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Simoneaux, Richard, and Steven L. Shafer. "Monkeypox Outbreak 2022." ASA Monitor 86, no. 11 (2022): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.asm.0000897292.05236.a7.
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Das, Rinila, Swati Behera, and Kumar Sumit. "A Perspective on Monkeypox Related LGBT Phobia Among the General Public." National Journal of Community Medicine 14, no. 11 (2023): 769–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.55489/njcm.141120233210.
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Due to an upsurge in imported cases in the Western Pacific Region, the World Health Organization has proclaimed monkeypox a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on July 23rd, 2022. The worldwide transmission of human monkeypox disease presents substantial healthcare concern. Similar to previous infectious disease outbreaks, conspiracy theories have also emerged in relation to the 2022 monkeypox outbreak, undermining health behaviors and amplifying the outbreak's impact. Fake news on social media worsens the monkeypox outbreak, silencing healthcare experts. The outbreak has stigmatized monkeypox, putting LGBTQI+ communities at increased risk. Unsurprisingly, the present outbreak is impacting a large number of homosexuals, bisexuals, and men who have sex with men, which may lead to increased discrimination and stigma towards this group, along with increased LGBT phobia among the general population. Such stigmatization lead to healthcare disengagement, increasing morbidity and mortality, significant physical, socio-economic, and psychological consequences for LGBTQ+ community. Monkeypox is manageable if transmission chains are broken, aided by accurate information to dispel outdated myths rooted in fear and sexual bias. A holistic, culturally-sensitive approach is vital to combat current monkeypox-related stigma, requiring government interventions and multi-stakeholder collaboration for a multidisciplinary strategy.
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Rai, Junu Richhinbung, and Shiba Kumar Rai. "Monkeypox Outbreak - 2022: A Brief Review." Nepal Medical College Journal 24, no. 3 (2022): 262–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmcj.v24i3.48622.
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Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease caused by Monkeypox virus belonging to Orthopoxvirus. The virus is present in monkeys and small rodents such as squirrels, ant-eaters and others. First human case was reported from Democratic Republic of the Congo in 1970 and had been reported only from central and western African countries before 2022. This year, the first human case of monkeypox was confirmed on May 7, 2022 in UK who travelled to Nigeria. Thereafter, the disease has caused a multi-country outbreak involving all continents outside Africa. As of August 28, 2022, a total of 47,652 monkeypox cases have been reported from 99 countries that have not historically reported monkeypox and in 7 countries that have historically reported monkeypox. Of the total, 47,209 cases have occurred in countries that have not historically reported monkeypox with a highest numbers of cases (17,431) in USA. Keeping in view of an increasing number of cases “monkeypox emergency” has been declared by US government on August 4, 2022. Second highest numbers of cases have been reported from Spain (6,459), Brazil (3,984), France (3,421), Germany (3,405), Britain (3,207) and following by other countries as of August 28, 2022. No cases has been reported from Nepal as of August 28, 2022.
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Koh, Xuan Qi, Martin Tze-Wei Chio, Mingjuan Tan, Yee-Sin Leo, and Roy Kum Wah Chan. "Global monkeypox outbreak 2022: First case series in Singapore." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 51, no. 8 (2022): 462–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.2022269.
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Monkeypox is a global health emergency. Prior to 2022, there were few reports of monkeypox outside of endemic countries, which were mostly travel-related. Since May 2022, an exponential increase in monkeypox infections in previously non-endemic countries has been reported. Unlike previous outbreaks of monkeypox, which were zoonotically transmitted and presented with generalised vesicular eruptions after prodromal symptoms, cases of the current outbreak feature significant travel and sexual history, and atypical localised genital eruptions with unpredictable onset relative to viral prodrome-like symptoms. We summarise the 15 Singapore cases reported to date as of August 2022, and highlight salient clinical clues that may aid physicians in narrowing the broad differential diagnosis of an acute vesicular genital eruption. Although research into vaccination and antiviral strategies is ongoing, monkeypox is currently conservatively managed. Clinical vigilance and a high index of suspicion are required to facilitate early detection and isolation of cases to contain transmission in Singapore. Keywords: Disease outbreaks, genitalia, monkeypox, sexual health, travel-related illness
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Sanusi Karama, Rahama, Ajoke Akinola, and John Kama. "Re-emergence of human monkeypox 2022: its ecology and public health significance-short review article." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 10, no. 4 (2023): 1609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20230951.
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Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is one of Orthopoxvirus subfamily, it’s refers to a zoonotic disease caused by MPXV. Human monkeypox, on the other hand, has a much lower morbidity and fatality rate than smallpox. Reference to the current resurgence, monkeypox outbreaks have been reported over the past 5 decades, 10 countries in Africa was initially discovered to be affected by the outbreak and subsequently 4 countries apart from Africa. Additionally, re-emergence of monkeypox in African countries, especially Nigeria about forty 40 years of the initial outbreak, midst 2010-2019. Climate change, deforestation, lack of proper health and research advance infrastructure among the society and uncontrol intake of bush meat in the African countries could have been the reason for the recent re-emergence of monkeypox within the communities. Public health significance of monkeypox outbreak could be the factors related to the vulnerability of the population towards MPXV when smallpox vaccination was stopped. Due to the rapid global outreach of monkeypox endemic, it should be therefore considered as a very serious re-surging pathogen in the world. However, detail and proper observational research could bring more light on the influence of MPXV on overall human population, together with the advancement in qualitative and quantitative of outbreak data collection, research in the current situation is crucial and need an emergency treat in order to encourage the researchers to improve more findings on the monkeypox outbreak, which will subsequently enhances appropriate case management and public health response.
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Li, Jiawen. "Analysis on Human Monkeypox 2022." Theoretical and Natural Science 3, no. 1 (2023): 403–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-8818/3/20220289.
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Monkeypox, a zoonotic orthopoxvirus with a clinical presentation similar to smallpox, was first reported in the DRC in 1970 and is still being reported. The vast majority of human infections are reported in West and Central Africa. The first outbreak outside of Africa occurred in the United States in 2003. A British national resident with a history of travel to Nigeria recently developed a visible skin lesion and other symptoms of monkeypox infection. Soon after, several countries that have never been exposed to monkeypox report abnormally high rates of infection, causing widespread panic. Using a literature review method, the paper provides a retrospective study of human monkeypox, including the early outbreak and current circumstances, analyzing the characteristics of MPV and providing some effective treatments. To combat the monkeypox outbreak, it is critical to have a thorough understanding of the virus.
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Ilic, Irena, Ivana Zivanovic Macuzic, and Milena Ilic. "Global Outbreak of Human Monkeypox in 2022: Update of Epidemiology." Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease 7, no. 10 (2022): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100264.
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Background: Human monkeypox was a neglected zoonotic disease considered endemic to rainforests of rural parts of Central and Western Africa, until a global outbreak in May 2022. Methods: This review describes the epidemiological characteristics of human monkeypox. Results: Since the first confirmed case in the United Kingdom on 13 May 2022, and up until 19 September, more than 62,000 cases of human monkeypox were reported in 104 countries in the world (among them 97 countries where the monkeypox virus was not endemic). Up to today, 20 persons have died in this global outbreak. This outbreak predominantly affects men self-identifying as gay or bisexual or other men who have sex with men, and for now, there is no sign of continuous transmission of the disease in other populations. Today, the monkeypox outbreak is increasing alarmingly in many countries and presents a new challenge and a large issue for public health worldwide. The World Health Organization declared the global monkeypox outbreak a public health emergency of international concern on 24 July 2022. Before this outbreak, health professionals in many countries had a knowledge gap and a lack of experience in the management of monkeypox. Conclusions: Advances in the comprehension of the epidemiology of human monkeypox are necessary for effective prevention and outbreak response.
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Mungmunpuntipantip, Rujittika, Viroj Wiwanitkit, Chandrakant Lahariya, Archana Thakur, and Nonita Dudeja. "Monkeypox Disease Outbreak (2022): Correspondence." Indian Pediatrics 59, no. 9 (2022): 730–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13312-022-2610-6.
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Sonali, Padha Omer Mohi U. Din Sofi. "Monkeypox: A Re- Emerging Zoonosis." Science World a monthly e magazine 2, no. 8 (2022): 1295–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6973621.
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Prior to April 2022, cases of monkeypox virus infecting humans outside Africa's endemic regions were infrequent. The ongoing 2022, outbreak is an extensive human-to-human transmission emerged outside Africa. By the end of July, the World Health Organization recorded almost 18,600 cases, and declared the outbreak as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern and reported its spread to at least 78 different countries, including India. While the reservoir host still remain unidentified, rodents from Africa are thought to be the intermediary hosts. In spite of decades of ongoing outbreaks, it is likely that the failure to stop the disease's spread in Africa's endemic regions is what led to the outbreak in non-endemic countries. To combat current and future outbreaks, a “One Health”, globally driven approach must be taken to disease prevention and treatment.
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Ramírez-Soto, Max Carlos. "Monkeypox Outbreak in Peru." Medicina 59, no. 6 (2023): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/medicina59061096.
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Monkeypox (Mpox) is a zoonotic disease caused by the Orthopoxvirus monkeypox virus (MPXV). Since 1970, outbreaks of MPXV have occurred in several Sub-Saharan African countries. However, from May 2022 to April 2023, recent outbreaks of Mpox occurred in several countries outside of Africa, and these cases quickly spread to over 100 non-endemic countries on all continents. Most of these cases were found in the region of the Americas and the Europe region. In Latin America, the highest all-age Mpox rates per million inhabitants were in Peru, Colombia, Chile, and Brazil. Given its global impact, Mpox was declared as an international Public Health Emergency by WHO in July 2022. MPXV infection disproportionately affects men who have sex with men and members of the HIV-infected population. Vaccination is the current strategy for controlling and preventing Mpox in high-risk groups. In this context, Peru has the fourth-highest number of Mpox cases in Latin America and faces significant challenges in disease control. Because of this, in this review, we discuss the epidemiology, public health indicators, and prevention of Mpox in the 2022 Peru outbreak so that health authorities can join forces to control MPXV transmission.
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Meng, Jun. "Epidemiological characteristics and diagnostic methods of 2022 monkeypox outbreak." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 36 (March 21, 2023): 1006–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v36i.6165.
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Since the outbreak of the monkeypox epidemic in May 2022, cases of monkeypox have occurred in various regions of the world, and the spread of the disease has gradually shifted from endemic to non-endemic areas, posing a major threat to public health and safety. In order to better understand and effectively manage the monkeypox epidemic, this paper will summarise the epidemiological situation of monkeypox through the use of the database PubMed/ Medline and further summarise the statistics from the WHO and CDC website.
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Kaya, Erhan, Musa Şahin, Yavuzalp Solak, et al. "AN OVERVIEW OF MONKEYPOX OUTBREAK." Central Asian Journal of Medical Hypotheses and Ethics 4, no. 1 (2023): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47316/cajmhe.2023.4.1.01.
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The proceeding 2022 multicountry epidemic of Monkeypox emerges as a global health concern. The first death outside of Africa appeared in Brazil on July 29, 2022, and the first death in Europe occurred in Spain on July 29, 2022. As a result, the World Health Organization announced the monkeypox epidemic as a global public health emergency on July 2022. Therefore, we aimed to present a review in light of contemporary facts. We conducted a review of current details on Monkeypox. Close contact is the best-known risk factor for human-to-human transmission; a pregnant woman can pass the virus to the fetus. The approximative incubation period is 10-14 days. Prodromal symptoms are fever, malaise, chills, and lymphadenopathy. Then clinicians observe that rash develops in most patients. Monkeypox usually takes 2-4 weeks on its own. The plurality of monkeypox patients recovers without treatment. However, some patients with complications may need treatment. Children, pregnant women, and immunocompromised individuals may develop a longer disease because of eye infections, pneumonia, and encephalitis. Physicians use anamnesis, clinical signs, and laboratory tests to diagnose infection. Infected animals and patients should be quarantined. There is no specific vaccine still. Nevertheless, the smallpox vaccine protects 85% against monkeypox, according to early reports. Antiviral drugs, Tecovirimat, Cidofovir, Brincidofovir, and Human Vaccinia Immune Globulin, can potentially treat. Our review centers on clinical knowledge for the efficacious management, prevention, and guidance of monkeypox responders and patients globally.
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Thakur, Nirmalya. "MonkeyPox2022Tweets: A Large-Scale Twitter Dataset on the 2022 Monkeypox Outbreak, Findings from Analysis of Tweets, and Open Research Questions." Infectious Disease Reports 14, no. 6 (2022): 855–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/idr14060087.
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The mining of Tweets to develop datasets on recent issues, global challenges, pandemics, virus outbreaks, emerging technologies, and trending matters has been of significant interest to the scientific community in the recent past, as such datasets serve as a rich data resource for the investigation of different research questions. Furthermore, the virus outbreaks of the past, such as COVID-19, Ebola, Zika virus, and flu, just to name a few, were associated with various works related to the analysis of the multimodal components of Tweets to infer the different characteristics of conversations on Twitter related to these respective outbreaks. The ongoing outbreak of the monkeypox virus, declared a Global Public Health Emergency (GPHE) by the World Health Organization (WHO), has resulted in a surge of conversations about this outbreak on Twitter, which is resulting in the generation of tremendous amounts of Big Data. There has been no prior work in this field thus far that has focused on mining such conversations to develop a Twitter dataset. Furthermore, no prior work has focused on performing a comprehensive analysis of Tweets about this ongoing outbreak. To address these challenges, this work makes three scientific contributions to this field. First, it presents an open-access dataset of 556,427 Tweets about monkeypox that have been posted on Twitter since the first detected case of this outbreak. A comparative study is also presented that compares this dataset with 36 prior works in this field that focused on the development of Twitter datasets to further uphold the novelty, relevance, and usefulness of this dataset. Second, the paper reports the results of a comprehensive analysis of the Tweets of this dataset. This analysis presents several novel findings; for instance, out of all the 34 languages supported by Twitter, English has been the most used language to post Tweets about monkeypox, about 40,000 Tweets related to monkeypox were posted on the day WHO declared monkeypox as a GPHE, a total of 5470 distinct hashtags have been used on Twitter about this outbreak out of which #monkeypox is the most used hashtag, and Twitter for iPhone has been the leading source of Tweets about the outbreak. The sentiment analysis of the Tweets was also performed, and the results show that despite a lot of discussions, debate, opinions, information, and misinformation, on Twitter on various topics in this regard, such as monkeypox and the LGBTQI+ community, monkeypox and COVID-19, vaccines for monkeypox, etc., “neutral” sentiment was present in most of the Tweets. It was followed by “negative” and “positive” sentiments, respectively. Finally, to support research and development in this field, the paper presents a list of 50 open research questions related to the outbreak in the areas of Big Data, Data Mining, Natural Language Processing, and Machine Learning that may be investigated based on this dataset.
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Chalida, Sompolwattana. "A Review on Epidemiology of Monkeypox and Prevention in Thailand." International Journal of Healthcare Sciences 10, no. 1 (2022): 272–80. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7043693.
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<strong>Abstract:</strong> Objective: The purpose of study was to extend information prevention of monkeypox virus infection in Thailand. Background: Although monkeypox has been discovered and spread in particular areas, in 2022, monkeypox virus has immensely expanded to other continents and ultimately the global health crisis has occurred. Therefore, the monkeypox 2022 outbreak may negatively affect social contexts. To extend, there is the predisposition of increasing monkeypox infection cases and Thailand might encounter the monkeypox epidemic circumstance. Thus, this study endeavored to congregate monkeypox prevention may provide an initiative or idea regarding prevention in monkeypox outbreak for Thailand. Result: The research confirmed that there are 2 possible prevention methods to protect against infection including self-prevention and vaccination. 2 vaccines are recommended to use for prevention: JYNNEOS and ACAM2000. However, the conditions of JYNNEOS are that it is only recommended for people aged 18 or older with high risk, and must be vaccinated for 2 doses. Apart from that, ACAM2000, or smallpox vaccine, found no exact supporting evidence of effectiveness at current time. In extent, freeze-dry smallpox vaccines which were frozen for more than 4 decades are qualified to use in Thailand. Conclusions: Our data suggests that the JYNNEOS and ACAM2000 vaccines are able to be used, although the JYNNEOS vaccine may be prioritized first. Nonetheless, self-prevention might play a major role in coping with further monkeypox situations in Thailand. <strong>Keywords:</strong> monkeypox; 2022 monkeypox outbreak; monkeypox vaccination; monkeypox prevention; smallpox vaccination. <strong>Title:</strong> A Review on Epidemiology of Monkeypox and Prevention in Thailand <strong>Author:</strong> Chalida Sompolwattana <strong>International Journal of Healthcare Sciences</strong> <strong>ISSN 2348-5728 (Online)</strong> <strong>Vol. 10, Issue 1, April 2022 - September 2022</strong> <strong>Page No: 272-280</strong> <strong>Research Publish Journals</strong> <strong>Website: www.researchpublish.com</strong> <strong>Published Date: 02-September-2022</strong> <strong>DOI: </strong><strong>https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7043693</strong> <strong>Paper Download Link (Source)</strong> <strong>https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/a-review-on-epidemiology-of-monkeypox-and-prevention-in-thailand</strong>
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Minhaj, Faisal S., Yasmin P. Ogale, Florence Whitehill, et al. "Monkeypox outbreak—Nine states, May 2022." American Journal of Transplantation 22, no. 8 (2022): 2104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajt.16669.
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Dumonteil, Eric, Claudia Herrera, and Gilberto Sabino-Santos. "Monkeypox Virus Evolution before 2022 Outbreak." Emerging Infectious Diseases 29, no. 2 (2023): 451–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2902.220962.
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*Rajnikant, Kumar Sisodia Harsh, and Kumar Lokendra. "MONKEYPOX DISEASE SYMPTOMS, TRANSMISSION AND TREATMENT: AN OVERVIEW." World Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research 2, no. 4 (2023): 01–09. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10894406.
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The current multicounty 2022 monkeypox outbreak is the biggest outside of Africa in recorded history. The rising frequency of human outbreaks in recent years has led to the perception that monkeypox, an emerging zoonotic disease, has a high potential for epidemic spread. Healthcare practitioners worldwide are attempting to become familiar with the varied clinical manifestations and therapy of this infection as public health organizations seek to contain the current outbreak. In light of the current outbreaks worldwide, we provide updated information on monkeypox for healthcare professionals in this review. Also, we attempt to outline the conventional and alternative therapies that can effectively treat monkeypox in its most serious form. After researching the most recent information on this devastating illness and its connections, we can say that both conventional and alternative medicine offer excellent treatments.
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Ekpunobi, Nzube, Oluwamayowa Akinsuyi, Theresa Ariri, and Temitope Ogunmola. "The Reemergence of Monkeypox in Nigeria." Challenges 14, no. 2 (2023): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/challe14020022.
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The emergence and reemergence of infectious diseases caused by viruses continue to be a major public health concern globally, affecting both humans and animals. One such disease is monkeypox, a zoonotic infection caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV) that has recurred in sub-Saharan Africa over several decades. Notably, the 2022 outbreak of monkeypox in Nigeria follows a deadly outbreak in 2017, which was preceded by the disease’s first recorded outbreak in 1978. Epidemiological investigations in 2017 showed no apparent link between human monkeypox cases and the outbreak that year, indicating the potential existence of multiple sources of the virus and limited human-to-human transmission. This underscores the presence of an alternative ecological niche in humans. Furthermore, in some communities in Nigeria, monkeys are regarded as sacred and not hunted or consumed, leading to their proliferation and increased likelihood of MPXV transmission. This mini-review focuses on the occurrence, epidemiological distribution, geographical distribution, endemicity, and possible solutions to reduce the spread of human monkeypox in Nigeria. The implications of this reemergence and the need for effective public health measures to prevent and control outbreaks of monkeypox are also discussed.
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Sofyantoro, Fajar, Hendrix I. Kusuma, Sandro Vento, Marius Rademaker, and Andri Frediansyah. "Global research profile on monkeypox-related literature (1962–2022): A bibliometric analysis." Narra J 2, no. 3 (2022): e96. http://dx.doi.org/10.52225/narra.v2i3.96.
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The recent monkeypox or mpox outbreak has been a global concern. The present study evaluated the global research outputs, research trends, and topics of published research on monkeypox using a bibliometric approach. The Scopus database was searched for terms associated with "monkeypox" or "monkey pox" up until 19 November 2022. Maps and bibliometric indicators of the retrieved documents were shown and analyzed. A total of 1,422 documents were obtained from Scopus. Other than monkeypox, the most commonly used terms included epidemic, disease outbreaks, smallpox vaccine, and orthopoxvirus. In total, 90.3% of the documents were published between 2002 and 2022. The United States, the United Kingdom, and India were the top three countries in terms of productivity. Most of the institutions were from the United States. The International Journal of Surgery, the Journal of Medical Virology, and the Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease are some of the top journals currently publishing research on monkeypox. Tecovirimat, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), homosexuality, and pandemic are emerging topics related to monkeypox.
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Yu, Weijie, Xiaowen Zhang, Meijiao Du, et al. "Bibliometric Analysis and Key Messages of Monkeypox Research (2003–2022)." Sustainability 15, no. 2 (2023): 1005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15021005.
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Objective: At the global level, a multi-country outbreak of monkeypox has attracted global attention. The purpose of this study is to explore the growing contribution of global research on monkeypox. Methods: Publications related to monkeypox were retrieved from PubMed and Web of Science. Bibliometric analyses were conducted by VOSviewer and CiteSpace software to generate network maps, evaluate hot topics in the field, and identify cooperation patterns between different authors and countries. Results: A total of 1822 publications were retrieved to reflect the global overall monkeypox research output, including clinical trials, systematic reviews, case reports, and laboratory studies. The most productive country and institution were respectively the United States and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—USA (CDC). The top three authors with the highest number of publications were all from the CDC. Research hotspots included some monkeypox-related diseases, such as smallpox and vaccinia, and the prevention and treatment of monkeypox diseases, such as antiviral drugs and smallpox vaccines. Research fronts included real-time PCR, immune evasion, animal models, and monkeypox outbreak countries (Democratic Republic of Congo and others). Conclusions: Research on monkeypox is mainly carried out from the aspects of its source, transmission route, virus prevalence, and prevention and control measures. Controlling monkeypox is a global responsibility, and the future research into monkeypox control methods is suggested to focus on more than vaccines.
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Sari, Meiriani, and Nany Hairunisa. "A REVIEW OF THE MONKEYPOX OUTBREAK IN INDONESIA IN 2022." DIPONEGORO MEDICAL JOURNAL (Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro) 11, no. 5 (2022): 268–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/dmj.v11i5.35895.
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Monkeypox disease (monkey smallpox) is a disease that has never been found in Indonesia since it was first discovered in humans in the Congo in 1970. So if there is one positive confirmed event, then the disease is an Extraordinary Event (KLB). This disease has become a global concern because since May 13, 2022, WHO has received reports of Monkeypox cases from non-endemic countries. It has expanded to 4 WHO regions: Europe, America, Eastern Mediterranean, and Western Pacific. Until now, further investigations and studies are still being carried out to understand more about the epidemiology, sources of infection, and transmission patterns in non-endemic countries that have reported new cases, such as Indonesia. Until now, no specific treatment has been proven to treat Monkeypox infection. Currently, the therapy used is symptomatic support. The antiviral tecovirimat, or TPOXX, developed by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) as a Monkeypox therapy in 2022 based on research, has not been marketed freely. In addition, antivirals such as cidofovir and brincidofovir have been shown to be effective against orthopox virus in vitro and in animal studies. However, the effectiveness of this drug against monkeypox in humans is not yet known. However, this disease can be prevented by vaccination. In Indonesia, the Modified Vaccinia Ankara-Bavarian Nordic (MVA-BN) vaccine is recommended to prevent Monkeypox disease. The existence of the outbreak report is important to discuss, explore, and understand more about the disease and its management and prevention.
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Vas, Geoffrey. "Current understanding of multi-country human monkeypox outbreak: a narrative review." International Journal of Research in Dermatology 8, no. 6 (2022): 589. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4529.intjresdermatol20222734.
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<p>Outbreaks of infectious diseases have occurred throughout history. They appear to be increasing in frequency, particularly because of the increasing emergence of viral diseases from animals. Monkeypox is a zoonotic orthopoxviral, similar to smallpox, although with lower mortality. Cases of human monkeypox are rarely seen outside of west and central Africa. The current outbreak is the first of its kind where the transmission is reported in Europe without known links to Africa. India reported the first case of monkeypox from the Southeast Asia region in the state of Kerala, on July 14, 2022. India till now (August 2022) has reported nine monkeypox cases and one death owing to the viral zoonosis infection. It causes flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, and rash, usually mild, and most patients recover without therapy. As with most viral illnesses, the treatment's mainstay of clinical management for a typical monkeypox infection is supportive symptom management. Acting quickly and proactively, focusing on building surveillance, promptly identifying monkeypox infection, and implementing preventive measures will be vital for containing this pandemic.</p>
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Ipinnimo, T. M., I. O. Adeniyi, P. E. Ehizibue, and O. S. Dan-Ugbomoiko. "Monkeypox outbreak -Is this another pandemic?" Nigerian Journal of Parasitology 44, no. 1 (2023): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njpar.v44i1.8.
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The WHO declares a pandemic when there is a community transmission of a disease that is occurring in at least two countries in two WHO regions. This research evaluated the current (year 2022) outbreak of monkeypox against the criteria of a pandemic and suggests necessary health interventions. Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease, causing diseases in humans similar to smallpox. Since its discovery in humans in 1970, several outbreaks have occurred with the most recent spreading widely to non-endemic areas and fulfilling the WHO criteria for phase 6 of an outbreak as high cases of infections were seen in Europe and America. Although, the pandemic from monkeypox may not be remarkable because the basic reproductive number, attack, and case fatality rates are much lower than some of the previous pandemics. However, it should not be underestimated, as spread to vulnerable groups may be detrimental. It is therefore important for the health systems of countries to develop a pandemic preparedness and response plan for monkeypox and continue to monitor the outbreak with a prompt response when needed.
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Yeh, Ting-Yu, Zih-Yu Hsieh, Michael C. Feehley, et al. "Recombination shapes the 2022 monkeypox (mpox) outbreak." Med 3, no. 12 (2022): 824–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medj.2022.11.003.
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Saldaña, Fernando, Maria L. Daza-Torres, and Maíra Aguiar. "Data-driven estimation of the instantaneous reproduction number and growth rates for the 2022 monkeypox outbreak in Europe." PLOS ONE 18, no. 9 (2023): e0290387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0290387.
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Objective To estimate the instantaneous reproduction number Rt and the epidemic growth rates for the 2022 monkeypox outbreaks in the European region. Methods We gathered daily laboratory-confirmed monkeypox cases in the most affected European countries from the beginning of the outbreak to September 23, 2022. A data-driven estimation of the instantaneous reproduction number is obtained using a novel filtering type Bayesian inference. A phenomenological growth model coupled with a Bayesian sequential approach to update forecasts over time is used to obtain time-dependent growth rates in several countries. Results The instantaneous reproduction number Rt for the laboratory-confirmed monkeypox cases in Spain, France, Germany, the UK, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Italy. At the early phase of the outbreak, our estimation for Rt, which can be used as a proxy for the basic reproduction number R0, was 2.06 (95% CI 1.63 − 2.54) for Spain, 2.62 (95% CI 2.23 − 3.17) for France, 2.81 (95% CI 2.51 − 3.09) for Germany, 1.82 (95% CI 1.52 − 2.18) for the UK, 2.84 (95% CI 2.07 − 3.91) for the Netherlands, 1.13 (95% CI 0.99 − 1.32) for Portugal, 3.06 (95% CI 2.48 − 3.62) for Italy. Cumulative cases for these countries present subexponential rather than exponential growth dynamics. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the current monkeypox outbreaks present limited transmission chains of human-to-human secondary infection so the possibility of a huge pandemic is very low. Confirmed monkeypox cases are decreasing significantly in the European region, the decline might be attributed to public health interventions and behavioral changes in the population due to increased risk perception. Nevertheless, further strategies toward elimination are essential to avoid the subsequent evolution of the monkeypox virus that can result in new outbreaks.
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Meo, Sultan Ayoub, Abdulaziz Hassan Alsomali, Abdullah Abdulrahman Almushawah, and Anusha Sultan Meo. "Epidemiological Trends of Human Monkeypox Cases in Northern, Southern, Western, and Eastern Regions in Europe: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Tropical Medicine 2022 (September 7, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4042962.
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Background. The growing amount of monkeypox cases in non-endemic regions raises concerns in societies as a potential pandemic. This study highlights the prevalence and epidemiological trends of a human monkeypox outbreak in various regions in Europe. Methods. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The data about the monkeypox outbreak in European countries were recorded by the World Health Organization (WHO), and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports. The period prevalence-based data were recorded from Jan 1, 2022, to July 7, 2022, and analyzed, and epidemiological trends were established in different European regions and countries. Results. In Europe, the human monkeypox rapidly spread in all the four subregions and involved 30 European countries, infecting 6077 people. The rising number of monkeypox cases is identified in Western Europe, 2599 (42.76%); Southern Europe, 1932 (31.79%); Northern Europe, 1487 (24.46%); and Eastern Europe, 59 (0.97%). In Western Europe, significant cases are found in Germany (1304), France (604), the Netherlands (352), Belgium (168), and Switzerland (131). In Northern Europe, it is found in the United Kingdom (1351), Ireland (44), Sweden (28), and Denmark (26); in Southern Europe, it is found in Spain (1256), Portugal (415), and Italy (233). However, a smaller number of cases are found in Eastern European states, Hungary (22), Poland (13), and Romania (12). The results further revealed that the number of monkeypox cases per million people in Northern Europe was 14.40%; Southern Europe, 13.49%; Western Europe, 13.26%; and Eastern Europe, 0.70%. The highest monkeypox cases per million population are found in Portugal, 40.70; Gibraltar, 29.68; Spain, 26.86; the United Kingdom, 19.90; Malta, 18.12; the Netherlands, 20.54; Germany, 15.56; Switzerland, 15.14; Belgium, 14.50; France, 9.27; and Ireland, 8.90. Conclusions. In a short period, the monkeypox cases swiftly spread in 30 non-endemic European countries and involved all four European regions. The healthcare authorities must take timely decisions to control the outbreak of human monkeypox disease, as the world cannot afford the global burden of human monkeypox outbreak as another potential pandemic.
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Marraha, Farah, Ibtissam Al Faker, Hanane Chahoub, Youness Benyamna, Najlae Rahmani, and Salim Gallouj. "Monkeypox 2022 Outbreak: How Alarming Is the Situation? Epidemiological and Clinical Review." Clinics and Practice 13, no. 1 (2023): 102–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/clinpract13010010.
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Monkeypox is a disease caused by Orthopoxvirus, which also includes the smallpox virus. Several endemics have been reported on the African continent, typically in the western and central regions. However, since 13 May 2022, there have been several cases reported from different member states; the number of confirmed cases in 1 month exceeded the total number of cases reported outside the African continent since the first case in 1970. The World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) consider monkeypox as an important disease for global public health. The clinical manifestations and laboratory findings in patients with monkeypox remain unclear. In this brief review, we investigated and compared the different characteristics already reported in cases of monkeypox.
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Oprea, Yasmine, Patricia Cerri-Droz, and Urmi Khanna. "The 2022 Global Monkeypox Outbreak: A Focused Review." Journal of Dermatology and Skin Science 4, no. 4 (2022): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.29245/2767-5092/2022/4.1166.
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The first human infection with monkeypox virus was reported in 1970, and infections have subsequently been recorded in endemic areas such as Central and West Africa or linked to international travel to these regions. However, the emergence of the 2022 monkeypox outbreak has involved multiple non-endemic countries and continents without links to travel to endemic areas. The first cases in the current outbreak were reported in May of 2022. The primary mode of transmission is atypical and is thought to occur through direct contact with infected skin lesions. The rapid increase in case numbers prompted the World Health Organization to declare this disease outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern. Robust efforts are being made by global public health authorities to develop effective antiviral treatment options and vaccination strategies to reduce the spread of this disease. The objective of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review of the 2022 mpox outbreak with respect to its unique epidemiology, clinical features, complications, and management options.
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Riopelle, Jade C., Vincent J. Munster, and Julia R. Port. "Atypical and Unique Transmission of Monkeypox Virus during the 2022 Outbreak: An Overview of the Current State of Knowledge." Viruses 14, no. 9 (2022): 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14092012.
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An ongoing monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries has resulted in the declaration of a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization (WHO). Though monkeypox has long been endemic in regions of sub-Saharan Africa, relatively little is known about its ecology, epidemiology, and transmission. Here, we consider the relevant research on both monkeypox and smallpox, a close relative, to make inferences about the current outbreak. Undetected circulation combined with atypical transmission and case presentation, including mild and asymptomatic disease, have facilitated the spread of monkeypox in non-endemic regions. A broader availability of diagnostics, enhanced surveillance, and targeted education, combined with a better understanding of the routes of transmission, are critical to identify at-risk populations and design science-based countermeasures to control the current outbreak.
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Afroze T, Salam MU, Rahman N, Ahmad MM, Alam FM, and Joysoual MR. "Monkeypox: A Global Public Health Emergency of 2022- Are We Ready?" Journal of Sylhet Women’s Medical College 13, Number 01 (2023): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.47648/jswmc2023v13-01-6.
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Monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease endemic to the tropical rainforest regions of Central and West Africa. The 1st virus isolation was done from a group of research monkeys in 1958 and the 1st human case was detected in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in 1970. Outbreaks outside Africa by 2021 were always small-scale and associated with travel to endemic regions or the importation of infected animals. But in 2022, more than 2000 cases were reported from 1st January to 3rd August from more than 80 countries worldwide, and the majority of them had no travel or contact history. Neighboring country India has also detected four monkeypox cases for the first time with one death which is a concern for Bangladesh. This review article gives a brief overview of the monkeypox virus, the disease, and most importantly, the preventive measures in the context of the current global outbreak.
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Tani, Tanishka. "Ongoing Outbreak of Monkeypox Virus." Central India Journal of Medical Research 2, no. 01 (2023): 37–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.58999/cijmr.v2i01.41.
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The cases for Monkey pox virus are noted to be increasing day by day in many areas and many deaths are also being reported in shorter span of time. This article deals with the ongoing outbreak of monkeypox virus (zoonotic) that belongs to genus orthopoxvirus which was confirmed in May,2022 and has similar symptoms as of smallpox but less contagious and less severe illness than smallpox. The article also deals with its signs and symptoms, diagnosis, prevention and treatment.
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Makkar, Dheeraj. "The latest news for May 2022 all you need to know on monkeypox." IP International Journal of Medical Microbiology and Tropical Diseases 8, no. 3 (2022): 183–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.18231/j.ijmmtd.2022.039.
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Monkeypox virus was named so because of its detection in monkeys in 1958. It belongs to the same family as smallpox and chickenpox viruses. There had been numerous outbreaks of this malady initially in the African continent and other parts of the world. The simultaneous spread in nineteen countries in 2022 has raised some serious concerns.Monkeypox is no more a rare disease and has the potential for bioweapon use. We discuss the various ways to prevent its spread, treatment options available, diagnosis, and differentiation from other closely related diseases. We also discuss if the present outbreak could be a bioattack or if this disease is here to stay.The literature suggests that we can effectively manage Monkeypox because of the availability of drugs and vaccination against smallpox. There is also a need for active surveillance against the new resistant recombinant viral strains. The possibility of this outbreak being a bioattack seems remote, although there are questions about the transmission which still need to be answered.
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Almutairi, Muteb Mohammed, Nasser Thaeb Almutairi, Khaled Shaded Al harbi, et al. "Critical Analysis of Monkeypox Outbreak Management, Vaccination Strategies, And Public Awareness." Journal of Ecohumanism 3, no. 8 (2024): 5519–28. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v3i8.5259.
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For quite some time now, the Monkeypox virus (MPXV) has emerged as a global health concern that has attracted the concern of health regulatory bodies, researchers, and governments across the globe. This review discusses the outbreak of Monkeypox and scrutinizes strategies for vaccine use, awareness, and response to other public health initiatives. The paper discusses the 2022 global Monkeypox outbreak, healthcare system intervention, vaccination campaigns, and public health campaigns to curb the spread of Monkeypox. This paper discusses the findings from the existing literature and data to review the strengths and limitations of the response and propose ways to enhance future control of Monkeypox and other emergent ZD.
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Zemouri, Charifa, Edgar O. Beltrán, Richard Holliday, Nicholas S. Jakubovics, and James R. Allison. "Monkeypox: what do dental professionals need to know?" British Dental Journal 233, no. 7 (2022): 569–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41415-022-5079-8.
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AbstractInfection control is critical for the safe delivery of dental care. Infection control practices must be responsive to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and outbreaks, as was clearly seen during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. An emerging global outbreak of the monkeypox virus has again raised potential challenges for infection control in dentistry. Monkeypox is an infectious disease, characterised by a rash affecting the skin and soft tissues, including the oral cavity. Previously, cases were mostly seen following contact with infected animals in Central and West Africa, with limited human-to-human transmission within and outside of these areas. However, since May 2022, sustained human-to-human transmission has occurred globally. Monkeypox can be transmitted via close contact with an infected person, contaminated objects and surfaces, or by droplets and possibly aerosols, which is therefore of potential importance to dental settings. This article discusses the relevance of monkeypox to dental professionals, the typical presentation of the disease, its potential impact on infection prevention and control practices and the delivery of dental services. The current monkeypox outbreak highlights the need for a more sustained programme of research into dental infection control that can provide a solid evidence base to underpin preparedness planning for future outbreaks and pandemics.
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Ahmed, Sirwan Khalid, AbdulRahman A. Saied, Ramya Kundayi Ravi, et al. "The 2022 monkeypox outbreak and associated psychiatric morbidities." International Journal of Surgery 106 (October 2022): 106913. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106913.
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Ankita, Singh Suraj Kumar Jiten Goray Shivam Kashyap Gangadhar Singh Sudarshan Rawani Priyanshu Kumar Singh Ayush Kumar Verma Rashmi Kumari Purnima Kumari Nisha Kumari Anisha Kumari Sweta Verma Megha Chattaraj Prince Verma Arnab Roy* Dr. K. Rajeswar Dutt. "Global Monkeypox Outbreak: Lessons Learned and Future Directions." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 12 (2024): 2547–58. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14533746.
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The orthopoxvirus, which causes monkeypox, is a pathogenic viral infection that has become a major global health concern. Monkeypox has lower death and transmission rates than smallpox, despite similarities between them. The 2022 global outbreak highlighted the virus's ability to impact an extensive spectrum of populations, owing to its new strain and its spreading. The epidemiological dynamics, clinical symptoms, diagnostic methods, and preventative measures for monkeypox are examined in this article. Significant results include the introduction of a novel strain of monkeypox, which mostly spreads from male to male, and the effectiveness of smallpox vaccinations in averting illness. The study further emphasizes the value of antiviral medications such as bicidofovir and tecovirimat in the treatment of monkeypox infections. A comprehensive approach including timely vaccination campaigns, better diagnostic methods, more surveillance, and the creation of revolutionary antiviral medications is required to effectively combat monkeypox. In order to contain the spread of this newly discovered infectious disease and avoid further outbreaks, coordination and awareness on a global scale are essential. Double-check Gemini's responses as it may disclose false information, including personal information. Gemini Apps and privacy functions as a new window.
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Ndodo, Nnaemeka, Jonathan Ashcroft, Kuiama Lewandowski, et al. "Distinct monkeypox virus lineages co-circulating in humans before 2022." Nature Medicine 29, no. 9 (2023): 2317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02456-8.
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AbstractThe 2022 global mpox outbreak raises questions about how this zoonotic disease established effective human-to-human transmission and its potential for further adaptation. The 2022 outbreak virus is related to an ongoing outbreak in Nigeria originally reported in 2017, but the evolutionary path linking the two remains unclear due to a lack of genomic data between 2018, when virus exportations from Nigeria were first recorded, and 2022, when the global mpox outbreak began. Here, 18 viral genomes obtained from patients across southern Nigeria in 2019–2020 reveal multiple lineages of monkeypox virus (MPXV) co-circulated in humans for several years before 2022, with progressive accumulation of mutations consistent with APOBEC3 activity over time. We identify Nigerian A.2 lineage isolates, confirming the lineage that has been multiply exported to North America independently of the 2022 outbreak originated in Nigeria, and that it has persisted by human-to-human transmission in Nigeria for more than 2 years before its latest exportation. Finally, we identify a lineage-defining APOBEC3-style mutation in all A.2 isolates that disrupts gene A46R, encoding a viral innate immune modulator. Collectively, our data demonstrate MPXV capacity for sustained diversification within humans, including mutations that may be consistent with established mechanisms of poxvirus adaptation.
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Borphale, Pallavi Rajendra* Patel Muskan Rajjak Dharashive Pradnya Shivsamb Giram Tushar Bankat. "Mpox - Rapidly implementing Disease." International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences 2, no. 9 (2024): 929–42. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13787539.
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Although monkeypox was first discovered in Africa, the majority of cases in the current outbreak are being reported from numerous nations. The origin of this outbreak is still unknown, and as the COVID-19 pandemic starts to fade, several countries are now dealing with a new outbreak. A virus that may infect both humans and animals, monkeypox belongs to the Orthopoxvirus genus within the Poxviridae family. The international community took notice when, in the 1970s, the smallpox immunization program was discontinued and cases of monkeypox started to rise. Since macaque monkeys were the first to contract the virus, it was given the moniker “monkeypox.” It is believed that a variety of rodents and small mammals can spread it, while the virus’s origin is unknown. In this article, we present a thorough and current review of monkeypox, covering its epidemiology, aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment. The present overview also covers prospective research fields, vaccine advancements, and preventive and control methods for this reemerging viral disease that was designated as a public health emergency of international significance. <strong>BACKGROUND </strong> Mpox is endemic in Central and Western Africa, where it is thought that the virus naturally exists in a number of mammal species. IN 1970, the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s Basankusu saw the diagnosis of the first human cases.Since then, there have been noticeably more outbreaks, both in terms of frequency and intensity, perhaps due to diminishing immunity following the end of routine smallpox vaccination. In 2022–2023, a clade II outbreak occurred worldwide, which was the first instance of broad community transmission beyond Africa. The epidemic was classified as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) by the World Health Organization in July 2022. As the outbreak began to be contained, the WHO changed its designation in May 2023, noting that vaccination and public health awareness campaigns had been effective control efforts.[1]
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Scarpa, Fabio, Daria Sanna, Ilenia Azzena, et al. "Genetic Variability of the Monkeypox Virus Clade IIb B.1." Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, no. 21 (2022): 6388. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11216388.
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Monkeypox is caused by a sylvatic, double-stranded DNA zoonotic virus. Since 1 January 2022, monkeypox cases have been reported to WHO from 106 Member States across six WHO regions, and as of 2 October 2022, a total of 68,900 confirmed cases, including 25 deaths, occurred. Here, by using a whole genome approach, we perform a genetic and phylodynamic survey of the monkeypox virus Clade IIb B.1, which is the lineage causing the current multi-country outbreak. Results suggest that outbreaks seem to be isolated and localized in several epidemic clusters with geographic consistency. Currently, monkeypox appears to be a virus with a flattened genetic variability in terms of evolutionary path, with a very slow rate of growth in the population size. This scenario confirms that the monkeypox virus lacks the evolutionary advantage, given by the high level of mutation rate, which is very strong in RNA viruses. Of course, constant genome-based monitoring must be performed over time in order to detect the change in its genetic composition, if any.
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Ahmed, Syed Faraz, Muhammad Saqib Sohail, Ahmed Abdul Quadeer, and Matthew R. McKay. "Vaccinia-Virus-Based Vaccines Are Expected to Elicit Highly Cross-Reactive Immunity to the 2022 Monkeypox Virus." Viruses 14, no. 9 (2022): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14091960.
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Beginning in May 2022, a novel cluster of monkeypox virus infections was detected in humans. This virus has spread rapidly to non-endemic countries, sparking global concern. Specific vaccines based on the vaccinia virus (VACV) have demonstrated high efficacy against monkeypox viruses in the past and are considered an important outbreak control measure. Viruses observed in the current outbreak carry distinct genetic variations that have the potential to affect vaccine-induced immune recognition. Here, by investigating genetic variation with respect to orthologous immunogenic vaccinia-virus proteins, we report data that anticipates immune responses induced by VACV-based vaccines, including the currently available MVA-BN and ACAM2000 vaccines, to remain highly cross-reactive against the newly observed monkeypox viruses.
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Beatty, Norman L., Coulter Small, Tyler Degener, and Andrés F. Henao Martinez. "Monkeypox infection and resolution after treatment with tecovirimat in two patients with HIV disease." Therapeutic Advances in Infectious Disease 9 (January 2022): 204993612211383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20499361221138349.
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The ongoing 2022 monkeypox virus outbreak has disproportionately impacted men who have sex with men and is associated with an increased frequency of atypical symptoms. The impetus for this outbreak is currently unknown. Experts suggest it may be related to the cessation of routine smallpox vaccination globally and biological changes in the monkeypox virus itself. Human monkeypox infection is classically associated with a fever prodrome followed by the eruption of small macules at the site of inoculation and when disseminating. The lesions then develop into a papule within 1–2 days and turn it a vesicle that pustulate with central umbilication within 5–7 days. They may ulcerate as they heal but will eventually begin to scab and new skin will form which often leaves a hyperpigmented or pitting scar. The overall process can take 2–3 weeks to heal entirely depending on the immune status of the host and other factors, such as antiviral treatment and previous vaccination. Primary inoculation of the monkeypox virus in the perianal region can lead to the development of single or multiple vesiculopustular lesions. They can appear similar to other sexually transmitted infections which could lead to a misdiagnosis. We present two separate cases of human monkeypox infection in men who have sex with men and concomitant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease who both presented for anogenital lesions and proctitis who were successfully treated with tecovirimat. Treatment with tecovirimat has been shown to reduce symptoms and duration of illness. However, the unique features of the 2022 monkeypox virus outbreak necessitate further research to better understand the efficacy of this antiviral in the current monkeypox outbreak.
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Anil, A., A. Saravanan, T. Kumar, et al. "Monkey Pox: A Review on Existing Scenario." International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 15, no. 1 (2023): 1015–22. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13153091.
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Monkeypox is an uncommon zoonotic viral infection with symptoms similar to smallpox but with less severe clinical presentation. The term ‘Monkeypox’ was coined in 1958 following it’s discovery from the colonies of laboratory monkeys. It is endemic in some African countries. Following the outbreak in 2022. WHO declared monkeypox as a global public health emergency on 23rd July 2022. 12 cases have been recorded in India till 24th September 2022. Despite the incidence of cases, outbreak preparedness by the WHO and national governments have contributed greatly to reduce the infectivity of this disease. Literatures from online databases such as PubMed, CENTRAL, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar and International Guidelines were searched for the articles. A total of 33 articles and websites were utilized to concise the quality information about this emerging disease.
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Long, Bowen, Fangya Tan, and Mark Newman. "Forecasting the Monkeypox Outbreak Using ARIMA, Prophet, NeuralProphet, and LSTM Models in the United States." Forecasting 5, no. 1 (2023): 127–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/forecast5010005.
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Since May 2022, over 64,000 Monkeypox cases have been confirmed globally up until September 2022. The United States leads the world in cases, with over 25,000 cases nationally. This recent escalation of the Monkeypox outbreak has become a severe and urgent worldwide public health concern. We aimed to develop an efficient forecasting tool that allows health experts to implement effective prevention policies for Monkeypox and shed light on the case development of diseases that share similar characteristics to Monkeypox. This research utilized five machine learning models, namely, ARIMA, LSTM, Prophet, NeuralProphet, and a stacking model, on the Monkeypox datasets from the CDC official website to forecast the next 7-day trend of Monkeypox cases in the United States. The result showed that NeuralProphet achieved the most optimal performance with a RMSE of 49.27 and R2 of 0.76. Further, the final trained NeuralProphet was employed to forecast seven days of out-of-sample cases. On the basis of cases, our model demonstrated 95% accuracy.
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Hassan, Sadia, Mahwish ., Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Amna Javed, and Muhammad Adil Farooq. "Awareness of monkeypox outbreaks, mechanisms of transmission, diagnostics, and countermeasures-A mini review." World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology 9, no. 3 (2024): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.33865/wjb.009.03.1299.
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Monkeypox virus (MPXV) a member of the Poxviridae family is a double-stranded DNA, and in humans, causes a zoonotic disease similar to smallpox known as monkeypox, which is endemic to Africa. Now it’s a public health issue worldwide and in May 2022 outbreak of monkeypox occurred in Europe. Monkeypox (MPX) is a contagious disease that can be transmitted by infected animals, direct skin-to-skin contact, and respiratory droplets. As countermeasures different antiviral drugs are available like tecovirimat, brincidofovir, and cidofovir. Globally to support public health prevention and control measures for such outbreaks public should be aware of pathogenetic epidemiological and diagnostic aspects. The purpose of this review is to discuss the different aspects of this disease including outbreaks, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment measures. Globally it is an issue for health security and to tackle this problem it’s necessary to develop a multidisciplinary approach involving veterinarians, physicians, virologists, and public health experts.
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Kindrachuk, Jason. "MPOX: Research priorities for threat reduction." Open Access Government 41, no. 1 (2024): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-041-11224.
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MPOX: Research priorities for threat reduction Concerted efforts are needed to close knowledge gaps around mpox to improve preparedness and response efforts for this neglected disease. Mpox, formerly known as monkeypox, is a previously neglected re-emerging zoonotic disease caused by monkeypox virus (MPV), genus Orthopoxvirus, family Poxviridae. This virus can cause severe illness in infected patients and is endemic in numerous countries across Central and West Africa, including the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Nigeria, Cameroon, Sierra Leone, Ghana, Liberia, and others. However, in 2022, a global mpox outbreak led to the declaration of a public health emergency of international concern by the World Health Organization, with more than 90,000 confirmed cases reported from non-endemic global regions. While swift responses to this outbreak helped reduce case trends across highly impacted regions by Fall 2022, including the distribution of vaccine and therapeutics to at-risk communities, as well as increased public awareness, ongoing outbreaks in endemic regions continue to have deleterious effects on public health.
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Vallée, Alexandre. "Need for Vaccination Policies to Face Asymptomatic Monkeypox Virus Infection." Vaccines 10, no. 12 (2022): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10122020.
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Chmel, Martin, Oldřich Bartoš, Hana Kabíčková, et al. "Retrospective Analysis Revealed an April Occurrence of Monkeypox in the Czech Republic." Viruses 14, no. 8 (2022): 1773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14081773.
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Herein, we present our findings of an early appearance of the Monkeypox virus in Prague, Czech Republic. A retrospective analysis of biological samples, carried out on the 28th of April, revealed a previously unrecognized case of Monkeypox virus (MPxV) infection. Subsequent data analysis confirmed that the virus strain belongs to the ongoing outbreak. Combined with clinical and epidemiological investigations, we extended the roots of the current outbreak at least back to 16th of April, 2022.
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Alshehri, Ahmed, and Saif Ullah. "Optimal control analysis of Monkeypox disease with the impact of environmental transmission." AIMS Mathematics 8, no. 7 (2023): 16926–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/math.2023865.
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<abstract><p>Monkeypox is an emerging zoonotic viral disease resembling that of smallpox, although it is clinically less severe. Following the COVID-19 outbreak, monkeypox is an additional global health concern. The present study aims to formulate a novel mathematical model to examine various epidemiological aspects and to suggest optimized control strategies for the ongoing outbreak. The environmental viral concentration plays an important role in disease incidence. Therefore, in this study, we consider the impact of the environmental viral concentration on disease dynamics and control. The model is first constructed with constant control measures.The basic mathematical properties including equilibria, stability, and reproduction number of the monkeypox model are presented. Furthermore, using the nonlinear least square method, we estimate the model parameters from the actual cases reported in the USA during a recent outbreak in 2022. Normalized sensitivity analysis is performed to develop the optimal control problem. Based on the sensitivity indices of the model parameters, the model is reformulated by introducing six control variables. Based on theoretical and simulation results, we conclude that considering all suggested control measures simultaneously is the effective and optimal strategy to curtail the infection. We believe that the outcomes of this study will be helpful in understanding the dynamics and prevention of upcoming monkeypox outbreaks.</p></abstract>
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Lim, Eleanor Y., James Whitehorn, and Lucy Rivett. "Monkeypox: a review of the 2022 outbreak." British Medical Bulletin, February 6, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldad002.
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Abstract Introduction In May 2022, the World Health Organisation declared a multi-country monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries following cases reported from 12 member states that were not endemic for monkeypox virus. Sources of data Pubmed search. Areas of agreement The virology, epidemiology, transmission, incubation and aspects of infection control are described. Clinical features of previous and current outbreaks are described, with growing observations that the current outbreak presents with clinical features distinct from previous outbreaks. Areas of controversy There are variations in clinical presentations seen in the current outbreak that have not been seen in prior outbreaks. More research is needed to investigate the reasons for these differences. Growing points The higher numbers of HIV-positive patients in the current outbreak has allowed better description of the disease in patients co-infected with HIV and monkeypox. The absence of more severe symptoms in HIV-positive patients in the current outbreak could possibly be due to the fact that most of these patients had well-controlled HIV, although further characterization of this cohort of patients would be useful. Areas for developing research Current treatment and vaccination options have been extrapolated from studies of other Orthopox viruses. There remains a need for more data on the safety and efficacy of these options in the context of monkeypox infections.
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Ashfaq Hussain, Shaik, Shaik Mazhar Hussain, Madhav Prabhu, and Rolito Asuncion. "A Comprehensive study on 2022 Monkey Pox Outbreak." Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, October 31, 2023, 4968–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.52711/0974-360x.2023.00804.
Full textAbstract:
Monkeypox has been discovered in most of the US, except a few states, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The states with the most occurrences are Florida, New York, California, Illinois, and Illinois. It was first observed in laboratory monkeys in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1958, and was later recognized as a distinct illness. Numerous animal species are thought to act as a natural reservoir for the virus. Monkeypox was first identified in colonies of captive monkeys after two outbreaks of a disease that resembled the pox. The cause of the illness, known as "monkeypox," is still unknown. However, the virus can infect humans if it is carried by nonhuman primates (such as monkeys) or African rodents. These monkeypox viruses could be diagnosed using a variety of general methods. As a result, the researchers analyzed the symptoms of the monkeypox virus, an outbreak of the disease in various nations, risk factors for monkeypox infection, and several methods for monkeypox virus identification. This article also looks at the development of monkeypox virus cases in the month and year of May 2022.