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Journal articles on the topic '2024 alloy'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 4 February 2022

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1

Sheppard, T. "Extrusion of AA 2024 alloy." Materials Science and Technology 9, no. 5 (May 1993): 430–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/mst.1993.9.5.430.

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2

Veljic, Darko, Bojan Medjo, Marko Rakin, Zoran Radosavljevic, and Nikola Bajic. "Analysis of the tool plunge in friction stir welding - comparison of aluminium alloys 2024 T3 and 2024 T351." Thermal Science 20, no. 1 (2016): 247–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci150313059v.

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Temperature, plastic strain and heat generation during the plunge stage of the friction stir welding (FSW) of high-strength aluminium alloys 2024 T3 and 2024 T351 are considered in this work. The plunging of the tool into the material is done at different rotating speeds. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model for thermomechanical simulation is developed. It is based on arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian formulation, and Johnson-Cook material law is used for modelling of material behaviour. From comparison of the numerical results for alloys 2024 T3 and 2024 T351, it can be seen that the former has more intensive heat generation from the plastic deformation, due to its higher strength. Friction heat generation is only slightly different for the two alloys. Therefore, temperatures in the working plate are higher in the alloy 2024 T3 for the same parameters of the plunge stage. Equivalent plastic strain is higher for 2024 T351 alloy, and the highest values are determined under the tool shoulder and around the tool pin. For the alloy 2024 T3, equivalent plastic strain is the highest in the influence zone of the tool pin.
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3

Kemp, R. M. J., R. N. Wilson, and P. J. Gregson. "A Comparison of the Corrosion Fatigue Properties of Plate Aluminium Alloys for Aerospace Applications." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 207, no. 2 (July 1993): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1993_207_253_02.

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A corrosive environment such as salt water can severely degrade the fatigue properties of aluminium alloys used in aerospace applications. The corrosion fatigue crack growth rate properties of two conventional alloys, that is Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Zr alloy (7010-T7651) and Al-Cu-Mg alloy (2024–T351) have been compared with the more recently developed Al-Li-Cu-Mg alloy (8090-T8771). Increased growth rates were observed in salt water compared to air for 7010 and 8090 but not for 2024. Comparing the three alloys, the 8090 alloy corrosion fatigue rates were similar to those of 2024 which were considerably less than those for 7010. The increase in crack growth in 8090 due to environment was associated with a decrease in the high level of crack closure observed for tests in air. The susceptibility of an alloy to corrosion fatigue can be summarized using a ‘corrosion fatigue resistance’ index, Rcf
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4

Mrówka-Nowotnik, Grazyna, and Jan Sieniawski. "Analysis of Intermetallic Phases in 2024 Aluminium Alloy." Solid State Phenomena 197 (February 2013): 238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.197.238.

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The main objective of this study was to analyze the evolution of the microstructure (morphology, composition and distribution of intermetallic phases) in the 2024 aluminium alloy cooled with different cooling rates after solidification process. A few techniques: optical light microscopy (LM), scanning (SEM) electron microscopy combined with an energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to identify intermetallics in the examined alloy. The results show that the microstructure of 2024 aluminum alloys in as-cast condition consisted following intermetallic phases: Al2Cu, Al2CuMg, Al7Cu2Fe, Al4Cu2Mg8Si7, AlCuFeMnSi and Mg2Si.
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5

Zhu, Cheng, Zhihao Zhao, Gaosong Wang, Qingfeng Zhu, and Shiliang Wang. "Effect of 2024 Al Alloy Insert on the Grain Refinement of a 2024 Al Alloy Prepared via Insert Mold Casting." Metals 9, no. 10 (October 21, 2019): 1126. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met9101126.

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In this study, an insert mold casting was fabricated by inserting 2024 Al extruded rods into a 2024 Al melt. The molds were kept at a 2024 Al melt for different times. The 2024 Al extruded rods were used to refine the 2024 Al alloy grains because the advantage of this method is that it is contamination free compared with other grain refiners. Moreover, we investigated the macro and microstructure of the ingots. Further, we analyzed the refinement mechanism of the 2024 Al rod on the 2024 Al alloy. Our result showed that when the immersion time of the 2024 Al insert was 0 s, a metallurgical bonding was partly formed between the 2024 Al insert and the 2024 Al alloy mold cast. When the immersion time of the 2024 Al insert increased to 5 s, the 2024 solid insert was dissolved in the liquid; the coarse dendritic grains were replaced by fine equiaxed grains. The refinement mechanism for the insertion of a 2024 Al rod on the 2024 Al alloy was to melt the 2024 Al insert and have it decrease the degree of the liquid superheat, which thus increased the cooling rate and provided a large number of small particles that acted as the nucleus of heterogeneous nucleation. However, these particles were melted gradually in the high-temperature liquid after an increase of immersion time. Thus, the refinement effect of 2024 Al insert on the solidified structure was weakened.
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6

Kim, Seon Ho, Kyu Sik Kim, Shae K. Kim, Young Ok Yoon, Kyu Sang Cho, and Kee Ahn Lee. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Eco-2024-T3 Aluminum Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 602-604 (December 2012): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.623.

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In this study, the microstructures and mechanical properties of the recently developed Eco-2024-T3 alloy were examined. Eco-2024 is made using Eco-Mg (Mg-Al2Ca) in place of element Mg during the manufacture of alloy 2024-T3. This is an alloy that has economic advantage and excellent properties. Alloy Eco-2024 showed smaller crystal grains that were distributed more evenly compared to the existing alloy 2024-T3. It consisted of Al matrices containing minute amounts of Al2CuMg, Al2Cu, and Ca phases and showed microstructures with reduced amounts of Fe phases or oxide. As a result of tensile tests, this alloy exhibited yield strength of 413 MPa, tensile strength of 527 MPa, and elongation of 15.4%. In other words, it showed higher strength than the existing alloy 2024 but was similar to the existing alloy 2024 in terms of elongation. In fatigue tests, alloy Eco-2024-T3 recorded fatigue limit of 330 MPa or around 80% of its yield strength; this is a much more excellent property compared to the existing alloy 2024-T3, which has fatigue limit of 250 MPa. Based on the aforementioned results, the correlation between the excellent mechanical properties of alloy Eco-2024-T3 and its microstructure was examined.
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7

Khunbanterng, Nisachon, Sirikul Wisutmethangoon, Thawatchai Plookphol, and Jessada Wannasin. "Effect of Sr Addition on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Semi-Solid 2024 Al Alloys." Applied Mechanics and Materials 496-500 (January 2014): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.496-500.336.

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Semi-solid 2024 Al alloys with strontium (Sr) addition of 0.15 wt% and 0.3 wt% were prepared by Gas Induced Semi-Solid (GISS) process. Effect of Sr addition on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the semi-solid 2024 alloy was investigated. It was found that the tensile strength and % elongation of the T6 heat treated alloy with the Sr addition were higher than those without Sr addition owing to the reduction of Mg2Si phase formation. The semi-solid 2024 Al alloy with 0.15%Sr addition obtained the average highest tensile strength of 382 MPa and elongation of 6.45%.
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8

Anghelina, Florina Violeta, Vasile Bratu, Elena Valentina Stoian, and Ileana Nicoleta Popescu. "Microstructural Investigation of Aluminum Alloys Type "2024" for the Aviation Industry." Advanced Materials Research 1114 (July 2015): 62–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1114.62.

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This paper presents experimental results revealed on the samples type 2024 aluminum alloy used in aeronautics. The results of microstructural and compositional investigations presented in this paper were performed on samples taken from 2024 Al alloy samples produced by ALRO Slatina. The main objective of the investigation is the conformity assessment of alloys in terms of chemical composition with the specifications type of aviation [SAE AMS 47N, EN 515, etc]. It also aims microstructural conformity assessment in terms of the grain and the hardening effects by natural or artificial aging applied by the manufacturer. Adequate characterization of 2024 aluminum alloys type was achieved by combined investigations: (i) Wet Chemical Analysis, (ii) Spectrochemical Analysis and (iii) Electron Microscopy. The main conclusion that emerges from the investigations carried out on aluminum samples revealed that: (a) alloys fits in terms of composition with the standard specification for 2024, in all cases; (b) microstructure vary in fineness of grain, but meets the requirements of aviation rules; the investigated microstructures have been appreciated as adequate of aluminum alloys type "2024".
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9

Kyogoku, Hideki, Kohei Yamamoto, Toshi Taka Ikeshoji, Kazuya Nakamura, and Makiko Yonehara. "Melting and Solidification Behavior of High-Strength Aluminum Alloy during Selective Laser Melting." Materials Science Forum 941 (December 2018): 1300–1305. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.941.1300.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has been dramatically attracted attention because of advantages in building free-shaped parts and simplification of manufacturing process. Recently the most relevant alloys, such as TiAl6V4, Inconel 718, AlSi10Mg and so on, are able to manufacture the parts using metal AM technology. However high-strength 2024, 6061 and 7075 aluminum alloys are difficult to fabricate using selective laser melting (SLM) owing to solidification cracking during solidification. In this research, the melting and solidification behaviors of AlSi10Mg alloy during SLM process were observed under various fabrication conditions of laser power and scan speed using a high-speed camera. It was found that the melting and solidification behavior of the alloy is greatly different by the fabrication conditions. And also the mechanism of solidification cracking in 2024 and 6061 aluminum alloys is investigated by the observation of the surface morphology and microstructure of the alloys using OM, SEM and EDS, comparing with Al10SiMg alloy. As a result, crack-free 2024 and 6061 aluminum alloy parts can be obtained by fabrication at the higer enrgy density.
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10

Hughes, A. E., R. J. Taylor, and B. R. W. Hinton. "Chromate Conversion Coatings on 2024 Al Alloy." Surface and Interface Analysis 25, no. 4 (April 1997): 223–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1096-9918(199704)25:4<223::aid-sia225>3.0.co;2-d.

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11

Beaver, P. W., M. Heller, and T. V. Rose. "DETERMINATIONS OF JICFOR 2024-T351 ALUMINIUM ALLOY." Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials and Structures 10, no. 6 (November 1987): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2695.1987.tb00499.x.

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12

Alexopoulos, Nikolaos D., Vangelis Migklis, Stavros K. Kourkoulis, and Zaira Marioli-Riga. "Fatigue Behavior of Aerospace Al-Cu, Al-Li and Al-Mg-Si Sheet Alloys." Advanced Materials Research 1099 (April 2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1099.1.

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In the present work, an experimental study was performed to characterize and analyze the tensile and constant amplitude fatigue mechanical behavior of several aluminum alloys, namely 2024 (Al-Cu), 2198 (Al-Li) and 6156 (Al-Mg-Si). Al-Li alloy was found to be superior of 2024 in the high cycle fatigue and fatigue endurance limit regimes, especially when considering specific mechanical properties. Alloy 6156 was found to have superior constant amplitude fatigue performance that the respective 6xxx series alloys; more than 15% higher endurance limit was noticed against 6061 and almost 30% higher than 6082. Alloy 6156 presented only a marginal increase in fatigue life for the HCF regime.
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13

Refeay, Abdullah A., N. A. Kamel, M. A. Abdel-Rahman, Yahia A. Lotfy, and Emad A. Badawi. "Effect of Ageing on Microstructures, Electrical Properties and PALS of Aircraft Al Alloy 2024." Defect and Diffusion Forum 319-320 (October 2011): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.319-320.51.

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A comprehensive and systematic study using PALS technique, Vickers hardness test and electrical LCR meter were undertaken to follow property development during the recently promoted interrupted ageing treatment for 2024 aluminum alloy. In this work, solution heat treatments at different temperatures were performed in aircraft materials 2024 aluminum alloy. This work describes the development of the dependence of mechanical, electrical properties of 2024 Al-alloys on heat treatment to characterize microstructural changes during heat treatment. PALS, mechanical and electrical testing will be used to measure the features of the material as a function of time for each ageing temperatures.
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14

Leal, Rui M., and Altino Loureiro. "Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welds in Aluminium Alloys 2024-T3, 5083-O and 6063-T6." Materials Science Forum 514-516 (May 2006): 697–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.514-516.697.

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The aim of this research is to study the effect of the welding process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints in aluminium alloys 2024- T3, 5083-O and 6063-T6. A small loss of hardness and strength was obtained in welds in alloys 2024-T3 and 5083-O as opposed to welds in alloy 6063-T6, where a substantial softening and a drop of strength were observed. In alloy 6063-T6 a strength efficiency of only 45 to 47% was obtained.
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15

Huang, Chuan Yong. "Electroless Ni-La-P Coatings on 2024 Aluminum Alloys for Aircraft Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 224 (November 2012): 348–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.224.348.

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2024 aluminium alloys are widely used in airframe construction.However,this series of alloys are susceptible to corrosion to limit their usefulness,In this study,electroless Ni-La-P alloy plating on aluminum alloy and the effects of pH value,temperature and concentration of LaNiO3 on deposition rate were investigated.Surface morphology and corosion-resistant of the electroless Ni-La-P deposits were evaluated.The results showed the corrosion-resistant in 5％ NaC1 solutions obviously enhance compared with original aluminum alloy using electroless Ni-La-P deposition method．
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16

Chen, Guo Liang, Ning Wang, and Ming He Chen. "Research on Deformation Behavior of 2024 H18 Aluminum Alloy at Elevated Temperature." Materials Science Forum 770 (October 2013): 329–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.770.329.

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Uniaxial tensile deformation behavior of 2024 H18 aluminum sheet alloys was studied in the hot forming process with synchronous cooling temperature range of 300°C~475°C and in the strain rate range of 0.0005/s~0.1/s. The effects of temperature and strain rate on stress, elongation to facture were analyzed. And a constitutive model was proposed to describe the relationship of true stress-true stain by multiple linear regression analysis. It was found that the forming temperature and strain rate have great effect on the hot forming behavior of the alloys. The max stress reduced greatly with the increasing of temperature or reducing of strain rate, while the tensile elongation tended to rise first and then fall with the increasing of temperature and strain rate. The forming of 2024 H18 aluminum alloy at elevated temperature occurred with the strain hardening and dynamic softening. The constitutive model of 2024 H18 aluminum alloy agrees well with the experimental data.
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17

Zhang, Shi Xing, Yu Ping Zhu, and Gang Yi Cai. "Influence of Overburning on Microstructure and Property of 2024 Aluminum Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 941-944 (June 2014): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.941-944.3.

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Process of solution treatment of 2024 aluminum alloy was done by hardness test and microanalysis in this paper. The effects of different solution treatment temperature on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2024 aluminum alloy were studied and the influence of overburning on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 2024 aluminum alloy were also analyzed. The experimental results show that overburning occurs while 2024 aluminum alloy is heated over 490°C×50min . The hardness tests and microstructure analysis results show that the hardness decreased, grain boundary becomes trigemanal and compounded –melting structure (burnt structure) appeared when overburning occuring for this alloy .
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18

Anghelina, Florina Violeta, Ionica Ionita, Dan Nicolae Ungureanu, Elena Valentina Stoian, Ileana Nicoleta Popescu, Vasile Bratu, Ivona Petre, Carmen Popa, and Alexis Negrea. "Structural Aspects Revealed by X-Ray Diffraction for Aluminum Alloys 2024 Type." Key Engineering Materials 750 (August 2017): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.750.20.

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This paper presents experimental results revealed on the samples type 2024 aluminum alloy used in aeronautics. Adequate characterization of 2024 aluminum alloys with special destination (aviation) was achieved by combined investigations:(i) wet chemical analysis, (ii) spectrochemical analysis, (iii) X-ray diffraction and (iv) electron microscopy. The main conclusion that emerges from the investigations carried out on aluminum samples revealed that: (a) alloys fits in terms of composition with the standard specification for 2024, in all cases; (b) microstructure vary in fineness of grain, but meets the requirements of aviation rules; the investigated microstructures have been appreciated as adequate of aluminum alloys type "2024".
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19

Junipitoyo, Bambang, Luqman Hakim Al Baihaqy, and Linda Winiasri. "Pengaruh Heat Treatment Dan Quenching Terhadap Sifat Fisis Dan Mekanis Aluminum Alloy 2024-t3." Jurnal Penelitian 5, no. 1 (April 27, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.46491/jp.v5e1.481.1-10.

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Aluminum alloy banyak digunakan pada industri manufaktur dirgantara sebagai material struktur pesawat terbang karena memiliki sifat yang ringan namun kuat. Aluminum alloy 2024 sering digunakan pada skin pesawat terbangPengujian yang dilakukan dengan cara Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3 di heat treatment pada suhu 100, 150 dan 200 °C dengan waktu tahan 60 menit, 90 menit dan 120 menit kemudian di quenching menggunakan air. Setelah dilakukan heat treatment dan quenching Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3 di uji tarik, uji kekerasan brinell, dan pengamatan struktur mikro dari Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa heat treatment dan quenching pada Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3, diperoleh nilai tensile stress rata-rata tertinggi pada suhu 150 °C dengan waktu tahan 90 menit sebesar 154,52 Mpa, kekerasan rata-rata teringgi pada suhu 150 °C dengan waktu tahan 120 menit sebesar 95,66 HBW.
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20

Vorona, D., Alfred V. Sharafutdinov, and Nikolay A. Krasilnikov. "High Strength and Ductility of Nanostructured Al Alloy 2024 Subjected to High Pressure Torsion." Solid State Phenomena 114 (July 2006): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.114.85.

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The structure and mechanical properties of Al-based alloy 2024 after high-pressure torsion (HPT) was investigated. Alloy 2024 with homogeneous structure and grain size about 70 nm was obtained using HPT at 6 GPa pressure and 5 turns of the anvils at room temperature. The nanostructured alloy possessed very high UTS (Ultimate tensile stress) above 1100 MPa at room temperature, and superplastic behaviour at temperatures over 300°С. The microhardness of the nanostructured alloy after superplastic deformation (1.5 GPa) was greater than that after the standard treatment of the coarse-grained alloy (1.2 GPa). The influence of HPT parameters and heat treatment on the structure and deformation behaviour of the alloy was studied. The opportunity of achieving a combination high strength and good ductility in metals and alloys opens perspectives for industrial applications, particularly, in micro-systems and for high-strength items with complex geometry which could be obtained by superplastic forming.
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21

Jahn, M. T., and H. C. Voris. "SEM study of humid air effect on fatigue of aluminum alloy 2024-T351." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 47 (August 6, 1989): 298–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100153464.

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There is general agreement that the fatigue life of high strength aluminum alloys is reduced in humid environment. However, there are also data supporting the theory that humidity plays an insignificant role in the reduction of the fatigue life of aluminum alloy 2024-T351. In this study we examined the effects of stress level and water vapor density on the fatigue life of aluminum alloy 2024-T351 using scanning electron microscope (SEM). SEM evidence of the deleterious effect of humid air on the fatigue life of specimens cycled at intermediate stress level was presented. Discrepancies between this study and others were explained.Commercial aluminum alloy 2024-T35l (4.40Cu-1.45Mg-0.70Mn-0.23 Fe-0.15Si-0.13Zn) extruded bars were fatigue tested in reversed bending. The cycling was conducted in an environmentally controlled chamber. Ten specimens were machined for each fatigue stress level of 248, 276, 290, 317 and 359 MPa. Five specimens fran each stress level were cycled in desicated air at a relative humidity less than 45%.
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22

KATO, Kazuyoshi, and Hiroshi TOKISUE. "Mechanical properties of friction welded 2024 aluminum alloy." Journal of Japan Institute of Light Metals 40, no. 5 (1990): 351–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.2464/jilm.40.351.

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23

Cook, R. L., and S. R. Taylor. "Pigment-Derived Inhibitors for Aluminum Alloy 2024-T3." CORROSION 56, no. 3 (March 2000): 321–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/1.3287661.

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24

Zaroog, Omar Suliman, Aidy Ali, and Sahari B. Barkawi. "Characterization of Shot Peened 2024-T351 Aluminum Alloy." Key Engineering Materials 462-463 (January 2011): 912–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.462-463.912.

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Specimens of 2024-T351 aluminium alloy under different three shot peening intensities were studied. The modifications of the surface layers of the shot peened specimens were investigated through microhardness, surface microstructure and residual stress relaxation after the first and second load cycles under two cyclic loads. No significant changes in microstructure after the three shot peeing intensities were observed with respect to untreated specimens. Rapid residual stress relaxation was observed in specimens after the first cycle. Relaxation of residual stresses occurred within first loading cycles were increased with increasing loading stress amplitude and due to quasi-static relaxation effects.
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25

Hu, B., and I. M. Richardson. "Autogenous laser keyhole welding of aluminum alloy 2024." Journal of Laser Applications 17, no. 2 (May 2005): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.1896964.

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26

Riveiro, A., F. Quintero, F. Lusquiños, J. Pou, and M. Pérez-Amor. "Laser cutting of 2024-T3 aeronautic aluminum alloy." Journal of Laser Applications 20, no. 4 (November 2008): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2351/1.2995769.

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27

WANG, Xiaogui. "Multi-axial Fatigue of 2024-T4 Aluminum Alloy." Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering 24, no. 02 (2011): 195. http://dx.doi.org/10.3901/cjme.2011.02.195.

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28

Cai, W. D., J. Smugeresky, and E. J. Lavernia. "Low-pressure spray forming of 2024 aluminum alloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 241, no. 1-2 (January 1998): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(97)00477-2.

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29

Hong, Zhang, and Yu Chengye. "Laser shock processing of 2024-T62 aluminum alloy." Materials Science and Engineering: A 257, no. 2 (December 1998): 322–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-5093(98)00793-x.

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30

Riveiro, A., F. Quintero, J. del Val, M. Boutinguiza, D. Wallerstein, R. Comesaña, F. Lusquiños, and J. Pou. "Laser cutting of aluminum alloy Al-2024-T3." Procedia Manufacturing 13 (2017): 396–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.promfg.2017.09.028.

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31

CHO, Shunsuke, Arthur J. MCEVILY, and Hisao MATSUNAGA. "213 Fatigue striations in 2024-T3 aluminum alloy." Proceedings of Conference of Kyushu Branch 2007 (2007): 73–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmekyushu.2007.73.

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32

Huda, Zainul, Nur Iskandar Taib, and Tuan Zaharinie. "Characterization of 2024-T3: An aerospace aluminum alloy." Materials Chemistry and Physics 113, no. 2-3 (February 2009): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.09.050.

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33

Augustin, Christel, Eric Andrieu, Christine Blanc, Georges Mankowski, and Jéro^me Delfosse. "Intergranular Corrosion of 2024 Alloy in Chloride Solutions." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 154, no. 11 (2007): C637. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.2778224.

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34

Vukmirovic, M. B., N. Dimitrov, and K. Sieradzki. "Dealloying and Corrosion of Al Alloy 2024-T3." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 149, no. 9 (2002): B428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1.1498258.

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35

PARTL, O., and J. SCHIJVE. "Multiple-site damate in 2024-T3 alloy sheet." International Journal of Fatigue 15, no. 4 (July 1993): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-1123(93)90378-4.

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36

Aran, Ahmet, Mehmet Demirkol, and Aykut Karabulut. "Bauschinger effect in precipitation-strengthened aluminium alloy 2024." Materials Science and Engineering 89 (May 1987): L35—L39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5416(87)90271-0.

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37

Tür, Yahya K., and Öktem Vardar. "Periodic tensile overloads in 2024-T3 Al-alloy." Engineering Fracture Mechanics 53, no. 1 (January 1996): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7944(95)00116-d.

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38

Kamoutsi, H., G. N. Haidemenopoulos, V. Bontozoglou, and S. Pantelakis. "Corrosion-induced hydrogen embrittlement in aluminum alloy 2024." Corrosion Science 48, no. 5 (May 2006): 1209–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2005.05.015.

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39

Malekjani, Shokoufeh, Peter D. Hodgson, Pavel Cizek, Ilchat Sabirov, and Timothy B. Hilditch. "Cyclic deformation response of UFG 2024 Al alloy." International Journal of Fatigue 33, no. 5 (May 2011): 700–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfatigue.2010.11.025.

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40

Yankin, Andrey, A. I. Mugatarov, and V. E. Wildemann. "Influence of different loading paths on the multiaxial fatigue behavior of 2024 aluminum alloy under the same amplitude values of the second invariant of the stress deviator tensor." Frattura ed Integrità Strutturale 15, no. 55 (December 28, 2020): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3221/igf-esis.55.25.

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2024 aluminum alloy is a common aeronautic material. During operations, construction elements made of aluminum alloys undertake complex cyclic loadings. Therefore, it is important to estimate the influence of these loadings on the durability of the material. Hereby, multiaxial fatigue tests with the same amplitude values of the second invariant of the stress deviator tensor are conducted, and test data are analyzed. The modified Sines method is utilized to predict fatigue experimental data. Results show that the model is accurate enough to fatigue behavior prediction of 2024 aluminum alloy.
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41

Khatami, Neda, Shamsoddin Mirdamadi, and Hekmat Razavizadeh. "The Boron Effect on Mechanical Properties of Aged 2024 Aluminum Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 339 (September 2011): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.339.152.

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2024 Aluminum Alloy is widely used in aeronautical applications. The Alloy's strength is increased by Precipitation Hardening which is the aging and solution of strength and is widely used in T6 state. Bearing in mind the effect of Boron in shorting the aging time, the pure material of B2O3 was used in order to add Boron to 2024 Alloy, so Alloying was done. By testing mechanical properties and microstructure observations, good results were achieved in Boron effect on this alloy's quench in comparison with those alloys lacking Boron. The outcomes depicted that this element addition increases hardness and tensile strength in aging process. In a way that the hardness of the alloy after controlled quench in one hour natural aging was reached to 93HB from 73HB and to 134HB in one hour artificial aging in 110°C. Such difference in hardness amount is due to better distribution of precipitates.
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42

Mazahery, A., and M. O. Shabani. "Sol–gel coated B4C particles reinforced 2024 Al matrix composites." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 226, no. 2 (December 4, 2011): 159–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420711428996.

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In this study, mechanical and wear properties of unreinforced 2024 Al alloy and composites with different vol.% of coated and uncoated boron carbide particles were experimentally investigated. It is seen that incorporation of hard particles to 2024 aluminium alloy contributes to the improvement of the mechanical properties and wear resistance of the base alloy to a great extent. Hard particles take part in resisting penetration, cutting, and grinding by the abrasive and protect the surface. It is noted that the increase in the weight fraction of B4C particles improves the wear resistance of the composites. Based on the weight loss data, composites with 30 vol.% B4C particles have the highest wear resistance among all the tested samples and unreinforced aluminium alloys give the lowest wear resistance. The results show that TiB2 coating of the B4C particles improved the mechanical properties. It is observed that the weight losses of the coated composites are less than those of the composites without coating.
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43

Wilk, M. S., and R. E. Śliwa. "The Influence of Features of Aluminium Alloys 2024, 6061 and 7075 on the Properties of Glare-Type Composites / Wpływ Właściwości Stopów Aluminium 2024, 6061, 7075 Na Cechy Kompozytu Typu Glare." Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 60, no. 4 (December 1, 2015): 3101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/amm-2015-0496.

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The above paper presents the assumptions and results of the research whose aim was to determine the influence of 2024, 6061 and 7075 aluminum alloys on the final properties of GLARE-type composites. GLARE 3 2/1 type composites, made of two layers of the epoxy prepreg, reinforced with unidirectional glass fibers, arranged in the direction of 0°/90°, and two sheets of aluminum with a thickness of 0.4 mm, were investigated. Composites of various stacking configurations of alloy layers, made of one type of aluminum alloy (so-called ‘homogeneous composites’), and two different alloys (mixed composites), were analyzed. The properties of the composites were evaluated with the use of the mixing rule and compared with the test results. The influence of the used aluminum alloys on mechanical properties of GLARE-type composites has been determined. GLARE-type composite made of 7075 alloy sheets had the most favorable mechanical properties in comparison to properties of composites with 2024 and 6061 sheets. It has been shown how the properties of GLARE-type composites depend on the type of the aluminum alloy. It has been also proved that the properties of GLARE-type composites can be evaluated with the use of the mixing rule.
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44

Thant Htoo, Aye, Yukio Miyashita, Yuichi Otsuka, Yoshiharu Mutoh, and Shigeo Sakurai. "OS1534 Singular Fatigue Behaviour of Notched Specimen in 2024 T4 Aluminium alloy." Proceedings of the Materials and Mechanics Conference 2013 (2013): _OS1534–1_—_OS1534–2_. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmemm.2013._os1534-1_.

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45

Wu, Jin Hao, You Hong Sun, Qing Nan Meng, Chi Zhang, and Su Su Peng. "Mechanical and Tribological Behaviors of WAl12 Reinforced 2024 Aluminum Alloy Matrix Composites." Materials Science Forum 993 (May 2020): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.993.60.

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WAl12 reinforced 2024 aluminum alloy matrix composites were prepared by powder metallurgy with tungsten particles and W50Al50 alloy particles. The effects of WAl12 on the mechanical properties of 2024 aluminum alloy composites at room temperature and high temperature were studied, and the friction behavior was characterized. The results show that intermetallic WAl12 phase forms in the composite by 2024 aluminum alloy and tungsten. The mechanical properties and friction behavior can be improved by the formation of intermetallic WAl12 phase. The tensile strength of 2024 aluminum alloy at room temperature and 180 °C can be improved by adding tungsten less than 1.5 at.%. Adding 2.0 at.% tungsten can reduce the friction coefficient by 20 % and the scratch width by 40 %. The tensile fracture surface of the sample was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), indicating that WAl12 intermetallic phase is closely connected with the aluminum matrix.
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46

Egorkin, Vladimir S., Igor E. Vyaliy, Andrey S. Gnedenkov, Nikolay V. Izotov, Dmitry K. Tolkanov, Andrey K. Runov, Alexander N. Minaev, Sergey L. Sinebryukhov, and Sergey V. Gnedenkov. "Influence of Formation Conditions on Corrosion Behavior of PEO-Coatings during Salt-Spray Test." Solid State Phenomena 312 (November 2020): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.312.319.

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Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) was used to form a protective layer on 5754 and 2024 aluminum alloys to improve the corrosion properties of the processed materials. The protective performances of the obtained coatings were studied by a combination of electrochemical methods and salt spray test. The absence of pitting corrosion after a 7-day test for the entire series of PEO-layers on aluminum alloys 5754 and 2024 was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Also, microcracks were detected only in the SEM-image for the most porous and thin PEO-coating formed on aluminum alloy 2024 at duty cycle = 0.06 and 30 min.
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47

Reis, Danieli A. P., Antônio Augusto Couto, N. I. Domingues Jr., Ana Cláudia Hirschmann, S. Zepka, and Carlos de Moura Neto. "Effect of Artificial Aging on the Mechanical Properties of an Aerospace Aluminum Alloy 2024." Defect and Diffusion Forum 326-328 (April 2012): 193–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.326-328.193.

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Aluminum alloys have low specific weight, relatively high strength and high corrosion resistance and are used in many applications. Aluminum Alloy 2024 is widely used for aircraft fuselage structures, owing to its mechanical properties. In this investigation, Aluminum Alloy 2024 was given solid solution treatments at 495, 505, and 515°C followed by quenching in water. It was then artificially aged at 190 and 208°C. Subsequently, hardness measurements, tensile tests as well as impact and fatigue tests were carried out on the heat treated alloys to determine the mechanical properties. The tensile and hardness tests revealed similar mechanical properties for specimens of this alloy that were given the three solid solution treatments. Aluminum Alloy 2024 specimens that were solid solution treated at 515°C and artificially aged at 208°C for 2h exhibited the highest yield and tensile strength. In general, the increase in strength was accompanied by a decrease in ductility. Cyclic fatigue studies were conducted with symmetric tension-compression stresses at room temperature, using a bending-rotation test machine. The alloy solution heat treated at 515°C and aged at 208°C/2h was fatigue tested at constant frequency. The relation between stress amplitude and cycles to failure was established, enabling the fatigue strength to be predicted at more than 7.8x106cycles, with maximum stress of 110.23 MPa. The fracture surfaces of specimens that failed after fewer cycles showed mainly precipitates and micro voids, whereas specimens that fractured after a higher number of cycles indicated that cracks initiated at the surface. The high cycle fatigue fracture surfaces revealed pores that could be due to precipitates from the matrix.
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48

Jaiganesh, V., D. Srinivasan, and P. Sevvel. "Optimization of process parameters on friction stir welding of 2014 aluminum alloy plates." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 1.1 (December 21, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i1.1.8906.

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Aluminum Alloy 2014 is a light weight high strength alloy used widely in the aerospace and also in other industries. 2014 is the second most popular of the 2000-series aluminium alloys, after 2024 aluminium alloy. However, it is difficult to weld, as it is subject to cracking. Joining of 2014 aluminium alloy in friction stir welding which is based on frictional heat generated through contact between a rotating tool and the work piece. Determination of the welding parameters such as spindle speed, transverse feed , tilt angle plays an important role in weld strength. The whole optimization process is carried out using Taguchi technique. The SEM analysis is done to check the micro structure of the material after welding by electron interaction with the atoms in the sample. Tensile test have been conducted and the s-n ratio curve is generated. The test is conducted and analysed on the basis of ASTM standards.
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49

Jha, A. K., K. Sreekumar, and S. Arumugham. "Failure of AA 2024 Aluminium Alloy Rivets / Schäden an Nieten aus einer AA 2024 Aluminiumlegierung." Practical Metallography 33, no. 5 (May 1, 1996): 264–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pm-1996-330508.

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50

Zhou, Qi, Xuan Xiao, Da Li Zhao, and En Jun Song. "Alumina Sol-Gel Films and Alodine Films on Al 2024 Alloy." Advanced Materials Research 356-360 (October 2011): 364–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.356-360.364.

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Development of the sol-gel films for painting pretreatment of aluminium alloy is to replace bichromate conversion films such as Alodine. Corrosion resistance of Alodine film and sol-gel film were evaluated through potentiodynamic polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, salt spraying and acidic dropping solution. Sol-gel film is almost the same as Alodine film at the film surface density, salt spraying resistance and adhesion with painting coating. Changing color times of dropping solution on sol-gel film is shorter than Alodine film. But the corrosion current of sol-gel film is lower than Alodine and the impedance value is higher than Alodine in 35g/L NaCl solution. Mechanism of corrosion resistance of alumina sol-gel film is that the cathode reaction and anodic reactions are restrained by sol-gel film in the Cl- corrosive medium. The EIS of sol-gel film consisted of only a single capacitive arc with one time constant. Sol-gel coating can prevent or delay the corrosive solution from infiltrating the substrate for its better isolation function, thus protecting 2024 aluminium alloy from corrosion. Sol-gel films can improve corrosion resistance of aluminum alloy and have the same adhesion as Alodine film. It will be a promising alternative pretreatment for aluminum alloys prior to painting.
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