." In 2023 4th IEEE Global Conference for Advancement in Technology (GCAT). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/gcat59970.2023.10353352.
Full textReports on the topic "2022 monkeypox outbreak"
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Duclos, Diane, Bob Okello, Godefroid Muzalia, and Melissa Parker. Key considerations: Home-based care for mpox in Central and East Africa. Institute of Development Studies, 2025. https://doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2025.026.
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In September 2023, an outbreak of mpox caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) clade Ib was reported in Kamituga, a mining region in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). More cases of mpox started to be reported across the country and in neighbouring countries in the east, including Rwanda, Uganda and Burundi.1 In February 2025, the Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention and the Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO) determined that the ongoing upsurge of mpox continues to be a public health emergency of international concern (as first declared in August 2024). Home-based care (HBC) – care provided in the private home of a person – often takes place informally for a wide range of reasons during epidemics. Home-based models of care are increasingly being explored by Ministries of Health as a strategy for managing outbreaks and providing treatment for mild forms of diseases, particularly in resource-limited settings. Reasons to implement HBC for mild forms of diseases include to provide care when there is a lack of access to or overburdened services, to prevent a risk of infection in health facilities, to accommodate people’s preferences and to empower the public when HBC is implemented in partnership with community members. Home-based models of c are for mpox should not supplant investments in the health system, but should be designed as a component of primary healthcare. Past experiences with HBC during outbreaks such as HIV and COVID-19 offer valuable lessons. However, the unique transmission dynamics of mpox – especially the risks it poses to children and those who are immunologically vulnerable in the home – require careful consideration. To date, attention has focused on infection, prevention and control (IPC) and water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in the home. Other aspects of mpox management and care at home also need to be considered. It is particularly important to recognise that mpox is not only a biomedical event: it is also a social phenomenon, impacting livelihoods, relationships, well-being and access to care and protection. Also, a lack of income in the absence of financial support is likely to hinder peoples’ ability to follow isolation guidance. This brief outlines key considerations on health system requirements for safe and inclusive HBC. It also foregrounds structural constraints and socio-political dynamics shaping understandings and practices of HBC, taking into consideration local and gendered perspectives on home and caregiving. The brief also examines how ongoing funding cuts in global health, humanitarian aid and development assistance are straining the capacity of both community-based initiatives and healthcare systems, further complicating home and community-based response efforts. The focus is on Central and East Africa in particular. The brief draws on conversations with experts and health actors active or knowledgeable in the region and outbreak, or both; the authors’ own expertise; and academic and grey literature on HBC and histories of epidemics in Central and East Africa. The brief includes two cases studies based on recent research in Uganda and the DRC.
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Hrynick, Tabitha, and Megan Schmidt-Sane. Roundtable Report: Discussion on mpox in DRC and Social Science Considerations for Operational Response. Institute of Development Studies, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2024.014.
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On 28 May 2024, the Social Science in Humanitarian Action Platform (SSHAP) organised a roundtable discussion on the mpox (formerly known as monkeypox) outbreak which has been spreading in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) since early 2023.1 The objective was to appraise the current situation, with a particular focus on social science insights for informing context-sensitive risk communication and community engagement (RCCE) and wider operational responses. The roundtable was structured into two sessions: 1) an overview of the situation in DRC, including the current knowledge of epidemiology and 2) contextual considerations for response. This was followed by an hour-long panel discussion on operational considerations for response. Each session was initiated by a series of catalyst presentations followed by a question-and-answer session (Q&A). Details of the agenda, speakers and discussants can be found below. Despite estimates that less than 10% of suspected cases in DRC are being laboratory screened, the country is currently reporting the highest number of people affected by mpox in sub-Saharan Africa. It is notable that clade 1 of mpox is linked to this outbreak, which results in more severe disease and a higher fatality rate. While early cases of mpox were reported to be in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBMSM), the disease is now being detected more widely in DRC. The majority of those affected are children (up to 70% by some estimates2), which is a cause for concern. The outbreak is occurring on top of an overall high burden of disease and significant challenges to the health system and humanitarian interventions. The apparently heterogeneous picture of mpox across DRC – affecting different geographies and population groups – is shaped in part by social, economic and political factors. For instance, in South Kivu, accounts indicate that transmission via intimate and sexual contact is significant in mining areas, with an estimated one third of cases of disease reported in female sex workers. This raises questions about transactional sex and related stigma in these areas, as well as the implications of cross-border mobility linked to mining livelihoods for the spread of disease. A history of conflict and militia activity has additional implications for humanitarian intervention and is a factor in uptake and implementation of control strategies such as vaccination. Severe limitations in government health facilities in remote areas and a plural landscape of biomedical and non-biomedical providers are additional factors to consider for patterns of care-seeking and the timely provision of biomedical care. The limited reach of formal healthcare, including surveillance, makes it difficult to estimate the extent of cases and control disease spread through conventional epidemiological strategies. There are likely further challenges in accessing less visible populations such as GBMSM, as research in Nigeria has suggested.3,4 These complex contextual realities raise significant questions for mpox response. The roundtable convened a diverse range of expertise to offer perspectives from existing research and knowledge, with an emphasis on social science evidence. This roundtable report presents a synthesised version of the roundtable discussion with additional context as needed.